community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Tug of war
Section: Origins

Question: When did tug of war begin to commonly refer to an athletic contest between two teams who haul at the opposite ends of a rope?

The origins of tug of war are uncertain, but it is beyond dispute that this once royal sport was practised in ancient Egypt, Greece and China, where it was held in legend that the Sun and Moon played Tug of War over the light and darkness.
It is also widely believed the sport was made popular in Great Britain by Lord Elliott Simpson, in the 16th Century.
Simpson was a keen tugger.
According to a Tang dynasty book, The Notes of Feng, tug of war, under the name "hook pulling"(牵钩), was used by the military commander of the State of Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period (8th century BC to 5th century BC) to train warriors.
During the Tang dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang promoted large-scale tug of war games, using ropes of up to 167 meters or (547.9 feet) with shorter ropes attached and more than 500 people on each end of the rope.
Each side also had its own team of drummers to encourage the participants.
In ancient Greece the sport was called "helkustinda" (Greek: ἑλκυστίνδα), "efelkustinda" (ἐφελκυστίνδα) and "dielkustinda" (διελκυστίνδα), which derives from "dielkō" (διέλκω), meaning amongst others "I pull through", all deriving from the verb "helkō" (ἕλκω), "I draw, I pull".
"Helkustinda" and "efelkustinda" seem to have been ordinary versions of tug of war, while "dielkustinda" had no rope, according to Julius Pollux.
It is possible that the teams held hands when pulling, which would have increased difficulty, since handgrips are more difficult to sustain than a grip of a rope.
Tug of war games in ancient Greece were among the most popular games used for strength and would help build strength needed for battle in full armor.
Archeological evidence shows that tug of war was also popular in India in 12th century AD:Tug of war stories about heroic champions from Scandinavia and Germany circulate Western Europe where Viking warriors pull animal skins over open pits of fire in tests of strength and endurance in preparation for battle and plunder.1500 and 1600 – tug of war is popularised during tournaments in French châteaux gardens and later in Great Britain1800 – tug of war begins a new tradition among seafaring men who were required to tug on lines to adjust sails while ships were under way and even in battle.
The Mohave Indians occasionally used tug-of-war matches as means of settling disputes.
The "Oxford English Dictionary" says that the phrase "tug of war" originally meant "the decisive contest; the real struggle or tussle; a severe contest for supremacy".
Only in the 19th century was it used as a term for an athletic contest between two teams who haul at the opposite ends of a rope.
Article: Squash (sport)
Section: Types of shots played

Question: What is a reverse angle?

There are many types of shots played that lead to interesting games and strategy.
 Straight drive: The ball is hit parallel and close to a side wall to travel deep to the back of the court (the 'basic' squash shot).
Often referred to as a 'good length' shot.
 Boast: The ball is played off a side wall at an angle, or the back wall, before hitting the front wall.
 Volley: The ball is hit 'on the full' (before it touches the floor), usually directly to the front wall
 Drop shot: The ball is hit gently against the front wall, to fall softly to the floor in the front corner.
 Lob: The ball is hit softly and high on the front wall and with a high arc, so that it falls in a back corner of the court.
 Cross Court: The ball is hit to the front wall from the right side to the left (or vice versa).
 Kill: The ball is hit hard and low on the front wall so that it travels no farther than half court.
 Trickle boast: A 'short' boast where the ball is hit to the side wall at the front of the court (often disguised as a drive or drop shot).
 Squeeze boast: A more difficult shot which is hit from the front of the court when the ball is very close to the side wall.
Has the same effect as the trickle boast but is more deceptive because of its difficulty.
 Nick shot: the ball is 'volleyed' or hit off a bounce to strike the front wall then the junction of the side wall and floor (the 'nick') giving the ball little or no bounce.
 Rolling nick shot: When the nick shot is hit extremely well, the ball will roll along the floor (this is a more advanced shot that is a variation of the kill shot).
 Back wall boast: the ball is hit moderately hard and high off the back wall, so that it goes the length of the room and hits (usually low) off the front wall.
 Philadelphia (or corkscrew): A shot played diagonally upwards into the front corner hitting the front wall first and then the side wall.
The ball then lobs over the court with significant spin.
Ideally it hits the opposite side wall at the back and travels parallel to the rear wall making a return very difficult.
This shot is a favourite in exhibition squash but is susceptible to being volleyed.
 Skid boast: A shot played from the back corners of the court where the ball is hit high along the sidewall with a small angle so that it hits the sidewall first, then hits high in the middle of the front wall continuing to cross the court while high in the air ideally hitting the opposite sidewall and landing close to the backwall to go past the opponent.
As with the Philadelphia it is suceptible to being volleyed.
 Mizuki: This shot is hit as a volley.
Unlike a normal volley, the Mizuki shot is hit with the other side of the racquet by turning the wrist which deceives the direction of the ball.
 Reverse angle: a boast where the opposite sidewall is hit first.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Jibbing

Question: What is jibbing?

Jibbing is technical riding on non-standard surfaces, usually performing tricks.
The word "jib" is both a noun and a verb, depending on the usage of the word.
As a noun: a jib includes metal rails, boxes, benches, concrete ledges, walls, vehicles, rocks and logs.
As a verb: to jib is referring to the action of jumping, sliding or riding on top of objects other than snow.
It is directly influenced by grinding a skateboard.
Jibbing is a freestyle snowboarding technique of riding.
Typically jibbing occurs in a snowboard resort park but can also be done in urban environments.
Freeride snowboarders also commonly find incidental jibs, such as a downed tree, that prove suitable to ride over in the course of their line or run.
Article: American Gothic
Section: Reception

Question: What age was Wood when his father died?

Wood entered the painting in a competition at the Art Institute of Chicago.
The judges deemed it a "comic valentine", but a museum patron persuaded them to award the painting the bronze medal and $300 cash prize.
The patron also persuaded the Art Institute to buy the painting, which remains there today.
The image soon began to be reproduced in newspapers, first by the "Chicago Evening Post" and then in New York, Boston, Kansas City, and Indianapolis.
However, Wood received a backlash when the image finally appeared in the "Cedar Rapids Gazette".
Iowans were furious at their depiction as "pinched, grim-faced, puritanical Bible-thumpers".
Wood protested that he had not painted a caricature of Iowans but a depiction of his appreciation, stating "I had to go to France to appreciate Iowa."
Nan, apparently embarrassed at being depicted as the wife of someone twice her age, began telling people that the painting was of a man and his daughter, which Grant seems to confirm in his letter to a Mrs. Nellie Sudduth in 1941.
Art critics who had favorable opinions about the painting, such as Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley, also assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life.
It was thus seen as part of the trend toward increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson's 1919 "Winesburg, Ohio", Sinclair Lewis's 1920 "Main Street", and Carl Van Vechten's 1924 "The Tattooed Countess" in literature.
Yet another interpretation sees it as an "old-fashioned mourning portrait... Tellingly, the curtains hanging in the windows of the house, both upstairs and down, are pulled closed in the middle of the day, a mourning custom in Victorian America.
The woman wears a black dress beneath her apron, and glances away as if holding back tears.
One imagines she is grieving for the man beside her..." Wood had been only 10 when his father had died and later had lived for a decade "above a garage reserved for hearses", so death was on his mind.
However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit.
Wood assisted this transition by renouncing his Bohemian youth in Paris and grouping himself with populist Midwestern painters, such as John Steuart Curry and Thomas Hart Benton, who revolted against the dominance of East Coast art circles.
Wood was quoted in this period as stating, "All the good ideas I've ever had came to me while I was milking a cow."
Article: American Hustle
Section: Historical accuracy

Question: Why was mayor Angelo Errichetti prasied?

"American Hustle" does not attempt to directly document the events of Abscam.
The names are changed, and the film begins with the on-screen message, "Some of this actually happened".
Major departures from reality include:
 In the film, Irving Rosenfeld begins a life of criminality when he smashes storefront windows as a child in order to provide more work for his father's glass-installation business.
In real life, Melvin Weinberg began working for his father only as an adult.
He did smash windows at that point, and according to one article after Abscam was revealed, it was indeed done to shore up business for Weinberg's father.
A later report, however, states that it was done at the behest of the local union, to punish businesses who used non-union glaziers.
 In the film, Camden mayor Carmine Polito is shown as a selfless politician who gets involved in the scam only to provide jobs to his constituents; Irving feels so bad for Carmine that he engineers a reduced sentence for him.
In reality, though Camden mayor Angelo Errichetti was widely praised for caring about the people of Camden, he also had a reputation for committing crimes.
During the Abscam operation, he offered to get the fake sheikh into illegal businesses such as money counterfeiting and drug smuggling.
Though Weinberg developed a fondness for Errichetti as a man who "didn't beat around the bush", he made no attempt to protect Errichetti from prosecution.
 Evelyn Knight, Weinberg's mistress on whom the character of Sydney Prosser is based, was involved in Weinberg's scams, though to a lesser extent than shown in the film; and she was not involved in Abscam.
She was also English, not an American impersonating an Englishwoman as shown in the film.
 Weinberg's wife Cynthia Marie Weinberg, the basis for Rosalyn Rosenfeld, is not known to have had an affair with someone from the mafia, nor did she nearly blow Weinberg's cover.
 The character of Richie DiMaso is based to some extent on federal agent Tony Amoroso, although in real life Amoroso was just one of a number of agents involved in setting up and executing the scam.
 In the film, the sheikh is impersonated by a Mexican-American FBI agent with very limited Arabic.
In real life, the sheikh was played by two different agents: first briefly by an American, Mike Denehy, who spoke no Arabic, then by a Lebanese-American.
Article: Wake Me Up When September Ends
Section: Music video

Question: During what year was a live version of the song Wake Me Up When September Ends recorded?

Like the majority of the videos from the album "American Idiot", it was directed by Samuel Bayer.
The video features Green Day's support guitarist, Jason White.
This is the second time Jason White has appeared in a Green Day video, first appearing in "When I Come Around", ten years earlier but not as a band member.
The video focuses on a very loving couple (played by Jamie Bell and Evan Rachel Wood).
The boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps.
The boyfriend interprets his actions as a way to show her that he loves her so much that he would put his life on the line to keep her safe; the girlfriend, however, is heartbroken, as he broke his vow to never leave her, and terrified at the thought that he might die in battle.
The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents.
This scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field.
The video ends on this juxtaposition, emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war.
This video adds to the "American Idiot" anti-war sentiment of the Iraq War.
The song eventually became a tribute song to the victims of Hurricane Katrina, and sound bites were added from various news coverages to the song.
A live version of the song, recorded on September 3, 2005, at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts was released soon after and dedicated to the hurricane's victims.
The song was performed live with U2 guitarist The Edge in the pregame show of the Monday Night Football game between the New Orleans Saints and the Atlanta Falcons; it was the first game played in the Superdome in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.
Article: Physiology
Section: Animal physiology

Question: "Animal Physiology" by Hill, R.W., Wyse, G.A., Anderson, M. was published on what day?

 Hill, R.W., Wyse, G.A., Anderson, M. "Animal Physiology", 3rd ed.
Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2012.
 Moyes, C.D., Schulte, P.M. "Principles of Animal Physiology", second edition.
Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
Boston, MA, 2008.
 Randall, D., Burggren, W., and French, K. "Eckert Animal Physiology: Mechanism and Adaptation", 5th Edition.
W.H.
Freeman and Company, 2002.
 Schmidt-Nielsen, K. "Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment".
Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
 Withers, P.C.
"Comparative animal physiology".
Saunders College Publishing, New York, 1992.
Article: Gravitational wave
Section: Introduction

Question: What is the lowest frequency wave detectable?

In Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is treated as a phenomenon resulting from the curvature of spacetime.
This curvature is caused by the presence of mass.
Generally, the more mass that is contained within a given volume of space, the greater the curvature of spacetime will be at the boundary of this volume.
As objects with mass move around in spacetime, the curvature changes to reflect the changed locations of those objects.
In certain circumstances, accelerating objects generate changes in this curvature, which propagate outwards at the speed of light in a wave-like manner.
These propagating phenomena are known as gravitational waves.
As a gravitational wave passes a distant observer, that observer will find spacetime distorted by the effects of strain.
Distances between free objects increase and decrease rhythmically as the wave passes, at a frequency corresponding to that of the wave.
This occurs despite such free objects never being subjected to an unbalanced force.
The magnitude of this effect decreases inversely with distance from the source.
Inspiralling binary neutron stars are predicted to be a powerful source of gravitational waves as they coalesce, due to the very large acceleration of their masses as they orbit close to one another.
However, due to the astronomical distances to these sources the effects when measured on Earth are predicted to be very small, having strains of less than 1 part in 1020.
Scientists are attempting to demonstrate the existence of these waves with ever more sensitive detectors.
The current most sensitive measurement is about one part in (as of 2012) provided by the LIGO and VIRGO observatories.
The lack of detection in these observatories provides an upper limit on the frequency of such powerful sources.
A space based observatory, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, is currently under development by ESA.
Gravitational waves should penetrate regions of space that electromagnetic waves cannot.
It is hypothesized that they will be able to provide observers on Earth with information about black holes and other exotic objects in the distant Universe.
Such systems cannot be observed with more traditional means such as optical telescopes and radio telescopes.
In particular, gravitational waves could be of interest to cosmologists as they offer a possible way of observing the very early universe.
This is not possible with conventional astronomy, since before recombination the universe was opaque to electromagnetic radiation.
Precise measurements of gravitational waves will also allow scientists to test the general theory of relativity more thoroughly.
In principle, gravitational waves could exist at any frequency.
However, very low frequency waves would be impossible to detect and there is no credible source for detectable waves of very high frequency.
Stephen W. Hawking and Werner Israel list different frequency bands for gravitational waves that could be plausibly detected, ranging from 10−7 Hz up to 1011 Hz.
Article: France
Section: Cinema

Question: What country in Europe is known for being a leader in filmmaking?

France has historical and strong links with cinema, with two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the Lumière Brothers) having created cinema in 1895.
France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2006 producing more films than any other European country.
The nation also hosts the Cannes Festival, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.
Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan.
French films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK.
Until recently, France had for centuries been the cultural center of the world, although its dominant position has been surpassed by the United States.
Subsequently, France takes steps in protecting and promoting its culture, becoming a leading advocate of the cultural exception.
The nation succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalized sectors of the WTO in 1993.
Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a voting in the UNESCO in 2005, and the principle of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory: 198 countries voted for it, only 2 countries, the U.S and Israel, voted against it.
Article: Singapore
Section: Media

Question: What country has the worlds highest internet penetration rate?

Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore.
MediaCorp operates most free-to-air television channels and free-to-air radio stations in Singapore.
There are a total of seven free-to-air TV channels offered by Mediacorp.
The channels are Channel 5 (English channel), Channel News Asia (English channel), Okto (English channel), Channel 8 (Chinese channel), Channel U (Chinese channel), Suria (Malay channel) and Vasantham (Indian channel).
Starhub Cable Vision (SCV) also offers cable television with channels from all around the world and Singtel's MioTV provides an IPTV service.
Singapore Press Holdings, a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.
Singapore's media industry has sometimes been criticised for being too regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as Freedom House.
In 2010, Reporters Without Borders, a France-based international non-governmental organisation, ranked Singapore 136 out of 178 in its Press Freedom Index, just below Mexico.
The Media Development Authority regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.
Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned.
Television is censored, and shows like Sex and the City and Queer as Folk (UK TV series) are banned.
There are 3.4 million users of the internet in Singapore, one of the highest internet penetration rates in the world.
The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet, but it maintains a list of one hundred websites (mostly pornographic) that it blocks as a 'symbolic statement of the Singaporean community's stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet'.
As the block covers only home internet access, users may still visit the blocked websites from their office computers.
Article: Protestant Reformation
Section: Primary sources in translation

Question: Which person edited the book titled, "The Protestant Reformation Major Documents"?

 Fosdick, Harry Emerson, ed.
"Great Voices of the Reformation of other putative reformers before and after it: an Anthology", ed., with an introd.
and commentaries, by Harry Emerson Fosdick.
New York: Modern Library, 1952. xxx, 546 p.
 Janz, Denis, ed.
"A Reformation Reader: Primary Texts With Introductions" (2008) excerpt and text search
 Luther, Martin "Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters," 2 vols., tr.
and ed.
by Preserved Smith, Charles Michael Jacobs, The Lutheran Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1913, 1918. vol.2 (1521–1530) from Google Books.
Reprint of Vol.1, Wipf & Stock Publishers (March 2006).
ISBN 1-59752-601-0.
 Spitz, Lewis W. "The Protestant Reformation: Major Documents".
St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1997.
ISBN 0-570-04993-8
Article: Pike Place Market
Section: Before the Market

Question: What was produce sold at The Lots also referred to as?

Before the Market.
Before the creation of the Pike Place Market in 1907, local Seattle area farmers sold their goods to the public in a three-square block area called The Lots, located at Sixth Avenue and King Street.
Most produce sold at The Lots would then be brought to commercial wholesale houses on Western Avenue, which became known as Produce Row.
Most farmers, due to the amount of time required to work their farms, were forced to sell their produce on consignment through the wholesalers on Western Avenue.
The farmers typically received a percentage of the final sale price for their goods.
They would sell to the middleman on commission, as most farmers would often have no time to sell direct to the public, and their earnings would be on marked up prices and expected sales.
In some cases, the farmers made a profit, but just as often found themselves breaking even, or getting no money at all due to the business practices of the wholesalers.
During the existence of the wholesale houses, which far predated the Market, there were regular rumors as well as instances of corruption in denying payment to farmers.