community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Maple syrup
Section: Grades

Question: Who classifies Canadian maple syrup?

In Canada, maple syrup is classified by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as one of three grades, each with several colour classes: Canada No.
1, including Extra Light, Light, and Medium; No.
2 Amber; and finally No.
3 Dark or any other ungraded category.
Producers in Ontario or Québec may follow either federal or provincial grading guidelines.
Québec's and Ontario's guidelines differ slightly from the federal: there are two "number" categories in Québec (Number 1, with four colour classes, and 2, with five colour classes).
As in Québec, Ontario's producers have two "number" grades: 1, with three colour classes; and 2, with one colour class, which is typically referred to as "Ontario Amber" when produced and sold in that province only.
A typical year's yield for a maple syrup producer will be about 25 to 30 percent of each of the #1 colours, 10 percent #2 Amber, and 2 percent #3 Dark.
The United States uses different grading standards.
Maple syrup is divided into two major grades: Grade A and Grade B. Grade A is further divided into three subgrades: Light Amber (sometimes known as Fancy), Medium Amber, and Dark Amber.
The Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets uses a similar grading system of colour, and is roughly equivalent, especially for lighter syrups, but using letters: "AA", "A", etc.
The Vermont grading system differs from the US system in maintaining a slightly higher standard of product density (measured on the Baumé scale).
New Hampshire maintains a similar standard, but not a separate state grading scale.
The Vermont-graded product has 0.9 percent more sugar and less water in its composition than US-graded.
One grade of syrup not for table use, called commercial or Grade C, is also produced under the Vermont system.
Vermont inspectors enforce strict syrup grading regulations, and can fine producers up to US$1000 for labeling syrup incorrectly.
Extra Light and Grade A typically have a milder flavour than Grade B, which is very dark, with a rich maple flavour.
The dark grades of syrup are used primarily for cooking and baking, although some specialty dark syrups are produced for table use.
Syrup harvested earlier in the season tends to yield a lighter color.
The classification of maple syrup in the US depends ultimately on its translucence.
US Grade A Light Amber has to be more than 75 percent translucent, US Grade A Medium Amber has to be 60.5 to 74.9 percent translucent, US Grade A Dark Amber has to be 44.0 to 60.4 percent translucent, and US Grade B is any product less than 44.0 percent translucent.
The International Maple Syrup Institute has been working on international grading standards so that all producers will use the same grading system.
Transition to the new system is expected in the coming years.
Article: Thailand
Section: 28 June 1932

Question: What does Khana Ratsadon mean in English?

Prior to 1932, the Kingdom of Siam did not possess a legislature, as all legislative powers were vested within the person of the monarch.
This had been the case since the foundation of the Sukhothai Kingdom in the 12th century: as the king was seen as a "Dharmaraja" or "King who rules in accordance with Dharma" (the Buddhist law of righteousness).
However on 24 June 1932 a group of civilians and military officers, calling themselves the Khana Ratsadon (or People's Party) carried out a bloodless revolution, in which the 150 years of absolute rule of the House of Chakri was ended.
In its stead the group advocated a constitutional form of monarchy with an elected legislature.
The "Draft Constitution" of 1932 signed by King Prajadhipok, created Thailand's first legislature, a People's Assembly with 70 appointed members.
The assembly met for the first time on 28 June 1932, in the Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall.
The Khana Ratsadon decided that the people were not yet ready for an elected assembly; however they later changed their minds.
By the time the "permanent" constitution came into force in December of that year, elections were scheduled for 15 November 1933.
The new constitution also changed the composition of the assembly to 78 directly elected and 78 appointed (by the Khana Ratsadon) together compromising 156 members.
Article: Nebula
Section: Diffuse nebulae

Question: What is HII?

Most nebulae can be described as diffuse nebulae, which means that they are extended and contain no well-defined boundaries.
In visible light these nebulae may be divided into emission and reflection nebulae.
Emission nebulae emit spectral line radiation from ionized gas (mostly ionized hydrogen); they are often called HII regions (the term "HII" is used in professional astronomy to refer to ionized hydrogen).
Reflection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light, but are near stars and reflect light from them.
Similar nebulae not illuminated by stars do not exhibit visible radiation, but may be detected as opaque clouds blocking light from luminous objects behind them; they are called "dark nebulae".
Although these nebulae have different visibility at optical wavelengths, they are all bright sources of infrared emission, chiefly from dust within the nebulae.
Article: British Museum
Section: Scholarship and legacies (1875–1900)

Question: When did the British Museum of Natural History take it out?

Scholarship and legacies (1875–1900).
The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum of Natural History, now the Natural History Museum, in 1887.
With the departure and the completion of the new White Wing (fronting Montague Street) in 1884, more space was available for antiquities and ethnography and the library could further expand.
This was a time of innovation as electric lighting was introduced in the Reading Room and exhibition galleries.
In 1882 the Museum was involved in the establishment of the independent Egypt Exploration Fund (now Society) the first British body to carry out research in Egypt.
A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus.
In 1897 the death of the great collector and curator, A.W.
Franks, was followed by an immense bequest of 3,300 finger rings, 153 drinking vessels, 512 pieces of continental porcelain, 1,500 netsuke, 850 inro, over 30,000 bookplates and miscellaneous items of jewellery and plate, among them the Oxus Treasure.
In 1898 Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bequeathed the glittering contents from his New Smoking Room at Waddesdon Manor as the Waddesdon Bequest.
This consisted of almost 300 pieces of "objets d'art et de vertu" which included exquisite examples of jewellery, plate, enamel, carvings, glass and maiolica, among them the Holy Thorn Reliquary, probably created in the 1390s in Paris for John, Duke of Berry.
The collection was in the tradition of a schatzkammer or treasure house such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe.
Baron Ferdinand's will was most specific, and failure to observe the terms would make it void, the collection should be
Article: Gravitational wave
Section: Astrophysics and gravitational waves

Question: What did Stephen Hawking say about the Big Bang theory?

During the past century, astronomy has been revolutionized by the use of new methods for observing the universe.
Astronomical observations were originally made using visible light.
Galileo Galilei pioneered the use of telescopes to enhance these observations.
However, visible light is only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and not all objects in the distant universe shine strongly in this particular band.
More useful information may be found, for example, in radio wavelengths.
Using radio telescopes, astronomers have found pulsars, quasars, and other extreme objects that push the limits of our understanding of physics.
Observations in the microwave band have opened our eyes to the faint imprints of the Big Bang, a discovery Stephen Hawking called the "greatest discovery of the century, if not all time".
Similar advances in observations using gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, and infrared light have also brought new insights to astronomy.
As each of these regions of the spectrum has opened, new discoveries have been made that could not have been made otherwise.
Astronomers hope that the same holds true of gravitational waves.
Gravitational waves have two important and unique properties.
First, there is no need for any type of matter to be present nearby in order for the waves to be generated by a binary system of uncharged black holes, which would emit no electromagnetic radiation.
Second, gravitational waves can pass through any intervening matter without being scattered significantly.
Whereas light from distant stars may be blocked out by interstellar dust, for example, gravitational waves will pass through essentially unimpeded.
These two features allow gravitational waves to carry information about astronomical phenomena never before observed by humans.
The sources of gravitational waves described above are in the low-frequency end of the gravitational-wave spectrum (10−7 to 105 Hz).
An astrophysical source at the high-frequency end of the gravitational-wave spectrum (above 105 Hz and probably 1010 Hz) generates relic gravitational waves that are theorized to be faint imprints of the Big Bang like the cosmic microwave background (see gravitational wave background).
At these high frequencies it is potentially possible that the sources may be "man made" that is, gravitational waves generated and detected in the laboratory.
Article: Santa Claus Is Coming to Town
Section: Abstract

Question: Who wrote "Santa Claus is coming to town?"

"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (also known as "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town") is a Christmas song.
It was written by John Frederick Coots and Haven Gillespie and was first sung on Eddie Cantor's radio show in November 1934.
It became an instant hit with orders for 100,000 copies of sheet music the next day and more than 400,000 copies sold by Christmas.
Article: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)
Section: Critical response

Question: Was Clarkson's "stronger" received well by the critics?

"Stronger" received critical acclaim from contemporary critics, with many complimenting its sound and Clarkson's vocal performance.
Scott Shetler of "PopCrush" gave the song four stars out of five, lauding its strong hook and empowering message.
He ended his review by describing the song as "vintage Kelly Clarkson."
Jenna Hally Rubenstein of "MTV Buzzworthy" compared it to "Since U Been Gone," which has "a super radio-friendly hook."
Elizabeth Lancaster of MTV Newsroom listed it as one of five key tracks in "Stronger," writing "Upbeat yet soulful, the chorus will drag you up and onto the floor to dance the heartache away alongside her."
Grady Smith of "Entertainment Weekly" thought that the song's "belty pop/rock wheelhouse" should please fans of the sound.
He later added that "Clarkson might have been better off releasing "What Doesn’t Kill You" as the first track from "Stronger.""
Another positive reception came from Glenn Gamboa of "Newsday", who praised Clarkson for "infusing her tales of empowerment after a breakup with her unique combo of vulnerability and sass."
Jonathan Keefe of "Slant" thought that the song is "tailor-made for radio play" and that "the chilly electro-pop that Greg Kurstin brings to the verses, suggests a top forty version of Robyn's "Call Your Girlfriend" (2010).
On March 5, 2013 "Billboard" ranked the song number 2 in its list of "Top 100 American Idol Hits of All Time".
In March 2013, the song became the runner-up in an online poll "March Madness" voted by people, losing to "Scream & Shout".
Chris Willman of Reuters criticized the lyrics, commenting that "Never mind how tired that tune's titular phrase is.
For a laugh, look up the YouTube video in which some wag mashed together a medley of 30 different songs that already borrowed "That which does not kill me makes me stronger" as a lyrical hook."
Kevin Ritchie from Now Magazine emphasized that the lyrics are "about as clichéd as a mission statement can get, but it also makes for a solid pop song."
Robert Copsey of "Digital Spy" gave the song four stars out of five, writing "The message behind her song may already be a well-worn, almost cliched lesson, but as she continues to prove, there's little shame in coming out with the expected."
Article: Shrek
Section: Abstract

Question: Who were the producers of Shrek?

Shrek is a 2001 American computer-animated fantasy-comedy film produced by PDI/DreamWorks, released by DreamWorks Pictures, directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson, featuring the voices of Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, and John Lithgow.
It is loosely based on William Steig's 1990 fairy tale picture book "Shrek!
", and somewhat serves as a parody film, targeting other films adapted from numerous children's fantasies (mainly animated Disney films).
The film made notable use of popular music; the soundtrack includes music by Smash Mouth, Eels, Joan Jett, The Proclaimers, Jason Wade, Baha Men, and John Cale (covering Leonard Cohen).
The rights to the books were originally bought by Steven Spielberg in 1991, before the founding of DreamWorks, when he thought about making a traditionally animated film based on the book.
However, John H. Williams convinced him to bring the film to DreamWorks in 1994, the time the studio was founded, and the film was put quickly into active development by Jeffrey Katzenberg after the rights were bought by the studio in 1995.
"Shrek" originally cast Chris Farley to do the voice for the title character, recording about 80%–90% of his dialog.
After Farley died in 1997 before he could finish, Mike Myers was brought in to work for the character, who after his first recording decided to record his voice in a Scottish accent.
The film was also originally planned to be motion-captured, but after poor results, the studio decided to get PDI to help "Shrek" get its final computer-animated look.
Earning $484.4 million at the worldwide box office, the film was a critical and commercial success.
"Shrek" also received promotion from food chains such as Baskin-Robbins (promoting the film's DVD release) and Burger King.
It was acclaimed as an animated film worthy of adult interest, with many adult-oriented jokes and themes but a simple enough plot and humour to appeal to children.
"Shrek" won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.
The film was also nominated for six British Academy of Film and Television Arts awards, including the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Eddie Murphy for his voice-over performance as Donkey, and won the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.
The film's main (and title) character was awarded his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in May 2010.
"Shrek" established DreamWorks Animation as a prime competitor to Pixar in the field of feature film animation, particularly in computer animation.
The film's success prompted DreamWorks to create three sequels, "Shrek 2", "Shrek the Third", and "Shrek Forever After", two holiday specials, "Shrek the Halls" and "Scared Shrekless", and a spin-off film, "Puss in Boots".
A fifth film, planned as the last of the series, was cancelled in 2009 with the announcement that the fourth film would conclude the series.
The film's success also inspired other merchandise, such as video games, a stage musical and even a comic book by Dark Horse Comics.
Article: United Kingdom
Section: Climate

Question: What kind of climate can the United Kingdom be characterized as having?

The United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round.
The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below or rising above .
The prevailing wind is from the south-west and bears frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean, although the eastern parts are mostly sheltered from this wind since the majority of the rain falls over the western regions the eastern parts are therefore the driest.
Atlantic currents, warmed by the Gulf Stream, bring mild winters; especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground.
Summers are warmest in the south-east of England, being closest to the European mainland, and coolest in the north.
Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground, and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills.
Article: Modern Family
Section: Ratings

Question: Among which age demographic was the series rated as the sixth highest in America in terms of scripted shows?

Since its premiere, the series has remained popular.
In its first season, the show became the sixth highest-rated scripted show in America among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, and the third-highest rated new show.
Aided by winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, the show's second season became the highest rated show on Wednesday on premiere week and also rose 34% from the previous season among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.
The show frequently ranked as television's top scripted series in adults 18–49 as well.
The success of the show has been positively compared to "The Cosby Show".
During the 2010–2011 season, "Modern Family" was the highest rated scripted show in the 18–49 demographic, and the third highest rated overall sitcom behind CBS's "The Big Bang Theory" and "Two and a Half Men".
The season also ranked first among DVR viewers.
The third season premiere became ABC's top-rated season premiere in six years.
The series' success in ratings has also led to the series being credited for reviving sitcoms.
Article: Finland
Section: Biodiversity

Question: What country is Taiga in?

Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom.
According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.
Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland.
On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region.
In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common.
Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna.
There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over seventy fish species and eleven reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago.
Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear (the national animal), gray wolf, wolverine and elk.
Three of the more striking birds are the Whooper Swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the European Eagle-owl.
The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.
The most common breeding birds are the Willow Warbler, Common Chaffinch and Redwing.
Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch and others are plentiful.
Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts.
The endangered Saimaa Ringed Seal, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 300 seals today.
It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.
Article: Table tennis
Section: Corkspin

Question: How do you have to swing a racket to spin the ball parallel to its trajectory?

This type of spin is almost exclusively employed in service, but it is also used from time to time in the lob at the professional level.
Unlike any of the aforementioned techniques, corkspin (sometimes referred to as "drill-spin") features a unique situation in which the axis of spin is more or less parallel to the trajectory of the ball.
This means that the Magnus effect will have little to no effect on the trajectory of a cork-spun ball.
Upon bouncing, the ball will dart right or left, depending on the direction of the spin, making it very difficult to return.
Although in theory this type of spin produces the most obnoxious effects, it is not as strategically practical as sidespin or backspin in terms of the limitations that it imposes upon the opponent during their return.
Aside from the initial direction change when bouncing, provided that it does not exceed the reach of the opponent, a cork-spun ball is easily countered with topspin "or" backspin.
Similar to a backspin stroke, the corkspin stroke has a lower maximum velocity, simply due to the contact angle of the racket when producing the stroke.
To impart a spin on the ball which is parallel to its trajectory, the racket must be swung more or less perpendicular to the trajectory of the ball.
This greatly limits the amount of forward momentum that can be transferred to the ball by the racket.
Corkspin is almost always mixed with another variety of spin, as it is less effective and harder to produce on its own.
Article: Baseball
Section: Other personnel

Question: What are the responsibilities of the manager?

The manager, or head coach of a team, oversees the team's major strategic decisions, such as establishing the starting rotation, setting the lineup, or batting order, before each game, and making substitutions during games—in particular, bringing in relief pitchers.
Managers are typically assisted by two or more coaches; they may have specialized responsibilities, such as working with players on hitting, fielding, pitching, or strength and conditioning.
At most levels of organized play, two coaches are stationed on the field when the team is at bat: the first base coach and third base coach, occupying designated coaches' boxes just outside the foul lines, assist in the direction of baserunners when the ball is in play, and relay tactical signals from the manager to batters and runners during pauses in play.
In contrast to many other team sports, baseball managers and coaches generally wear their team's uniforms; coaches must be in uniform in order to be allowed on the playing field during a game.
Any baseball game involves one or more umpires, who make rulings on the outcome of each play.
At a minimum, one umpire will stand behind the catcher, to have a good view of the strike zone, and call balls and strikes.
Additional umpires may be stationed near the other bases, thus making it easier to judge plays such as attempted force outs and tag outs.
In Major League Baseball, four umpires are used for each game, one near each base.
In the playoffs, six umpires are used: one at each base and two in the outfield along the foul lines.
Article: Chocolate
Section: Manufacturers

Question: When was Cadbury acquired by Kraft?

Chocolate manufacturers produce a range of products from chocolate bars to fudge.
Large manufacturers of chocolate products include Cadbury (the world's largest confectionery manufacturer), Guylian, The Hershey Company, Lindt & Sprüngli, Mars, Incorporated, Milka, Neuhaus and Suchard.
Guylian is best known for its chocolate Sea Shells; Cadbury for its "Dairy Milk" and "Creme Egg".
The Hershey Company, largest chocolate manufacturer in North America, produces the "Hershey Bar" and "Hershey's Kisses".
Mars Incorporated, a large privately owned U.S. corporation, produces "Mars Bar", "Milky Way", "M&M's", "Twix" and "Snickers".
Lindt is known for its truffle balls and Gold Easter Bunnies.
Food conglomerates Nestlé SA and Kraft Foods both have chocolate brands.
Nestlé acquired Rowntree's in 1988 and now market chocolates under their own brand, including "Smarties" and "Kit Kat"; Kraft Foods through its 1990 acquisition of Jacobs Suchard, now own Milka and Suchard.
In February 2010, Kraft also acquired British-based Cadbury.
; Fry's, Trebor Basset, the fair-trade brand Green & Black's also belong to the group.