community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Manhattan Project
Section: Soviet spies

Question: Who was the most successful Soviet spy involved in the Manhattan Project?

The prospect of sabotage was always present, and sometimes suspected when there were equipment failures.
While there were some problems believed to be the result of careless or disgruntled employees, there were no confirmed instances of Axis-instigated sabotage.
However, on 10 March 1945, a Japanese fire balloon struck a power line, and the resulting power surge caused the three reactors at Hanford to be temporarily shut down.
With so many people involved, security was a difficult task.
A special Counter Intelligence Corps detachment was formed to handle the project's security issues.
By 1943, it was clear that the Soviet Union was attempting to penetrate the project.
Lieutenant Colonel Boris T. Pash, the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command, investigated suspected Soviet espionage at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley.
Oppenheimer informed Pash that he had been approached by a fellow professor at Berkeley, Haakon Chevalier, about passing information to the Soviet Union.
The most successful Soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs, a member of the British Mission who played an important part at Los Alamos.
The 1950 revelation of Fuchs' espionage activities damaged the United States' nuclear cooperation with Britain and Canada.
Subsequently, other instances of espionage were uncovered, leading to the arrest of Harry Gold, David Greenglass and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
Other spies like George Koval and Theodore Hall remained unknown for decades.
The value of the espionage is difficult to quantify, as the principal constraint on the Soviet atomic bomb project was a shortage of uranium ore.
The consensus is that espionage saved the Soviets one or two years of effort.
Article: Table tennis
Section: Ball

Question: Whether 40mm sized table tennis ball spins more or less than 38mm?

The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball.
The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 24–26 cm when dropped from a height of 30.5 cm onto a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of restitution of 0.89 to 0.92.
The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games.
However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning since the new type of balls has a slower speed, while at that time most Chinese players were playing with fast attack and smashes.
A 40 mm table tennis ball is slower and spins less than the original 38 mm (1.5 inch) one.
The ball is made of a high-bouncing air-filled celluloid or similar plastics material, colored white or orange, with a matte finish.
The choice of ball color is made according to the table color and its surroundings.
For example, a white ball is easier to see on a green or blue table than it is on a gray table.
Some Table Tennis balls have ball rated in stars so that more professional players can know which ball to use.
Manufacturers often indicate the quality of the ball with a star-rating system, usually from one to three, three being the highest grade.
As this system is not standard across manufacturers, the only way a ball may be used in official competition is upon ITTF approval.
The ITTF approval can be seen printed on the ball.
Article: Handball
Section: Goalkeeper

Question: If a player is disqualified for throwing the ball against the head of the goalkeeper when he is not moving, what is it called?

Only the goalkeepers are allowed to move freely within the goal perimeter, although they may not cross the goal perimeter line while carrying or dribbling the ball.
Within the zone, they are allowed to touch the ball with all parts of their bodies including their feet.
The goalkeepers may participate in the normal play of their teammates.
They may be substituted by a regular field player if their team elects to use this scheme in order to outnumber the defending players.
This field player becomes the designated goalkeeper on the court; and must wear some vest or bib to be identified as such.
If either goalkeeper deflects the ball over the outer goal line, their team stays in possession of the ball, in contrast to other sports like association football.
The goalkeeper resumes the play with a throw from within the zone ("goalkeeper throw").
Passing to one's own goalkeeper results in a turnover.
Throwing the ball against the head of the goalkeeper when he is not moving is to be punished by disqualification ("red card").
Article: Love the Way You Lie
Section: Personnel

Question: What is the name of the guitarist?

The credits for "Love the Way You Lie" are adapted from the liner notes of "Recovery".
 Eminem – mixing engineer, writer, vocalist
 Rihanna – vocalist
 Skylar Grey – writer
 Alex da Kid – mastering engineer, mixing engineer, producer, writer
 Mike Strange – mixing engineer, recording engineer
 Marcos Tovar – recording engineer
 Joe Strange – engineering assistant
 Spike Lindsey – engineering assistant
 Makeba Riddick – producer (vocals)
 J. Brow – guitarist
Article: Juice
Section: Juice bar chains

Question: What is the name of the Juice Chain?

 Boost Juice Australia
 Booster Juice
 Jamba Juice
 Orange Julius, an orange juice based drink and chain of stands
Article: Claude Monet
Section: Impressionism

Question: Which of Monet's subject was painted first?

The first Impressionist exhibition was held in 1874 at 35 boulevard des Capucines, Paris, from 15 April to 15 May.
The primary purpose of the participants was not so much to promote a new style, but to free themselves from the constraints of the Salon de Paris.
The exhibition, open to anyone prepared to pay 60 francs, gave artists the opportunity to show their work without the interference of a jury.
Renoir chaired the hanging committee and did most of the work himself, as others members failed to present themselves.
In addition to "" (pictured above) Monet presented four oil paintings and seven pastels.
Among the paintings he displayed was "The Luncheon" (1868), which features Camille Doncieux and Jean Monet, and which had been rejected by the Paris Salon of 1870.
Also in this exhibition was a painting titled "Boulevard des Capucines", a painting of the boulevard done from the photographer Nadar's apartment at no.
35.
Monet painted the subject twice and it is uncertain which of the two pictures, that now in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, or that in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City was the painting that appeared in the groundbreaking 1874 exhibition, though more recently the Moscow picture has been favoured.
Altogether, 165 works were exhibited in the exhibition, including 4 oils, 2 pastels and 3 watercolors by Morisot; 6 oils and 1 pastel by Renoir; 10 works by Degas; 5 by Pissarro; 3 by Cézanne; and 3 by Guillaumin.
Several works were on loan, including Cézanne's "Modern Olympia", Morisot's "Hide and Seek" (owned by Manet) and 2 landscapes by Sisley that had been purchased by Durand-Ruel.
The total attendance is estimated at 3500 and some works did sell, though some exhibitors had placed their prices too high.
Pissarro was asking 1000 francs for "The Orchard" and Monet the same for "Impression: Sunrise", neither of which sold.
Renoir failed to obtain the 500 francs he was asking for "La Loge", but later sold it for 450 francs to Père Martin, dealer and supporter of the group.
Article: Amélie
Section: Critical response

Question: Did Serge Kagnaski attack the film in a review?

Alan Morrison from "Empire" Online gave "Amélie" five stars and called it "one of the year’s best, with crossover potential along the lines of "Cyrano De Bergerac" and "Il Postino".
Given its quirky heart, it might well surpass them all.
"Paul Tatara from CNN Reviewer praised "Amélie"s playful nature.
In his review, he wrote, "Its whimsical, free-ranging nature is often enchanting; the first hour, in particular, is brimming with amiable, sardonic laughs.
"The film was attacked by critic Serge Kaganski of "Les Inrockuptibles" for an unrealistic and picturesque vision of a bygone French society with few ethnic minorities.
Jeunet dismissed the criticism by pointing out that the photo collection contains pictures of people from numerous ethnic backgrounds, and that Jamel Debbouze, who plays Lucien, is of Moroccan descent.
Article: Physics
Section: Astrophysics

Question: Which famous inventor coined the theory of relativity?

Astrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology.
Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.
The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy.
Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration.
Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.
Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales.
Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories.
In the early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe is expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.
The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964.
The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle.
Cosmologists have recently established the ΛCDM model of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy, and dark matter.
Numerous possibilities and discoveries are anticipated to emerge from new data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope over the upcoming decade and vastly revise or clarify existing models of the universe.
In particular, the potential for a tremendous discovery surrounding dark matter is possible over the next several years.
Fermi will search for evidence that dark matter is composed of weakly interacting massive particles, complementing similar experiments with the Large Hadron Collider and other underground detectors.IBEX is already yielding new astrophysical discoveries: "No one knows what is creating the ENA (energetic neutral atoms) ribbon" along the termination shock of the solar wind, "but everyone agrees that it means the textbook picture of the heliosphere — in which the solar system's enveloping pocket filled with the solar wind's charged particles is plowing through the onrushing 'galactic wind' of the interstellar medium in the shape of a comet — is wrong."
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Theory of critical opalescence

Question: Why is the sky blue?

Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point.
Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density.
At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large fluctuations.
The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white.
Einstein relates this to Rayleigh scattering, which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.
Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter.
Article: Taekwondo
Section: Abstract

Question: Taekwondo is based in which country?

Taekwondo or (Korean 태권도 (hangul) / 跆拳道 (hanja), ) is a Korean martial art.
It combines combat and self-defense techniques with sport and exercise.
"Gyeorugi" (), a type of sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000.
Taekwondo was developed by a variety of Korean masters during the 1940s as partial combination of taekkyeon, Okinawan karate, and other traditions.
The name "taekwondo" was coined by Choi Hong Hi (of the Oh Do Kwan).
The World Taekwondo Federation claims that taekwondo development was a collaborative effort by a council consisting of members from the nine original kwans, while the International Taekwon-Do Federation credits Choi Hong Hi solely.
"Traditional taekwondo" typically refers to the martial art as it was established in the 1950s and 1960s in the South Korean military and in various civilian organizations, including schools and universities.
In particular, the names and symbolism of the both the traditional patterns and the newer poomsae often refer to elements of Korean history, culture and religious philosophy.
This symbolism is replicated in the Korean flag.
"Sport taekwondo" was developed in the 1950s and may have a somewhat different focus, especially in terms of its emphasis on speed and competition (as in Olympic sparring).
Sport taekwondo is in turn subdivided into two main styles.
One style is practiced by International Taekwon-Do adherents and was created in 1955 by Choi Hong Hi.
The other style derives from Kukkiwon, the source of the sparring system "sihap gyeorugi".
This style is now an event at the summer Olympic Games and is governed by the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF).
Kukkiwon (World Taekwondo Headquarters) is the traditional center for WTF taekwondo and was founded in 1973 by Dr. Kim Un Yong.
Although there are doctrinal and technical differences between sparring in the two main styles and among the various organizations, the art in general emphasizes kicks and punches thrown from a mobile stance.
Taekwondo training generally includes a system of blocks, kicks, punches, and open-handed strikes and may also include various take-downs or sweeps, throws, and joint locks.
Pressure points, known as "jiapsul", are used, as well as grabbing self-defense techniques borrowed from other martial arts such as Japanese judo, Korean hapkido, and Korean wrestling or ssireum.
In Korean, "tae" (태, ) means "to strike or break with the foot"; "kwon" (권, ) means "to strike or break with the fist"; and "do" (도, ) means "way of life".
Thus, "taekwondo" may be loosely translated as "the way of the foot and the hand."
The name "taekwondo" is also written as "taekwon-do", "tae kwon-do", or "tae kwon do" by various organizations.
Article: Toy Story
Section: Sequels, shows, and spin-offs

Question: Why does Woody need to be rescued?

"Toy Story" has spawned two sequels: "Toy Story 2" (1999) and "Toy Story 3" (2010).
Initially, the first sequel to "Toy Story" was going to be a direct-to-video release, with development beginning in 1996.
However, after the cast from "Toy Story" returned and the story was considered to be better than that of a direct-to-video release, it was announced in 1998 that the sequel would see a theatrical release.
The sequel saw the return of the majority of the voice cast from "Toy Story", and the film focuses on rescuing Woody after he is stolen at a yard sale.
The film was equally well received by critics, earning a rare 100% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 125 reviews.
At Metacritic, the film earned a favorable rating of 88/100 based on 34 reviews.
The film's widest release was 3,257 theaters and it grossed $485,015,179 worldwide, becoming the second-most successful animated film after "The Lion King" at the time of its release.
"Toy Story 3" centers on the toys being accidentally donated to a day-care center when their owner Andy is preparing to go to college.
Again, the majority of the cast from the prior two films returned.
It was the first film in the franchise to be released in 3-D for its first run, though the first two films, which were originally released in 2-D, were re-released in 3-D in 2009 as a double feature.
Like its predecessors, "Toy Story 3" received enormous critical acclaim, earning a 99% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes.
It also grossed more than $1 billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing animated film to date.
In November 1996, the Disney on Ice: Toy Story ice show opened which featured the cast's voices as well as Randy Newman's music.
In April 2008, the "Disney Wonder" cruise ship launched "" shows on its cruises.
"Toy Story" also led to a spin-off direct-to-video animated film, "", as well as the animated television series "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command".
The film and series followed Buzz Lightyear and his friends at Star Command as they uphold justice across the galaxy.
Although the film was criticized for not using the same animation as in "Toy Story" and "Toy Story 2", it sold three million VHS and DVDs in its first week of release.
The series ran for 65 episodes.
Following the release of "Toy Story 3", a series of "Toy Story" short films have been shown in theaters in front of other Disney features: "Hawaiian Vacation" (shown before "Cars 2"), centering around Barbie and Ken on vacation in Bonnie's room, "Small Fry" (shown before "The Muppets"), centering on Buzz being left in a fast-food restaurant, and "Partysaurus Rex" (shown before "Finding Nemo 3D"), centering on Rex partying with Bonnie's bath toys.
In January 2013, a fan-made live-action version of the film was posted on YouTube.
In October 2013, ABC aired "Toy Story of TERROR!
", promoting it as Pixar's first television special.
Article: The Persistence of Memory
Section: Landscape

Question: What mountain is referenced in the foreground?

The craggy rocks to the right represent a tip of Cap de Creus peninsula in north-eastern Catalonia.
Many of Dalí's paintings were inspired by the landscapes of his life in Catalonia.
The strange and foreboding shadow in the foreground of this painting is a reference to Mount Pani.
Article: Sound City (film)
Section: Critical response

Question: What did Elizabeth Weitzman have to say about the collection of songs?

Critical response.
"Sound City" received overwhelmingly positive reviews.
Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 100% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 41 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.7/10.
The site's consensus states: "Smart, affectionate, and unabashedly sincere, "Sound City" pairs a great soundtrack with a well-argued ode to one of rock 'n' roll's most fondly remembered bygone eras."
It was one of the highest rated limited release and documentary movies of the year on the website.
On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 76 based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Kenneth Turan from "Los Angeles Times" gave the film a positive review, saying "High-spirited, emotional and funny, "Sound City" is, of all things, a mash note to a machine.
Not just any machine, however, but one that helped change the face of rock 'n' roll."
In a review for "The Daily Telegraph", Sebastian Doggart awarded the documentary five out of five stars and proclaimed it as "an exhilarating exploration of the creative process."
Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" admits "In his directing debut, Dave Grohl shows the instincts of a real filmmaker.
"Sound City" hits you like a shot in the heart."
Bill Goodykoontz of "The Arizona Republic" remarks ""Sound City" is a music geek's dream, a rollicking look at a dumpy California studio where a lot of musicians found magic.
It's also a bit of a mess, like all good rock and roll ought to be.
", while Elizabeth Weitzman of "New York Daily News" praised that "Grohl's aim is to explore the aura of a place, but what he winds up proving is that people make the magic.
"Nevertheless in his review for About.com, Tim Grierson wrote that it "is just a fun collection of unlikely musical pairings that zips by in little less than an hour", and Phil Gallo from "Billboard" stated "Grohl's inexperience as a filmmaker only shows when the film makes a sharp turn out of history and into the more recent past: There's a sense that instead of celebrating great rock 'n' roll moments, a product is about to be pitched at the viewer.
"The film received a Satellite Award for Best Documentary Film nomination in the 18th edition and the Cinema Eye Honor 2014 Audience Choice Prize.
Article: Iran
Section: Religion

Question: When was the revolution in Iran?

Religion in Iran is dominated by the Twelver Shia branch of Islam, which is the official state religion and to which about 90% to 95% of Iranians belong.
About 4% to 8% of Iranians belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, mainly Kurds and Iran's Balochi Sunni.
The remaining 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities, including Bahá'ís, Mandeans, Hindus, Yezidis, Yarsanis, Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians.
The latter three minority religions are officially recognized and protected, and have reserved seats in the Parliament ("Majlis") .
However the Bahá'í Faith, Iran's largest religious minority, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century.
Since the 1979 revolution the persecution of Bahá'ís has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.
The government has not released statistics regarding the irreligious.
Article: Body of Proof
Section: Overview and production

Question: Who plays Dr. Megan Hunt?

The series stars Dana Delany as Dr. Megan Hunt, a medical examiner.
The show focuses on Hunt's efforts to balance the demands of her professional life, dealing with solving cases and analyzing bodies, with her personal life, trying to reconnect with her estranged daughter.
Hunt was a top-flight neurosurgeon, until she had a life-changing automobile accident and then accidentally killed a patient on the operating table.
This resulted in her resignation, and retirement from the profession altogether.
Though set in Philadelphia, the first season of "Body of Proof" was filmed in Providence, Rhode Island and some other locations including Woonsocket and Warwick, Rhode Island.
The series was originally titled "Body of Evidence" but was later renamed "Body of Proof".
It was announced that the second season of the show would be filmed in Los Angeles to take advantage of a $7 million tax credit.
"Body of Proof" is the third ABC television series starring Dana Delany in a main character role, the first being the role of Colleen McMurphy in "China Beach" and the second being Katherine Mayfair in "Desperate Housewives".
While filming, real life technical advisers made sure that the procedures were correct.
Jeri Ryan said, "We've got technical advisers that will be with us on set, so we can keep all of science realistic".
Article: Eiffel Tower
Section: Accommodation

Question: Capacity of theater at Eiffel Tower?

When built, the first level contained three restaurants (one French, one Russian and one Flemish) and an "Anglo-American Bar".
After the exposition closed the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 seat theatre.
A promenade ran around the outside.
On the third level there were laboratories for various experiments and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests.
This is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike models of Gustave and some guests.