community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Silver Linings Playbook
Section: Abstract

Question: What date was "Silver Linings Playbook" released in the US?

Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by David O. Russell, adapted from the novel "The Silver Linings Playbook" by Matthew Quick.
The film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence, with Robert De Niro, Jacki Weaver, Chris Tucker, Anupam Kher, and Julia Stiles in supporting roles.
Cooper plays Patrizio "Pat" Solatano, Jr., a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a psychiatric hospital and moves back in with his parents (De Niro and Weaver).
Determined to win back his estranged wife, Pat meets recently widowed Tiffany Maxwell (Lawrence).
She tells Pat that she will help him get his wife back if he enters a dance competition with her.
The two become closer as they train and Pat, his father, and Tiffany examine their relationships with each other as they cope with their issues.
"Silver Linings Playbook" premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2012, and was released in the United States on November 16, 2012.
The film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades.
It received eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay; it became the first film since 1981 (Warren Beatty's "Reds") to be Oscar-nominated for the four acting categories and the first since 2004 to be nominated for the Big Five Oscars, with Lawrence winning the Academy Award for Best Actress.
It also achieved four Golden Globe Award nominations, with Lawrence winning Best Actress; three BAFTA nominations, with Russell winning for Best Adapted Screenplay; four Screen Actors Guild nominations; and five Independent Spirit Award nominations, winning in four categories including Best Film.
The film was a blockbuster at the box office, grossing over $236 million worldwide, more than eleven times its budget.
Article: High Renaissance
Section: Painting

Question: What was the High Renaissance viewed as?

The High Renaissance was traditionally viewed as a great explosion of creative genius, following a model of art history first proposed by the Florentine Giorgio Vasari.
Even relatively minor painters of the period, such as Fra Bartolomeo and Mariotto Albertinelli, produced works that are still lauded for the harmony of their design and their technique.
The elongated proportions and exaggerated poses in the late works of Michelangelo, Andrea del Sarto and Correggio prefigure so-called Mannerism, as the style of the later Renaissance is referred to in art history.
The serene mood and luminous colours of paintings by Giorgione and early Titian exemplify High Renaissance style as practiced in Venice.
Other recognizable pieces of this period include Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" and Raphael's "The School of Athens".
Raphael's fresco, set beneath an arch, is a virtuoso work of perspective, composition and "disegno".
Article: Palace of Versailles
Section: The four building campaigns (1664–1710)

Question: Who was the architect that created the main modern design of the Palace of Vesailles?

The four building campaigns (1664–1710).
The first building campaign (1664–1668) commenced with the "Plaisirs de l'Île enchantée" (Pleasures of the Enchanted Island) of 1664, a fête that was held between 7 and 13 May 1664.
The campaign involved alterations in the château and gardens to accommodate the 600 guests invited to the party.
(Nolhac, 1899, 1901; Marie, 1968; Verlet, 1985).
The second building campaign (1669–1672) was inaugurated with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the War of Devolution.
During this campaign, the château began to assume some of the appearance that it has today.
The most important modification of the château was Le Vau's envelope of Louis XIII's hunting lodge.
(Nolhac, 1901; Marie, 1972; Verlet, 1985).
Significant to the design and construction of the "grands appartements" is that the rooms of both apartments are of the same configuration and dimensions – a hitherto unprecedented feature in French palace design.
Both the "grand appartement du roi" and the "grand appartement de la reine" formed a suite of seven enfilade rooms.
The decoration of the rooms, which was conducted under Le Brun's direction, depicted the "heroic actions of the king" and were represented in allegorical form by the actions of historical figures from the antique past (Alexander the Great, Augustus, Cyrus, etc.).
(Berger, 1986; Félibien, 1674; Verlet, 1985).
With the signing of the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678, which ended the Dutch War, the third building campaign at Versailles began (1678–1684).
Under the direction of the architect, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, the Palace of Versailles acquired much of the look that it has today.
In addition to the Hall of Mirrors, Hardouin-Mansart designed the north and south wings and the "Orangerie".
Le Brun was occupied not only with the interior decoration of the new additions of the palace, but also collaborated with Le Nôtre's in landscaping the palace gardens (Berger, 1985; Thompson, 2006; Verlet, 1985).
Soon after the defeat of the War of the League of Augsburg (1688–1697), Louis XIV undertook his last building campaign at Versailles.
The fourth building campaign (1699–1710) concentrated almost exclusively on construction of the royal chapel designed by Hardouin-Mansart and finished by Robert de Cotte.
There were also some modifications in the "appartement du roi", namely the construction of the "Salon de l'Œil de Bœuf" and the King's Bedchamber.
With the completion of the chapel in 1710, virtually all construction at Versailles ceased; building would not be resumed at Versailles until some twenty one years later during the reign of Louis XV (Nolhac, 1911; Marie, 1976, 1984; Verlet, 1985).
Article: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
Section: Acquisition by the Art Institute of Chicago

Question: What was the name of Frederick Bartlett's second wife?

In 1923, Frederick Bartlett was appointed trustee of the Art Institute of Chicago.
He and second wife, Helen Birch Bartlett, loaned their collection of French Post-Impressionist and Modernist art to the museum.
It was Mrs. Bartlett who had an interest in French and avant-garde artists and influenced her husband's collecting tastes.
"Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" was purchased on the advice of the Art Institute of Chicago's curatorial staff in 1924.
In conceptual artist Don Celender's 1974–5 book "Observation and Scholarship Examination for Art Historians, Museum Directors, Artists, Dealers and Collectors", it is claimed that the Institute paid $24,000.00 for the work).
In 1958 the painting was loaned out for the only time – to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
On April 15, 1958, a fire there, which killed one person on the second floor of the museum, forced the evacuation of the painting which was on a floor above the fire in the Whitney Museum which adjoined MOMA at the time.
Article: Wakeboarding
Section: Fins and placement

Question: When do the fins activate?

The closer the fins are placed towards the centre of the wakeboard, the quicker and better the wakeboard releases from the wake.
The farther out towards the tip and tail they are placed, the longer the wakeboard will stay hooked into the wake and it won’t release as well.
Long based finsTheir effect is almost the same as a short fin with a long base because they have a similar amount of surface area.
Long-based fins release better, give the wakeboard a loose, snowboard-like feel when riding flat through the water, and they hold up better on rails and ramps.
Moulded finsThese are just big channels in the board that act like fins and hold up on rails and ramps.
Moulded fins are slippery, but most boards have a removable centre fin.
Multi-finned set-upsThese capture the maximum edge hold and aggressiveness into the wake and through the wake.
Canted side finsThese are fins that lean out on an angle.
These fins are not as active when the wakeboard is riding flat through the water, but the more the rider leans on edge, the more the wakeboard hooks up.
The inside fin digs while the outside lifts, creating leverage to help the wakeboard edge hard.
Great for 50-50 grinds, nose presses and tail presses.
Cupped side finsThey have the same effect as canted fins but add more of a push-pull effect.
The cupped fin allows for the use of a smaller fin but still gets the hold of a bigger fin due to the increased surface area of the cupped side of the fin.
These fins are very deceiving – they look small and loose but really aren’t.
No FinsSome riders prefer to ride finless, as some boards are specifically designed for cable parks or other uses, some uses of which can benefit from a finless design.
Article: United Arab Emirates
Section: Food

Question: In what UAE city is alcohol not served?

The traditional food of the Emirates has always been rice, fish, and meat.
The people of the United Arab Emirates have adopted most of their foods from other West and South Asian countries including India, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Oman.
Seafood has been the mainstay of the Emirati diet for centuries.
Meat and rice are other staple foods; lamb and mutton are the more favored meats, then goat and beef.
Popular beverages are coffee and tea, which can be supplemented with cardamom, saffron, or mint to give them a distinct flavor.
The cosmopolitan nature of the UAE means that food from every continent can be found here.
Fast food has become very popular among youth, to the extent that campaigns are underway to highlight the dangers of fast food excesses.
Muslims are prohibited from eating pork, so it is not included in Arab menus.
Hotels and other establishments frequently have pork substitutes such as beef sausages and veal rashers on their breakfast menus.
If pork is available, it is clearly labeled as such.
Unlike other Muslim countries, it is not against the law to bring pork products into the country for personal consumption.
Alcohol is generally only served in hotel restaurants and bars (but not in Sharjah).
All nightclubs and golf clubs are permitted to sell alcohol.
Specific supermarkets may sell alcohol, but these products are sold in separate sections.
Note that although alcohol may be consumed, it is illegal to be intoxicated in public or drive a motor vehicle with any trace of alcohol in the blood.
Etihad Airways and Emirates airlines, both owned by the UAE, serve alcohol on their beverage menus too.
Article: Republic of Ireland
Section: Healthcare

Question: What kind of fee might a person be forced to pay for certain health care received?

Although the Irish healthcare system comes under constant criticism from politicians and the public, Ireland has one of the most developed systems of healthcare in the world and healthcare professionals who are highly trained.
Healthcare in Ireland is provided by both public and private healthcare providers.
The Minister for Health has responsibility for setting overall health service policy.
Every resident of Ireland is entitled to receive health care through the public health care system, which is managed by the Health Service Executive and funded by general taxation.
A person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received; this depends on income, age, illness or disability.
All maternity services are provided free of charge and children up to the age of 6 months.
Emergency care is provided to patients who present to a hospital Emergency Department.
However, visitors to Emergency Departments in non-emergency situations who are not referred by their GP may incur a fee of €100.
In some circumstances this fee is not payable or may be waived.
Anyone holding a European Health Insurance Card is entitled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals.
Outpatient services are also provided for free.
However, the majority of patients on median incomes or above are required to pay subsidised hospital charges.
Private health insurance is available to the population for those who want to avail of it.
The average life expectancy in Ireland in 2012 is 81 years (OECD average life expectancy in 2012 was 80 years), with 78.2 years for men and 83.6 years for women.
It has the highest birth rate in the EU (16.8 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to an EU average of 10.7) and a very low infant mortality rate (3.5 per 1,000 live births).
The Irish healthcare system ranked 13th out of 34 European countries in 2012 according to the European Health Consumer Index produced by Health Consumer Powerhouse.
The same report ranked The Irish healthcare system as having the 8th best health outcomes but only the 21st most accessible system in Europe.
Article: Last Supper
Section: Prediction of Judas' betrayal

Question: How was Jesus able to identify the person who was going to betray him?

In , , and during the meal, Jesus predicted that one of his Apostles would betray him.
Jesus is described as reiterating, despite each Apostle's assertion that he would not betray Jesus, that the betrayer would be one of those who were present, and saying that there would be "woe to the man who betrays the Son of man!
It would be better for him if he had not been born."
In and , Judas is specifically identified as the traitor.
In the Gospel of John, when asked about the traitor, Jesus states: “It is the one to whom I will give this piece of bread when I have dipped it in the dish.” Then, dipping the piece of bread, he gave it to Judas, the son of Simon Iscariot.
As soon as Judas took the bread, Satan entered into him."
Article: Yeast
Section: Nonalcoholic beverages

Question: Is rye an ingredient of Kvass?

Root beer and other sweet carbonated beverages can be produced using the same methods as beer, except the fermentation is stopped sooner, producing carbon dioxide, but only trace amounts of alcohol, and a significant amount of sugar is left in the drink.
"Kvass", a fermented drink made from rye, is popular in Eastern Europe; it has a recognizable, but low alcoholic content.
Yeast in symbiosis with acetic acid bacteria is used in the preparation of "kombucha", a fermented sweetened tea.
Species of yeasts found in the tea can vary, and may include: "Brettanomyces bruxellensis", "Candida stellata", "Schizosaccharomyces pombe", "Torulaspora delbrueckii" and "Zygosaccharomyces bailii".
"Kombucha" is a popular beverage in Eastern Europe and some former Soviet republics under the name "chajnyj grib" (Чайный гриб), which means "tea mushroom".
"Kefir" and "kumis" are made by fermenting milk with yeast and bacteria.
Article: Indonesia
Section: Foreign relations and military

Question: WHo is indonesia associated with?

In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to western powers and tensions with Malaysia, Indonesia's foreign relations since the Suharto "New Order" have been based on economic and political cooperation with Western nations.
Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbors in Asia, and is a founding member of ASEAN and the East Asia Summit.
The nation restored relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.
Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, and was a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation).
Indonesia is signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the Cairns Group, and the WTO, and has historically been a member of OPEC, although it withdrew in 2008 as it was no longer a net exporter of oil.
Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.
The Indonesian Government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant Islamism and Al-Qaeda.
The deadliest bombing killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002.
The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.
Indonesia's armed forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes marines), and Air Force (TNI–AU).
The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel.
Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.
One of the reforms following the 1998 resignation of Suharto was the removal of formal TNI representation in parliament; nevertheless, its political influence remains extensive.
Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.
Following a sporadic thirty-year guerrilla war between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.
In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Article: It Will Rain
Section: Track listing

Question: How long is the single It Will Rain?

;Digital download - single
 "It Will Rain" – 4:27
 "It Will Rain" (Music Video)
;German CD single
 "It Will Rain" – 4:17
 "A Thousand Years" (performed by Christina Perri) - 4:45
Article: Botany
Section: Plant hormones

Question: What does auxins mean in Greek?

Plants are not passive, but respond to external signals such as light, touch, and injury by moving or growing towards or away from the stimulus, as appropriate.
Tangible evidence of touch sensitivity is the almost instantaneous collapse of leaflets of "Mimosa pudica", the insect traps of Venus flytrap and bladderworts, and the pollinia of orchids.
The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by plant hormones or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century.
Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards light and gravity, and concluded "It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle .
.
acts like the brain of one of the lower animals .
.
directing the several movements".
About the same time, the role of auxins (from the Greek auxein, to grow) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the Dutch scientist Frits Went.
The first known auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which promotes cell growth, was only isolated from plants about 50 years later.
This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity.
The finding in 1939 that plant callus could be maintained in culture containing IAA, followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification.
Another class of phytohormones is the jasmonates, first isolated from the oil of "Jasminum grandiflorum" which regulates wound responses in plants by unblocking the expression of genes required in the systemic acquired resistance response to pathogen attack.
In addition to being the primary energy source for plants, light functions as a signalling device, providing information to the plant, such as how much sunlight the plant receives each day.
This can result in adaptive changes in a process known as photomorphogenesis.
Phytochromes are the photoreceptors in a plant that are sensitive to light.
Article: Seafood
Section: In religion

Question: What do restaurants put on the menu for Lent

For the most part Islamic dietary laws allow the eating of seafood, though the Hanbali forbid eels, the Shafi forbid frogs and crocodiles, and the Hanafi forbid bottom feeders such as shellfish and carp.
The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shellfish and eels.
According to the King James version of the bible, it is alright to eat finfish, but shellfish and eels are an abomination and should not be eaten.
Since early times, the Catholic church has forbidden the practice of eating meat, eggs and dairy products at certain times.
Thomas Aquinas argued that these "afford greater pleasure as food fish, and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust."
In the United States, the Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays has popularized the Friday fish fry, and parishes often sponsor a fish fry during Lent.
In predominantly Roman Catholic areas, restaurants may adjust their menus during Lent by adding seafood items to the menu.
Article: Battle of Moscow
Section: Casualties

Question: How many people were killed in the Battle of Moscow?

Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates.
Not all historians agree on what should be considered the "Battle of Moscow" in the timeline of World War II.
While the start of the battle is usually regarded as the beginning of Operation "Typhoon" on 30 September 1941 (or sometimes on 2 October 1941), there are two different dates for the end of the offensive.
In particular, some sources (such as Erickson and Glantz) exclude the Rzhev offensive from the scope of the battle, considering it as a distinct operation and making the Moscow offensive "stop" on 7 January 1942—thus lowering the number of casualties.
Other historians, who include the Rzhev and Vyazma operations in the scope of the battle (thus making the battle end in May 1942), give higher casualty numbers.
There are also significant differences in figures from various sources.
John Erickson, in his "Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies", gives a figure of 653,924 Soviet casualties between October 1941 and January 1942.
Glantz, in his book "When Titans Clashed", gives a figure of 658,279 for the defense phase alone, plus 370,955 for the winter counteroffensive until 7 January 1942.
The estimate of 400,000 German casualties by January 1942 reported in the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", published in 1973–1978, is clearly inflated.
A much more accurate estimate is provided in the "Moscow Encyclopedia", published in 1997; its authors, based on various sources, give a figure of 145,000 German and 900,000 Soviet casualties for the defensive phase, along with 103,000 German and 380,000 Soviet casualties for the counteroffensive until 7 January 1942.
Many of the Soviet casualties, however, consisted of captured men.
On the other hand, Wehrmacht daily casualty reports show 35,757 killed in action, 128,716 wounded, and 9,721 missing in action for the entire Army Group Center between 1 October 1941 and 10 January 1942.
Therefore, total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 174,000 and 248,000 for the "Wehrmacht" (Wehrmacht reports / Moscow encyclopedia estimate) and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army (Erickson / Moscow encyclopedia estimate).
Regardless of these disagreements, the Battle of Moscow is considered among the most lethal battles in world history.