community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Thermodynamics
Section: Potentials

Question: How are potentials used?

Thermodynamic potentials are different quantitative measures of the stored energy in a system.
Potentials are used to measure energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state.
The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure.
For example, the Helmholtz and Gibbs energies are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively.
The five most well known potentials are:where formula_1 is the temperature, formula_2 the entropy, formula_3 the pressure, formula_4 the volume, formula_5 the chemical potential, formula_6 the number of particles in the system, and formula_7 is the count of particles types in the system.
Thermodynamic potentials can be derived from the energy balance equation applied to a thermodynamic system.
Other thermodynamic potentials can also be obtained through Legendre transformation.
Article: Las Vegas Strip
Section: Free shuttles

Question: How often is there a free shuttle between Trump International Hotel and The Forum Shops?

Some of the shuttles have a policy requiring a room key from an affiliated casino.
Enforcement of these policies may vary.
 Between Harrah's and the Rio.
Approximately every 30 minutes.
 Between Sam's Town and Bill's Gamblin' Hall, Harrah's, Riviera, and Tropicana.
Approximately every hour and a half.
 Between Paris/Bally's and the Rio.
Approximately every 30 minutes.
 Between Hard Rock and the Fashion Show Mall.
Leaves the Hard Rock every 60 minutes on the hour.
 Between Trump International Hotel and The Forum Shops at Caesars Palace.
Leaves the Trump Las Vegas every 15 minutes.
 Between Trump International Hotel and the Wynn.
Leaves the Trump Las Vegas every 15 minutes.
Article: Mexico
Section: Cinema and media

Question: Who are two of the main producers of Spanish language media content in the world?

Mexican films from the Golden Age in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years.
Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe.
Maria Candelaria (1944) by Emilio Fernández, was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II.
The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized in Mexico, between 1947 to 1965 some of him master pieces like Los Olvidados (1949), Viridiana (1961) and El angel exterminador (1963).
Famous actors and actresses from this period include María Félix, Pedro Infante, Dolores del Río, Jorge Negrete and the comedian Cantinflas.
More recently, films such as Como agua para chocolate (1992), Cronos (1993), Y tu mamá también (2001), and Pan's Labyrinth (2006) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognised, as in the prestigious Cannes Film Festival.
Mexican directors Alejandro González Iñárritu (Amores perros, Babel), Alfonso Cuarón (Children of Men, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), Guillermo del Toro, Carlos Carrera (The Crime of Father Amaro), and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga are some of the most known present-day film makers.
Two of the major television networks based in Mexico are Televisa and TV Azteca.
Televisa is also the largest producer of Spanish-language content in the world and also the world's largest Spanish-language media network.
Grupo Multimedios is another media conglomerate with Spanish-language broadcasting in Mexico, Spain, and the United States.
The "telenovelas" are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen all over the world with renowned names like Verónica Castro, Lucía Méndez, Lucero, and Thalía.
Article: Thermodynamics
Section: States and processes

Question: Which thermodynamic reasoning approach did the founders of thermodynamics favor?

There are three fundamental kinds of entity in thermodynamics, states of a system, processes of a system, and thermodynamic operations.
This allows three fundamental approaches to thermodynamic reasoning, that in terms of states of thermodynamic equilibrium of a system, and that in terms of time-invariant processes of a system, and that in terms of cyclic processes of a system.
The approach through states of thermodynamic equilibrium of a system requires a full account of the state of the system as well as a notion of process from one state to another of a system, but may require only an idealized or partial account of the state of the surroundings of the system or of other systems.
The method of description in terms of states of thermodynamic equilibrium has limitations.
For example, processes in a region of turbulent flow, or in a burning gas mixture, or in a Knudsen gas may be beyond "the province of thermodynamics".
This problem can sometimes be circumvented through the method of description in terms of cyclic or of time-invariant flow processes.
This is part of the reason why the founders of thermodynamics often preferred the cyclic process description.
Approaches through processes of time-invariant flow of a system are used for some studies.
Some processes, for example Joule-Thomson expansion, are studied through steady-flow experiments, but can be accounted for by distinguishing the steady bulk flow kinetic energy from the internal energy, and thus can be regarded as within the scope of classical thermodynamics defined in terms of equilibrium states or of cyclic processes.
Other flow processes, for example thermoelectric effects, are essentially defined by the presence of differential flows or diffusion so that they cannot be adequately accounted for in terms of equilibrium states or classical cyclic processes.
The notion of a cyclic process does not require a full account of the state of the system, but does require a full account of how the process occasions transfers of matter and energy between the principal system (which is often called the "working body") and its surroundings, which must include at least two heat reservoirs at different known and fixed temperatures, one hotter than the principal system and the other colder than it, as well as a reservoir that can receive energy from the system as work and can do work on the system.
The reservoirs can alternatively be regarded as auxiliary idealized component systems, alongside the principal system.
Thus an account in terms of cyclic processes requires at least four contributory component systems.
The independent variables of this account are the amounts of energy that enter and leave the idealized auxiliary systems.
In this kind of account, the working body is often regarded as a "black box", and its own state is not specified.
In this approach, the notion of a properly numerical scale of empirical temperature is a presupposition of thermodynamics, not a notion constructed by or derived from it.
Article: Cold War
Section: East Europe breaks away

Question: When the the Berlin Wall fall?

By 1989, the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse, and, deprived of Soviet military support, the Communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power.
Grassroots organizations, such as Poland's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases.
In 1989, the Communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections.
In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched Communist leaders.
The Communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising.
Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed.
The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which symbolized the collapse of European Communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe.
The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe peacefully overthrew all the Soviet-style communist states: East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria, Romania was the only Eastern-bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state.
Article: Photoelectric effect
Section: Experimental observations of photoelectric emission

Question: What does the theory of photoelectric effect tell us?

The theory of the photoelectric effect must explain the experimental observations of the emission of electrons from an illuminated metal surface.
For a given metal, there exists a certain minimum frequency of incident radiation below which no photoelectrons are emitted.
This frequency is called the "threshold frequency".
Increasing the frequency of the incident beam, keeping the number of incident photons fixed (this would result in a proportionate increase in energy) increases the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted.
Thus the stopping voltage increases.
The number of electrons also changes because the probability that each photon results in an emitted electron is a function of photon energy.
If the intensity of the incident radiation is increased, there is no effect on the kinetic energies of the photoelectrons.
Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron depends on the frequency of the incident light, but is independent of the intensity of the incident light so long as the latter is not too high.
For a given metal and frequency of incident radiation, the rate at which photoelectrons are ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light.
Increase in intensity of incident beam (keeping the frequency fixed) increases the magnitude of the photoelectric current, though stopping voltage remains the same.
The time lag between the incidence of radiation and the emission of a photoelectron is very small, less than 10−9 second.
The direction of distribution of emitted electrons peaks in the direction of polarization (the direction of the electric field) of the incident light, if it is linearly polarized.
Article: Aurora
Section: On other planets

Question: What date was the aurora detected?

[[Image:Saturns Northern Aurora still.jpg|thumb|An aurora high above the northern part of Saturn; image taken by the Cassini spacecraft,a movie (click on image), shows images from 81 hours of observations of Saturn's aurora]]Both Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields much stronger than Earth's (Jupiter's equatorial field strength is 4.3 gauss, compared to 0.3 gauss for Earth), and both have large radiation belts.
Auroras have been observed on both, most clearly with the Hubble Space Telescope.
Uranus and Neptune have also been observed to have auroras.
The auroras on the gas giants seem, like Earth's, to be powered by the solar wind.
In addition, however, Jupiter's moons, especially Io, are powerful sources of auroras on Jupiter.
These arise from electric currents along field lines ("field aligned currents"), generated by a dynamo mechanism due to the relative motion between the rotating planet and the moving moon.
Io, which has active volcanism and an ionosphere, is a particularly strong source, and its currents also generate radio emissions, studied since 1955.
Auroras also have been observed on the surfaces of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, using the Hubble Space Telescope.
These auroras have also been observed on Venus and Mars.
Because Venus has no intrinsic (planetary) magnetic field, Venusian auroras appear as bright and diffuse patches of varying shape and intensity, sometimes distributed across the full planetary disc.
Venusian auroras are produced by the impact of electrons originating from the solar wind and precipitating in the night-side atmosphere.
An aurora was also detected on Mars, on 14 August 2004, by the SPICAM instrument aboard Mars Express.
The aurora was located at Terra Cimmeria, in the region of 177° East, 52° South.
The total size of the emission region was about 30 km across, and possibly about 8 km high.
By analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor, scientists observed that the region of the emissions corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized.
This correlation indicates that the origin of the light emission was a flux of electrons moving along the crust magnetic lines and exciting the upper atmosphere of Mars.
Article: Judo
Section: Founding of the Kodokan

Question: Kano gave out first grades in which year?

In February 1882, Kano founded a school and dojo at the , a Buddhist temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of Taitō ward).
Iikubo, Kano's "Kitō-ryū" instructor, attended the dojo three days a week to help teach and, although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name , and Kano had not yet received his in "Kitō-ryū", this is now regarded as the Kodokan founding.
The "Eisho-ji" dojo was a relatively small affair, consisting of a twelve mat training area.
Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being Tsunejiro Tomita and Shiro Saigo.
In August, the following year, the pair were granted grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art.
Article: Hey Jude
Section: Personnel

Question: Paul McCartney was lead vocals for what band?

Paul McCartney – lead vocal, piano, bass
John Lennon – backing vocal, acoustic guitar
George Harrison – backing vocal, electric guitar
Ringo Starr – backing vocal, drums, tambourine
Uncredited – 10 violins, three violas, three cellos, two double basses, two flutes, two clarinets, one bass clarinet, one bassoon, one contrabassoon, four trumpets, two horns, four trombones, and one percussion instrument.
EMI archives do not record the names of the studio musicians, but it has been established that one of the cellists was Bobby Kok, and two of the flautists were Bill Jackman and Brian Warren.
Personnel per Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn.
Article: British Museum
Section: Department of Asia

Question: Which museum has the most comprehensive collection of Indian sculptures?

The scope of the Department of Asia is extremely broad, its collections of over 75,000 objects covers the material culture of the whole Asian continent (from East, South, Central and South-East Asia) and from the Neolithic up to the present day.
Key highlights of the collections include:
The most comprehensive collection of sculpture from the Indian subcontinent in the world, including the celebrated Buddhist limestone reliefs from Amaravati
An outstanding collection of Chinese antiquities, paintings, and porcelain, lacquer, bronze, jade, and other applied arts
A fine collection of Buddhist paintings from Dunhuang and the Admonitions Scroll by Chinese artist Gu Kaizhi (344–406 AD)
The most comprehensive collection of Japanese pre-20th century art in the Western world
The famous Sambas Treasure of buddhist gold and silver figures from west Borneo
Statue of Tara from Sri Lanka
The Kulu Vase found near the Gandhola Monastery in Himachel Pradesh
The Wardak Vase with its important Kharoshthi inscription
The colossal Amitābha Buddha from Hancui, China
Seated Luohan from Yixian, one from a set of eight surviving statues
Huixian Bronze Hu, an identical pair of bronze vessels from the Eastern Zhou Period
Bronze bell from Klang, Malaysia
Bracket figure from one of the gateways to the Great Stupa, Sanchi
Article: Racquetball
Section: Service

Question: A hit that is long, high arched, and goes to the back corner of the court is called what?

Shots of the game.
Serve style varies drastically from player to player.
Generally, they are divided into two types: offensive and defensive.
Most players use an offensive serve for the first serve, and a defensive serve if they need to hit a second serve.
Of the offensive serves, the most common is the drive.
The intention with this serve is for the ball to travel low and fast towards either back corner, and to bounce twice before striking either side wall or the back wall.
If the opponent is adjusting to the drive serve, the server will throw in any variety of jam serves.
A "jam serve" is an offensive serve which attempts to catch the opponent off balance by making use of difficult angles and unfrequented play space.
The most common jam serve is the Z-serve, which strikes the front wall close to a side wall.
The ball bounces quickly off the side wall, then strikes the floor and then the opposite side wall about 30–35 feet back.
Depending upon the spin the server gives the Z-serve, the resulting carom may prove unpredictable and difficult to return.
Side spin may cause the ball to bounce parallel to the back wall.
A "pinch serve" is similar to a drive serve; however, the ball strikes a side wall very low and close to the serving box.
With the appropriate spin, the ball has little bounce, and is difficult to return.
It is possible that a successful serve would strike the sidewall before the short line, and land on the floor after the short line.
If the player faults on the first serve, they will usually hit a defensive serve.
Defensive serves do not usually garner aces, but they are designed to generate a weak return by the opponent, thereby setting up the server to win the point.
Most defensive serves are any variety of lob serves.
A plain lob serve is a ball hit with a long, high arch into either back corner.
The goal is to hit the ball so that it lands as close as possible to the back wall, giving the opponent very little room to hit a solid return.
A junk lob takes a shallower arch, and lands close to the side wall somewhere between the dotted line and the back wall.
This lob is intended to deceive the opponent into thinking he has an easy kill.
However, since the ball is in the deep zone, it will more likely set up the server for an offensive shot.
Article: How I Met Your Mother
Section: Season 3

Question: In which day Barney slapped as third time?

Barney begins the season with the word, "-dary!"
Robin returns from a trip to Argentina with her new boyfriend, Gael (Enrique Iglesias), and Ted must adjust to life as just her friend, while watching Robin and Gael fawning over each other.
Marshall and Lily decide to move out on their own, falling in love with a place they cannot afford.
Robin learns of Lily's bad credit rating due to her compulsive shopping for designer brands, and forces Lily to tell Marshall.
Despite this, they are able to finally secure their dream apartment, only to discover it's in a bad location and more poorly constructed than they thought (the floor is tilted).
Barney is slapped for the third time on Thanksgiving, which Marshall dubs "Slapsgiving.
"Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella.
He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party where his future wife was, although they did not meet.
Ted attempts to woo Stella (Sarah Chalke), a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo.
This culminates in a memorable "two-minute date," which incorporates small talk, dinner, a movie, coffee, two cab rides, and a goodnight kiss, all within two minutes.
Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break-up with a past Canadian love; Ted is infuriated, and decides to stop being friends with Barney.
Meanwhile, an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney's attempts to hook up.
His saboteur is revealed to be Abby (Britney Spears), Stella's receptionist, with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex.
In the season finale, Ted gets into a car accident and ends up in hospital, Subsequently Barney gets hit by a bus on the way to visit him and ends up receiving treatment in the same hospital.
Ted realizes Barney really cares about him and they renew their friendship.
It is revealed Barney has true feelings for Robin, while Ted proposes to Stella in an arcade.
Article: National Air and Space Museum
Section: Controversies

Question: What day was Harwit forced to resign?

Controversy erupted in March 1994 over a proposed commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Japan.
The centerpiece of the exhibit was the "Enola Gay", the B-29 bomber that dropped the A-bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
Veterans' groups, led by the Air Force Association and The Retired Officers Association, argued strongly that the exhibit's inclusion of Japanese accounts and photographs of victims politicized the exhibit and insulted U.S. airmen.
Also disputed was the predicted number of U.S. casualties that would have resulted from an invasion of Japan, had that been necessary, after the museum director, Martin O. Harwit, unilaterally reduced the figure by 75% on January 9, 1995, at the height of the dispute.
On January 18 the American Legion called for a congressional investigation of the matter, and on January 24, 1995, 81 members of Congress called for Harwit's resignation.
Harwit was forced to resign on May 2.
Although the exhibit was "radically reduced" and criticized by the "New York Times" as "the most diminished display in Smithsonian history," the Air and Space Museum placed the forward fuselage of the "Enola Gay" and other items on display as part of a non-political historical exhibition.
Within a year, it had drawn more than a million visitors, making it the most popular special exhibition in the history of the NASM, and when the exhibition closed in May 1998, it had drawn nearly four million visitors.
On October 8, 2011, the museum was temporarily closed after demonstrators associated with the Occupy D.C. demonstration attempted to enter the museum.
Some protesters were pepper sprayed by museum security after a guard was pinned against a wall.
One woman was arrested.
On December 5, 2013, Smithsonian food workers protested about a living wage.
A journalist was detained for filming.