community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Sistine Chapel ceiling
Section: Story of Noah

Question: Who is the youngest son of Noah?

As with the first sequence of pictures, the three panels concerning Noah, taken from the sixth to ninth chapters of Genesis are thematic rather than chronological.
In the first scene is shown the sacrifice of a sheep.
Vasari, in writing about this scene mistakes it for the sacrifices by Cain and Abel, in which Abel's sacrifice was acceptable to God and Cain's was not.
What this image almost certainly depicts is the sacrifice made by the family of Noah, after their safe deliverance from the Great Flood which destroyed the rest of Humankind.
The central, larger, scene shows the Great Flood.
The Ark in which Noah's family escaped floats at the rear of the picture while the rest of humanity tries frantically to scramble to some point of safety.
This picture, which has a large number of figures, conforms the most closely to the format of the paintings that had been done around the walls.
The final scene is the story of Noah's drunkenness.
After the Flood, Noah tills the soil and grows vines.
He is shown doing so, in the background of the picture.
He becomes drunk and inadvertently exposes himself.
His youngest son, Ham, brings his two brothers Shem and Japheth to see the sight but they discreetly cover their father with a cloak.
Ham is later cursed by Noah and told that the descendants of Ham's son Canaan will serve Shem and Japheth's descendants forever.
Taken together, these three pictures serve to show that Humankind had moved a long way from God's perfect creation.
However, it is through Shem and his descendants, the Israelites, that Salvation will come to the world.
Since Michelangelo executed the nine Biblical scenes in reverse chronological order, some analyses of the frescoes of the vault commence with the "Drunkenness of Noah".
Tolnay's Neoplatonic interpretation sees the story of Noah at the beginning and the act of Creation by God as the conclusion of the process of "deificatio" and the return from physical to spiritual being.
Article: Indonesia
Section: Etymology

Question: Which Indonesian scholar first used Indonesia as a name?

The name "Indonesia" derives from the Greek words "Indós" and "nèsos", which means "island".
The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.
In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms "Indunesians" — and, his preference, "Malayunesians" — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".
In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used "Indonesia" as a synonym for "Indian Archipelago".
However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use "Indonesia".
Instead, they used the terms "Malay Archipelago" ("Maleische Archipel"); the "Netherlands East Indies" ("Nederlandsch Oost Indië"), popularly "Indië"; "the East" ("de Oost"); and "Insulinde".
After 1900, the name "Indonesia" became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.
Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book "Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894".
The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name "Indonesisch Pers-bureau" in 1913.
Article: Marzipan
Section: Iberian Peninsula line

Question: How much ground almonds by percentage must almond paste contain to be called marzipan in Sweden and Finland?

Another possible geographic origin is in Spain, then known as Al-Andalus.
In Toledo (850-900, though more probably 1150 during the reign of Alfonso VII) this specialty was known as "Postre Regio" instead of "Mazapán") and there are also mentions in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights of an almond paste eaten during Ramadan and as an aphrodisiac.
Mazapán is Toledo's most famous dessert, often created for Christmas, and has PGI status.
Almonds have to be at least 50% of the total weight, following the directives of "Mazapán de Toledo" regulator counseil.
Another idea to support this line is the important tradition of another Spanish almond-based Christmas confectionery, the turron.
Under EU law, marzipan must have a minimum almond oil content of 14% and a maximum moisture content of 8.5%.
Optional additional ingredients are rosewater, honey, pistachios, preservatives, and sometimes hazelnut.
In the U.S., marzipan is not officially defined, but it is generally made with a higher ratio of sugar to almonds than almond paste.
One brand, for instance, has 28% almonds in its marzipan, and 45% almonds in its almond paste.
However, in Sweden and Finland almond paste refers to a marzipan that contains 50% ground almonds, a much higher quality than regular marzipan.
In Germany, Lübecker Marzipan is known for its quality.
It contains 66% almonds.
The original manually produced Mozartkugeln are made from green pistachio marzipan.
Article: Mona Lisa
Section: Conservation

Question: How old is the Mona Lisa?

The "Mona Lisa" has survived for more than 500 years, and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that "the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation."
This is partly due to the result of a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone.
A detailed analysis in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had "acted with a great deal of restraint."
Nevertheless, applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century, and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and revarnishing removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer, resulting in a washed-out appearance to the face of the figure.
Despite the treatments, the "Mona Lisa" has been well cared for throughout its history, and although the panel's warping caused the curators "some worry", the 2004–05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work.
Article: Great Sphinx of Giza
Section: Mythology

Question: What serves as a symbol of the sun in Near Eastern civilizations?

Colin Reader has proposed that the Sphinx was probably the focus of solar worship in the Early Dynastic Period, before the Giza Plateau became a necropolis in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2134 BC).
He ties this in with his conclusions that the Sphinx, the Sphinx temple, the Causeway and the Khafra mortuary temple are all part of a complex which predates Dynasty IV (c. 2613–2494 BC).
The lion has long been a symbol associated with the sun in ancient Near Eastern civilizations.
Images depicting the Egyptian king in the form of a lion smiting his enemies date as far back as the Early Dynastic Period.
In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the god "Hor-em-akhet" (Hellenized: "Harmachis") or Horus at the Horizon, which represented the pharaoh in his role as the "Shesep-ankh" (English: "Living Image") of the god Atum.
Pharaoh Amenhotep II (1427–1401 or 1397 BC) built a temple to the north east of the Sphinx nearly 1000 years after its construction, and dedicated it to the cult of "Hor-em-akhet".
Article: The Persistence of Memory
Section: Landscape

Question: The shadow in the foreground references what mountain?

The craggy rocks to the right represent a tip of Cap de Creus peninsula in north-eastern Catalonia.
Many of Dalí's paintings were inspired by the landscapes of his life in Catalonia.
The strange and foreboding shadow in the foreground of this painting is a reference to Mount Pani.
Article: Eiffel Tower
Section: Accommodation

Question: How many restaurants were on the first level of the Eiffel Tower?

When built, the first level contained three restaurants (one French, one Russian and one Flemish) and an "Anglo-American Bar".
After the exposition closed the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 seat theatre.
A promenade ran around the outside.
On the third level there were laboratories for various experiments and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests.
This is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike models of Gustave and some guests.
Article: Battle of Hastings
Section: Background and location

Question: Why is it impossible to provide an undisputed description of the battle?

Background and location.
Because many of the primary accounts contradict each other at times, it is impossible to provide a description of the battle that is beyond dispute.
The only undisputed facts are that the fighting began at 9 am on Saturday 14 October 1066 and that the battle lasted until dusk.
Sunset on the day of the battle was at 4:54 pm, with the battlefield mostly dark by 5:54 pm and in full darkness by 6:24 pm.
Moonrise that night was not until 11:12 pm, so once the sun set, there was little light on the battlefield.
William of Jumieges reports that Duke William kept his army armed and ready against a surprise night attack for the entire night before.
The battle took place north of Hastings at the present-day town of Battle, between two hills – Caldbec Hill to the north and Telham Hill to the south.
The area was heavily wooded, with a marsh nearby.
The name traditionally given to the battle is unusual – there were several settlements much closer to the battlefield than Hastings.
The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" called it the battle "at the hoary apple tree".
Within 40 years, the battle was also known as "Senlac", a Norman-French adaptation of the Old English word "Sandlacu", which means "sandy water".
This may have been the name of the stream that crosses the battlefield.
The battle was already being referred to as "bellum Hasestingas" or "Battle of Hastings" by 1087, in the "Domesday Book".
Sunrise was at 6:48 am that morning, and reports of the day record that it was unusually bright.
The weather conditions are not recorded.
The route that the English army took to the battlefield is not known precisely.
Several roads are possible: one, an old Roman road that ran from Rochester to Hastings has long been favoured because of a large coin hoard found nearby in 1876.
Another possibility is a Roman road between London and Lewes and then over local tracks to the battlefield.
Some accounts of the battle indicate that the Normans advanced from Hastings to the battlefield, but the contemporary account of William of Jumieges places the Normans at the site of the battle the night before.
Most historians incline towards the former view, but M. K. Lawson argues that William of Jumieges's account is correct.
Article: The Mindy Project
Section: Production and development

Question: What is the name of Chris Messina's character on The Mindy Project?

The series was initially commissioned by NBC, but the pilot with the working title "It's Messy" was released from NBC's projects on January 27, 2012.
Universal then sent the script to Fox executives who read it over that following weekend.
On January 30, 2012, Fox greenlit the pilot, with Mindy Kaling attached to star.
Casting announcements for the remaining series regular roles began in February 2012, with Ed Weeks cast in the role of Dr. Jeremy Reed, a sexy, British doctor in the practice.
Zoe Jarman and Dana DeLorenzo then joined in series regular roles.
Jarman signed on to play Betsy Putch, an upbeat receptionist at the practice; whilst DeLorenzo joined as Shauna Dicanio, a young, party loving receptionist in the practice.
In mid-March, Chris Messina joined the cast as Dr. Danny Castellano, an arrogant doctor who works at the practice.
Shortly after, Anna Camp boarded the series as Gwen Grandy, a stay-at-home mom and Mindy's best friend.
On May 9, 2012, Fox placed a series order for the comedy.
Two days later, the title was changed from "It's Messy" to "The Mindy Project."
Two months later, Amanda Setton, Stephen Tobolowsky and Ike Barinholtz joined the series.
Setton replaced Dana DeLorenzo in the role of Shauna; Tobolowsky joined in the series regular role of Dr. Marc Shulman, the senior partner of the practice; and Barinholtz signed onto the recurring role of Morgan Tookers, a quirky rehabilitated ex-con who joins the practice as a nurse.
On August 27, 2012, the pilot episode was made available to view online on various sites including Fox, in an attempt to garner interest in the series.
On October 8, 2012, Fox ordered a full season of "The Mindy Project".
In the middle of the first season, the network made changes to the show's cast.
On November 20, 2012, it was reported that Amanda Setton's role had been eliminated and that Anna Camp had been downgraded to a recurring cast member.
Stephen Tobolowsky's role was also eliminated, with his character retiring in the eighth episode.
Beth Grant, who guest starred as Nurse Beverly in episode two, returned as a series regular in episode fifteen.
Ike Barinholtz was also upgraded to series regular.
Xosha Roquemore, who guest starred in the final few episodes of season one as Tamra, was upped to series regular beginning with season two.
Adam Pally, who originally signed on for a recurring role, was upgraded to series regular during season two.
On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season, which began on September 17, 2013.
On November 21, 2013, Fox announced that "The Mindy Project" would take a mid-season hiatus, before returning on April 1, 2014.
Fox announced the third season renewal of "The Mindy Project" on March 7, 2014.
Article: Teen Wolf
Section: Box office

Question: How much money did Teen Wolf make worldwide?

Box office.
Released on August 23, 1985, "Teen Wolf" debuted at #2 in its opening weekend, behind "Back to the Future" (also starring Michael J.
Fox).
After its initial run, the film grossed $33,086,661 domestically, with a worldwide gross of about $80 million.
Article: Cereal
Section: Abstract

Question: Which Roman goddess is the word cereal derived from?

A cereal is a grass, a member of the monocot family Poaceae, cultivated for the edible components of its grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis), composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.
Cereal grains are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop; they are therefore staple crops.
In their natural form (as in "whole grain"), they are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils, and protein.
However, when refined by the removal of the bran and germ, the remaining endosperm is mostly carbohydrate and lacks the majority of the other nutrients.
In some developing nations, grain in the form of rice, wheat, millet, or maize constitutes a majority of daily sustenance.
In developed nations, cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial.
The word "cereal" derives from "Ceres", the name of the Roman goddess of harvest and agriculture.
Article: The Night Watch
Section: Key elements

Question: What is the symbolism of the taller captain?

The painting is renowned for three characteristics: its colossal size (), the effective use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro), and the perception of motion in what would have traditionally been a static military portrait.
The painting was completed in 1642, at the peak of the Dutch Golden Age.
It depicts the eponymous company moving out, led by Captain Frans Banning Cocq (dressed in black, with a red sash) and his lieutenant, Willem van Ruytenburch (dressed in yellow, with a white sash).
With effective use of sunlight and shade, Rembrandt leads the eye to the three most important characters among the crowd, the two gentlemen in the centre (from whom the painting gets its original title), and the small girl in the centre left background.
Behind them, the company's colours are carried by the ensign, Jan Visscher Cornelissen.
Rembrandt has displayed the traditional emblem of the Arquebusiers in the painting in a natural way: the girl in yellow dress in the background is carrying the main symbols.
She is a kind-of mascot herself: the claws of a dead chicken on her belt represent the "clauweniers" (arquebusiers); the pistol behind the chicken stands for 'clover'; and, she is holding the militia's goblet.
The man in front of her is wearing a helmet with an oak leaf, a traditional motif of the Arquebusiers.
The dead chicken is also meant to represent a defeated adversary.
The colour yellow is often associated with victory.
Another interpretation proposes that Rembrandt designed this painting with several layers of meaning, as was common among the most talented artists.
Thus, the" Night Watch" is symmetrically divided, firstly to illustrate the union between the Dutch Protestants and the Dutch Catholics, and secondly to evoke the war effort against the Spaniards.
For instance, accordingly to Rembrandt's multilayered design, the taller Captain (in black) symbolizes the Dutch Protestant leadership, loyally supported by the Dutch Catholics (represented by the shorter Lieutenant, in yellow).
Moreover, all characters of this painting were conceived to present double readings.
Article: Cold War
Section: Historiography and memory

Question: Who is the author of "Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History,"

 Hopkins, Michael F. "Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History," "Historical Journal," Dec 2007, Vol.
50 Issue 4, pp 913–934,
 Isaac, Joel, and Duncan Bell, eds.
"Uncertain Empire: American History and the Idea of the Cold War" (2012) excerpt and text search
 Johnston, Gordon.
"Revisiting the cultural Cold War," "Social History," Aug 2010, Vol.
35 Issue 3, pp 290–307
 Nuti, Leopoldo, et al., eds.
"Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal" (2012) excerpt and text search
 Wiener, Jon.
"How We Forgot the Cold War: A Historical Journey across America" (2012) excerpt and text search
Article: Rugby union
Section: Women's rugby union

Question: Who's writing are considered the first documented source of women's rugby?

Records of women's rugby football date back to the late 19th century, with the first documented source being Emily Valentine's writings, stating that she set up a rugby team in Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, Ireland in 1887.
Although there are reports of early women's matches in New Zealand and France, one of the first notable games to prove primary evidence was the 1917 war-time encounter between Cardiff Ladies and Newport Ladies; a photo of which shows the Cardiff team before the match at the Cardiff Arms Park.
In the past 30 years the game has grown in popularity among female athletes, and, according to the IRB, is now played in over 100 countries.
The English based Women's Rugby Football Union (WRFU), responsible for women's rugby in England, Scotland Ireland and Wales, was founded in 1983, and is the oldest formally organised national governing body for women's rugby.
This was replaced in 1994 by the Rugby Football Union for Women (RFUW) in England with each of the other Home Nations governing their own countries.
The premier international competition in rugby union for women is the Women's Rugby World Cup, first held in 1991.
Since 1994 it has been held every four years.
Article: Aurora
Section: Forms and magnetism

Question: Which direction does the aurora typically extend?

Typically the aurora appears either as a diffuse glow or as "curtains" that approximately extend in the east-west direction.
At some times, they form "quiet arcs"; at others ("active aurora"), they evolve and change constantly.
Each curtain consists of many parallel rays, each lined up with the local direction of the magnetic field lines, suggesting that auroras are shaped by Earth's magnetic field.
Indeed, satellites show that electrons are guided by magnetic field lines, spiraling around them while moving toward Earth.
The similarity to curtains is often enhanced by folds called "striations".
When the field line guiding a bright auroral patch leads to a point directly above the observer, the aurora may appear as a "corona" of diverging rays, an effect of perspective.
Although it was first mentioned by Ancient Greek explorer/geographer Pytheas, Hiorter and Celsius first described in 1741 evidence for magnetic control, namely, large magnetic fluctuations occurred whenever the aurora was observed overhead.
This indicates (it was later realized) that large electric currents were associated with the aurora, flowing in the region where auroral light originated.
Kristian Birkeland (1908) deduced that the currents flowed in the east-west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside toward (approximately) midnight were later named "auroral electrojets" (see also Birkeland currents).
Still more evidence for a magnetic connection are the statistics of auroral observations.
Elias Loomis (1860) and later in more detail Hermann Fritz (1881) and S. Tromholt (1882) established that the aurora appeared mainly in the "auroral zone", a ring-shaped region with a radius of approximately 2500 km around Earth's magnetic pole.
It was hardly ever seen near the geographic pole, which is about 2000 km away from the magnetic pole.
The instantaneous distribution of auroras ("auroral oval") is slightly different, centered about 3–5 degrees nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator about an hour before midnight.
The aurora can be seen best at this time, called magnetic midnight, which occurs when an observer, the magnetic pole in question and the Sun are in alignment.
In the 1970s, astrophysicist Joan Feynman deduced that auroras are a product of the interaction between the Earth's magnetosphere and the magnetic field of the solar wind.
Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft.
On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms.
Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.
Dr. Vassilis Angelopoulos of the University of California, Los Angeles, the principal investigator for the THEMIS mission, claimed, "Our data show clearly and for the first time that magnetic reconnection is the trigger."
Article: Silver Linings Playbook
Section: Cast

Question: Who is Randy?

 Bradley Cooper as Patrick "Pat" Solatano, Jr.
 Jennifer Lawrence as Tiffany Maxwell
 Robert De Niro as Patrizio "Pat" Solatano, Sr.
 Jacki Weaver as Dolores Solatano
 Anupam Kher as Dr. Cliff Patel
 Chris Tucker as Danny McDaniels
 Julia Stiles as Veronica
 Brea Bee as Nikki Solatano
 Shea Whigham as Jake Solatano
 John Ortiz as Ronnie
 Paul Herman as Randy
 Dash Mihok as Officer Keogh
Article: RNA
Section: RNA genomes

Question: Can RNA carry genetic Information?

 genomes.
Like DNA, RNA can carry genetic information.
RNA viruses have genomes composed of RNA that encodes a number of proteins.
The viral genome is replicated by some of those proteins, while other proteins protect the genome as the virus particle moves to a new host cell.
Viroids are another group of pathogens, but they consist only of RNA, do not encode any protein and are replicated by a host plant cell's polymerase.