community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Thermodynamics
Section: Commonly considered thermodynamic processes

Question: When does isothermal process occur?

It is often convenient to study a thermodynamic process in which a single variable, such as temperature, pressure, or volume, etc., is held fixed.
Furthermore, it is useful to group these processes into pairs, in which each variable held constant is one member of a conjugate pair.
Several commonly studied thermodynamic processes are:
Isobaric process: occurs at constant pressure
Isochoric process: occurs at constant volume (also called isometric/isovolumetric)
Isothermal process: occurs at a constant temperature
Adiabatic process: occurs without loss or gain of energy as heat
Isentropic process: a reversible adiabatic process occurs at a constant entropy, but is a fictional idealization.
Conceptually it is possible to actually physically conduct a process that keeps the entropy of the system constant, allowing systematically controlled removal of heat, by conduction to a cooler body, to compensate for entropy produced within the system by irreversible work done on the system.
Such isentropic conduct of a process seems called for when the entropy of the system is considered as an independent variable, as for example when the internal energy is considered as a function of the entropy and volume of the system, the natural variables of the internal energy as studied by Gibbs.
Isenthalpic process: occurs at a constant enthalpy
Isolated process: no matter or energy (neither as work nor as heat) is transferred into or out of the system
It is sometimes of interest to study a process in which several variables are controlled, subject to some specified constraint.
In a system in which a chemical reaction can occur, for example, in which the pressure and temperature can affect the equilibrium composition, a process might occur in which temperature is held constant but pressure is slowly altered, just so that chemical equilibrium is maintained all the way.
There is a corresponding process at constant temperature in which the final pressure is the same but is reached by a rapid jump.
Then it can be shown that the volume change resulting from the rapid jump process is smaller than that from the slow equilibrium process.
The work transferred differs between the two processes.
Article: Vitruvian Man
Section: Abstract

Question: Where is The Vitruvian Man, the drawing created by Leonardo da Vinci kept?

The Vitruvian Man, , is a drawing created by Leonardo da Vinci circa 1490.
It is accompanied by notes based on the work of the architect Vitruvius.
The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and simultaneously inscribed in a circle and square.
The drawing and text are sometimes called the "Canon of Proportions" or, less often, "Proportions of Man".
It is kept in the Gabinetto dei disegni e stampe of the Gallerie dell'Accademia, in Venice, Italy, under reference 228.
Like most works on paper, it is displayed to the public only occasionally.
The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise "De Architectura".
Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture.
Vitruvius determined that the ideal body should be eight heads high.
Leonardo's drawing is traditionally named in honor of the architect.
Article: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Section: Media coverage

Question: During the first week of  the shooting, how much time was devoted for coverage by NBC?

As the shooting took place, ABC News was signing off from its electoral broadcast, while the CBS broadcast was already over.
It was not until 21 minutes after the shots that CBS's coverage of the shooting would begin.
The reporters who had been present to report on Kennedy's win in the primary ended up crowding into the kitchen where he had been shot and the immediate aftermath was captured only by audio recording and cameras that had no live transmission capability.
ABC was able to show scant live footage from the kitchen after Kennedy had been transported but unlike CBS and NBC, all of ABC's coverage from the Ambassador was in black and white.
CBS and NBC shot footage in the kitchen of the shooting's aftermath on color film, which could not be broadcast until it was developed two hours after the incident.
Reporter Andrew West of KRKD, a Mutual Broadcasting System radio affiliate in Los Angeles, captured on audio tape the sounds of the immediate aftermath of the shooting but not the actual shooting itself.
Using his reel-to-reel tape recorder and attached microphone, West had just recorded the senator's victory speech.
With the audio still rolling, West asked the Senator the following question... Andrew West: "Senator, how are you going to counter Mr. Humphrey and his backgrounding you as far as the delegate votes go?
"Senator Kennedy: "It just goes back to the struggle for it.
"After this brief exchange, West turned off his tape recorder and followed Kennedy and his entourage to the kitchen pantry.
Just a few minutes later, seconds after Kennedy was shot, West turned his recorder on again and started reporting the sudden developments... Andrew West: "Senator Kennedy has been shot!
Senator Kennedy has been shot; is that possible?
Is that possible?
It's...is it possible, ladies and gentlemen?
It is possible, he has...not only Senator Kennedy, oh my God.
Senator Kennedy has been shot, and another man, a Kennedy campaign manager, and possibly shot in the head.
"Several seconds later, West gave an on-the-spot account of the struggle with Sirhan in the hotel kitchen pantry, shouting at Rafer Johnson to "Get the gun, Rafer, get the gun!"
and telling others to "get a hold of thumb and break it, if you have to!
Get his thumb!...
We don't want another Oswald!
"Over the following week, NBC devoted 55 hours to the shooting and aftermath, ABC 43, and CBS 42, with all three networks preempting their regular coverage and advertisements to cover the story.
Article: Universal Studios Florida
Section: Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone

Question: What year did the attraction open?

Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone is the park's children's area named after Universal Studios' mascot, Woody Woodpecker.
The area was originally part of World Expo, but was divided into its own section with the opening of a junior roller coaster named "Woody Woodpecker's Nuthouse Coaster" in 1999.
In addition to the junior roller coaster, Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone is home to three attractions and three shows.
"Fievel's Playland" is a children's playground which includes a spider web to climb and a long water slide.
The attraction opened in 1992.
A second children's play area opened six years later.
Curious George Goes to Town is a play area featuring two large water troughs that dump 500 gallons of water on its visitors every few minutes, and a ball area where guests can shoot soft, foam balls out of cannons.
The final attraction is E.T.
Adventure which opened in 1990, the ride is a dark ride based on the 1982 hit film "E.T.
the Extra-Terrestrial".
Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone is home to three shows which are performed multiple times per day.
A Day in the Park with Barney is a live, sing-along stage show featuring Barney and his friends.
Animal Actors On Location is a 20-minute live stage show featuring trained animals showcasing their talent.
StarToons Summer Jam is a live show featuring classic Universal cartoon characters performing to beach party songs.
It is the fourth version of the show to be held at the park, the previous three versions being "StarToons", in the Production Central area, as well as"StarToons Character Meet and Greet" and "StarToons: 80's Rewind", also in the Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone area.
Guests can purchase food and beverage items from the "Kidzone Pizza Company" in Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone.
As with the rest of the park, merchandise shops have been designed to offer specific merchandise related to that area's attractions.
"The Barney Store" and "E.T.
's Toy Closet" sell merchandise specific to A Day in the Park with Barney and E.T.
Adventure respectively.
The "Universal Cartoon Store", on the other hand, sells merchandise of various cartoon characters, including Woody Woodpecker and Scooby Doo.
On May 28, 2012, the Universal Cartoon Store was replaced with a SpongeBob SquarePants-themed store called SpongeBob StorePants.
Ever since then it has been the newest addition to Woody Woodpecker's Kidzone since the Kidzone opened in 1999.
Article: Badminton
Section: Singles

Question: In the game of badminton, where are singles strokes aimed?

The singles court is narrower than the doubles court, but the same length.
Since one person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to move as much as possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the court.
Players exploit the length of the court by combining lifts and clears with drop shots and net shots.
Smashing tends to be less prominent in singles than in doubles because the smasher has no partner to follow up his effort and is thus vulnerable to a skillfully placed return.
Moreover, frequent smashing can be exhausting in singles where the conservation of a player's energy is at a premium.
However, players with strong smashes will sometimes use the shot to create openings, and players commonly smash weak returns to try to end rallies.
In singles, players will often start the rally with a forehand high serve or with a flick serve.
Low serves are also used frequently, either forehand or backhand.
Drive serves are rare.
At high levels of play, singles demands extraordinary fitness.
Singles is a game of patient positional manoeuvring, unlike the all-out aggression of doubles.
Article: Marathon
Section: After a marathon

Question: What are the effects of soaking the lower half of the body?

Marathon participation may result in various medical, musculoskeletal, and dermatological complaints.
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common condition affecting runners during the first week following a marathon.
Various types of mild exercise or massage have been recommended to alleviate pain secondary to DOMS.
Dermatological issues frequently include "jogger's nipple", "jogger's toe", and blisters.
The immune system is reportedly suppressed for a short time.
Changes to the blood chemistry may lead physicians to mistakenly diagnose heart malfunction.
After long training runs and the marathon itself, consuming carbohydrates to replace glycogen stores and protein to aid muscle recovery is commonly recommended.
In addition, soaking the lower half of the body for approximately 20 minutes in cold or ice water may force blood through the leg muscles to speed recovery.
Article: Party Rock Anthem
Section: Background

Question: Choreography for the music video "Party Rock Anthem" was handled by members of which group?

Music video.
The music video was released on March 8, 2011 and was produced by the two members of LMFAO, Redfoo and SkyBlu, with the assistance of Shinzu Ai.
It was choreographed by, and featured, Quest Crew members Hokuto Konishi, Victor Kim, Ryan Conferido, Steve Terada, Aris Paracuelles, Brian Hirano and Ryan Feng.
The video is a parody of the 2002 horror film "28 Days Later".
Lauren Bennett, featured in the song, also appeared in the music video.
Director Mickey Finnegan described the concept: "there's been an epidemic, the world has gone crazy, as soon as the song came out, everyone got possessed and all they want to do is to shuffle, everyone is a shuffler."
The video features the dancers performing the Melbourne Shuffle, which quickly gained popularity in the United States.
Article: I Believe I Can Fly
Section: Cover versions

Question: Who has covered "I Believe I Can Fly"?

In 2003, punk rock band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes covered the song for their album "Take a Break".
American singer William Hung recorded this song for his 2004 album "Inspiration".
Saxophonist Marion Meadows also covered the song from the album "Dressed to Chill."
American singer and actress Patti Labelle sang the chorus of the song on her 1998 live album "Live One Night Only" as an addition to her signature tune "Over the Rainbow".
American singer and actress Jessica Simpson sang the song on her DreamChaser Tour in 2001.
The song has also been covered by Etta James, Yolanda Adams (in a duet with Gerald Levert), Ruth Brown, James Ingram, Ronan Keating, Bianca Ryan, and formerly of Woe, Is Me Tyler Carter.
"American Idol" candidates Katharine McPhee, Anwar Robinson, Aaron Kelly, Curtis Finch Jr., and Jacob Lusk all performed the song in different seasons of the TV show.
The song was covered by Tim Olstad on season 3 of the X-Factor USA.
Article: How to Save a Life
Section: Singles

Question: What is the name of the band's third single?

"Over My Head (Cable Car)" was released as the first single from the album, and it became a top 40 hit on the Modern Rock Tracks chart in late 2005.
It lasted three weeks on the chart and peaked at position #37.
The song peaked at #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
On the "Billboard" Adult Top 40 chart, the single reached the #2 position.
Internationally, the song was a Top 25 hit in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand and the UK.
The song was the fifth-most downloaded single of 2006.
"How to Save a Life" was released as the second single from the album.
The song reached the top three of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, surpassing the peak position of "Over My Head (Cable Car)".
It became the joint sixth longest charting single of all time on the Billboard Hot 100, tying with Santana's "Smooth", at 58 consecutive weeks.
The song also topped the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks.
"How to Save a Life" became a major hit internationally, topping the singles chart in Ireland, Spain and Canada.
The song also charted in the top five in Australia, Italy, Sweden and in the UK Singles Chart.
"Look After You" was released as the band's third single; the song peaked at position 59 in the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's first single to miss the Top 40.
The song peaked at #49 on Billboard Pop 100 and at #12 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks.
"All at Once" was released as the fourth and final single from the album.
It peaked at #20 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart.
Article: The Night Watch
Section: Cultural legacy

Question: What work, written by Augustina Bessa Luis, was inspired by "The Night Watch"?

 The work has inspired musical works in both the classical and rock traditions, including the second movement of Gustav Mahler's 7th Symphony and Ayreon's "The Shooting Company of Captain Frans B. Cocq" from "".
 Alexander Korda's 1936 biographical film "Rembrandt" depicts the painting, shown in error in its truncated form, as a failure at its completion, perceived as lampooning its outraged subjects.
 In King Crimson's song "The Night Watch", on its 1974 album "Starless and Bible Black", the lyricist Richard Palmer-James muses on the painting to capture a key period in Dutch history, when, after a long period of “Spanish Wars,” the merchants and other members of the bourgeoisie can turn their lives inward and focus on the tangible results of their lives’ efforts.
The song adopts a number of perspectives, including the primary subjects and the artist himself, and paints a mini-portrait of the emergence of the modern upper-middle class and the consumerist culture.
However, the song presents this portrait with a deft touch, and while not fully approving, is sympathetic in tone.
 In Jean-Luc Godard's 1982 film, "Passion", "The Night Watch" is reenacted with live actors in an opening shot.
Godard explicitly compares his film to Rembrandt's painting, describing them both as "full of holes and badly-filled spaces."
He instructs the viewer not to focus on the overall composition, but to approach his film as one would a Rembrandt and "focus on the faces.
"
 "The Night Watch" is a major plot device in the eponymous 1995-film, Night Watch, which focuses on the painting's theft.
 "The Night Watch" is parodied on the British cover of Terry Pratchett's 2002 book by the same name.
The cover illustrator, Paul Kidby, pays tribute to Rembrandt by placing him in the picture, in the position where Rembrandt is said to have painted himself.
 "The Night Watch" is the subject of a 2007-film by director Peter Greenaway called "Nightwatching", in which the film posits a conspiracy within the musketeer regiment of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch, and suggests that Rembrandt may have immortalized a conspiracy theory using subtle allegory in his group portrait of the regiment, subverting what was to have been a highly prestigious commission for both painter and subject.
His 2008 film "Rembrandt's J'Accuse" is a sequel or follow-on, and covers the same idea, using extremely detailed analysis of the compositional elements in the painting; in this Greenaway describes "The Night Watch" as (currently) the fourth most famous painting in the Western world, after the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
 In 2006 "The Night Watch" has inspired the literary work A Ronda da Noite by the famous Portuguese writer Agustina Bessa Luís.
Article: Invasion of Normandy
Section: Armoured reserves

Question: How many groups did von Rundstedt command?

Rommel's defensive measures were also frustrated by a dispute over armoured doctrine.
In addition to his two army groups, von Rundstedt also commanded the headquarters of "Panzer Group West" under General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg (usually referred to as "von Geyr").
This formation was nominally an administrative HQ for von Rundstedt's armoured and mobile formations, but it was later to be renamed Fifth Panzer Army and brought into the line in Normandy.
Von Geyr and Rommel disagreed over the deployment and use of the vital Panzer divisions.
Rommel recognised that the Allies would possess air superiority and would be able to harass his movements from the air.
He therefore proposed that the armoured formations be deployed close to the invasion beaches.
In his words, it was better to have one Panzer division facing the invaders on the first day, than three Panzer divisions three days later when the Allies would already have established a firm beachhead.
Von Geyr argued for the standard doctrine that the Panzer formations should be concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen, and deployed "en masse" against the main Allied beachhead when this had been identified.
The argument was eventually brought before Hitler for arbitration.
He characteristically imposed an unworkable compromise solution.
Only three Panzer divisions were given to Rommel, too few to cover all the threatened sectors.
The remainder, nominally under Von Geyr's control, were actually designated as being in "OKW Reserve".
Only three of these were deployed close enough to intervene immediately against any invasion of Northern France; the other four were dispersed in southern France and the Netherlands.
Hitler reserved to himself the authority to move the divisions in OKW Reserve, or commit them to action.
On 6 June many Panzer division commanders were unable to move because Hitler had not given the necessary authorisation, and his staff refused to wake him upon news of the invasion.
Article: As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song)
Section: Background and release

Question: When was  As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song) released?

In late 2011, Bieber confirmed to radio network Capital FM that he was recording material for his third studio album, which was originally going to be released in early 2012.
He later spoke to MTV News and revealed that "Believe" would surprise people in different ways, since it musically is a departure from his previous works.
While Bieber has said that he wants his next release to recall Justin Timberlake's Future Sex/Love Sounds sonically, in an interview with V magazine, he noted that what he'll be singing is a bit more PG than the topics Timberlake covered on that album.
"I'm not going to try to conform to what people want me to be or go out there and start partying, have people see me with alcohol.
I want to do it at my own pace.
I don't want to start singing about things like sex, drugs and swearing.
I'm into love, and maybe I'll get more into making love when I'm older.
But I want to be someone who is respected by everybody.
"After releasing "Boyfriend" as the lead single, Bieber announced that he will release promotional singles to promote "Believe".
The first promotional single "Die in Your Arms" was released to iTunes on May 29, 2012.
The second "All Around The World" was released on iTunes on June 4, 2012.
"As Long as You Love Me" was released on June 11, 2012, as the third and final promotional single.
The cover art for "As Long as You Love Me" shows Bieber perched on a wooden bed, holding an acoustic guitar.
Sia Nicole of "Idolator expressed dissatisfaction with the cover, saying "It’s false advertising for the high-fidelity track that has nary a strum within earshot."
On June 13, Bieber shared a clip of the recording process for "As Long As You Love Me."
The video shows Bieber with his signature swooped bangs, in the studio recording and laying down the vocals on the song.
A slightly shorter version of the song, without Big Sean's rap verse, with Bieber singing new lines, known as the 'international version' appeared online in August, 2012.
It was released in full quality October 23, 2012.
Article: Sound City (film)
Section: Performance

Question: Is Paul McCartney considered a primary artist and composer for the film 'Sound City'?

 Robert Levon Been – composer, primary artist
 Tim Commerford – composer, primary artist
 Chris Goss – composer, primary artist
 Jessy Greene – composer, primary artist
 Dave Grohl – composer, primary artist
 Taylor Hawkins – composer, primary artist
 Peter Hayes – composer, primary artist
 Josh Homme – composer, primary artist
 Rami Jaffee – composer, primary artist
 Alain Johannes – composer, primary artist
 Jim Keltner – composer, primary artist
 Paul McCartney – composer, primary artist
 Nate Mendel – primary artist
 Stevie Nicks – composer, primary artist
 Rick Nielsen – composer, primary artist
 Krist Novoselic – composer, primary artist
 Scott Reeder – composer, primary artist
 Trent Reznor – composer, primary artist
 Pat Smear – composer, primary artist
 Rick Springfield – composer, primary artist
 Corey Taylor – composer, primary artist
 Lee Ving – composer, primary artist
 Brad Wilk – composer, primary artist
Article: Golf
Section: Penalties

Question: Most rule infractions result in what?

Penalties are incurred in certain situations.
They are counted towards a player's score as if there were extra swing(s) at the ball.
Strokes are added for rule infractions or for hitting one's ball into an unplayable situation.
A lost ball or a ball hit out of bounds result in a penalty of one stroke and distance (Rule 27–1).
A one-stroke penalty is assessed if a player's equipment causes the ball to move or the removal of a loose impediment causes the ball to move (Rule 18–2).
If a golfer makes a stroke at the wrong ball (Rule 19–2) or hits a fellow golfer's ball with a putt (Rule 19–5), the player incurs a two-stroke penalty.
Most rule infractions lead to stroke penalties but also can lead to disqualification.
Disqualification could be from cheating, signing for a lower score, or from rule infractions that lead to improper play.