community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Sinking of the RMS Titanic
Section: Inquiries

Question: At what point was the British inquiry over?

In the aftermath of the sinking, public inquiries were set up in Britain and the United States.
The US inquiry began on 19 April under the chairmanship of Senator William Alden Smith, while the British inquiry commenced in London under Lord Mersey on 2 May 1912.
They reached broadly similar conclusions: the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate; Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings; the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed; and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a danger area at too high a speed.
Captain Lord of the "Californian" was strongly criticised by both inquiries for failing to render assistance to "Titanic".
However neither inquiry found negligence by IMM or the White Star Line as a factor.
The US inquiry concluded that those involved had merely followed standard practice, and the disaster could thus only be categorised as an "act of God", and the British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long-standing practice which had not previously been shown to be unsafe (the inquiry noted that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 10 lives) and concluded that he had done "only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position."
The British inquiry also warned that "What was a mistake in the case of the "Titanic" would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future.
"The disaster led to major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures, such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided, that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that radio equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock.
An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic, and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS); both measures are still in force today.
Article: Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Section: Estonia – the first demonstrations

Question: What were the colors of the historic Estonian flag?

In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia.
Signatures were collected and in Tartu, students assembled in the university's main hall to express their lack of confidence in the government.
At the 1st May 1987 demonstration, young people showed up bearing banners and slogans, despite a ban against such actions.
On 15 August 1987, former political prisoners formed the MRP-AEG group (Estonians for the Public Disclosure of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), which was headed by Tiit Madisson.
In September 1987, the Edasi newspaper published a proposal by Edgar Savisaar, Siim Kallas, Tiit Made and Mikk Titma calling for Estonia to make the transition to autonomy.
Initially geared toward economic independence, then toward a certain amount of political autonomy, the project, Isemajandav Eesti (A Self-Managing Estonia) became known according to its Estonian acronym, IME, which means "miracle".
On 21 October, a demonstration dedicated to those who gave their lives in the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence took place in Võru, which culminated in a conflict with the militia.
For the first time in years, the blue, black and white national tricolor was publicly visible.
Article: Nordic combined
Section: Team

Question: In what decade did the Nordic combined event debut?

The team event consists of four skiers starting from the ski jump with one jump each, then moving onward to cross-country skiing in a 4 x 5 km relay.
The Gundersen point total for this as of 2008 has been 1 point equals 1.33 seconds or 45 points per minute.
It is a pursuit start similar to the individual events.
When the event debuted in the 1980s, the event was a 3 x 10 km team event, but that changed following Japan's successes at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1993 in Falun and the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer where the country won by almost four minutes and almost five minutes respectively.
The event became a 4 x 5 km team at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995 in Thunder Bay, Ontario where it remained; however, in the 2012-13 season, a 2 x 7.5 km team event has been introduced, in which 2-man teams complete one jump each and then a series of 1.5 km legs of cross-country skiing are run: thus far, it has led to some close finishes.
Article: Battle of Hastings
Section: Dispositions of forces and tactics

Question: What methods did Duke William use to form his forces and why?

Most recent historians conclude that Harold's forces deployed in a small, dense formation around the top of Caldbec Hill, with their flanks protected by woods and a stream and marshy ground in front of them.
Lawson points out the possibility that the English line was a bit longer and extended enough to anchor on one of the streams nearby.
The English formed a shield wall, with the front ranks holding their shields close together or even overlapping to provide protection from attack.
More is known about the Norman deployment.
Duke William appears to have arranged his forces in three groups, or "battles", which roughly corresponded to their origins.
The left units were the Bretons, along with those from Anjou, Poitou and Maine.
This division was led by Alan the Red, a relative of the Breton count.
The centre was held by the Normans, under the direct command of the duke and with many of his relatives and kinsmen grouped around the ducal party.
The final division on the right consisted of the Frenchmen, along with some men from Picardy, Boulogne, and Flanders.
The right was commanded by William fitzOsbern and Count Eustace II of Boulogne.
The front lines were archers with a line of foot soldiers armed with spears behind.
There were probably a few crossbowmen and slingers in with the archers.
The cavalry was held in reserve, and a small group of clergymen and servants situated at the base of Telham Hill was not expected to take part in the fighting.
William's disposition of his forces implies that he planned to open the battle with archers in the front rank weakening the enemy with arrows, followed by infantry who would engage in close combat.
The infantry would create openings in the English lines that could be exploited by a cavalry charge to break through the English forces and pursue the fleeing soldiers.
Article: Track and field
Section: Multi-sport events

Question: In which  time period  did  track and field begin following an Olympic style model?

Mirroring the role that track and field events have at the Summer Olympics and Paralympics, the sport is featured within the athletics programmes of many major multi-sport events.
Among some of the first of these events to follow the Olympic-style model were the World University Games in 1923, the Commonwealth Games in 1930, and the Maccabiah Games in 1932.
The number of major multi-sport events greatly increased during the 20th century and thus did the number of track and field events held within them.
Typically, track and field events are hosted at the main stadium of the games.
After the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the most prominent events for track and field athletes include the three IOC-sanctioned continental games: the All-Africa Games, Asian Games, and the Pan American Games.
Other games such as the Commonwealth Games and Summer Universiade, and World Masters Games have significant participation from track and field athletes.
Track and field is also present at the national games level, with competitions such as the Chinese National Games serving as the most prestigious national competition for domestic track and field athletes.
Article: Basketball
Section: Abstract

Question: What are the rules of basketball?

Basketball is a sport played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court.
The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop in diameter and high mounted to a backboard at each end.
Basketball is one of the world's most popular and widely viewed sports.
A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket during regular play.
A field goal scores two points for the shooting team if a player is touching or closer to the basket than the three-point line, and three points (known commonly as a "3 pointer" or "three") if the player is behind the three-point line.
The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time (overtime) may be issued when the game ends with a draw.
The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it while walking or running or throwing it to a team mate.
It is a violation to move without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling.
Violations are called "fouls".
A personal foul is penalized, and a free throw is usually awarded to an offensive player if he is fouled while shooting the ball.
A technical foul may also be issued when certain infractions occur, most commonly for unsportsmanlike conduct on the part of a player or coach.
A technical foul gives the opposing team a free throw, and the opposing team also retains possession of the ball.
As well as many techniques for shooting, passing, dribbling and rebounding, basketball has specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures (player positioning).
Typically, the tallest members of a team will play "center", "power forward" or "small forward" positions, while shorter players or those who possess the best ball handling skills and speed play "point guard" or "shooting guard".
Article: Human swimming
Section: Lessons

Question: At what age do children receive intensive daily lessons if they can't swim?

Children generally do not swim independently until 4 years of age.
In Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Finland, the curriculum for the fifth grade (fourth grade in Estonia) states that all children should learn how to swim as well as how to handle emergencies near water.
Most commonly, children are expected to be able to swim – of which at least on their back – after first falling into deep water and getting their head under water.
Even though about 95 percent of Swedish school children know how to swim, drowning remains the third most common cause of death among children.
In both the Netherlands and Belgium swimming lessons under school time ("schoolzwemmen", school swimming) are supported by the government.
Most schools provide swimming lessons.
There is a long tradition of swimming lessons in the Netherlands and Belgium, the Dutch translation for the breaststroke swimming style is even "schoolslag" (schoolstroke).
The children learn a variant of the breaststroke, which is technically not entirely correct.
In France, swimming is a compulsory part of the curriculum for primary schools.
Children usually spend one semester per year learning swimming during CE1/CE2/CM1 (2nd, 3rd and 4th grade).
In many places, swimming lessons are provided by local swimming pools, both those run by the local authority and by private leisure companies.
Many schools also include swimming lessons into their Physical Education curricula, provided either in the schools' own pool, or in the nearest public pool.
In the UK, the "Top-ups scheme" calls for school children who cannot swim by the age of 11 to receive intensive daily lessons.
These children who have not reached Great Britain's National Curriculum standard of swimming 25 metres by the time they leave primary school will be given a half-hour lesson every day for two weeks during term-time.
In Canada and Mexico there has been a call for swimming to be included in the public school curriculum.
In USA there is the Infant Swimming Resource (ISR) initiative that provides lessons for infant children, to cope with emergency situation when they have fallen into water.
They are learned how to roll-back-to-float (hold their breath underwater, to roll onto their back, to float unassisted, rest and breathe until help arrives).
Article: Mongolia
Section: Media

Question: The Mongolian press began in which year?

Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the Soviet Union under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of the "Unen" ("Truth") newspaper similar to the Soviet "Pravda".
Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media was allowed.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the one-party state grew into a multi-party democracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront.
A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on August 28, 1998 and enacted on January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms.
The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets.
Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government debating a new Freedom of Information Act, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.
Market reforms have led to an increasing number of people working in the media year on year, along with students at journalism schools.
In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report, Reporters Without Borders classified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free.
Article: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Section: Second gunman theory

Question: How many shots did the acoustic experts claim were fired during the Kennedy assassination?

The location of Kennedy's wounds suggested that his assailant had stood behind him, but some witnesses said that Sirhan faced west as Kennedy moved through the pantry facing east.
This has led to the suggestion that a second gunman actually fired the fatal shot, a possibility supported by coroner Thomas Noguchi who stated that the fatal shot was behind Kennedy's right ear and had been fired at a distance of approximately one inch.
Other witnesses, though, said that as Sirhan approached, Kennedy was turning to his left shaking hands, facing north and so exposing his right side.
As recently as 2008, eyewitness John Pilger asserted his belief that there must have been a second gunman.
During a re-examination of the case in 1975, the Los Angeles Superior Court ordered expert examination of the possibility of a second gun having been used, and the conclusion of the experts was that there was little or no evidence to support this theory.
In 2007, analysis of an audio tape recording of the shooting made by freelance reporter Stanislaw Pruszynski appeared to indicate, according to forensic expert Philip Van Praag, that thirteen shots were fired, even though Sirhan's gun held only eight rounds.
Van Praag states that the recording also reveals at least two cases where the timing between shots was shorter than physically possible.
The presence of more than eight shots on the tape was corroborated by forensic audio specialists Wes Dooley and Paul Pegas of Audio Engineering Associates in Pasadena, California, forensic audio and ballistics expert Eddy B. Brixen in Copenhagen, Denmark, and audio specialist Phil Spencer Whitehead of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia.
Some other acoustic experts, however, have stated that no more than eight shots were recorded on the audio tape.
On February 22, 2012, Sirhan's lawyers, William Pepper and Laurie Dusek, filed a court brief in U.S. District Court in Los Angeles claiming that a second gunman fired the shots that killed Kennedy.
It was the fourth and final in a series of federal briefs filed under the writ of habeas corpus by Pepper and Dusek beginning in October 2010.
A ruling is now pending in the Sirhan federal case.
Article: Wake Me Up When September Ends
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the UK sales of the song Wake Me Up When September Ends?

"Wake Me Up When September Ends" is a song by American rock band Green Day.
It was released in June 2005 as the fourth single from their seventh album, "American Idiot".
The song deals with the death of lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong's father, who died when Armstrong was a child.
The single peaked at number six in the United States, becoming Green Day's third Top 10 single.
It also peaked at #8 in Canada and the UK, while making #13 in Australia.
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" had sold 1,652,000 copies as of May 2010, and was the second highest selling single in the U.S. from "American Idiot", behind only the multi-platinum "Boulevard of Broken Dreams".
The song ended the streak of Green Day's three consecutive #1 hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart (American Idiot, Boulevard of Broken Dreams and Holiday), but it hit #2 on the chart almost hitting #1 by Gorillaz Feel Good Inc..
The song also hit #2 on the Adult Top 40 and #4 on the Mainstream Top 40.
This was the band's most successful song to the adult contemporary market, hitting #13 on its own chart and their only song to chart other than "Boulevard of Broken Dreams".
The song is certified Silver in the United Kingdom for sales of 200,000
Article: Kung Fu Panda
Section: Television series

Question: Is there a Kung Fu Panda TV series?

A television series titled "Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness" is airing on Nickelodeon since its premiere on November 7, 2011.
From the cast of "Kung Fu Panda", only Lucy Liu and James Hong are reprising their roles of Master Viper and Mr. Ping.
In the series, Po continues to defend the Valley of Peace from all kinds of villains, while making mistakes, learning about the history of kung fu, and meeting other kung fu masters.
Article: Viva la Vida
Section: Critical response

Question: On "Village Voice"'s Pazz and Jop list, which song appeared at number 8?

Critical response.
Critics were very positive in their reviews of the song.
In the "Entertainment Weekly" review of the album, critic Chris Willman wrote: "Take the title track ... on which imagines himself as a paranoid monarch.
'Who would ever want to be king?'
Martin asks.
'Revolutionaries wait/For my head on a silver plate!'.
The confident majesty of the music, however, belies how he and his bandmates have invigorated their rock-lite reign."
Josh Hathaway from "The Plain Dealer" noted "Viva la Vida" as the "catchiest" song on the album.
Chris Jones of the BBC noted: "The string/brass mutations that bolster a track like 'Viva La Vida' ... conjure tunes so sweetly melancholy."
In the IGN review, critic Chad Grischow wrote, "It is their one and only foray into unabashed orchestral pop, but the punchy strut of the strings and fantastic marching vocals make it far too charming and lively to dislike, and even harder not to love.
""Viva la Vida" was nominated for "Record of the Year", and won "Song of the Year", and "Best Pop Performance by a Duo or a Group" at the 2009 Grammy Awards.
This song also won the Ivor Novello Award for "Best Selling British Single".
The song was included in "Rolling Stone"'s annual "100 Best Songs" of 2008 at number nine; it was also voted number two on "Rolling Stone"'s Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008.
"Viva la Vida" was also listed at number five on "Blender"'s 1001 Downloads: The Top 144 Songs of 2008, as well in the number eight position on "Village Voice"'s Pazz and Jop list.
"Viva la Vida" has been sampled in several other songs including Flo Rida's single "Be on You".
Article: The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)
Section: Reception and expurgation

Question: Was Michelangelo's "The Last Judgement" ever considered objectionable?

"The Last Judgment" was an object of a heavy dispute between critics within the Catholic Counter-Reformation and those who appreciated the genius of the artist and the Mannerist style of the painting.
Michelangelo was accused of being insensitive to proper decorum, and of flaunting personal style over appropriate depictions of content.
A few years after the fresco was completed, the decrees of the Council of Trent urged a tightening-up of church control of "unusual" sacred images.
In response to certain accusers, when the Pope's own Master of Ceremonies Biagio da Cesena said of the painting "it was mostly disgraceful that in so sacred a place there should have been depicted all those nude figures, exposing themselves so shamefully," and that it was no work for a papal chapel but rather "for the public baths and taverns," Michelangelo worked Cesena's face into the scene as Minos, judge of the underworld (far bottom-right corner of the painting) with Donkey ears (i.e.
indicating foolishness), while his nudity is covered by a coiled snake.
It is said that when Cesena complained to the Pope, the pontiff joked that his jurisdiction did not extend to hell, so the portrait would have to remain.
The genitalia in the fresco, referred to as 'objectionable,' were painted over with drapery after Michelangelo died in 1564 by the Mannerist artist Daniele da Volterra, when the Council of Trent condemned nudity in religious art.
The Council's decree in part reads:
Article: Glee (TV series)
Section: Ratings

Question: Why were only twenty episodes accounted for in the season average during Glee's first season?

The pilot episode of "Glee" averaged 9.62 million viewers, and the following eleven episodes attained between 6.10 and 7.65 million.
The mid-season finale was watched by 8.13 million viewers, with the show returning in April 2010 to a season high of 13.66 million viewers.
The following six episodes attained between 11.49 and 12.98 million viewers, falling to 8.99 million for the penultimate episode "Funk".
Viewing figures rose to 11.07 million viewers for the season finale, giving "Glee" the highest finale rating for a new show in the 2009–10 television season.
Only the first twenty episodes of the first season were accounted for when calculating the season average due to the final two episodes airing outside the traditional sweeps period.
On February 6, 2011, after the Super Bowl, "Glee" received its highest ever ratings, with over 26.8 million tuning in to see the special episode, with a peak of 39.5 million.
In 2011, "Glee" generated $2 million advertising revenue per half hour.
In 2012, the show was the fourth-highest revenue earning show of the year, with US$2.83 million ad revenue per half hour, behind "Two and a Half Men", "The X Factor (U.S.)" and "American Idol".