community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)
Section: The Paris "Sunflowers"

Question: When was the painter of Sunflowers discovered?

Little is known of Van Gogh's activities during the two years he lived with his brother Theo in Paris, 1886-1888.
The fact that he had painted Sunflowers already is only revealed in spring 1889, when Gauguin claimed one of the Arles versions in exchange for studies he had left behind after leaving Arles for Paris.
Van Gogh was upset and replied that Gauguin had absolutely no right to make this request: "I am definitely keeping my sunflowers in question.
He has two of them already, let that hold him.
And if he is not satisfied with the exchange he has made with me, he can take back his little Martinique canvas, and his self-portrait sent me from Brittany, at the same time giving me back both my portrait and the two sunflower canvases which he has taken to Paris.
So if he ever broaches this subject again, I've told you just how matters stand.
"The two Sunflowers in question show two buttons each; one of them was preceded by a small study, and a fourth large canvas combines both compositions.
These were Van Gogh's first paintings with ""nothing but sunflowers""—yet, he had already included sunflowers in still life and landscape earlier.
Article: Battle of Austerlitz
Section: Allied plans and dispositions

Question: What was the date of the Allied council meeting?

An Allied council met on 1 December to discuss proposals for the battle.
Most of the Allied strategists had two fundamental ideas in mind: making contact with the enemy and securing the southern flank that held the communication line to Vienna.
Although the Tsar and his immediate entourage pushed hard for a battle, Emperor Francis of Austria was more cautious and, as mentioned, he was seconded by Kutuzov, the Commander-in-chief of the Russians and the Allied troop.
The pressure to fight from the Russian nobles and the Austrian commanders, however, was too strong, and the Allies adopted the plan of the Austrian Chief of Staff, Franz von Weyrother.
This called for a main drive against the French right flank, which the Allies noticed was lightly guarded, and diversionary attacks against the French left.
The Allies deployed most of their troops into four columns that would attack the French right.
The Russian Imperial Guard was held in reserve while Russian troops under Bagration guarded the Allied right.
The Russian Tsar rudely stripped the authority of Commander-in-chief M. I. Kutuzov and gave it to Franz von Weyrother.
In the battle, Kutuzov could only command the IV Corps of the Allied army, although he was still the "de jure" commander because the Tsar was afraid to take over in case his favored plan failed.
Article: Andy Warhol
Section: Foundation

Question: What might be described as the purpose and purview of the Andy Warhol foundation?

Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate — with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members — would go to create a foundation dedicated to the "advancement of the visual arts".
Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million.
In 1987, in accordance with Warhol's will, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts began.
The foundation serves as the estate of Andy Warhol, but also has a mission "to foster innovative artistic expression and the creative process" and is "focused primarily on supporting work of a challenging and often experimental nature.
"The Artists Rights Society is the U.S. copyright representative for the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts for all Warhol works with the exception of Warhol film stills.
The U.S. copyright representative for Warhol film stills is the Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh.
Additionally, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts has agreements in place for its image archive.
All digital images of Warhol are exclusively managed by Corbis, while all transparency images of Warhol are managed by Art Resource.
The Andy Warhol Foundation released its "20th Anniversary Annual Report" as a three-volume set in 2007: Vol.
I, 1987–2007; Vol.
II, Grants & Exhibitions; and Vol.
III, Legacy Program.
The Foundation remains one of the largest grant-giving organizations for the visual arts in the U.S.
Article: Battle of Red Cliffs
Section: Fictionalised account

Question: What are the major differences between history and the film versions of the Battle of Red Cliffs?

The romantic tradition that originated with Luo Guanzhong's historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" differs from historical accounts in many details.
For example, Cao Cao's army strength was exaggerated to over 830,000 men.
This may be attributed to the ethos of later times, particularly of the Southern Song Dynasty .
The state of Shu Han, in particular, was viewed by later literati as the "legitimate" successor to the Han Dynasty, so fictionalised accounts assign greater prominence than the historical records warrant to the roles of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and other heroes from Shu.
This is generally accomplished by minimising the importance of Eastern Wu commanders and advisors such as Zhou Yu and Lu Su .
While historical accounts describe Lu Su as a sensible advisor and Zhou Yu as an eminent military leader and "generous, sensible and courageous" man, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" depicts Lu Su as unremarkable and Zhou Yu as cruel and cynical .
Both are depicted as being inferior to Zhuge Liang in every respect .
The romances added wholly fictional and fantastical elements to the historical accounts and these were repeated in popular plays and operas.
Examples from the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" include Zhuge Liang pretending to use magic to call forth favourable winds (that he had in fact predicted by astronomical observation) for the fire ship attack, his strategy of "using straw boats to borrow arrows", and Guan Yu capturing and releasing Cao Cao at Huarong Trail.
The fictionalised accounts also name Zhuge Liang as a military commander in the combined forces, which is historically inaccurate .
Article: Gravitational wave
Section: Radiation from other sources

Question: When should stars grow closer to each other?

Although the waves from the Earth-Sun system are minuscule, astronomers can point to other sources for which the radiation should be substantial.
One important example is the Hulse-Taylor binary — a pair of stars, one of which is a pulsar.
The characteristics of their orbit can be deduced from the Doppler shifting of radio signals given off by the pulsar.
Each of the stars has a mass about 1.4 times that of the Sun and the size of their orbit is about 1/75 of the Earth-Sun orbit.
This means the distance between the two stars is just a few times larger than the diameter of our own Sun.
The combination of greater masses and smaller separation means that the energy given off by the Hulse-Taylor binary will be far greater than the energy given off by the Earth-Sun system — roughly 1022 times as much.
The information about the orbit can be used to predict just how much energy (and angular momentum) should be given off in the form of gravitational waves.
As the energy is carried off, the stars should draw closer to each other.
This effect is called an inspiral, and it can be observed in the pulsar's signals.
The measurements on the Hulse-Taylor system have been carried out over more than 30 years.
It has been shown that the gravitational radiation predicted by general relativity allows these observations to be matched within 0.2 percent.
In 1993, Russell Hulse and Joe Taylor were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work, which was the first indirect evidence for gravitational waves.
Unfortunately, the orbital lifetime of this binary system before merger is about 1.84 billion years.
This is a substantial fraction of the age of the universe.
Inspirals are very important sources of gravitational waves.
Any time two compact objects (white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes) are in close orbits, they send out intense gravitational waves.
As they spiral closer to each other, these waves become more intense.
At some point they should become so intense that direct detection by their effect on objects on Earth or in space is possible.
This direct detection is the goal of several large scale experiments.
The only difficulty is that most systems like the Hulse-Taylor binary are so far away.
The amplitude of waves given off by the Hulse-Taylor binary as seen on Earth would be roughly "h" ≈ 10−26.
There are some sources, however, that astrophysicists expect to find with much larger amplitudes of "h" ≈ 10−20.
At least eight other binary pulsars have been discovered.
Article: Gangnam Style
Section: Music industry

Question: How much money did Psy make for the song Gangnam Style?

Record executives in the music industry believe that music charts will increasingly be filled with YouTube-driven globalised acts from foreign countries.
Sean Carey, a research fellow in the School of Social Sciences at the University of Roehampton, wrote that the flow of popular music will no longer be a single traffic route from North America and Europe to other parts of the globe, but will also move the other way as well.
According to Adam Sherwin from "The Independent", the global web demand for Gangnam Style had short-circuited the "traditional reluctance" of radio stations to play foreign-language songs.
The song is also underlining a shift in how money is being made in the music business.
Although Psy earned more than US$60,000 from music sales of "Gangnam Style" in South Korea alone, he and his music label YG Entertainment have raked in almost US$1 million from advertisements which appear on YouTube videos identified for using "Gangnam Style" in its content.
The "Harvard Business Review" published an article written by Kevin Evers, who explained how "Gangnam Style" had changed Billboard's ranking methodology of its music charts.
Instead of relying solely on radio plays and paid purchases, Billboard started to place a heavier emphasis on digital sales and YouTube views.
As a result of the change, Gangnam Style moved up to the top position of Billboard's Hot Rap Songs music chart.
According to the British Phonographic Industry's report based on Official Charts Company sales data, thanks to Psy's song and Carly Rae Jepsen’s "Call Me Maybe," pop became the UK’s favourite musical genre of the year, taking the lion’s share of the singles market (38.5%) in 2012.
Article: Life Is Beautiful
Section: Cast

Question: Which actor played Ferruccio?

 Roberto Benigni as Guido Orefice
 Nicoletta Braschi as Dora
 Giorgio Cantarini as Joshua
 Giustino Durano as Uncle Eliseo
 Horst Buchholz as Doctor Lessing
 Marisa Paredes as Dora's mother
 Sergio Bustric as Ferruccio
 Amerigo Fontani as Rodolfo
Article: Association football
Section: Pitch

Question: How long are fields for non-international matches?

As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units.
The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd).
Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square.
In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.
The longer boundary lines are "touchlines", while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are "goal lines".
A rectangular goal is positioned at the middle of each goal line.
The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.32 m (8 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2.44 m (8 ft) above the ground.
Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.
In front of each goal is an area known as the penalty area.
This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them.
This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick.
Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.
Article: The Good Wife
Section: Premise

Question: Who was Alicia Florrick's spouse?

The series focuses on Alicia Florrick (Julianna Margulies), whose husband Peter Florrick (Chris Noth), a former Cook County state's attorney, has been jailed following a very public sex and corruption scandal.
Alicia returns to her old job as a litigator (having taken 13 years out to be a stay-at-home mother) to provide for her two children.
The series was partly inspired by the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal, as well as by other prominent American political sex scandals, particularly those of John Edwards and Bill Clinton:
Article: Before Midnight (film)
Section: Cast

Question: Which actress appeared as Ariadni in Before Midnight?

 Ethan Hawke as Jesse
 Julie Delpy as Céline
 Seamus Davey-Fitzpatrick as Hank
 Jennifer Prior as Ella
 Charlotte Prior as Nina
 Xenia Kalogeropoulou as Natalia
 Walter Lassally as Patrick
 Ariane Labed as Anna
 Yiannis Papadopoulos as Achilleas
 Athina Rachel Tsangari as Ariadni
 Panos Koronis as Stefanos
Article: Leaning Tower of Pisa
Section: Construction

Question: How long did it take to build the Leaning Tower of Pisa?

Construction of the tower occurred in three stages across 199 years.
Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14, 1173, during a period of military success and prosperity.
This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.
The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178.
This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning.
Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence.
This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle.
Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled.
In 1198 clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction.
In 1272 construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto.
In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other.
Because of this, the tower is actually curved.
Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.
The seventh floor was completed in 1319.
It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower.
There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale.
The largest one was installed in 1655.
The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372.
After a phase (1990–2001) of structural strengthening, the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration, in order to repair visible damage, mostly corrosion and blackening.
These are particularly pronounced due to the tower's age and its exposure to wind and rain.
Article: NASA
Section: Project Apollo (1961–72)

Question: How many men walked on the moon from the Apollo?

Project Apollo (1961–72).
The U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in putting the first man in space, motivated President John F. Kennedy to ask the Congress on May 25, 1961 to commit the federal government to a program to land a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which effectively launched the Apollo program.
Apollo was one of the most expensive American scientific programs ever.
It is estimated to have cost $ in present-day US dollars.
(In comparison, the Manhattan Project cost roughly $, accounting for inflation.
)It used the Saturn rockets as launch vehicles, which were far bigger than the rockets built for previous projects.
The spacecraft was also bigger; it had two main parts, the combined command and service module (CSM) and the lunar landing module (LM).
The LM was to be left on the Moon and only the command module (CM) containing the three astronauts would eventually return to Earth.
The second manned mission, Apollo 8, brought astronauts for the first time in a flight around the Moon in December 1968.
Shortly before, the Soviets had sent an unmanned spacecraft around the Moon.
On the next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the Moon landing were practiced and then finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.
The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was followed by Buzz Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above.
Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972.
Throughout these six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon.
These missions returned a wealth of scientific data and of lunar samples.
Topics covered by experiments performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind.
The Moon landing marked the end of the space race and as a gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon.
Apollo set major milestones in human spaceflight.
It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit, and landing humans on another celestial body.
Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while Apollo 17 marked the last moonwalk and the last manned mission beyond low Earth orbit.
The program spurred advances in many areas of technology peripheral to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.
Apollo sparked interest in many fields of engineering and left many physical facilities and machines developed for the program as landmarks.
Many objects and artifacts from the program are on display at various locations throughout the world, notably at the Smithsonian's Air and Space Museums.
Article: NASA
Section: Project Apollo (1961–72)

Question: During the six Apollo spaceflights, how many men walked on the Moon?

Project Apollo (1961–72).
The U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in putting the first man in space, motivated President John F. Kennedy to ask the Congress on May 25, 1961 to commit the federal government to a program to land a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which effectively launched the Apollo program.
Apollo was one of the most expensive American scientific programs ever.
It is estimated to have cost $ in present-day US dollars.
(In comparison, the Manhattan Project cost roughly $, accounting for inflation.
)It used the Saturn rockets as launch vehicles, which were far bigger than the rockets built for previous projects.
The spacecraft was also bigger; it had two main parts, the combined command and service module (CSM) and the lunar landing module (LM).
The LM was to be left on the Moon and only the command module (CM) containing the three astronauts would eventually return to Earth.
The second manned mission, Apollo 8, brought astronauts for the first time in a flight around the Moon in December 1968.
Shortly before, the Soviets had sent an unmanned spacecraft around the Moon.
On the next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the Moon landing were practiced and then finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.
The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was followed by Buzz Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above.
Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972.
Throughout these six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon.
These missions returned a wealth of scientific data and of lunar samples.
Topics covered by experiments performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind.
The Moon landing marked the end of the space race and as a gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon.
Apollo set major milestones in human spaceflight.
It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit, and landing humans on another celestial body.
Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while Apollo 17 marked the last moonwalk and the last manned mission beyond low Earth orbit.
The program spurred advances in many areas of technology peripheral to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.
Apollo sparked interest in many fields of engineering and left many physical facilities and machines developed for the program as landmarks.
Many objects and artifacts from the program are on display at various locations throughout the world, notably at the Smithsonian's Air and Space Museums.