community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Croquet
Section: Golf

Question: How do golf croquet and association croquet differ?

In golf croquet, a hoop is won by the first ball to go through each hoop.
Unlike association croquet, there are no additional turns for hitting other balls.
Each player takes a stroke in turn, each trying to hit a ball through the same hoop.
The sequence of play is blue, red, black, yellow.
Blue and black balls play against red and yellow.
When a hoop is won, the sequence of play continues as before.
The winner of the game is the player/team who wins the most hoops.
Golf croquet is the fastest-growing version of the game, owing largely to its simplicity and competitiveness.
There is an especially large interest with competitive success by players in Egypt.
Golf croquet is easier to learn and play, but requires strategic skills and accurate play.
In comparison with association croquet, play is faster and balls are more likely to be lifted off the ground, as seen in this video footage.
In April 2013, Reg Bamford of South Africa beat Ahmed Nasr of Egypt in the final of the Golf Croquet World Championship in Cairo, becoming the first person to simultaneously hold the title in both association croquet and golf croquet.
As of 2011, the Women's Golf Croquet World Champion was Rachel Rowe (England).
Article: The Night Watch
Section: New LED illumination

Question: On October 26, 2011 what event of significance occurred related to LED lighting?

On 26 October 2011, the Rijksmuseum unveiled new, sustainable LED lighting for "The Night Watch".
With new technology, it is the first time LED lighting has been able to render the fine nuances of the painting's complex color palette.
The lighting was developed by Philips Lighting and was inaugurated by Rijksmuseum Director Wim Pijbes and Philips President and CEO Frans van Houten.
Rogier van der Heide, Chief Design Officer at Philips Lighting, was responsible for creating the system.
The new illumination uses LED lights with a color temperature of 3,200 kelvins, similar to warm-white light sources like tungsten halogen.
It has a color rendering index of over 90, which makes it suitable for the illumination of artifacts such as "The Night Watch".
Using the new LED lighting, the museum saves 80% on energy and offers the painting a safer environment due to the absence of UV radiation and heat.
Article: Beach volleyball
Section: Governing bodies

Question: What is the primary international governing body for beach volleyball?

The primary international governing body for beach volleyball is the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB).
The regional governing bodies are:
Asia – Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC)
Africa – Confédération Africaine de Volleyball (CAV)
Europe – European Volleyball Confederation (CEV)
North and Central America – North, Central America and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation (NORCECA)
South America – Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV)
In the United States, USA Volleyball is the governing body for beach volleyball, as well as indoor volleyball.
In the 2010–11 academic year, the NCAA began sponsoring beach volleyball, which it calls "sand volleyball", as an "emerging" women's sport.
Initially, it was sponsored only for Division II, with Division I added the following academic year.
NCAA competition follows standard beach volleyball rules, with competitions involving five doubles teams from each participating school.
Article: Pike Place Market
Section: Dining and drinking in the Market

Question: Are there any places to eat at the Pike Place Market?

While one can easily graze one's way through the Market food stalls and shops, the Pike Place Market offers numerous other eating (and drinking) options.
The once endemic workingmen's and sailors' taverns are gone; at roughly opposite corners of the Market, the Virginia Inn (founded as Virginia Bar, approximately 1908; operated as a cardroom during Prohibition, then Virginia Inn; passed into current management 1980 and slowly gentrified) and Place Pigalle (originally Lotus Inn, name dates from 1950s, remodeled 1982) retain their names, but both have gone upmarket.
The Athenian Inn in the Main Market traces its history back to a 1909 bakery and is a relatively ungentrified bar and restaurant.
Three Girls Bakery dates back to 1912 and may have been the first Seattle business started by women.
While it is not in its original Corner Market location, no longer bakes on premises, and its current owner Jack Levy is a man, it still sells a vast variety of baked goods, does a brisk business in takeaway sandwiches, and has an old-style lunch counter.
For a different type of dining experience, the Pink Door (founded 1981), entered by a nearly unmarked door on upper Post Alley, is a favorite first-date restaurant, with solid Italian food, a fantasia of a dining room, a bar that sometimes features live jazz, and an outdoor deck overlooking Elliott Bay.
Another restaurant combining Italian food and romantic ambience is the "grottolike" Il Bistro, located below grade in the Economy Market, off a cobblestone ramp that leads to Lower Post Alley.
When it was founded in 1977 it was played an important role in the rise of fine dining in Seattle.
Other longstanding Market restaurants and bars include Lowell's (founded 1957), an old Main Market standby self-described as "almost classy"; French bistro Maximilien, founded in 1975 by François Kissel, owned since 1997 by host Axel Macé and chef Eric Francy, and highly praised by Julia Child; and the Copacabana (founded 1964), Seattle's only Bolivian restaurant, upstairs in the Triangle Market with a balcony overlooking Pike Place.
Article: Orange Is the New Black
Section: Production

Question: Who directed the 3rd episode of the first series of Orange is the New Black?

In July 2011, it was announced that Lionsgate Television and Netflix were negotiating adding "Orange Is the New Black", based on Piper Kerman's memoir, to the Netflix original series lineup.
Netflix finalized the deal as a 13-episode straight-to-web series.
Casting announcements began in August 2012, with Taylor Schilling the first to be cast, in the lead role as Piper Chapman, followed by Jason Biggs as Piper's fiancé Larry Bloom.
Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series, along with Laverne Cox, an African-American transgender woman, as Sophia Burset, a transgender character.
"The Advocate" touted that "Orange Is the New Black" contains the first ever women-in-prison narrative to be played by a real transgender woman.
"This American Life" host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host but declined.
The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind.
The series was created and executive produced by Jenji Kohan, whose credits include "Tracey Takes On...", "Mad About You", "Sex and the City" and "Weeds".
The first season's production began in the fall of 2012.
The series' main title theme song, "You've Got Time", was recorded by Regina Spektor for the show and became available for online streaming July 9, 2013.
It began filming in Rockland County, New York on March 7, 2013.
Jodie Foster directed the third episode of the first series.
On June 27, 2013, Netflix renewed the show for a second season.
Article: Physics
Section: Modern physics

Question: What was a problem for classical physics?

Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
Both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations.
Classical mechanics predicted a varying speed of light, which could not be resolved with the constant speed predicted by Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism; this discrepancy was corrected by Einstein's theory of special relativity, which replaced classical mechanics for fast-moving bodies and allowed for a constant speed of light.
Black body radiation provided another problem for classical physics, which was corrected when Planck proposed that light comes in individual packets known as photons; this, along with the photoelectric effect and a complete theory predicting discrete energy levels of electron orbitals, led to the theory of quantum mechanics taking over from classical physics at very small scales.
Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Dirac.
From this early work, and work in related fields, the Standard Model of particle physics was derived.
Following the discovery of a particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson at CERN in 2012, all fundamental particles predicted by the standard model, and no others, appear to exist; however physics beyond the Standard Model, with theories such as supersymmetry, is an active area of research.
Article: Quantum
Section: Abstract

Question: What is a quantum?

In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction.
Behind this, one finds the fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized," referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization".
This means that the magnitude can take on only certain discrete values.
A photon is a single quantum of light, and is referred to as a "light quantum".
The energy of an electron bound to an atom is quantized, which results in the stability of atoms, and hence of matter in general.
As incorporated into the theory of quantum mechanics, this is regarded by physicists as part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing nature at the smallest length-scales.
Article: I Want to Hold Your Hand
Section: Musical structure

Question: What does Everett think of the chord?

The song is in the key of G and opens on "I'll tell you" with a D-B, B-D melody note drop and rise over a I (G) chord.
Controversy exists over the landmark chord that Lennon stated McCartney hit on the piano while they were composing the song.
Marshall considers it is the minor vi (Em) chord (the third chord in the I-V7-vi (G-D7-Em) progression).
Everett is of the same opinion.
Pedler claims, however, that more surprising is the melody note drop from B to F# against a III7 (B7) chord on "understand".
Music theorists are divided over whether this chord is a iii (Bm), a B major, or a B7 or even a B5 power chord with no major or minor defining third.
Article: Part of Me (Katy Perry song)
Section: Composition and lyrical interpretation

Question: How did Andrew Hampp describe the song?

"Part of Me" is a power pop song set to a house beat.
It is composed in the key of D minor and set in a 4/4 time signature at a tempo of 130 beats per minute.
The melody spans the tonal range of D4 to D5, while the music follows the chord progression of Dm–F–Bb-C. Production was done by Perry's frequent collaborator, Dr. Luke.
The song begins with Perry's somber and emotional delivery of the line, "Days like this I want to drive away/ Pack my bags and watch your shadow fade."
At the bridge, the beat amplifies and Perry's lyrics become more aggressive as she commands "Now Look at Me!
", signalling to her ex that she is still strong, regardless of what he tries to do to bring her down.
The beat reaches a peak at the chorus, and Perry's tone and the song's lyrics become more aggressive and prominent as she sings, "This is the Part of me that you're never-ever gonna take away from me."
As the song continues, Perry's lyrics become strong and empowered: "So you can keep the diamond ring/ It don't mean nothing anyway/ In fact you can keep everything Yeah/ Yeah Except for me".
Perry repeats the ending chorus as the beat fades.
James Dinh of MTV noted that "the pop star appears strong, bold and just a tad resentful after a breakup" on the track.
His analysis of the lyrics observed that "The singer declares herself unbreakable after a breakup, evident in lines such as "Days like this I want to drive away/ Pack my bags and watch your shadow fade/ 'Cause you chewed me up and spit me out/ Like I was poison in your mouth/ You took my light, you drained me down/ But that was then and this is now, now look at me."
Dinh pointed out similarities between "Part of Me" and Perry's previous single "California Gurls", noting that "the tune's steady beat amplifies" as the chorus starts.
Andrew Hampp of "Billboard" described the song as a "dance-floor rave up", and compared the song's composition to Jessie J's "Domino".
Edna Gundersen from" USA Today" stated: "Katy Perry could be addressing her ex or her detractors on this defiant slapdown, a gleaming "Firework"-like pop torpedo propelled by slick beats and a brazen chorus."
Chris Ryan, also of MTV, inferred that the song was aimed at Perry's ex-boyfriend Travie McCoy, while "New York" magazine journalist Amanda Dobbis described it as "another break-up anthem".
Fans and media noted differences in the lyrics between the demo and the single, and claimed that the changes redirected the song's subject from McCoy to Perry's ex-husband Russell Brand, from whom she had recently divorced.
Perry declared it was not about Brand, stating:I wrote it two years ago, which is funny because everybody is like "God, it sounds so current," and some people that I work with were like "You should just say you wrote it a couple of weeks ago."
I'm like "I'm not a dick, I'm going to tell the truth."
I wrote it two years ago when I was writing and recording Teenage Dream, it didn't feel right on the record.
I would've had to take out one of my other songs that [made the album a nice, complete package.
Article: Virus
Section: Bacterial viruses

Question: How many bacteriophages are there per millilitre of seawater?

Bacteriophages are a common and diverse group of viruses and are the most abundant form of biological entity in aquatic environments – there are up to ten times more of these viruses in the oceans than there are bacteria, reaching levels of 250,000,000 bacteriophages per millilitre of seawater.
These viruses infect specific bacteria by binding to surface receptor molecules and then entering the cell.
Within a short amount of time, in some cases just minutes, bacterial polymerase starts translating viral mRNA into protein.
These proteins go on to become either new virions within the cell, helper proteins, which help assembly of new virions, or proteins involved in cell lysis.
Viral enzymes aid in the breakdown of the cell membrane, and, in the case of the T4 phage, in just over twenty minutes after injection over three hundred phages could be released.
The major way bacteria defend themselves from bacteriophages is by producing enzymes that destroy foreign DNA.
These enzymes, called restriction endonucleases, cut up the viral DNA that bacteriophages inject into bacterial cells.
Bacteria also contain a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of viruses that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block the virus's replication through a form of RNA interference.
This genetic system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.
Article: Korean War
Section: Armistice (July 1953 – November 1954)

Question: When was the Armistice Agreement signed which ended the fighting in the Korean War?

Armistice (July 1953 – November 1954).
The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong (southern North Korea), then relocated at Panmunjom (bordering the Koreas).
A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation.
The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans.
In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission was set up to handle the matter.
In 1952, the US elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War.
With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel.
Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, US, and Joint UN Commands.
The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west.
The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally lay in the pre-war ROK, but now is in the DPRK.
The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting.
The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks.
The war is considered to have ended at this point, even though there was no peace treaty.
North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War.
After the war, Operation Glory (July–November 1954) was conducted to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead.
The remains of 4,167 US Army and US Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner-of-war camps were delivered to the ROK government.
After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (The Punchbowl), on the island of Oahu, Hawaii.
Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DPMO) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct.
From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals.
Of these, 2,944 were identified as American, and all but 416 were identified by name.
From 1996 to 2006, the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Big mountain and freeride

Question: During big mountain snowboarding events, what type of snow is usually found ?

A big mountain contest is one that takes place in open terrain, and challenges riders to find their way down the mountain with the most style and difficulty.
Big mountain events usually take place in powder snow conditions in closed off areas of resorts or in the backcountry.
There are a number of big mountain events in Europe, the United States and in New Zealand and this aspect of snowboarding competition is quickly rising in popularity.
Snowboarders consider Alaska the pinnacle of this style of riding, being featured in some of the most popular snowboarding videos and has given rise to one of the sport's most popular events, Tailgate Alaska, a yearly gathering of riders on Alaska's Thompson Pass.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Paintings of the 1500s

Question: When was Mona Lisa painted?

Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the "Mona Lisa" or "la Gioconda", the laughing one.
In the present era it is arguably the most famous painting in the world.
Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality brought about perhaps by the fact that the artist has subtly shadowed the corners of the mouth and eyes so that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined.
The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called "sfumato" or Leonardo's smoke.
Vasari, who is generally thought to have known the painting only by repute, said that "the smile was so pleasing that it seemed divine rather than human; and those who saw it were amazed to find that it was as alive as the original".
Other characteristics found in this work are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details, the dramatic landscape background in which the world seems to be in a state of flux, the subdued colouring and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils, but laid on much like tempera and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.
Vasari expressed the opinion that the manner of painting would make even "the most confident master ... despair and lose heart."
The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.
In the painting "Virgin and Child with St. Anne" the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle.
What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed.
Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, St Anne.
She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.
This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio.
The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese.
Article: Electron
Section: Other applications

Question: What technology has replaced vacuum tubes?

In the free-electron laser (FEL), a relativistic electron beam passes through a pair of undulators that contain arrays of dipole magnets whose fields point in alternating directions.
The electrons emit synchrotron radiation that coherently interacts with the same electrons to strongly amplify the radiation field at the resonance frequency.
FEL can emit a coherent high-brilliance electromagnetic radiation with a wide range of frequencies, from microwaves to soft X-rays.
These devices may find manufacturing, communication and various medical applications, such as soft tissue surgery.
Electrons are important in cathode ray tubes, which have been extensively used as display devices in laboratory instruments, computer monitors and television sets.
In a photomultiplier tube, every photon striking the photocathode initiates an avalanche of electrons that produces a detectable current pulse.
Vacuum tubes use the flow of electrons to manipulate electrical signals, and they played a critical role in the development of electronics technology.
However, they have been largely supplanted by solid-state devices such as the transistor.
Article: Vietnam War
Section: North Korea

Question: How many pilots were reported to have served in 1968?

As a result of a decision of the Korean Workers' Party in October 1966, in early 1967 North Korea sent a fighter squadron to North Vietnam to back up the North Vietnamese 921st and 923rd fighter squadrons defending Hanoi.
They stayed through 1968, and 200 pilots were reported to have served.
In addition, at least two anti-aircraft artillery regiments were sent as well.
North Korea also sent weapons, ammunition and two million sets of uniforms to their comrades in North Vietnam.
Kim Il-sung is reported to have told his pilots to "fight in the war as if the Vietnamese sky were their own".