community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Track and field
Section: Middle distance

Question: The most prevalent middle-distance track events are what?

The most common middle-distance track events are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance event.
The 880 yard run, or half mile, was the forebear of the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s.
The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century.
Runners start the race from a standing position along a curved starting line and after hearing the starter's pistol they head towards the innermost track to follow the quickest route to the finish.
In 800 m races athletes begin at a staggered starting point before the turn in the track and they must remain in their lanes for the first 100 m of the race.
This rule was introduced to reduce the amount of physical jostling between runners in the early stages of the race.
Physiologically, these middle-distance events demand that athletes have good aerobic and anaerobic energy producing systems, and also that they have strong speed endurance.
The 1500 m and mile run events have historically been some of the most prestigious track and field events.
Swedish rivals Gunder Hägg and Arne Andersson broke each other's 1500 m and mile world records on a number of occasions in the 1940s.
The prominence of the distances were maintained by Roger Bannister, who (in 1954) was the first to run the long-elusive four-minute mile, and Jim Ryun's exploits served to popularise interval training.
Races between British rivals Sebastian Coe, Steve Ovett and Steve Cram characterised middle-distance running in 1980s.
From the 1990s onwards, North Africans such as Noureddine Morceli of Algeria and Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco came to dominate the 1500 and mile events.
Beyond the short distances of sprinting events, factors such as an athlete's reactions and top speed becomes less important, while qualities such as pace, race tactics and endurance become more so.
Article: 2003 invasion of Iraq
Section: Iraqi drones

Question: While presenting to the U. N., what did Colin Powel suggest about UAVs?

In October 2002, a few days before the US Senate vote on the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution, about 75 senators were told in closed session that the Iraqi government had the means of delivering biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) drones that could be launched from ships off the US' Atlantic coast to attack US eastern seaboard cities.
Colin Powell suggested in his presentation to the United Nations that UAVs were transported out of Iraq and could be launched against the United States.
In fact, Iraq had no offensive UAV fleet or any capability of putting UAVs on ships.
Iraq's UAV fleet consisted of less than a handful of outdated Czech training drones.
At the time, there was a vigorous dispute within the intelligence community whether the CIA's conclusions about Iraq's UAV fleet were accurate.
The US Air Force agency denied outright that Iraq possessed any offensive UAV capability.
Article: Kebab
Section: In Norway

Question: Who introduced the kebob in Norway during the 1980's?

In Norway, the kebab was introduced by Pakistani and Turkish immigrants during the 1980s.
The kebab has become a symbol of immigration from the Muslim world, and speaking Norwegian with an Arab accent or with a lot of words and expressions borrowed from the Pakistani, Turkish, Arabic, and Persian languages is sometimes referred to as "Kebabnorsk" (Kebab Norwegian).
The kebabs in Norway are served in a variety of ways, commonly in fast-food shops selling both hamburgers and kebabs.
The kebab roll has become increasingly popular, with the kebab not served in pita bread, but rather wrapped in pizza dough (making it look like a spring roll) for easy consumption.
The most "Norwegian" kebab to date is probably the whalemeat kebab sold at the Inferno Metal Festival.
As of 2008, the average price of the kebab in Norway lies around 65 kroner, or about €8.
In Bergen the average price of a kebab is around 50 kr.
In Bergen kebab is most commonly served in the dürüm variety, with two types of sauces, one standard and one optional hot chili variety.
The Norwegian Food Safety Authority in 2007 issued a warning about cheap kebabs.
According to "Verdens Gang" they estimated that more than 80% of kebab shops in Oslo use illegally produced meat.
It was warned that such meat could be dangerous to eat because it could contain salmonella or other bacteria, and that it could be connected to organised crime.
Article: Judo
Section: Judo versus Jujutsu

Question: What kind of techniques did Kano reject?

 versus Jujutsu.
Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of and .
He illustrated the application of "seiryoku zen'yō" with the concept of :Kano realised that "seiryoku zen'yō", initially conceived as a Jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application.
Coupled with the Confucianist-influenced "jita kyōei", the wider application shaped the development of judo from a to a .
Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasised the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques.
He was convinced that practice of Jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.
He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of Jujutsu:Kano believed that ""Jūjutsu"" was insufficient to describe his art: although means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques.
Accordingly, he changed the second character to , meaning way, road or path, which implies a more philosophical context than "jutsu" and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of "tao".
Thus Kano renamed it .
Article: Biomolecule
Section: Types of biomolecules

Question: What is the name for the biomolecule that humans consume for health purposes?

A diverse range of biomolecules exist, including:
 Small molecules:
* Lipids, polysaccharides, glycolipids, sterols, glycerolipids
* Vitamins
* Hormones, neurotransmitters
*Metabolites
 Monomers, oligomers and polymers:
Article: Bacon
Section: Canada

Question: What is the process and ingredients for making peameal bacon?

An individual piece of bacon is a 'slice' or 'strip'.
In Canada:
 The term bacon on its own or, more specifically, side bacon typically refers to bacon from the pig's belly.
 Back bacon refers to either smoked or unsmoked bacon cut from the boneless eye of pork loin; this is called 'Canadian bacon' in the United States.
 Peameal bacon is back bacon, brined and coated in fine cornmeal (historically, it was rolled in a meal made from ground dried peas).
Article: Biomolecule
Section: Types of biomolecules

Question: What type of biomolecules are consumed by humans for health purposes?

A diverse range of biomolecules exist, including:
 Small molecules:
* Lipids, polysaccharides, glycolipids, sterols, glycerolipids
* Vitamins
* Hormones, neurotransmitters
*Metabolites
 Monomers, oligomers and polymers:
Article: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)
Section: Critical response

Question: Whose performance did Scott Shetler parallel "More grounded" to?

"Stronger" received critical acclaim from contemporary critics, with many complimenting its sound and Clarkson's vocal performance.
Scott Shetler of "PopCrush" gave the song four stars out of five, lauding its strong hook and empowering message.
He ended his review by describing the song as "vintage Kelly Clarkson."
Jenna Hally Rubenstein of "MTV Buzzworthy" compared it to "Since U Been Gone," which has "a super radio-friendly hook."
Elizabeth Lancaster of MTV Newsroom listed it as one of five key tracks in "Stronger," writing "Upbeat yet soulful, the chorus will drag you up and onto the floor to dance the heartache away alongside her."
Grady Smith of "Entertainment Weekly" thought that the song's "belty pop/rock wheelhouse" should please fans of the sound.
He later added that "Clarkson might have been better off releasing "What Doesn’t Kill You" as the first track from "Stronger.""
Another positive reception came from Glenn Gamboa of "Newsday", who praised Clarkson for "infusing her tales of empowerment after a breakup with her unique combo of vulnerability and sass."
Jonathan Keefe of "Slant" thought that the song is "tailor-made for radio play" and that "the chilly electro-pop that Greg Kurstin brings to the verses, suggests a top forty version of Robyn's "Call Your Girlfriend" (2010).
On March 5, 2013 "Billboard" ranked the song number 2 in its list of "Top 100 American Idol Hits of All Time".
In March 2013, the song became the runner-up in an online poll "March Madness" voted by people, losing to "Scream & Shout".
Chris Willman of Reuters criticized the lyrics, commenting that "Never mind how tired that tune's titular phrase is.
For a laugh, look up the YouTube video in which some wag mashed together a medley of 30 different songs that already borrowed "That which does not kill me makes me stronger" as a lyrical hook."
Kevin Ritchie from Now Magazine emphasized that the lyrics are "about as clichéd as a mission statement can get, but it also makes for a solid pop song."
Robert Copsey of "Digital Spy" gave the song four stars out of five, writing "The message behind her song may already be a well-worn, almost cliched lesson, but as she continues to prove, there's little shame in coming out with the expected."
Article: Astronomy
Section: Solar astronomy

Question: What is believed to have caused the Little Ice Age phenomenon in the Middle Ages?

Specific subfields.
Solar astronomy.
At a distance of about eight light-minutes, the most frequently studied star is the Sun, a typical main-sequence dwarf star of stellar class G2 V, and about 4.6 billion years (Gyr) old.
The Sun is not considered a variable star, but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the sunspot cycle.
This is an 11-year fluctuation in sunspot numbers.
Sunspots are regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.
The Sun has steadily increased in luminosity over the course of its life, increasing by 40% since it first became a main-sequence star.
The Sun has also undergone periodic changes in luminosity that can have a significant impact on the Earth.
The Maunder minimum, for example, is believed to have caused the Little Ice Age phenomenon during the Middle Ages.
The visible outer surface of the Sun is called the photosphere.
Above this layer is a thin region known as the chromosphere.
This is surrounded by a transition region of rapidly increasing temperatures, and finally by the super-heated corona.
At the center of the Sun is the core region, a volume of sufficient temperature and pressure for nuclear fusion to occur.
Above the core is the radiation zone, where the plasma conveys the energy flux by means of radiation.
Above that are the outer layers that form a convection zone where the gas material transports energy primarily through physical displacement of the gas.
It is believed that this convection zone creates the magnetic activity that generates sun spots.
A solar wind of plasma particles constantly streams outward from the Sun until, at the outermost limit of the solar system, it reaches the heliopause.
This solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere of the Earth to create the Van Allen radiation belts about the Earth, as well as the aurora where the lines of the Earth's magnetic field descend into the atmosphere.
Article: China
Section: Prehistory

Question: What years do fossils at Zhoukoudian date back to?

Archaeological evidence suggests that early hominids inhabited China between 250,000 and 2.24 million years ago.
A cave in Zhoukoudian (near present-day Beijing) exhibits hominid fossils dated at between 680,000 and 780,000 BCE.
The fossils are of Peking Man, an example of "Homo erectus" who used fire.
The Peking Man site has also yielded remains of "Homo sapiens" dating back to 18,000–11,000 BCE.
Some scholars assert that a form of proto-writing existed in China as early as 3000 BCE.
According to Chinese tradition, the first imperial dynasty was the Xia, which emerged around 2070 BCE.
However, the dynasty was considered mythical by historians until scientific excavations found early Bronze Age sites at Erlitou, Henan in 1959.
It remains unclear whether these sites are the remains of the Xia Dynasty or of another culture from the same period.
Article: Quantum mechanics
Section: Quantum mechanics and classical physics

Question: How different are Quantum interference and classical waves?

 and classical physics.
Predictions of quantum mechanics have been verified experimentally to an extremely high degree of accuracy.
According to the correspondence principle between classical and quantum mechanics, all objects obey the laws of quantum mechanics, and classical mechanics is just an approximation for large systems of objects (or a statistical quantum mechanics of a large collection of particles).
The laws of classical mechanics thus follow from the laws of quantum mechanics as a statistical average at the limit of large systems or large quantum numbers.
However, chaotic systems do not have good quantum numbers, and quantum chaos studies the relationship between classical and quantum descriptions in these systems.
Quantum coherence is an essential difference between classical and quantum theories as illustrated by the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox — an attempt to disprove quantum mechanics by an appeal to local realism.
Quantum interference involves adding together "probability amplitudes", whereas classical "waves" infer that there is an adding together of "intensities".
For microscopic bodies, the extension of the system is much smaller than the coherence length, which gives rise to long-range entanglement and other nonlocal phenomena characteristic of quantum systems.
Quantum coherence is not typically evident at macroscopic scales, though an exception to this rule may occur at extremely low temperatures (i.e.
approaching absolute zero) at which quantum behavior may manifest itself macroscopically.
This is in accordance with the following observations:
 Many macroscopic properties of a classical system are a direct consequence of the quantum behavior of its parts.
For example, the stability of bulk matter (consisting of atoms and molecules which would quickly collapse under electric forces alone), the rigidity of solids, and the mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical and magnetic properties of matter are all results of the interaction of electric charges under the rules of quantum mechanics.
 While the seemingly "exotic" behavior of matter posited by quantum mechanics and relativity theory become more apparent when dealing with particles of extremely small size or velocities approaching the speed of light, the laws of classical, often considered "Newtonian", physics remain accurate in predicting the behavior of the vast majority of "large" objects (on the order of the size of large molecules or bigger) at velocities much smaller than the velocity of light.
Article: The Big Bang Theory
Section: Howard's mother

Question: How is Howard's mother captured as the typical Jewish mother stereotype?

In scenes set at Howard's home in which he interacts with his never-seen mother (voiced by Carol Ann Susi), he always does so via shouting conversations between the rooms in his house, and she similarly interacts with other characters in this manner, though she did appear momentarily in the overhead photo of Howard and Bernadette's wedding and from the side in "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation" episode, though her face was not shown.
She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways, such as being overly controlling of Howard's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble.
She is dependent on Howard, as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning.
Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him, takes him to the dentist, does his laundry and "grounds" him when he returns home after briefly moving out.
Until Howard's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth season finale, Howard's former living situation led Leonard's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology, and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal.
Her tendency to communicate with Howard by shouting between rooms has led Bernadette and Raj to do impressions of her, and Bernadette to attempt to communicate with her in one episode by imitating her style of shouting.
Article: Bathsheba
Section: In rabbinical literature

Question: Who was Bathsheba's grandfather?

Bathsheba was the granddaughter of Ahithophel, David's famous counselor.
The Haggadah states that Ahithophel, was misled by his knowledge of astrology into believing himself destined to become king of Israel.
He therefore induced Absalom to commit an unpardonable crime (II Sam.
xvi.
21), which sooner or later would have brought with it, according to Jewish law, the penalty of death; the motive for this advice being to remove Absalom, and thus to make a way for himself to the throne.
His astrological information had been, however, misunderstood by him; for in reality it only predicted that his granddaughter, Bathsheba, the daughter of his son Eliam, would become queen (Sanh.
101b, YalḲ.
Sam.
§ 150).
The Midrash portrays the influence of Satan bringing about the sinful relation of David and Bathsheba as follows: Bathsheba was bathing, perhaps behind a screen of wickerwork.
Satan is depicted as coming in the disguise of a bird.
David, shooting at the bird, strikes the screen, splitting it; thus Bathsheba is revealed in her beauty to David (Sanhedrin 107a).
Article: Radiation therapy
Section: Types

Question: Which therapy is delivered right after cancer is surgically removed?

Historically, the three main divisions of radiation therapy are external beam radiation therapy (EBRT or XRT) or teletherapy, brachytherapy or sealed source radiation therapy, and systemic radioisotope therapy or unsealed source radiotherapy.
The differences relate to the position of the radiation source; external is outside the body, brachytherapy uses sealed radioactive sources placed precisely in the area under treatment, and systemic radioisotopes are given by infusion or oral ingestion.
Brachytherapy can use temporary or permanent placement of radioactive sources.
The temporary sources are usually placed by a technique called afterloading.
In afterloading a hollow tube or applicator is placed surgically in the organ to be treated, and the sources are loaded into the applicator after the applicator is implanted.
This minimizes radiation exposure to health care personnel.
Particle therapy is a special case of external beam radiation therapy where the particles are protons or heavier ions.
Intraoperative radiation therapy or IORT is a special type of radiation therapy that is delivered immediately after surgical removal of the cancer.
This method has been employed in breast cancer (TARGeted Introperative radiation therapy or TARGIT), brain tumors and rectal cancers.
Article: The Holocaust
Section: Homosexuals

Question: Who created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion?

Between 5,000 and 15,000 homosexuals of German nationality are estimated to have been sent to concentration camps.
James D. Steakley writes that what mattered in Germany was criminal intent or character, rather than criminal acts, and the ""gesundes Volksempfinden"" ("healthy sensibility of the people") became the leading normative legal principle.
In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion.
Homosexuality was declared contrary to "wholesome popular sentiment," and homosexuals were consequently regarded as "defilers of German blood."
The Gestapo raided gay bars, tracked individuals using the address books of those they arrested, used the subscription lists of gay magazines to find others, and encouraged people to report suspected homosexual behavior and to scrutinize the behavior of their neighbors.
Tens of thousands were convicted between 1933 and 1944 and sent to camps for "rehabilitation", where they were identified by yellow armbands and later pink triangles worn on the left side of the jacket and the right trouser leg, which singled them out for sexual abuse.
Hundreds were castrated by court order.
They were humiliated, tortured, used in hormone experiments conducted by SS doctors, and killed.
Steakley writes that the full extent of gay suffering was slow to emerge after the war.
Many victims kept their stories to themselves because homosexuality remained criminalized in postwar Germany.
Around two percent of German homosexuals were persecuted by Nazis.
Article: Chocolate brownie
Section: Abstract

Question: When was the chocolate brownie popularized?

A chocolate brownie is a flat, baked square or bar developed in the United States at the end of the 19th century and popularized in both the U.S. and Canada during the first half of the 20th century.
The brownie is a cross between a cake and a cookie in texture.
Brownies come in a variety of forms.
They are either fudgy or cakey, depending on their density, and they may include nuts, frosting, whipped cream, chocolate chips, or other ingredients.
A variation that is made with brown sugar and no chocolate is called a blondie.
Brownies are common lunchbox fare, typically eaten by hand, and often accompanied by milk or coffee.
They are sometimes served warm with ice cream (à la mode), topped with whipped cream or marzipan, or sprinkled with powdered sugar.
They are especially popular in restaurants, where they can be found in variation on many dessert menus.
Article: Attack on Pearl Harbor
Section: Japanese declaration of war

Question: How was the message transmitted?

The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto's intention.
He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end.
The Japanese tried to uphold the conventions of war while still achieving surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered.
Tokyo transmitted the 5,000-word notification (commonly called the "14-Part Message") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington, but transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it in time.
(In fact, U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it.)
The final part of the "14 Part Message" is sometimes described as a declaration of war.
While it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator that negotiations were likely to be terminated and that war might break out at any moment.
A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8, but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack.
For decades, conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without any official warning of a break in relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington.
In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo, discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how, and indeed whether, to notify Washington of Japan's intention to break off negotiations and start a war, including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying, "our deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success."
Of this, Iguchi said, "The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war, or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed."