community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Black hole
Section: Physical properties

Question: Black holes are often referred to as what after Karl Schwarzschild who discovered this solution in 1916?

The simplest static black holes have mass but neither electric charge nor angular momentum.
These black holes are often referred to as Schwarzschild black holes after Karl Schwarzschild who discovered this solution in 1916.
According to Birkhoff's theorem, it is the only vacuum solution that is spherically symmetric.
This means that there is no observable difference between the gravitational field of such a black hole and that of any other spherical object of the same mass.
The popular notion of a black hole "sucking in everything" in its surroundings is therefore only correct near a black hole's horizon; far away, the external gravitational field is identical to that of any other body of the same mass.
Solutions describing more general black holes also exist.
Charged black holes are described by the Reissner–Nordström metric, while the Kerr metric describes a rotating black hole.
The most general stationary black hole solution known is the Kerr–Newman metric, which describes a black hole with both charge and angular momentum.
While the mass of a black hole can take any positive value, the charge and angular momentum are constrained by the mass.
In Planck units, the total electric charge "Q" and the total angular momentum "J" are expected to satisfy
formula_1
for a black hole of mass "M".
Black holes saturating this inequality are called extremal.
Solutions of Einstein's equations that violate this inequality exist, but they do not possess an event horizon.
These solutions have so-called naked singularities that can be observed from the outside, and hence are deemed "unphysical".
The cosmic censorship hypothesis rules out the formation of such singularities, when they are created through the gravitational collapse of realistic matter.
This is supported by numerical simulations.
Due to the relatively large strength of the electromagnetic force, black holes forming from the collapse of stars are expected to retain the nearly neutral charge of the star.
Rotation, however, is expected to be a common feature of compact objects.
The black-hole candidate binary X-ray source GRS 1915+105 appears to have an angular momentum near the maximum allowed value.
Black holes are commonly classified according to their mass, independent of angular momentum "J" or electric charge "Q".
The size of a black hole, as determined by the radius of the event horizon, or Schwarzschild radius, is roughly proportional to the mass "M" through
formula_2
where "r"sh is the Schwarzschild radius and "MSun" is the mass of the Sun.
This relation is exact only for black holes with zero charge and angular momentum; for more general black holes it can differ up to a factor of 2.
Article: Physics
Section: Application and influence

Question: What is a general term for physics research which is intended for a particular use.

Applied physics is a general term for physics research which is intended for a particular use.
An applied physics curriculum usually contains a few classes in an applied discipline, like geology or electrical engineering.
It usually differs from engineering in that an applied physicist may not be designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving a problem.
The approach is similar to that of applied mathematics.
Applied physicists can also be interested in the use of physics for scientific research.
For instance, people working on accelerator physics might seek to build better particle detectors for research in theoretical physics.
Physics is used heavily in engineering.
For example, statics, a subfield of mechanics, is used in the building of bridges and other static structures.
The understanding and use of acoustics results in sound control and better concert halls; similarly, the use of optics creates better optical devices.
An understanding of physics makes for more realistic flight simulators, video games, and movies, and is often critical in forensic investigations.
With the standard consensus that the laws of physics are universal and do not change with time, physics can be used to study things that would ordinarily be mired in uncertainty.
For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward and backward in time and so predict prior and future conditions.
It also allows for simulations in engineering which drastically speed up the development of a new technology.
But there is also considerable interdisciplinarity in the physicist's methods and so many other important fields are influenced by physics, e.g.
the fields of econophysics and sociophysics.
Article: I Believe I Can Fly
Section: Abstract

Question: who performed "I believe I can Fly"?

"I Believe I Can Fly" is a 1996 song by R&B singer R. Kelly.
The song was written, produced and performed by Kelly and was featured on the soundtrack to the 1996 film "Space Jam".
It was originally released on November 26, 1996, but later appeared in Kelly's 1998 album "R.".
In early 1997, "I Believe I Can Fly" reached number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100; it was kept from the No.
1 spot by Toni Braxton's "Un-Break My Heart".
Despite the fact that two of R. Kelly's songs did reach number one, "I Believe I Can Fly" remains the biggest hit of R. Kelly's career.
The single was number one on the R&B Singles chart (for six nonconsecutive weeks), and also topped the charts in the United Kingdom.
It has won three Grammy Awards, and was ranked No.
406 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004.
The music video was directed by Hype Williams.
Article: Terminator Salvation
Section: Home media

Question: How much did terminator salvation gross?

The DVD and Blu-ray Disc of the film was released on December 1, 2009.
The former contains the theatrical cut of the film with a featurette on the Mototerminators.
The Blu-ray features both the theatrical cut and the R-rated Director's cut, which is three minutes longer (118 minutes), with bonus material including Maximum Movie Mode, a video commentary in which director McG talks about the film while it plays, featurettes, a video archive, and a digital comic of the first issue of the official film prequel comic.
Both versions include a digital copy of the theatrical cut for portable media players.
Target Stores will be the only retailer to carry the Director's Cut on DVD.
On its first week of retail, "Terminator Salvation" debuted at the top spot of the Blu-ray charts, and on second in the DVD charts, behind "Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian".
The film made $29,811,432 in domestic DVD sales bringing its total gross to $401,439,971
Article: Finland
Section: Parliament

Question: When did they hit their lowest total of MPs?

The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland exercises supreme legislative authority.
It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes.
Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's constitutional law committee.
The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within a number of multi-seat constituencies through open list multi-member districts.
Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation.
The speaker is currently Eero Heinäluoma (Social Democrats).
Since universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union), the National Coalition Party (conservatives), and the Social Democrats.
These parties have enjoyed approximately equal support, and their combined vote has totalled about 65–80% of all votes.
Their lowest common total of MPs, 121, was reached in the 2011 elections.
For a few decades after 1944, the Communists were a strong fourth party.
Due to the electoral system of proportional representation, and the relative reluctance of voters to switch their support between parties, the relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another.
However, there have been some long-term trends, such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War; the steady decline into insignificance of the Liberal party and its predecessors from 1906 to about 1980; and the rise of the Green party and its predecessor since 1983.
In the 2011 elections, the True Finns achieved exceptional success, increasing its representation from 5 to 39 seats, and thus surpassing the Centre Party.
The autonomous province of Åland, which forms a federacy with Finland, elects one member to the parliament, who traditionally joins the parliamentary group of the Swedish People's Party of Finland.
(The province also holds elections for its own permanent regional council, and in the 2011 elections, Åland Centre was the largest party.
)The Parliament can be dissolved by a recommendation of the Prime minister endorsed by the President.
This procedure has never been used, although the parliament was dissolved several times under the pre-2000 constitution, when this action was the sole prerogative of the president.
After the parliamentary elections on 17 April 2011, the seats were divided among eight parties as follows:
Article: Jiro Dreams of Sushi
Section: Critical reception

Question: Which film critic compared the film tunnel visioning?

The film received very positive reviews from critics.
The film earned a rating of 99% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 70 reviews and an average rating of 7.8/10, with the critical consensus saying, "Beautiful, thoughtful, and engrossing, "Jiro Dreams of Sushi" should prove satisfying even for filmgoers who don't care for the cuisine."
It has a score of 77 on Metacritic based on 26 reviews.
Roger Ebert called it a "portrait of tunnel vision" and concluded:"While watching it, I found myself drawn into the mystery of this man.
Are there any unrealized wishes in his life?
Secret diversions?
Regrets?
If you find an occupation you love and spend your entire life working at it, is that enough?
Standing behind his counter, Jiro notices things.
Some customers are left-handed, some right-handed.
That helps determine where they are seated at his counter.
As he serves a perfect piece of sushi, he observes it being eaten.
He knows the history of that piece of seafood.
He knows his staff has recently started massaging an octopus for 45 minutes and not half an hour, for example.
Does he search a customer's eyes for a signal that this change has been an improvement?
Half an hour of massage was good enough to win three Michelin stars.
You realize the tragedy of Jiro Ono's life is that there are not, and will never be, four stars."
Article: Denmark
Section: Education

Question: Is the price of attending college in Denmark free?

The Danish education system provides access to primary school, secondary school and higher education.
All college and university education in Denmark is free of charges; there are no tuition fees to enroll in courses.
Students in secondary school or higher and aged 18 or above may apply for state educational support grants, known as "Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU)" which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly.
The Education Index lists Denmark 16th in 2011 based on mean years of schooling (of adults) and expected years of schooling (of children).
Primary school is known as the folkeskole.
Attendance at primary school is not compulsory, but most Danish children go to primary school for 10 years, from the age of 6 to 16.
Whilst attending a primary school is not compulsory, receiving education at primary school-level is and must be provided for nine years.
There are no final exams, but pupils in primary schools can choose to go to a test when finishing ninth grade.
The test is obligatory if further education is to be attended.
Pupils can alternatively attend a private independent school (), or a private school () – schools that are not under the administration of the municipalities, such as Christian schools or Waldorf schools.
Following graduation from primary school, there are several educational opportunities; the Gymnasium (STX) attaches importance in teaching a mix of humanities and science, Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX) focuses on scientific subjects and the Higher Commercial Examination Programme emphasizes on subjects in economics.
Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) is similar to "Gymnasium (STX)", but is one year shorter.
For specific professions, there is the vocational education, training young people for work in specific trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship.
Danish universities and other higher education institutions offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark.
Many programmes may be taught in the English language, the academic lingua franca, in bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, Ph.D.s and student exchange programmes.
Article: Leaning Tower of Pisa
Section: Timeline

Question: When did Giorgio Vasari write "Guglielmo"?

 On January 5, 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the "Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie".
The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.
 On August 9, 1173, the foundations of the Tower were laid.
 Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa.
"
 Giorgio Vasari indicates that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry between 1360 and 1370.
 On December 27, 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower.
 On February 23, 1260, Guido Speziale, son of Giovanni, a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore, was elected to oversee the building of the Tower.
 On April 12, 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble.
The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. Francesco.
Article: Basketball
Section: Shooting

Question: What kind of shot is a brick?

Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket, methods varying with players and situations.
Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket.
A player will rest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand supporting the side of the ball.
The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending the shooting arm.
The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a "follow-through".
Players often try to put a steady backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim.
The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but generally a proper arc is recommended.
Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket.
The two most common shots that use the above described setup are the "set-shot" and the "jump-shot".
The set-shot is taken from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the floor, typically used for free throws, and in other circumstances whilst the jump-shot is taken in mid-air, the ball released near the top of the jump.
This provides much greater power and range, and it also allows the player to elevate over the defender.
Failure to release the ball before the feet return to the floor is considered a traveling violation.
Another common shot is called the "lay-up".
This shot requires the player to be in motion toward the basket, and to "lay" the ball "up" and into the basket, typically off the backboard (the backboard-free, underhand version is called a "finger roll").
The most crowd-pleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy shot is the "slam dunk", in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball downward, through the basket whilst touching it.
Another shot that is becoming common is the "circus shot".
The circus shot is a low-percentage shot that is flipped, heaved, scooped, or flung toward the hoop while the shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down, and/or facing away from the basket.
A back-shot is a shot taken when the player is facing away from the basket, and may be shot with the dominant hand, or both; but there is a very low chance that the shot will be successful.
A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an "air-ball".
A particularly bad shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularly called a brick.
Article: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
Section: Related works

Question: How was the painting damaged in 1723?

"The anatomy lesson of Joan Deyman" (or "Jan Deijman")[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_008.jpg] painted by Rembrandt in 1656, was intended to be displayed in the Anatomical Hall in Amsterdam alongside "The anatomy lesson of Tulp.
Deijman was Tulp's immediate successor in the post of praelector chirugic et anatomie.
The painting was damaged by fire in 1723, and only a central fragment survives.
Around 1856 Édouard Manet visited The Hague and made a small oil on panel copy of "The Anatomy Lesson".
Broadly painted in a limited palette, Manet gave the painting to his physician, Dr. Siredey.
A less detailed copy of The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp by an unknown artist hangs in Edinburgh as part of The University of Edinburgh Fine Art Collection"The Gross Clinic" of 1875 and "The Agnew Clinic" of 1889 are paintings by the American artist Thomas Eakins which treat a similar subject, operations on live patients in the presence of medical students.
In 2010, Yiull Damaso created a parody of the painting depicting prominent South Africans.
Nelson Mandela was the cadaver, Nkosi Johnson was the instructor, and the students were Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk, Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, Cyril Ramaphosa, Trevor Manuel, and Helen Zille.
The African National Congress condemned the work as disrespectful to Mandela, racist, and culturally insensitive to African taboos on depiction of living people as dead.
The 2011 video game "" references the painting in both in-game portraits that can be found on the wall and in a certain cinematic trailer, featuring the main protagonist Adam Jensen as the cadaver as Dr. Nicolaes and his students study his charred and ruined arms, which in the actual story become amputated and replaced with mechanical limbs.
The painting is discussed by the narrator (a young man) and his mother during a visit to the Met in "The Goldfinch", a 2013 novel by Donna Tartt.
In the 2012 German film Barbara, there is a scene in which Dr. Andre offers his interpretation of the painting to Dr. Barbara when she points out the inaccuracy of Arendt's left hand.
Article: Industrial Revolution
Section: Population increase

Question: Why did the population increase in Britain so rapidly each 50 years?

According to Robert Hughes in "The Fatal Shore", the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740.
The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.
As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, Britain's population doubled every 50 years.
Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.
The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in population and in per capita income.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Casting

Question: How did Cranston prepare to play Walter White?

"Breaking Bad" creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in an episode of the science fiction television series "The X-Files", on which Gilligan worked as a writer.
Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage.
Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that "Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick.
And it is a trick.
I have no idea how he does it."
AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series "Malcolm in the Middle", approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.
When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his "X-Files" episode.
Cranston contributed a great deal to the Walter White persona.
When Gilligan left much of Walter's past unexplained during the development of the series, the actor wrote his own backstory for the character.
At the start of the show, Cranston gained 10 pounds to reflect the character's personal decline and had the natural red highlights of his hair dyed a regular brown.
He collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro on a wardrobe of mostly neutral green and brown colors to make the character bland and unremarkable, and worked with makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to create a mustache he described as "impotent" and like a "dead caterpillar".
Cranston repeatedly identified elements within certain scripts where he disagreed with how the character was handled, and went so far as to call Gilligan directly when he could not work out disagreements with the episode's screenwriters.
Cranston has said he was inspired partially by his elderly father for how Walter carries himself physically, which he described as "a little hunched over, never erect, if the weight of the world is on this man's shoulders".
In contrast to his character, Cranston has been described as extremely playful on set, with Aaron Paul describing him as "a kid trapped in a man's body".
Gilligan originally intended for Aaron Paul's character, Jesse Pinkman, to be killed at the end of "Breaking Bad" 's first season in a botched drug deal as a plot device to plague Walter White with guilt.
However, Gilligan said by the second episode of the season, he was so impressed with Paul's performance that "it became pretty clear early on that would be a huge, colossal mistake, to kill off Jesse".