community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Union Station (Washington, D.C.)
Section: Restoration

Question: Union Station was closed in 1981 for what reason?

As a result of the Redevelopment Act of 1981, Union Station was closed for restoration and refurbishing.
Mold was growing in the leaking ceiling of the Main Hall, and the carpet laid out for an Inauguration Day celebration was full of cigarette-burned holes.
In 1988, Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole awarded $70 million to the restoration effort.
"The Pit" was transformed into a new basement level, and the Main Hall floor was refitted with marble.
While installing new HVAC systems, crews discovered antique items in shafts that had not been opened since the building's creation.
The station reopened in its present form on September 29, 1988.
The former “Pit” area was replaced with an AMC movie theater (later Phoenix Theatres), closed October 12, 2009, to be replaced with additional restaurants and a large food court in the former baggage-mail level.
The food court still retains the original arches under which the trains were parked as well as the track numbers on those arches.
A variety of shops opened along the Concourse and Main Hall, and a new Amtrak terminal at the back behind the original Concourse.
Trains no longer enter the original Concourse but the original, decorative gates were relocated to the new passenger concourse.
In 1994, this new passenger concourse was renamed to honor W. Graham Claytor, Jr., who served as Amtrak's president from 1982 to 1993.
The decorative elements of the station were also restored.
The skylights were preserved but sunlight no longer illuminates the Concourse because it is blocked by the newer roof structure built directly overhead to support the aging, original structure.
Article: Let It Be
Section: Abstract

Question: Which band released "Let It Be"?

Let It Be is the twelfth and final studio album released by the English rock band the Beatles.
It was released on 8 May 1970 by the band's Apple Records label shortly after the group announced their break-up.
Most of "Let It Be" was recorded in January 1969, before the recording and release of the album "Abbey Road".
For this reason, some critics and fans, such as Mark Lewisohn, argue that "Abbey Road" should be considered the group's final album and "Let It Be" the penultimate.
"Let It Be" was originally intended to be released before "Abbey Road" during mid-1969 as Get Back, but the Beatles were unhappy with this version, which was mixed and compiled by Glyn Johns, and it was temporarily shelved.
A new version of the album was created by Phil Spector in 1970 and finally released as "Let It Be", serving as the album for the 1970 motion picture of the same name.
While three songs from the sessions were released as singles before the album's release, "Get Back"/"Don't Let Me Down" and "Let It Be", the songs were remixed by Spector for the album and "Don't Let Me Down" was not included.
Despite a mixed review from "Rolling Stone" magazine at the time of its release, the album was ranked number 86 in the magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2003.
This was, however, adjusted to #392 in the 2012 version.
"Let It Be... Naked" was released in 2003, an alternative version of the album stripping much of Phil Spector's production work and using some different versions of songs.
Article: Pho
Section: History

Question: Who opened the first pho stand in Hanoi?

Pho originated in the early 20th century in northern Vietnam, apparently southeast of Hanoi in Nam Định Province, then a substantial textile market.
The traditional home of pho is reputed to be the villages of and (or ) in Đông Xuân commune, Nam Trực District, Nam Định Province.
According to villagers, pho was eaten in long before the French colonial period when it was popularized.
Pho was originally sold at dawn and dusk by roaming street vendors, who shouldered mobile kitchens on carrying poles (').
From the pole hung two wooden cabinets, one housing a cauldron over a wood fire, the other storing noodles, spices, cookware, and space to prepare a bowl of pho.
Pho vendors kept their heads warm with distinctive, disheveled felt hats called '.
Hanoi's first two fixed pho stands were a Vietnamese-owned Cát Tường on Cầu Gỗ Street and a Chinese-owned stand in front of Bờ Hồ tram stop.
They were joined in 1918 by two more on Quạt Row and Đồng Row.
Around 1925, a Vân Cù villager named Vạn opened the first "Nam Định style" pho stand in Hanoi. ""
declined in number around 1936–1946 in favor of stationary eateries.
Article: Nigeria
Section: Crime

Question: What is Nigeria's rank on the 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index?

Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organised crime, active especially in drug trafficking.
Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa.
The various Nigerian Confraternities or "campus cults" are active in both organised crime and in political violence as well as providing a network of corruption within Nigeria.
As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities.
The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members.
On lower levels of society, there are the "area boys", organised gangs mostly active in Lagos who specialise in mugging and small-scale drug dealing.
According to official statistics, gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001.
Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed "419", a type of advance fee fraud (named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code) along with the "Nigerian scam", a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates.
These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank (the laws being set up loosely to allow it) and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank.
The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money will be transferred to him, and then he'll get to keep a cut.
In reality, money is taken out instead, and/or large fees (which seem small in comparison with the imaginary wealth he awaits) are deducted.
In 2003, the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (or EFCC) was created, ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime.
There is also some piracy in Nigeria, with attacks mainly directed at smaller ships shuttling employees and materials belonging to the oil companies with any involvement in oil exploration in the Niger Delta.
From 1 January 2007 to 29 October 2007, twenty-six pirate attacks were recorded.
Nigeria is also pervaded by political corruption.
It is ranked 143 out of 182 countries in Transparency International's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index.
More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.
Article: Battle of Red Cliffs
Section: Fictionalised account

Question: Name examples from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

The romantic tradition that originated with Luo Guanzhong's historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" differs from historical accounts in many details.
For example, Cao Cao's army strength was exaggerated to over 830,000 men.
This may be attributed to the ethos of later times, particularly of the Southern Song Dynasty .
The state of Shu Han, in particular, was viewed by later literati as the "legitimate" successor to the Han Dynasty, so fictionalised accounts assign greater prominence than the historical records warrant to the roles of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and other heroes from Shu.
This is generally accomplished by minimising the importance of Eastern Wu commanders and advisors such as Zhou Yu and Lu Su .
While historical accounts describe Lu Su as a sensible advisor and Zhou Yu as an eminent military leader and "generous, sensible and courageous" man, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" depicts Lu Su as unremarkable and Zhou Yu as cruel and cynical .
Both are depicted as being inferior to Zhuge Liang in every respect .
The romances added wholly fictional and fantastical elements to the historical accounts and these were repeated in popular plays and operas.
Examples from the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" include Zhuge Liang pretending to use magic to call forth favourable winds (that he had in fact predicted by astronomical observation) for the fire ship attack, his strategy of "using straw boats to borrow arrows", and Guan Yu capturing and releasing Cao Cao at Huarong Trail.
The fictionalised accounts also name Zhuge Liang as a military commander in the combined forces, which is historically inaccurate .
Article: Kebab
Section: Shish

Question: What does shisk kebab translate to in the Turkish language?

Shish kebab ("Şiş", pronounced , meaning "skewer" is a Turkish word.)
is a dish consisting of meat threaded on a skewer and grilled.
Any kind of meat may be used; cubes of fruit or vegetables are often threaded on the spit as well.
Typical vegetables include tomato, bell pepper, onions, and mushrooms.
In the USA, the word "kebab" usually refers to shish kebab.
Article: Wake Me Up When September Ends
Section: Music video

Question: Wake Me Up When September Ends was peformed by what artist?

Like the majority of the videos from the album "American Idiot", it was directed by Samuel Bayer.
The video features Green Day's support guitarist, Jason White.
This is the second time Jason White has appeared in a Green Day video, first appearing in "When I Come Around", ten years earlier but not as a band member.
The video focuses on a very loving couple (played by Jamie Bell and Evan Rachel Wood).
The boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps.
The boyfriend interprets his actions as a way to show her that he loves her so much that he would put his life on the line to keep her safe; the girlfriend, however, is heartbroken, as he broke his vow to never leave her, and terrified at the thought that he might die in battle.
The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents.
This scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field.
The video ends on this juxtaposition, emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war.
This video adds to the "American Idiot" anti-war sentiment of the Iraq War.
The song eventually became a tribute song to the victims of Hurricane Katrina, and sound bites were added from various news coverages to the song.
A live version of the song, recorded on September 3, 2005, at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts was released soon after and dedicated to the hurricane's victims.
The song was performed live with U2 guitarist The Edge in the pregame show of the Monday Night Football game between the New Orleans Saints and the Atlanta Falcons; it was the first game played in the Superdome in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.
Article: Jackson Pollock
Section: Authenticity issues

Question: Is there any way to prove if a suspected Pollock painting is authentic?

In 2003, twenty-four Pollock-esque paintings and drawings were found in a locker in Wainscott, New York.
An inconclusive debate continues about whether or not these works are Pollock originals.
Physicists have argued over whether fractals can be used to authenticate the paintings.
This would require an analysis of geometric consistency of the paint splatters in Pollock's work at a microscopic level, and would be measured against the finding that patterns in Pollock's paintings increased in complexity with time.
Analysis of the synthetic pigments shows that some were not patented until the 1980s, and therefore that it is highly improbable that Pollock could have used such paints.
In 2006 a documentary, "Who the *$&% Is Jackson Pollock?"
was made concerning Teri Horton, a truck driver who in 1992 bought an abstract painting for five dollars at a thrift store in California.
This work may be a lost Pollock painting but its authenticity is debated.
Article: Shooting
Section: Abstract

Question: What makes a marksman a marksman?

Shooting is the act or process of firing firearms or other projectile weapons such as bows or crossbows.
Even the firing of artillery, rockets, and missiles can be called shooting.
A person who specializes in shooting is a marksman.
Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field in hunting, in shooting sports, or in combat.
Article: Radiation therapy
Section: Types

Question: Define particle therapy.

Historically, the three main divisions of radiation therapy are external beam radiation therapy (EBRT or XRT) or teletherapy, brachytherapy or sealed source radiation therapy, and systemic radioisotope therapy or unsealed source radiotherapy.
The differences relate to the position of the radiation source; external is outside the body, brachytherapy uses sealed radioactive sources placed precisely in the area under treatment, and systemic radioisotopes are given by infusion or oral ingestion.
Brachytherapy can use temporary or permanent placement of radioactive sources.
The temporary sources are usually placed by a technique called afterloading.
In afterloading a hollow tube or applicator is placed surgically in the organ to be treated, and the sources are loaded into the applicator after the applicator is implanted.
This minimizes radiation exposure to health care personnel.
Particle therapy is a special case of external beam radiation therapy where the particles are protons or heavier ions.
Intraoperative radiation therapy or IORT is a special type of radiation therapy that is delivered immediately after surgical removal of the cancer.
This method has been employed in breast cancer (TARGeted Introperative radiation therapy or TARGIT), brain tumors and rectal cancers.
Article: Rolling in the Deep
Section: Track listing

Question: How long is "Rolling in the Deep"?

Digital download
"Rolling in the Deep" – 3:48
Digital EP
"Rolling in the Deep" – 3:48
"Rolling in the Deep (Jamie xx Shuffle)" – 4:17
"Rolling in the Deep (Acapella)" – 3:56
"Rolling in the Deep (Avicii Remix)" – 4:25
CD single
"Rolling in the Deep" – 3:48
"If It Hadn't Been for Love" (written by Mike Henderson and Chris Stapleton) – 3:09
Article: Poutine
Section: Recipe

Question: What are the differences between Poutine found in France and Quebec?

In the basic recipe for poutine, French fries are covered with fresh cheese curds, and topped with brown gravy.
In a Quebec poutine:
"Fries": Usually of medium thickness, and fried (sometimes doubly) so that the inside stays soft, while the outside is crispy.
"Cheese curds": Fresh cheese curds are used to give the desired texture.
The curd size may vary but is usually slightly smaller than bite-sized.
"Gravy": Traditionally a light and thin chicken, veal, or turkey gravy, mildly spiced with a hint of pepper, or a "sauce brune" which is a combination of beef and chicken stock, a variant originating in Quebec.
The gravy should be thin enough to easily filter down into the mass of fries and cheese curds.
These sauces typically also contain vinegar or a sour flavouring to balance the richness of the cheese and fries.
Traditional poutine sauces ("mélange à sauce poutine") are sold in Quebec, Ontario, and Maritime grocery stores in jars or cans and in powdered mix packets.
Recently, some stores have begun to offer vegetarian gravy as an option to cater to ovolactovegetarians.
Heavy beef or pork-based brown gravies are rarely used.
To maintain the texture of the fries, the cheese curd and gravy are added immediately prior to serving the dish.
The hot gravy is usually poured over the cold cheese curds, so that the cheese is warmed without completely melting.
It is important to control the temperature, timing and the order in which the ingredients are added, so as to obtain the right food textures which is an essential part of the experience of eating poutine.
Article: Parks and Recreation
Section: Websites

Question: http://www.ronswansongrill.com is the website of which Parks and Recreation character?

http://www.pawneeindiana.com/  — Fictional city of Pawnee website.
http://www.hoosiermate.com/  — Dating website featured in the third season episode "Soulmates.
"
http://www.scarecrowboat.com/  — Website for Andy's band Mouse Rat (formerly Scarecrow Boat), Pawnee, Indiana's #1 band.
http://www.entertainment720.com/  — Website for Tom and Jean-Ralphio's failed business venture, Entertainment 7wenty.
http://www.awesomesaucewedding.com/  — Andy and April's wedding site.
http://www.knope2012.com/  — Knope 2012 campaign site.
http://www.snakeholelounge.com/  — Website for the Snakehole Lounge, "Pawnee's sickest nightclub.
"
https://www.twitter.com/munchmeat2015  — Twitter account featured in "The Debate.
"
http://annsolo.tumblr.com  — Ann's personal blog (Tumblr), seen in the fifth season episode "Ann's Decision.
"
http://www.rentaswag.com   — Tom's high-end clothes rental for teens, tweens and everything in betweens
http://www.ronswansongrill.com   — Ron Swanson's grilling webpage
Article: Somebody That I Used to Know
Section: Music video

Question: In the video for Somebody That I Used to Know was nudity shown?

Music video.
The music video for "Somebody That I Used To Know", which was directed and produced by Natasha Pincus, shows both Gotye and Kimbra naked throughout the clip, and as they sing, his skin is gradually painted into the backdrop via stop motion animation.
In the director's cut, it features nudity.
The director's cut was never posted.
The painting used in the video's background, painted by Howard Clark, is based on a 1980s artwork created by Gotye's father, Frank de Backer, who also designed the cover art for the related album, "Making Mirrors".
Emma Hack, an Australian artist and skin illustrator based in Adelaide, was hired by Pincus to work on the body paintings for Gotye and Kimbra.
Melbourne Scenic Artist Howard Clark painted the backdrop.
According to Hack, it took more than 23 hours to paint both Gotye and Kimbra to fit with Howard's background.
Their painting symbolises their combined relationship.
Before its official premiere, the music video was leaked on Take 40 Australia's website.
According to Pincus, "It was stolen out of our system.
I guess it's always wanted to get out there.
Within five minutes it was everywhere".
On 30 July 2011 it was officially premiered on YouTube and on the Australian music show "Rage".
The music video was well received for its artistic style, picking up 200,000 views in its first two weeks, as well as receiving promotion on Twitter by actor Ashton Kutcher and Katy Perry.
As of May 2013, the video has over 400 million views on YouTube.
The video for "Somebody That I Used to Know" was voted number 1 in the annual "Rage" Fifty countdown.
Andy Samberg and Taran Killam parodied the video in a "Saturday Night Live" "digital short" that coincided with Gotye's 14 April 2012 performance on the show.
The video was nominated for Video of the Year and Best Editing in a Video at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards.
Article: Track and field
Section: Middle distance

Question: Where did the half mile run come from?

The most common middle-distance track events are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance event.
The 880 yard run, or half mile, was the forebear of the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s.
The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century.
Runners start the race from a standing position along a curved starting line and after hearing the starter's pistol they head towards the innermost track to follow the quickest route to the finish.
In 800 m races athletes begin at a staggered starting point before the turn in the track and they must remain in their lanes for the first 100 m of the race.
This rule was introduced to reduce the amount of physical jostling between runners in the early stages of the race.
Physiologically, these middle-distance events demand that athletes have good aerobic and anaerobic energy producing systems, and also that they have strong speed endurance.
The 1500 m and mile run events have historically been some of the most prestigious track and field events.
Swedish rivals Gunder Hägg and Arne Andersson broke each other's 1500 m and mile world records on a number of occasions in the 1940s.
The prominence of the distances were maintained by Roger Bannister, who (in 1954) was the first to run the long-elusive four-minute mile, and Jim Ryun's exploits served to popularise interval training.
Races between British rivals Sebastian Coe, Steve Ovett and Steve Cram characterised middle-distance running in 1980s.
From the 1990s onwards, North Africans such as Noureddine Morceli of Algeria and Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco came to dominate the 1500 and mile events.
Beyond the short distances of sprinting events, factors such as an athlete's reactions and top speed becomes less important, while qualities such as pace, race tactics and endurance become more so.
Article: Subatomic particle
Section: Abstract

Question: What is wave-particle duality?

In the physical sciences, subatomic particles are particles smaller than atoms.
(although some subatomic particles have mass greater than some atoms).
There are two types of subatomic particles: elementary particles, which according to current theories are not made of other particles; and "composite" particles.
Particle physics and nuclear physics study these particles and how they interact.
In particle physics, the concept of a particle is one of several concepts inherited from classical physics.
But it also reflects the modern understanding that at the quantum scale matter and energy behave very differently from what much of everyday experience would lead us to expect.
The idea of a particle underwent serious rethinking in light of experiments that showed that light could behave like a stream of particles (called photons) as well as exhibit wave-like properties.
This led to the new concept of wave–particle duality to reflect that quantum-scale "particles" behave like both particles and waves.
Another new concept, the uncertainty principle, states that such their properties as position and momentum cannot be measured exactly.
In more recent times, wave–particle duality has been shown to apply not only to photons but to increasingly massive particles.
Interactions of particles in the framework of quantum field theory are understood as creation and annihilation of "quanta" of corresponding fundamental interactions.
This blends particle physics with field theory.
Article: India
Section: Literature

Question: What kind of language did India first use in literature?

The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1400 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskrit language.
Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics such as the "Mahābhārata" and the "Ramayana", the dramas of Kālidāsa such as the "Abhijñānaśākuntalam" ("The Recognition of Śakuntalā"), and poetry such as the "Mahākāvya".
Kamasutra, the famous book about sexual intercourse also originated in India.
Developed between 600 BCE and 300 CE in South India, the "Sangam" literature, consisting of 2,381 poems, is regarded as a predecessor of Tamil literature.
From the 14th to the 18th centuries, India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of devotional poets such as Kabīr, Tulsīdās, and Guru Nānak.
This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.
In the 19th century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions.
In the 20th century, Indian literature was influenced by the works of Bengali poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore.