community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Call Me Maybe
Section: Composition

Question: What is the vocal range of the song Call me Maybe?

Melody Lau of "Rolling Stone" wrote that "Call Me Maybe" is a "Taylor Swift meets Robyn" song.
Jon O'Brien of Allmusic stated that the songs of "Curiosity" recall the bubblegum pop era of Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera, and added that "Call Me Maybe" is a combination of teen pop and synthpop with "a chorus that just about straddles that fine line between sugary sweet and sickly."
Tiffany Lee of Yahoo!
Music deemed it as an instant summer hit, and added that "Call Me Maybe" has "a good beat, great melody and catchy lyrics; something you and your friends can belt out in the car while driving to the beach, a party, and pretty much anywhere."
Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" wrote that the song is "breezy and sweet, an eyelash-fluttering flirtation run hard through the Disney-pop model of digitized feelings and brusque, chipper arrangements.
"According to Musicnotes.com, "Call Me Maybe" is written in the key of G major with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute.
Jepsen's vocals span from G3 to C5, and the song follows a key progression of Cmaj7–G/D–Cmaj7–G/D.
Article: Counting Stars
Section: Music video

Question: What animal appears in counting star music video?

The music video was filmed on May 10, 2013, in New Orleans, Louisiana, and premiered on May 31, 2013.
The video features the band performing the song in a gloomy basement surrounded by hanging light bulbs – which is interspersed with scenes of several people in a Christian revival service.
At the end of the video, one of the people in the service falls through the floor, coming through the ceiling of the room the band is performing in.
The video also shows clips of an alligator crawling through the basement.
Article: Gravitational wave
Section: Astrophysics and gravitational waves

Question: How were observations originally made?

During the past century, astronomy has been revolutionized by the use of new methods for observing the universe.
Astronomical observations were originally made using visible light.
Galileo Galilei pioneered the use of telescopes to enhance these observations.
However, visible light is only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and not all objects in the distant universe shine strongly in this particular band.
More useful information may be found, for example, in radio wavelengths.
Using radio telescopes, astronomers have found pulsars, quasars, and other extreme objects that push the limits of our understanding of physics.
Observations in the microwave band have opened our eyes to the faint imprints of the Big Bang, a discovery Stephen Hawking called the "greatest discovery of the century, if not all time".
Similar advances in observations using gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, and infrared light have also brought new insights to astronomy.
As each of these regions of the spectrum has opened, new discoveries have been made that could not have been made otherwise.
Astronomers hope that the same holds true of gravitational waves.
Gravitational waves have two important and unique properties.
First, there is no need for any type of matter to be present nearby in order for the waves to be generated by a binary system of uncharged black holes, which would emit no electromagnetic radiation.
Second, gravitational waves can pass through any intervening matter without being scattered significantly.
Whereas light from distant stars may be blocked out by interstellar dust, for example, gravitational waves will pass through essentially unimpeded.
These two features allow gravitational waves to carry information about astronomical phenomena never before observed by humans.
The sources of gravitational waves described above are in the low-frequency end of the gravitational-wave spectrum (10−7 to 105 Hz).
An astrophysical source at the high-frequency end of the gravitational-wave spectrum (above 105 Hz and probably 1010 Hz) generates relic gravitational waves that are theorized to be faint imprints of the Big Bang like the cosmic microwave background (see gravitational wave background).
At these high frequencies it is potentially possible that the sources may be "man made" that is, gravitational waves generated and detected in the laboratory.
Article: United States
Section: Religion

Question: What state is the only one with a majority Catholid population/

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.
Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S., but other religions are followed, too.
In a 2013 survey, 56% of Americans said that religion played a "very important role in their lives", a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation.
In a 2009 Gallup poll 42% of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly; the figures ranged from a low of 23% in Vermont to a high of 63% in Mississippi.
According to a 2012 survey, 73% of adults identified themselves as Christian, down from 86.4% in 1990.
Protestant denominations accounted for 48%, while Roman Catholicism, at 22%, was the largest individual denomination.
The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2012 was 6%, up from 4% in 2007.
Other religions include Judaism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%), Islam (0.6%), Hinduism (0.4%), and Unitarian Universalism (0.3%).
The survey also reported that 19.6% of Americans described themselves as agnostic, atheist or simply having no religion, up from 8.2% in 1990.
There are also Baha'i, Sikh, Jain, Shinto, Confucian, Taoist, Druid, Native American, Wiccan, humanist and deist communities.
Protestantism is the largest group of religions in the United States, with Baptists being the largest Protestant sect, and the Southern Baptist Convention being the largest Protestant denomination in the U.S. Roman Catholicism in the U.S. has its origin in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas, and later grew due to Irish, Italian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration.
Rhode Island is the only state where the majority of the population is Catholic.
Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe.
North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran.
Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population.
Mormonism is also relatively common in parts of Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming.
The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average.
By contrast, religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States.
As with other Western countries, the U.S. is becoming less religious.
Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30.
Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion is declining, and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious.
Article: Thermodynamics
Section: Potentials

Question: In what way are potentials used?

Thermodynamic potentials are different quantitative measures of the stored energy in a system.
Potentials are used to measure energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state.
The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure.
For example, the Helmholtz and Gibbs energies are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively.
The five most well known potentials are:where formula_1 is the temperature, formula_2 the entropy, formula_3 the pressure, formula_4 the volume, formula_5 the chemical potential, formula_6 the number of particles in the system, and formula_7 is the count of particles types in the system.
Thermodynamic potentials can be derived from the energy balance equation applied to a thermodynamic system.
Other thermodynamic potentials can also be obtained through Legendre transformation.
Article: Tokyo Disneyland
Section: Future of Disneyland Tokyo

Question: What steps is Japan taking to merge their cultural identity with Disneyland?

Since the park opened in 1983, Disney Tokyo has regularly been the most profitable Disney Resort.
By 1994, over 140 million people had entered through the gates of Tokyo Disneyland (the population of Japan is only 127.6 million) and the popularity has only increased.
Just two years later, it employed 12,390 people, marking Disneyland Tokyo as the biggest workplace in Japan’s diversionary outings.
Though the attendance is similar to that of other Japanese theme parks, the revenue produced by Tokyo Disney is larger than all other national theme parks combined, thus greatly profiting the Japanese economy.
Many speculate that Disney Tokyo is such an economic success due to timing and location; the theme park lies in a metropolitan area with a population of 30 million and opened at the height of a booming economy where hard-working citizens desired a fun escape from reality.
One of the main goals of Tokyo Japan is to ever improve the park and grow away from the restrictions of American Disney.
Recently Japan has been merging their national identity with the Disneyland Park by adding attractions with distinctly Japanese qualities.
Cinderella Castle displays the classic Disney character and story plot yet presents the story through the eyes of the Japanese.
Meet the World, located in World Bazaar, shows true national identity and pride as it embodies Japanese history; instead of classic Disney characters, Meet the world characters wear the traditional Japanese Kimono.
Once nominated by Disney Legends, Masatomo Takahashi, the former president of The Oriental Land Company, states this growth and development as one as their primary goals: “We must not just repeat what we receive from Disney.
I am convinced that we must contribute to the cultural exchange between Japan and U.S.A."
Article: Handball
Section: International body

Question: Whem will the IHF host the Women's World Championship?

The International Handball Federation (IHF) is the administrative and controlling body for international handball.
The federation organizes world championships, held in uneven years, with separate competitions for men and women.
The IHF World Men's Handball Championship 2009 and 2011 title holders were France; the 2013 title holders are Spain.
The IHF World Women's Handball Championship 2009 title holders were Russia; the IHF 2011 Women’s World Championship title holders are Norway.
The IHF 2013 Women’s World Championship will be hosted in Serbia, December 6–22.
The IHF is composed of five continental federations which organize continental championships held every other second year.
In addition to these competitions between national teams, the federations arrange international tournaments between club teams.
The federations and their corresponding tournaments and members are summarize in the following table:Handball is an Olympic sport played during the Summer Olympics.
It is also played during the Pan American Games, All-Africa Games, and Asian Games.
It is also played on Mediterranean games.
Article: Global warming
Section: Solar activity

Question: Is global warming due to the sun, according to satellite data?

Since 1978, output from the Sun has been precisely measured by satellites.
These measurements indicate that the Sun's output has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be attributed to an increase in solar energy reaching the Earth.
Climate models have been used to examine the role of the sun in recent climate change.
Models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in solar output and volcanic activity.
Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.
Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.
Models and observations show that greenhouse warming results in warming of the lower atmosphere (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).
Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants has also resulted in a strong cooling effect in the stratosphere.
If the sun were responsible for observed warming, warming of both the troposphere and stratosphere would be expected.
Article: Orange Is the New Black
Section: Main cast

Question: What is the name of the actor who played Sam Healy in the show "Orange is the New Black?"

 Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman: Piper is a bisexual woman who is sent to prison for carrying drug money for her former girlfriend Alex 10 years ago.
Piper navigates the stresses it creates in her life and with her fiancé Larry.
While in prison, Piper tries to understand and find her place in the hierarchy and re-examines her relationship with Alex, who is also an inmate.
 Laura Prepon as Alex Vause: Alex is Piper's ex-girlfriend, who is serving time in the same prison.
While growing up in a low socioeconomic class, with a mother working four jobs and a washed-up rock star as a father, Alex was constantly bullied.
She eventually wound up working for an international drug cartel.
Upon reuniting with Piper in prison, the two re-examine their relationship.
Prepon auditioned for the role of Piper, and Jenji Kohan praised her, saying her audition set the bar, and Kohan asked her to read for the role of Alex.
 Michael J. Harney as Sam Healy: Healy is a correctional officer and social worker.
He claims to understand Piper, although he acts passive-aggressively towards her.
He is married to a Ukrainian immigrant who has two years left until she gets her green card.
 Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette: Piper's cellmate who is very strict and feared by the inmates.
Miss Claudette ran an illegal immigration and child-labor cleaning service; the very one she herself had worked in when she came to the United States as a child to pay off her parents' debt.
 Kate Mulgrew as Galina "Red" Reznikov: Red runs the prison's kitchen as its Master Chef.
She owned a restaurant with her husband and worked with the Russian mob.
Red is the go-to woman in the prison and runs her racket behind the scenes.
She is seen as a mother figure for a group of women, some of whom are former drug users.
 Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom: A struggling writer trying to climb the journalism ladder, Larry finds out his fiancée Piper has to go to prison.
Larry initially believes their relationship can make it through Piper's sentence.
Article: Global warming
Section: Political discussion

Question: In what year was the Framework Convention agreed?

Discourse about global warming.
Political discussion.
Most countries are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The ultimate objective of the Convention is to prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system.
As is stated in the Convention, this requires that GHG concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.
The Framework Convention was agreed in 1992, but since then, global emissions have risen.
During negotiations, the G77 (a lobbying group in the United Nations representing 133 developing nations) pushed for a mandate requiring developed countries to " the lead" in reducing their emissions.
This was justified on the basis that: the developed world's emissions had contributed most to the stock of GHGs in the atmosphere; per-capita emissions (i.e., emissions per head of population) were still relatively low in developing countries; and the emissions of developing countries would grow to meet their development needs.
This mandate was sustained in the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention, which entered into legal effect in 2005.
In ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, most developed countries accepted legally binding commitments to limit their emissions.
These first-round commitments expired in 2012.US President George W. Bush rejected the treaty on the basis that "it exempts 80% of the world, including major population centers such as China and India, from compliance, and would cause serious harm to the US economy.
"At the 15th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, held in 2009 at Copenhagen, several UNFCCC Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord.
Parties associated with the Accord (140 countries, as of November 2010)aim to limit the future increase in global mean temperature to below .
A preliminary assessment published in November 2010 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) suggests a possible "emissions gap" between the voluntary pledges made in the Accord and the emissions cuts necessary to have a "likely" (greater than 66% probability) chance of meeting the objective.
The UNEP assessment takes the objective as being measured against the pre-industrial global mean temperature level.
To having a likely chance of meeting the objective, assessed studies generally indicated the need for global emissions to peak before 2020, with substantial declines in emissions thereafter.
The 16th Conference of the Parties (COP16) was held at Cancún in 2010.
It produced an agreement, not a binding treaty, that the Parties should take urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to meet a goal of limiting global warming to above pre-industrial temperatures.
It also recognized the need to consider strengthening the goal to a global average rise of .
Article: Physics
Section: Modern physics

Question: Whose theories corrected Maxwell's equation of electromagnetism discrepency?

Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
Both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations.
Classical mechanics predicted a varying speed of light, which could not be resolved with the constant speed predicted by Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism; this discrepancy was corrected by Einstein's theory of special relativity, which replaced classical mechanics for fast-moving bodies and allowed for a constant speed of light.
Black body radiation provided another problem for classical physics, which was corrected when Planck proposed that light comes in individual packets known as photons; this, along with the photoelectric effect and a complete theory predicting discrete energy levels of electron orbitals, led to the theory of quantum mechanics taking over from classical physics at very small scales.
Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Dirac.
From this early work, and work in related fields, the Standard Model of particle physics was derived.
Following the discovery of a particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson at CERN in 2012, all fundamental particles predicted by the standard model, and no others, appear to exist; however physics beyond the Standard Model, with theories such as supersymmetry, is an active area of research.
Article: Disneyland
Section: Tickets

Question: When did Disney end individual ride tickets and adopt the single admission price?

From Disneyland's opening day until 1982, the price of the attractions was in addition to the price of park admission.
Guests paid a small admission fee to get into the park, but admission to most of the rides and attractions required guests to purchase tickets, either individually or in a book, that consisted of several coupons, initially labeled "A" through "C".
"A" coupons allowed admission to the smaller rides and attractions such as the vehicles on Main Street, whereas "C" coupons were used for the most common attractions like the Peter Pan ride, or the Tea Cups.
As more thrilling rides were introduced, such as the Monorail or the Matterhorn bobsled, "D" and then eventually "E" coupons were introduced.
Coupons could be combined to equal the equivalent of another ticket (e.g.
two "A" tickets equal one "B" ticket).
From the thrill ride experience at Disneyland, the colloquial expression "an E ticket ride" is used to describe any exceptionally thrilling experience.
Disneyland later featured a "Keys to the Kingdom" booklet of tickets, which consisted of 10 unvalued coupons sold for a single flat rate.
These coupons could be used for any attraction regardless of its regular value.
In 1982, Disney dropped the idea for individual ride tickets to a single admission price with unlimited access to all attractions, "except shooting galleries".
While this idea was not original to Disney, its business advantages were obvious: in addition to guaranteeing that everyone paid a large sum even if they stayed for only a few hours and rode only a few rides, the park no longer had to print tickets or ticket books, staff ticket booths, or provide staff to collect tickets or monitor attractions for people sneaking on without tickets.
Later, Disney introduced other entry options such as multi-day passes, Annual Passes (which allow unlimited entry to the Park for an annual fee), and Southern California residents' discounts.