community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Manhattan Project
Section: Ore

Question: In 1940, where was the richest source of uranium?

The key raw material for the project was uranium, which was used as fuel for the reactors, as feed that was transformed into plutonium, and, in its enriched form, in the atomic bomb itself.
There were four known major deposits of uranium in 1940: in Colorado, in northern Canada, in Joachimstal in Czechoslovakia, and in the Belgian Congo.
All but Joachimstal were in allied hands.
A November 1942 survey determined that sufficient quantities of uranium were available to satisfy the project's requirements.
Nichols arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated for the purchase of of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island and the remaining stocks of mined ore stored in the Congo.
He negotiated with Eldorado Gold Mines for the purchase of ore from its mine in Port Hope, Ontario, and its shipment in 100-ton lots.
The Canadian government subsequently bought up the company's stock until it acquired a controlling interest.
While these purchases assured a sufficient supply to meet wartime needs, the American and British leaders concluded that it was in their countries' interest to gain control of as much of the world's uranium deposits as possible.
The richest source of ore was the Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo, but it was flooded and closed.
Nichols unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate its reopening and the sale of the entire future output to the United States with Edgar Sengier, the director of the company that owned the mine, Union Minière du Haut Katanga.
The matter was then taken up by the Combined Policy Committee.
As 30 percent of Union Minière's stock was controlled by British interests, the British took the lead in negotiations.
Sir John Anderson and Ambassador John Winant hammered out a deal with Sengier and the Belgian government in May 1944 for the mine to be reopened and of ore to be purchased at $1.45 a pound.
To avoid dependence on the British and Canadians for ore, Groves also arranged for the purchase of US Vanadium Corporation's stockpile in Uravan, Colorado.
Uranium mining in Colorado yielded about of ore. Mallinckrodt Incorporated in St. Louis, Missouri, took the raw ore and dissolved it in nitric acid to produce uranyl nitrate.
Ether was then added in a liquid–liquid extraction process to separate the impurities from the uranyl nitrate.
This was then heated to form uranium trioxide, which was reduced to highly pure uranium dioxide.
By July 1942, Mallinckrodt was producing a ton of highly pure oxide a day, but turning this into uranium metal initially proved more difficult for contractors Westinghouse and Metal Hydrides.
Production was too slow and quality was unacceptably low.
A special branch of the Metallurgical Laboratory was established at Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa, under Frank Spedding to investigate alternatives, and its Ames process became available in 1943.
Article: Spain
Section: Property boom and bust

Question: In what year did the bubble burst?

The adoption of the Euro saw a marked reduction in interest rates to historic lows.
The growth in the Spanish property market, which had begun in 1997, accelerated and within a few years had developed into a property bubble, financed largely by the cajas (regional savings banks under the oversight of the regional governments) and fed by the historically low interest rates and a massive growth of immigration.
The Spanish economy was credited for having avoided the virtual zero growth rate of some of its largest partners in the EU.
The country's economy created more than half of all the new jobs in the European Union over the five years ending 2005.
The bubble imploded in 2008, causing the collapse of Spain's large property related and construction sectors, causing mass layoffs, and a collapsing domestic demand for goods and services.
By the end of May 2009, unemployment reached 18.7% (37% for youths).
At first, Spain's banks and financial services avoided the early crisis of their counterparts in the US and UK.
This was particularly the case with Spain's international banks, Banco Santander and BBVA, that had diversified, international portfolios and had actively limited their exposure to housing mortgage risk.
Banco Santander was able to profit from the global financial crisis by taking over distressed British banking firms.
However, as the recession deepened and property prices slid, the growing bad debts of the smaller regional savings banks, the cajas, forced the intervention of Spain's central bank and government through a stabilisation and consolidation program, taking over or consolidating regional cajas and finally receiving a bank bailout from the European Central Bank in 2012.
Article: RNA
Section: In RNA processing

Question: How are snoRNAs guided to a spot on an RNA?

Many RNAs are involved in modifying other RNAs.
Introns are spliced out of pre-mRNA by spliceosomes, which contain several small nuclear RNAs (snRNA), or the introns can be ribozymes that are spliced by themselves.RNA can also be altered by having its nucleotides modified to other nucleotides than A, C, G and U.
In eukaryotes, modifications of RNA nucleotides are in general directed by small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA; 60-300 nt), found in the nucleolus and cajal bodies.
snoRNAs associate with enzymes and guide them to a spot on an RNA by basepairing to that RNA.
These enzymes then perform the nucleotide modification.
rRNAs and tRNAs are extensively modified, but snRNAs and mRNAs can also be the target of base modification.
RNA can also be methylated.
Article: Aurora
Section: Solar wind and the magnetosphere

Question: What are typical values for speed, density and intensity for the solar wind?

The Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a rarefied flow of hot plasma (gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree heat of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona.
The solar wind usually reaches Earth with a velocity around 400 km/s, density around 5 ions/cm3 and magnetic field intensity around 2–5 nT (nanoteslas; Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT).
These are typical values.
During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger.
The IMF originates on the Sun, related to the field of sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind.
That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun skews them (at Earth) by about 45 degrees, so that field lines passing Earth may actually start near the western edge ("limb") of the visible Sun.
Earth's magnetosphere is formed by the impact of the solar wind on the Earth's magnetic field.
It forms an obstacle to the solar wind, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re), forming a bow shock 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream.
The width of the magnetosphere abreast of Earth, is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long "magnetotail" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re).
The magnetosphere is full of trapped plasma as the solar wind passes the Earth.
The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with increases in solar wind density and speed, with increase in the southward component of the IMF and with increases in turbulence in the solar wind flow.
The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is from the magnetotail toward the Earth, around the Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side.
In addition to moving perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travel down along the Earth's magnetic field lines and lose energy to the atmosphere in the auroral zones.
Magnetospheric electrons accelerated downward by field-aligned electric fields cause the bright aurora features.
The un-accelerated electrons and ions cause the dim glow of the diffuse aurora.
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: Electrolysis of water

Question: What describes the "overall reaction"?

Water can be converted to its component elemental gasses, H2 and O2 through the application of an external voltage.
Water doesn't decompose into hydrogen and oxygen spontaneously as the Gibbs free energy for the process at standard conditions is about 474.4 kJ.
The decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen can be performed in an electrolytic cell.
In it, a pair of inert electrodes usually made of platinum immersed in water act as anode and cathode in the electrolytic process.
The electrolysis starts with the application of an external voltage between the electrodes.
This process will not occur except at extremely high voltages without an electrolyte such as sodium chloride or sulfuric acid (most used 0.1 M).
Bubbles from the gases will be seen near both electrodes.
The following half reactions describe the process mentioned above:
"Anode (oxidation)": 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e–
"Cathode (reduction)": 2 H2O(g) + 2 e– → H2(g) + 2 OH–(aq)
"Overall reaction": 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
Although strong acids may be used in the apparatus, the reaction will not net consume the acid.
While this reaction will work at any conductive electrode at a sufficiently large potential, platinum catalyzes both hydrogen and oxygen formation, allowing for relatively mild voltages (~2 V depending on the pH).
Article: Pakistan
Section: Nuclear power

Question: Who is responsible for operating Pakistan's power plants?

As of 2012, nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by three licensed-commercial nuclear power plants.
Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to construct and operate civil nuclear power plants.
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), the scientific and nuclear governmental agency, is solely responsible for operating these power plants.
As of 2012, the electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly ~3.6% of electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel, ~33% from hydroelectric power and ~0.3% from coal.
Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states (along with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
The People's Republic of China has been a strong vocal and avid supporter of Pakistan's nuclear power generation programme from early on.
In 2005, both Pakistan government and the Chinese government adopted an Energy Security Plan, calling for a huge increase in generating capacity to more than 160,000 MWe by 2030.
Pakistan Government plans for lifting nuclear capacity to 8800 MWe, 900 MWe of it by 2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020.
In June 2008, the Pakistani Government announced plans to build commercial nuclear power plants III and IV commercial nuclear power plants at Chashma, Punjab Province, each with 320–340 MWe and costing PKR 129 billion, 80 billion of this from international sources, principally China.
A further agreement for China's help with the project was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as a counter to the US–India agreement shortly preceding it.
Cost quoted then was US$ 1.7 billion, with a foreign loan component of $1.07 billion.
Article: Notre Dame de Paris
Section: Abstract

Question: At what point did a project involving more maintenance and restoration begin?

Notre-Dame de Paris (; French for "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a historic Catholic cathedral on the eastern half of the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.
The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture and among the largest and most well-known church buildings in the world.
The naturalism of its sculptures and stained glass are in contrast with earlier Romanesque architecture.
As the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Paris, Notre-Dame is the parish that contains the "cathedra", or official chair, of the archbishop of Paris, currently Cardinal André Vingt-Trois.
The cathedral treasury is notable for its reliquary which houses some of Catholicism's most important first-class relics including the purported Crown of Thorns, a fragment of the True Cross, and one of the Holy Nails.
In the 1790s, Notre-Dame suffered desecration during the radical phase of the French Revolution when much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed.
An extensive restoration supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began in 1845.
A project of further restoration and maintenance began in 1991.
Article: The Shawshank Redemption
Section: Production

Question: What was the illness that caused Greene's death prior to the release of the Shawshank Redemption

Darabont secured the film adaptation rights from author Stephen King after impressing the author with his short film adaptation of "The Woman in the Room" in 1983.
Although the two had become friends and maintained a pen-pal relationship, Darabont did not work with him until four years later in 1987, when he optioned to adapt "Shawshank".
This is one of the more famous Dollar Deals made by King with aspiring filmmakers.
Darabont later directed "The Green Mile" (1999), which was based on another work about a prison by Stephen King, and then followed that up with an adaptation of King's novella "The Mist".
Rob Reiner, who had previously adapted another King novella, "The Body", into the film "Stand by Me" (1986), offered $2.5 million in an attempt to write and direct "Shawshank".
He planned to cast Tom Cruise in the part of Andy and Harrison Ford as Red.
Darabont seriously considered and liked Reiner's vision, but he ultimately decided it was his "chance to do something really great" by directing the film himself.
Though the film is set in Maine, the Ohio State Reformatory in Mansfield, Ohio, served as the fictional Shawshank Prison.
Though a large portion of the prison was torn down after filming, the main administration building and two cell blocks remained; the site would be revisited later for filming parts of the film "Air Force One".
Several of the interior shots of the specialized prison facilities, such as the admittance rooms and the warden's office, were shot in the reformatory.
The interior of the boarding room used by Brooks and Red was located in the administration building, though exterior shots were made elsewhere.
The prison site is a tourist attraction.
Internal scenes in the prison cellblocks were actually filmed on a soundstage built inside the nearby shuttered Westinghouse factory.
Downtown scenes were also filmed in Mansfield, as well as neighboring Ashland, Ohio.
The oak tree under which Andy buries his letter to Red is located at , near Malabar Farm State Park, in Lucas, Ohio.
The tree was heavily damaged by straight-line winds in a thunderstorm on July 29, 2011; officials are unsure if the tree will survive.
The film was dedicated to Allen Greene, an agent and a close personal friend of the film's director, Frank Darabont.
Greene died shortly before the film was released due to complications of HIV/AIDS.
Article: Disney California Adventure
Section: Grizzly Peak

Question: What is the main attraction at Grizzly Peak?

Grizzly Peak is themed around California's wilderness and national parks with particular references to Yosemite and Redwood national parks.
Its main attraction is Grizzly River Run, a Gold Rush-esque river rapids ride around the summit of Grizzly Peak.
Nearby is the Redwood Creek Challenge Trail; a playground area that includes a show featuring characters from Disney·Pixar's "Up".
A special entrance exclusive to guests of Disney's Grand Californian Hotel is located in this area.
There are also several restaurants in the Grizzly Peak district that are themed to California's farmland and heritage.
California-themed food and wine festivals are hosted in this area as well.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Release

Question: What year did Toy Story 3 play in theaters?

"Toy Story 3" had its world-wide premiere on June 12, 2010, opening at Taormina Film Fest in Italy.
In the United States, it premiered on June 13, 2010 at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California.
El Capitan also hosted on June 17, 2010 a "Toy Story" marathon, showing for the first time all three "Toy Story" films together.
The film went into its wide release on June 18, 2010, along with a release to IMAX 3D theaters.
The film was theatrically accompanied with the Pixar short film "Day & Night", which focuses on what happens when an animated personification of Day meets his opposite, Night, and the resulting growth for both.
Article: Racquetball
Section: Game variations

Question: How many can play in a game?

Racquetball games can be played with two, three or four players, with doubles or singles matches being most common.
Two player games are called singles or "one-up" (one vs. one for the entire game), while four player games are doubles with two pairs playing against each other (two vs. two for the entire game).
Tournament competitions have divisions for singles or doubles or both.
Three-player games are most commonly called "Cut-throat" and sometimes "Ironman" (two-on-one for the entire game) where each player takes turns serving to the other two, who play as a team against the serving player.
Another three-player game is "California", "In-and-Out", or "King of the Court" where play is 1 vs. 1 with the third player remaining in the back court out of play while the other two play a rally; the rally winner then serves to the player who was sitting out, and the rally loser stays out of play.
Another three-player variation is "Sevens" in which one player plays against two players as a team, with the game being played to seven points; if the two player team gets to seven first, the game is over, but if the solo player gets to seven first then the game continues to 14; if the solo player again reaches 14 first, then the game continues to 21, where the game ends regardless of whether the solo player or the two player team reach 21 first.
Article: Norway
Section: Foreign relations

Question: What are the countries included in Norway embassy?

Norway maintains embassies in 86 countries.
60 countries maintain an embassy in Norway, all of them in the capital, Oslo.
Norway is a founding member of the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
Norway issued applications for accession to the European Union (EU) and its predecessors in 1962, 1967 and 1992, respectively.
While Denmark, Sweden and Finland obtained membership, the Norwegian electorate rejected the treaties of accession in referenda in 1972 and 1994.
After the 1994 referendum, Norway maintained its membership in the European Economic Area (EEA), an arrangement granting the country access to the internal market of the Union, on the condition that Norway implements those of the Union's pieces of legislation which are deemed relevant (of which there were approximately seven thousand by 2010) Successive Norwegian governments have, since 1994, requested participation in parts of the EU's co-operation that go beyond the provisions of the EEA agreement.
Non-voting participation by Norway has been granted in, for instance, the Union's Common Security and Defence Policy, the Schengen Agreement, and the European Defence Agency, as well as 19 separate programmes.
Norway contributes to international development.
In addition, it participated in the 1990s brokering of the Oslo Accords, an attempt to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
These were unsuccessful.
Article: Yogurt
Section: Non-dairy yogurt substitutes

Question: Is it possible to make authentic yogurt from plant sources?

Various manufacturers have endeavoured to produce plant-based substitutes for yogurt, using soy milk, nut milks such as almond milk, and coconut milk, for consumers who are unable to tolerate dairy products in any form.
Although "Lactobacillus" strains exist that can produce lactic acid from plant-derived feed stock ("e.g."
sauerkraut), since plants do not produce lactose, it is not possible to produce genuine yogurt from plant sources with the same bacteria cultures used to convert milk into yogurt.
Article: Dexter (TV series)
Section: Awards and nominations

Question: What awards was Dexter nominated for?

"Dexter" was nominated for 23 Primetime Emmy Awards, in the category of Outstanding Drama Series four times in a row, from 2008 to 2011, and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (for Michael C. Hall) five times in a row, from 2008 to 2012.
It has also been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards (winning two) and seven Screen Actors Guild Awards.
On December 14, 2006, Michael C. Hall was nominated for a Golden Globe Award at the 64th Golden Globe Awards.
In 2008, the show was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for its second season (Showtime's first ever drama to be nominated for the award), and its star for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.
It won neither, losing to "Mad Men" and to "Breaking Bad" actor Bryan Cranston.
In 2010, Hall and John Lithgow, in their respective categories, won a Golden Globe for their performances, on the same night, for their work in season four.
Article: Wrestling
Section: Abstract

Question: How many partners are required for a wrestling bout?

Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds.
A wrestling bout is a physical competition, between two (occasionally more) competitors or sparring partners, who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position.
There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles.
Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems.
The term "wrestling" is attested in late Old English, as "wræstlunge" (glossing "palestram").
Article: Times Square
Section: Abstract

Question: What is iconified, "The Crossroads of the World"?

Times Square is a major commercial intersection and a neighborhood in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, at the junction of Broadway (now converted into a pedestrian plaza) and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets.
Times Square – iconified as "The Crossroads of the World", "The Center of the Universe", and the "The Great White Way" – is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.
According to "Travel + Leisure" magazine's October 2011 survey, Times Square is the world's most visited tourist attraction, hosting over 39 million visitors annually.
Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of whom are either tourists or people working in the area.
Formerly Longacre Square, Times Square was renamed in April 1904 after "The New York Times" moved its headquarters to the newly erected Times Building – now called One Times Square – site of the annual ball drop on New Year's Eve, a tradition which began on December 31, 1907 and continues today, attracting thousands to the Square every New Year's.
The northern triangle of Times Square is technically Duffy Square, dedicated in 1937 to Chaplain Francis P. Duffy of New York City's "Fighting 69th" Infantry Regiment; a memorial to Duffy is located there, along with a statue of George M. Cohan, and the TKTS discount theater tickets booth.
The stepped red roof of the TKTS booth also provides seating for various events.
The Duffy Statue and the square were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.