community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Napoleonic Wars
Section: War of the Third Coalition 1805

Question: What day in December did Napoleon complete what is considered his greatest victory?

Britain gathered together allies to form the Third Coalition against France.
In response, Napoleon seriously considered an invasion of Great Britain, and massed 180,000 effectives at Boulogne.
However, before he could invade, he needed to achieve naval superiority—or at least to pull the British fleet away from the English Channel.
A complex plan to distract the British by threatening their possessions in the West Indies failed when a Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral Villeneuve turned back after an indecisive action off Cape Finisterre on 22 July 1805.
The Royal Navy blockaded Villeneuve in Cádiz until he left for Naples on 19 October; the British squadron caught and overwhelmingly defeated the combined enemy fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October (the British commander, Lord Nelson, died in the battle).
Napoleon would never again have the opportunity to challenge the British at sea, nor to threaten an invasion.
He again turned his attention to enemies on the Continent.
The French army left Boulogne and moved towards Austria.
In April 1805, Britain and Russia signed a treaty with the aim of removing the French from the Batavian Republic (roughly present-day Netherlands) and the Swiss Confederation (Switzerland).
Austria joined the alliance after the annexation of Genoa and the proclamation of Napoleon as King of Italy on 17 March 1805.
Sweden, which had already agreed to lease Swedish Pomerania as a military base for British troops against France, formally entered the coalition on 9 August.
The Austrians began the war by invading Bavaria with an army of about 70,000 under Karl Mack von Leiberich, and the French army marched out from Boulogne in late July 1805 to confront them.
At Ulm (25 September – 20 October) Napoleon surrounded Mack's army, forcing its surrender without significant losses.
With the main Austrian army north of the Alps defeated (another army under Archduke Charles manoeuvred inconclusively against André Masséna's French army in Italy), Napoleon occupied Vienna.
Far from his supply lines, he faced a larger Austro-Russian army under the command of Mikhail Kutuzov, with the Emperor Alexander I of Russia personally present.
On 2 December, Napoleon crushed the joint Austro-Russian army in Moravia at Austerlitz (usually considered his greatest victory).
He inflicted a total of 25,000 casualties on a numerically superior enemy army while sustaining fewer than 7,000 in his own force.
Austria signed the Treaty of Pressburg (26 December 1805) and left the Coalition.
The Treaty required the Austrians to give up Venetia to the French-dominated Kingdom of Italy and the Tyrol to Bavaria.
With the withdrawal of Austria from the war, stalemate ensued.
Napoleon's army had a record of continuous unbroken victories on land, but the full force of the Russian army had not yet come into play.
Article: Everybody Talks
Section: Music video

Question: Who does Tyler hitch a ride from in the film?

An animated music video to accompany the release of "Everybody Talks" was first released onto YouTube on January 14, 2012 at a total length of three minutes and forty-two seconds.
The real music video for "Everybody Talks" was released on VEVO and YouTube on March 8, 2012.
It features the band at a 1950s-esque drive-in watching a movie called "Zombie Bikers From Hell."
In the film, band members are playing music to the song inside a cabin when they're attacked by a group of zombies who are leather-clad motorcycle riders.
Tyler (the lead singer) is the only one to escape, while the other band members are slaughtered by the zombies, offscreen, to the horror of the audience members at the drive-in.
Meanwhile, in "real life" (the drive-in) a girl wearing red sunglasses starts seducing various male patrons.
Once she and the men are alone in a secluded area, she reveals herself to be a fire-breathing vampire and eats them.
In the film, Tyler hitches a ride from a girl in red-sunglasses.
As they drive off in awhite van, Tyler's fate remains unknown.
However, Tyler, and the girl are present at the drive-in.
The girl who drove up in the van at the end of the movie is the same girl who the band drove up to the cabin in.
Article: Scuba diving
Section: Rebreather

Question: Why are rebreathers used for underwater photography and covert work?

Less common are closed circuit (CCR) and semi-closed (SCR) rebreathers, which unlike open-circuit sets that vent off all exhaled gases, process all or part of each exhaled breath for re-use by removing the carbon dioxide and replacing the oxygen used by the diver.
Rebreathers release little or no gas bubbles into the water, and use much less stored gas volume, for an equivalent depth and time because exhaled oxygen is recovered; this has advantages for research, military, photography, and other applications.
Rebreathers are more complex and more expensive than open-circuit scuba, and special training and correct maintenance are required for them to be safely used, due to the larger variety of potential failure modes.
In a closed-circuit rebreather the oxygen partial pressure in the rebreather is controlled, so it can be maintained at a safe continuous maximum, which reduces the inert gas (nitrogen and/or helium) partial pressure in the breathing loop.
Minimising the inert gas loading of the diver's tissues for a given dive profile reduces the decompression obligation.
This requires continuous monitoring of actual partial pressures with time and for maximum effectiveness requires real-time computer processing by the diver's decompression computer.
Decompression can be much reduced compared to fixed ratio gas mixes used in other scuba systems and, as a result, divers can stay down longer or require less time to decompress.
A semi-closed circuit rebreather injects a constant mass flow of a fixed breathing gas mixture into the breathing loop, or replaces a specific percentage of the respired volume, so the partial pressure of oxygen at any time during the dive depends on the diver's oxygen consumption and/or breathing rate.
Planning decompression requirements requires a more conservative approach for a SCR than for a CCR, but decompression computers with a real time oxygen partial pressure input can optimise decompression for these systems.
Because rebreathers produce very few bubbles, they do not disturb marine life or make a diver’s presence known at the surface; this is useful for underwater photography, and for covert work.
Article: Bibimbap
Section: Abstract

Question: In what poll was bibimbap in position for on the Worlds 50 most delicious foods

Bibimbap (비빔밥, , sometimes anglicized bi bim bap or bi bim bop) is a signature Korean dish.
The word literally means "mixed rice".
"Bibimbap" is served as a bowl of warm white rice topped with "namul" (sautéed and seasoned vegetables) and "gochujang" (chili pepper paste).
A raw or fried egg and sliced meat (usually beef) are common additions.
The ingredients are stirred together thoroughly just before eating.
It is best served hot.
In Korea, Jeonju, Jinju, and Tongyeong are especially famous for their versions of bibimbap.
In 2011, it was listed at number 40 on the "World's 50 most delicious foods" readers' poll compiled by CNN Travel.
Article: Salvador Dalí
Section: Dalí museums and permanent exhibitions

Question: Where is the Dali permanent exhibit located?

Dalí Theatre and Museum – Figueres, Catalonia, Spain
Salvador Dalí House-Museum - Port Lligat, Catalonia, Spain
Gala Dalí House-Museum - Púbol, Catalonia, Spain
Salvador Dali Museum – St Petersburg, Florida, USA
Dalí Universe – Venice, Italy 
Espace Dalí – Paris, France
Dalí, permanent exhibition - Berlin, Germany
Article: Coffee
Section: Commodity

Question: How was coffee described according to Mark Pendergrast ?

Coffee is bought and sold by roasters, investors, and price speculators as a tradable commodity in commodity markets and exchange-traded funds.
Coffee futures contracts for Grade 3 washed arabicas are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange under ticker symbol KC, with contract deliveries occurring every year in March, May, July, September, and December.
Coffee is an example of a product that has been susceptible to significant commodity futures price variations.
Higher and lower grade arabica coffees are sold through other channels.
Futures contracts for robusta coffee are traded on the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange and, since 2007, on the New York IntercontinentalExchange.
Coffee has been described by many, including historian Mark Pendergrast, as the world's "second most legally traded commodity."
However, this claim has been recently refuted by Pendergrast among others after further research.
Article: The Lord of the Rings
Section: Influences

Question: What is the name of the worldview Tolkien reflects within the themes of the "Lord of the Rings" anthology?

The influence of the Welsh language, which Tolkien had learnt, is summarised in his essay English and Welsh: "If I may once more refer to my work.
The Lord of the Rings, in evidence: the names of persons and places in this story were mainly composed on patterns deliberately modelled on those of Welsh (closely similar but not identical).
This element in the tale has given perhaps more pleasure to more readers than anything else in it.
""The Lord of the Rings" developed as a personal exploration by Tolkien of his interests in philology, religion (particularly Roman Catholicism), fairy tales, Norse and general Germanic mythology, and also Celtic, Slavic, Persian, Greek, and Finnish mythology.
Tolkien acknowledged, and external critics have verified, the influences of George MacDonald and William Morris and the Anglo-Saxon poem "Beowulf".
The question of a direct influence of Wagner's "The Nibelung's Ring" on Tolkien's work is debated by critics.
Tolkien included neither any explicit religion nor cult in his work.
Rather the themes, moral philosophy, and cosmology of the Lord of the Rings reflect his Catholic worldview.
In one of his letters Tolkien states, "The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work; unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision.
That is why I have not put in, or have cut out, practically all references to anything like 'religion', to cults or practices, in the imaginary world.
For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism.
"Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien's childhood in Birmingham, where he first lived near Sarehole Mill, and later near Edgbaston Reservoir.
There are also hints of the Black Country, which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston.
This shows in such names as "Underhill", and the description of Saruman's industrialisation of Isengard and The Shire.
It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where Tolkien frequently stayed during the 1940s.
The work was influenced by the effects of his military service during World War I, to the point that Frodo has been "diagnosed" as suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, or "shell-shock," which was first diagnosed at the Battle of the Somme, at which Tolkien served.
Article: Viva la Vida
Section: In popular culture

Question: What has also been spoofed in a music video titled "Fallen Kingdom"?

 Coldplay performed the song at the Closing Ceremony of London 2012 (the ceremony to mark the end of the Paralympic Games, and so also the end of the summer of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics).
 The song was performed simultaneously by amateur musicians across the U.K on 9 September 2012 as part of the Bandstand Marathon, the finale event of the London 2012 Festival.
 It was the last song played by Chris Moyles on his final BBC Radio 1 breakfast show on Friday 14 September 2012, the longest-running breakfast show in BBC Radio 1's history.
 Coldplay performed some of the song live in "The Simpsons" episode "Million Dollar Maybe".
 The song was used in the official soundtrack for "The Big Year"
 The song was played to the crew of the Space Shuttle Atlantis to wake them up on day two of STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle program.
It was played for crew member Douglas Hurley.
 The song was used as a fanfare to welcome the Singapore Armed Forces Parachute Team (better known as the "Red Lions") during the National Day celebrations of 2011 in Singapore.
 The song was used by the People's Part of Freedom and Democracy of the Netherlands (VVD) when Party Leader and Prime Minister Mark Rutte walked on stage to present his acceptance speech after winning the 2012 parliamentary elections.
 The song also appears on NBA 2K13 and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 as part of the game's soundtrack.
 "Viva la Vida" has also been spoofed in a music video titled "Fallen Kingdom", created by YouTube's CaptainSparklez and TryHardNinja.
 This song has since been used as the main theme of Indonesian television channel ANTV, as part of the channel's 20th anniversary.
The song is the theme song of the Christian radio show Issues, Etc.
 As of 8 October 2011, the song has been made available for download in Rock Band 3 as by itself or as part of the "Coldplay Collection 1" track pack.
Article: The Thinker
Section: Casts

Question: When was large-scale bronze casting made available to the public?

"The Thinker" has been cast in multiple versions and is found around the world; the history of the progression from models to castings is complicated and still not entirely clear.
About 28 monumental-sized bronze casts of the sculpture are in museums and public places.
In addition, there are sculptures of different study size scales and plaster versions (often painted bronze) in both monumental and study sizes.
Some newer castings have been produced posthumously and are not considered part of the original production.
Rodin made the first small plaster version around 1880.
The first large-scale bronze casting was finished in 1902 but not presented to the public until 1904.
It became the property of the city of Paris — thanks to a subscription organized by Rodin admirers — and was put in front of the Panthéon in 1906.
In 1922, it was moved to the Hôtel Biron, which had been transformed into the Rodin Museum.
The first cast sculpture can be found in front of Grawemeyer Hall on the University of Louisville Belknap Campus in Louisville, Kentucky.
Made in Paris, it was first displayed at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904 and was then given to the city.
This sculpture was the only cast created by the lost-wax casting method.
Article: Taco
Section: Soft-shell tacos

Question: What is the traditional definition of a "soft taco"?

Traditionally, soft-shelled tacos referred to corn tortillas that were cooked to a softer state than a hard taco - usually by grilling or steaming.
More recently the term has come to include flour tortilla based tacos mostly from large manufacturers and restaurant chains.
In this context, "soft tacos" are tacos made with wheat flour tortillas and filled with the same ingredients as a hard taco.
Article: American Revolution
Section: Peace treaty

Question: When was the Jay Treaty enacted?

The peace treaty with Britain, known as the Treaty of Paris, gave the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, though not including Florida (On September 3, 1783, Britain entered into a separate agreement with Spain under which Britain ceded Florida back to Spain.)
The British abandoned the Indian allies living in this region; they were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States.
Issues regarding boundaries and debts were not resolved until the Jay Treaty of 1795.
Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone, American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world, and their businesses flourished.
Article: Biochemistry
Section: Lipids_1

Question: What characterizes an amphiphilic molecule?

The term lipid composes a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin, including waxes, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and terpenoids (e.g., retinoids and steroids).
Some lipids are linear aliphatic molecules, while others have ring structures.
Some are aromatic, while others are not.
Some are flexible, while others are rigid.
Most lipids have some polar character in addition to being largely nonpolar.
In general, the bulk of their structure is nonpolar or hydrophobic ("water-fearing"), meaning that it does not interact well with polar solvents like water.
Another part of their structure is polar or hydrophilic ("water-loving") and will tend to associate with polar solvents like water.
This makes them amphiphilic molecules (having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions).
In the case of cholesterol, the polar group is a mere -OH (hydroxyl or alcohol).
In the case of phospholipids, the polar groups are considerably larger and more polar, as described below.
Lipids are an integral part of our daily diet.
Most oils and milk products that we use for cooking and eating like butter, cheese, ghee etc., are composed of fats.
Vegetable oils are rich in various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
Lipid-containing foods undergo digestion within the body and are broken into fatty acids and glycerol, which are the final degradation products of fats and lipids.
Article: How I Met Your Mother
Section: Books

Question: When was "Bro on the Go" released?

 "The Bro Code", cited by Barney many times throughout the series, is a set of written rules for bros to follow, and has been published as a tie-in novel, an audiobook, an iPhone Application and an Android Application.
Barney alleges it was written by Barnabus Stinson, a contemporary of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin.
Many of the rules listed in this book also appear in the show's closing vanity cards in syndication, similar to what Chuck Lorre uses to end episodes of several of his shows, "Dharma and Greg", "The Big Bang Theory", "Two and a Half Men", and "Mike and Molly".
 "Bro on the Go", a companion to "The Bro Code", released in 2009.
 "Bro Code for Parents: What to Expect When You're Awesome", released in 2012.
 "The Playbook," based on the fifth season episode of the same name, by Barney Stinson and Matt Kuhn.
 "How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy", released in 2013.
Article: Criminal Minds
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the BAU a part of?

Criminal Minds is an American police procedural television program that premiered September 22, 2005, on CBS.
The series follows a team of profilers from the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) based in Quantico, Virginia.
The BAU is part of the FBI National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime.
The show differs from many procedural dramas by focusing on profiling the criminal, called the unsub or "unknown subject", rather than the crime itself.
The show is produced by The Mark Gordon Company in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television then CBS Paramount Network Television) and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television).CBS announced in October 2009 that Legacy Interactive would develop a video game based on the show.
The game would require players to examine crime scenes for clues to help solve murder mysteries.
The interactive puzzle game was released in 2012, but the show's cast was not involved with the project, and as such it did not feature any of the voices of the cast.
On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed the series for a tenth season.
Article: Great Depression
Section: Other "great depressions"

Question: What year was Russia's financial crisis?

Other economic downturns have been called a "great depression", but none had been as widespread, or lasted for so long.
Various nations have experienced brief or extended periods of economic downturns, which were referred to as "depressions", but none have had such a widespread global impact.
The collapse of the Soviet Union, and the breakdown of economic ties which followed, led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in the standards of living in the 1990s in post-Soviet states and the former Eastern Bloc, which was even worse than the Great Depression.
Even before Russia's financial crisis of 1998, Russia's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s, and some populations are still poorer than they were in 1989, including Ukraine, Moldova, Central Asia, and the Caucasus.
Article: The Kid with a Bike
Section: Production

Question: How many auditions were held to cast Cyril?

Luc Dardenne said that he and his brother Jean-Pierre had for a long time had the idea of a film about "a woman who helps a boy emerge from the violence that holds him prisoner."
Writing the screenplay took one year including a few breaks.
In the earliest drafts, the character Samantha was a doctor and not a hairdresser.
The script was structured with a fairytale in mind, where the boy would lose his illusions and Samantha would appear as a fairy-like figure.
By not explaining much about the characters' past and psychology, the brothers aimed to avoid sentimentality.
Throughout the writing process the brothers strove to maintain a strong clarity in the overall work and to avoid gloom, which is why the brothers, according to Jean-Pierre, decided to omit "any form of vulgarity in the teenagers' language, even though they're street criminals.
"The film is a co-production with 46% investment from its directors' Belgian company Les Films du Fleuve, 44% from its French Archipel 35, and 10% from Italy's Lucky Red.
It received further funding from the CNC, Eurimages, Wallimage, Radio Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française, and the Belgian French Community.Cécile de France was offered the role of Samantha soon after the screenplay was finished, as the brothers believed she would be able to portray the kindness of the character with her body and face alone.
For the casting of the boy, Cyril, the production team held around 100 auditions.
Thomas Doret was the fifth applicant the brothers met, and according to Jean-Pierre, "it clicked right away."
The team rehearsed for a month on the actual sets in full costume.
The 55-day shoot commenced in Belgium in August and ended 15 October 2010.
It was the first time the Dardenne brothers made a film in the summer.
The film was made under the production title "Délivrez-moi!"
which means "Set me free!
"Unusually for a film by the Dardenne brothers, there is music in the film.
According to Luc, they hesitated for a long time, but eventually decided that music would serve the film's structure: "In a fairytale there has to be a development, with emotions and new beginnings.
It seemed to us that music, at certain points, could act like a calming caress for Cyril."
Article: Udon
Section: Dishes

Question: How are toppings chosen?

Like many Japanese noodles, udon noodles are served chilled in the summer and hot in the winter.
Toppings are chosen to reflect the seasons.
Most toppings are added without much cooking, although some are deep-fried.
Many of these dishes may also be prepared with soba.