community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Manhattan Project
Section: Ore

Question: What was the key ingredient for the atomic bomb?

The key raw material for the project was uranium, which was used as fuel for the reactors, as feed that was transformed into plutonium, and, in its enriched form, in the atomic bomb itself.
There were four known major deposits of uranium in 1940: in Colorado, in northern Canada, in Joachimstal in Czechoslovakia, and in the Belgian Congo.
All but Joachimstal were in allied hands.
A November 1942 survey determined that sufficient quantities of uranium were available to satisfy the project's requirements.
Nichols arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated for the purchase of of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island and the remaining stocks of mined ore stored in the Congo.
He negotiated with Eldorado Gold Mines for the purchase of ore from its mine in Port Hope, Ontario, and its shipment in 100-ton lots.
The Canadian government subsequently bought up the company's stock until it acquired a controlling interest.
While these purchases assured a sufficient supply to meet wartime needs, the American and British leaders concluded that it was in their countries' interest to gain control of as much of the world's uranium deposits as possible.
The richest source of ore was the Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo, but it was flooded and closed.
Nichols unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate its reopening and the sale of the entire future output to the United States with Edgar Sengier, the director of the company that owned the mine, Union Minière du Haut Katanga.
The matter was then taken up by the Combined Policy Committee.
As 30 percent of Union Minière's stock was controlled by British interests, the British took the lead in negotiations.
Sir John Anderson and Ambassador John Winant hammered out a deal with Sengier and the Belgian government in May 1944 for the mine to be reopened and of ore to be purchased at $1.45 a pound.
To avoid dependence on the British and Canadians for ore, Groves also arranged for the purchase of US Vanadium Corporation's stockpile in Uravan, Colorado.
Uranium mining in Colorado yielded about of ore. Mallinckrodt Incorporated in St. Louis, Missouri, took the raw ore and dissolved it in nitric acid to produce uranyl nitrate.
Ether was then added in a liquid–liquid extraction process to separate the impurities from the uranyl nitrate.
This was then heated to form uranium trioxide, which was reduced to highly pure uranium dioxide.
By July 1942, Mallinckrodt was producing a ton of highly pure oxide a day, but turning this into uranium metal initially proved more difficult for contractors Westinghouse and Metal Hydrides.
Production was too slow and quality was unacceptably low.
A special branch of the Metallurgical Laboratory was established at Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa, under Frank Spedding to investigate alternatives, and its Ames process became available in 1943.
Article: Israel
Section: Museums

Question: What is the name of Israel's national Holocaust museum?

The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions and houses the Dead Sea scrolls, along with an extensive collection of Judaica and European art.
Israel's national Holocaust museum, Yad Vashem, is the world central archive of Holocaust-related information.
Beth Hatefutsoth (the Diaspora Museum), on the campus of Tel Aviv University, is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world.
Apart from the major museums in large cities, there are high-quality artspaces in many towns and "kibbutzim".
"Mishkan Le'Omanut" on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad is the largest art museum in the north of the country.
Several Israeli museums are devoted to Islamic culture, including the Rockefeller Museum and the L. A. Mayer Institute for Islamic Art, both in Jerusalem.
The Rockefeller specializes in archaeological remains from the Ottoman and other periods of Middle East history.
It is also the home of the first hominid fossil skull found in Western Asia called Galilee Man.
A cast of the skull is on display at the Israel Museum.
Article: Water polo
Section: Water polo equipment

Question: Are mouthguards necessary to play water polo?

 equipment.
Little player equipment is needed to play water polo.
Items required in water polo include:
Ball: A water polo ball is constructed of waterproof material to allow it to float on the water.
The cover is textured to give players additional grip.
The size of the ball is different for men's, women's and junior games.
Caps: A water polo cap is used to protect the players' heads and ears, and to make them identifiable from afar.
Home team field players wear numbered white caps; Visiting team field players wear numbered dark-colored or black caps.
Both starting goalkeepers wear red caps (sometimes quartered), numbered "1" (substitute goalies' caps are numbered either "13" for FINA international play or "15" for NCAA play) Caps are fitted with ear protectors.
Goals: Two goals are needed in order to play water polo.
These can either be put on the side of the pool, or in the pool using floaters.
Mouthguard: A mouthguard is not mandatory in most tournaments, but is recommended.
Swimwear: Male water polo players wear either swim briefs or jammers (thigh-length trunks).
Female players must wear a one-piece swimsuit.
Suit-grabbing fouls are common, so players often wear tight-fitting suits, and may layer on several suits at a time for additional security.
Many swimwear labels also sell specialized water polo suits that feature reinforced stitching and tougher fabric.
Female water polo suits are generally one-piece outfits which do not have open backs, but zip securely up the back so as to not have straps that can be easily grabbed.
Article: Basketball
Section: Rules and regulations

Question: When is a successful shot worth three points?

Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often vary among tournaments and organizations; international and NBA rules are used in this section.
The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own.
An attempt to score in this way is called a shot.
A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc which is from the basket in international games and in NBA games.
A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is made.
Article: Great Wall of China
Section: Early walls

Question: What dynasty built walls?

Early walls.
The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.
During this time and the subsequent Warring States period, the states of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Yan and Zhongshan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders.
Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames.
Qin Shi Huang conquered all opposing states and unified China in 221 BC, establishing the Qin Dynasty.
Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the wall sections that divided his empire along the former state borders.
To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north, he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's northern frontier.
Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources.
Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains.
There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin Dynasty walls.
Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today.
The human cost of the construction is unknown, but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands,if not up to a million, workers died building the Qin wall.
Later, the Han, Sui, and the Northern dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders.
The Tang and Song Dynasties did not build any walls in the region substantially.
The Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th–13th centuries, constructed defensive walls in the 12th century, but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it, within today's Inner and Outer Mongolia.
Article: Terminator Salvation
Section: Release

Question: In what year was Terminator Salvation released

The film was released in North America on May 21, 2009 with Warner Bros. setting the American premiere on May 14, 2009 at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.
Elsewhere, Sony Pictures Entertainment released the film in most overseas territories on different dates in June.
One exception was Mexico, however, because of the swine flu outbreak in the country, which forced Sony to push the release date to July 31, 2009.
It is rated PG-13 by the Motion Picture Association of America for "intense sequences of sci-fi violence, action, and language," unlike the previous R-rated films.
The decision to release the film with a PG-13 rating has met with much criticism from fans, as well as the media.
The rating decision was made after McG cut out a shot of Marcus stabbing a thug with a screwdriver, as the director felt disallowing the young audience due to that one shot was unfair.
He also deleted a topless scene for Moon Bloodgood because, "It was a soft moment between a man and a woman that was designed to echo the Kelly McGillis/Harrison Ford moment in "Witness" in the end, it felt more like a gratuitous moment of a girl taking her top off in an action picture, and I didn't want that to convolute the story or the characters."
The producers had expected the rating because of the modern leniency towards violence in PG-13 films, such as the 2007 action film, "Live Free or Die Hard".
Article: Sushi
Section: Neta

Question: Why is raw Asian fish of higher quality.

For culinary, sanitary, and aesthetic reasons, the minimum quality and freshness of fish to be eaten raw must be superior to that of fish which is to be cooked.
Sushi chefs are trained to recognize important attributes, including smell, color, firmness, and freedom from parasites that may go undetected in commercial inspection.
Commonly used fish are tuna ("maguro, shiro-maguro"), Japanese amberjack, yellowtail ("hamachi"), snapper ("kurodai"), mackerel ("saba"), and salmon ("sake").
The most valued sushi ingredient is "toro," the fatty cut of the fish.
This comes in a variety of "ōtoro" (often from the bluefin species of tuna) and "chūtoro", meaning "middle toro", implying that it is halfway into the fattiness between "toro" and the regular cut.
"Aburi" style refers to "nigiri" sushi where the fish is partially grilled (topside) and partially raw.
Most nigiri sushi will be completely raw.
Other seafoods such as squid ("ika"), eel ("anago" and "unagi"), pike conger ("hamo"), octopus ("tako"), shrimp ("ebi" and "amaebi"), clam ("mirugai", "aoyagi" and "akagai"), fish roe ("ikura", "masago", "kazunoko" and "tobiko"), sea urchin ("uni"), crab ("kani"), and various kinds of shellfish (abalone, prawn, scallop) are the most popular seafoods in sushi.
Oysters, however, are less common, as the taste is not thought to go well with the rice.
"Kani kama", or imitation crab stick, is commonly substituted for real crab, most notably in California rolls.
Pickled daikon radish ("takuan") in "shinko maki", pickled vegetables ("tsukemono"), fermented soybeans ("nattō") in "nattō maki", avocado, cucumber in "kappa maki", asparagus, yam, pickled ume ("umeboshi"), gourd ("kanpyō"), burdock ("gobo"), and sweet corn (possibly mixed with mayonnaise) are also used in sushi.
Tofu and eggs (in the form of slightly sweet, layered omelette called "tamagoyaki" and raw quail eggs ride as a "gunkan-maki" topping) are common.
Article: Before Midnight (film)
Section: Plot

Question: What gender were Jesse and Celine's kids?

Nine years after the conclusion of "Before Sunset", Jesse (Hawke) and Céline (Delpy) are a couple and parents to twin girls conceived when they got together for the second time.
Jesse is also struggling to maintain his relationship with his teenage son, Hank (Davey-Fitzpatrick), who lives in Chicago with Jesse's ex-wife and who, after spending the summer with Jesse and Céline on the Greek Peloponnese peninsula, is being dropped off at the airport to fly home.
Jesse has continued to find success as a novelist, while Céline is at a career crossroads, considering a job with the French government.
After dropping off Hank at the airport, the couple discuss their worries about Hank having a healthy childhood and Céline deciding what to do with her career, before returning to the house of their Greek friend, Patrick (Lassally).
Over dinner they discuss ideas about love and life, and the other people staying with them buy Jesse and Céline a hotel room for that night so they can have some time alone.
While walking to the hotel, the couple reminisce about how they met and how their lives have changed since then.
When they arrive at the hotel, however, the two have a vicious argument, as both of them pour out their fears about a present and future together.Céline eventually storms out of the hotel room, telling Jesse she doesn't think she loves him anymore before sitting in the hotel's outdoor restaurant alone.
Jesse joins her and playfully tries to explain to her how things can be different from tonight.
Céline initially finds his attempts childish, saying that their fantasies will never match the imperfect reality their relationship constantly goes through.
Jesse then proclaims his love to her, saying that he loves her unconditionally and is not sure what else she could want from a relationship.
Céline suddenly resumes Jesse's joke and the two seem to reconcile.
Article: Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Section: Etching

Question: Who introduced Van Gogh to etching?

Van Gogh, introduced to etching by Gachet, made the etching "Portrait of Doctor Gachet" in 1890.
Gachet and Van Gogh discussed creating a series of southern France themes but that never happened.
This was the one and only etching, also known as "L'homme à la pipe" (Man with a pipe), that Van Gogh ever made.
Van Gogh's brother, Theo, who received an impression of the etching, called it "a true painter's etching.
No refinement in the execution, but a drawing on metal."
It is a different pose than that in Van Gogh's "Portrait of Dr. Gachet", owned by Musée d'Orsay.
The National Gallery of Canada finds that "The undulating flow of the line is typical of the expressive quality of Van Gogh's late style."
The impression owned by the National Gallery is from one of the 60 printings following Van Gogh's death by Dr. Gachet's son, Paul Gachet Jr. Gachet's collector's stamp appears on the bottom edge of the print.
Article: Fruit
Section: Seedless fruits

Question: What is an important feature of some fruits of commerce?

Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce.
Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits.
Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially navel oranges), satsumas, mandarin oranges, table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness.
In some species, seedlessness is the result of "parthenocarpy", where fruits set without fertilization.
Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination but most seedless citrus fruits require stimulus from pollination to produce fruit.
Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids, and seedlessness results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as "stenospermocarpy" which requires normal pollination and fertilization.
Article: Magic Kingdom
Section: Storybook Circus

Question: When was Michkey's Toontown Fair closed to make way for Storybook Circus?

Part of Fantasyland, Storybook Circus is located at the former site of Mickey's Toontown Fair, and is based on elements from "Dumbo" and the Mickey Mouse universe.
Attractions include The Barnstormer and Dumbo the Flying Elephant, which was removed from its former location on January 8, 2012.
Also included is the Casey Jr. Splash n' Soak Station (a water play area themed to Casey Jr., the train from "Dumbo").
Storybook Circus began soft openings on March 12, 2012, with more parts opening on March 31.
Mickey's Toontown Fair closed permanently on February 11, 2011, to make way for Storybook Circus.
Some elements of Mickey's Toontown Fair were demolished, and others were re-themed to fit the circus concept.
An expanded Dumbo the Flying Elephant ride was built, with an interactive queue, and a second Dumbo ride was built next to it, in order to increase capacity.
The Barnstormer at Goofy's Wiseacre Farm was re-themed to "The Great Goofini".
A big top area was built for meet-and-greets, called Pete's Silly Sideshow.
This attraction features Goofy as a stuntman, Minnie as a magician, Daisy as a fortune-teller, and Donald as a snake-charmer.
Article: Battle of Britain
Section: Bombers

Question: Who were the bombers of Luftwaffe?

The "Luftwaffe"'s four primary bombers were the Heinkel He 111, Dornier Do 17, and Junkers Ju 88 for level bombing, and the Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" for diving attacks.
The Heinkel He 111 was used in greater numbers than the others during the conflict and is better known, partly due to its distinctive wing shape.
Each level bomber also had a few reconnaissance versions that were used during the battle.
Although successful in previous "Luftwaffe" engagements, the "Stuka" suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Britain, particularly on 18 August, due to its slow speed and vulnerability to fighter interception after the dive bombing.
As a result of the losses and limited payload and range, "Stuka" units were largely removed from operations over England and concentrated on shipping instead until they were re-deployed to the Eastern Front in 1941.
They returned on occasion, such as on 13 September to attack Tangmere airfield.
The remaining three bomber types differed in their capabilities; the Heinkel 111 was the slowest; the Ju 88 was the fastest once its mainly external bomb load was dropped; and the Do 17 had the smallest bomb load.
All three bomber types suffered heavy losses from British fighters, but the Ju 88 disproportionately so.
The German bombers required constant protection by the "Luftwaffe"'s fighter force.
There were not enough Bf 109Es to support more than 300–400 bombers on any given day.
Later in the conflict, when night bombing became more frequent, all three were used.
However, due to its reduced bomb load, the lighter Do 17 was used less than the He 111 and Ju 88 for this purpose.
On the British side, three bomber types were mostly used on night operations against targets such as factories, invasion ports and railway centres; the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, the Handley-Page Hampden and the Vickers Wellington were classified as heavy bombers by the RAF, although the Hampden was a medium bomber comparable to the He 111.
The twin-engined Bristol Blenheim and the obsolescent single-engined Fairey Battle were both light bombers; the Blenheim was the most numerous of the aircraft equipping RAF Bomber Command and was used in attacks against shipping, ports, airfields and factories on the continent by day and by night.
The Fairey Battle squadrons, which had suffered heavy losses in daylight attacks during the Battle of France, were brought up to strength with reserve aircraft and continued to operate at night in attacks against the invasion ports, until the Battle was withdrawn from UK front line service in October 1940.
Article: Gilmore Girls
Section: Awards and nominations

Question: Gilmore Girls was the recipient of which Emmy Award?

"Gilmore Girls" received an American Film Institute Award and two Viewers For Quality Television Awards, and was named New Program of the Year by the Television Critics Association.
The show won an Emmy for its only nomination: 2004's Outstanding Makeup for a Series for the episode "The Festival of Living Art".
The show's actors have received many awards for their work on the series.
Graham won two Family Television Awards, and she won Teen Choice Award for Best TV Mom twice.
Alexis Bledel won a Young Artist Award and a Family Television Award.
The series also won a Family Television Award for New Series, and was named Best Family TV Drama Series by the Young Artist Awards.
Article: Hamburger
Section: Variations

Question: Can burgers be only made with beef?

Burgers can also be made with patties made from ingredients other than beef.
For example, a "turkey burger" uses ground turkey meat, a "chicken burger" uses ground chicken meat.
A "buffalo burger" uses ground meat from a bison, and an "ostrich burger" is made from ground seasoned ostrich meat.
A deer burger uses ground venison from deer.
A "veggie burger", "garden burger", or "tofu burger" uses a meat analogue, a meat substitute such as tofu, TVP, seitan (wheat gluten), quorn, beans, grains or an assortment of vegetables, ground up and mashed into patties.
Article: Where Have You Been
Section: Live performances

Question: How did Rihanna utilize the "cleopatra" style in her performance?

Rihanna performed "Where Have You Been" for the first time live at the 2012 Post-Grammy Charity Fundraiser, along with "We Found Love", on February 13, 2012.
On April 15, 2012, Rihanna performed the song at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, again with "We Found Love".
On May 5, 2012, Rihanna performed the song on "Saturday Night Live" in the United States.
The performance featured an aesthetic similar to that of the music video; the "SNL" set was decorated in a "One Thousand and One Nights" fashion.
Rihanna and her backup dancers performed a highly choreographed dance routine, the same as the music video, and wore Arabian inspired outfits.
She also performed the song at the 2012 Robin Hood Benefit in New York.
The performance was in "Cleopatra" style.
The singer performed the song on "American Idol"'s season 11 finale on May 23, 2012.
Rihanna performed "Where Have You Been" at Radio 1's Hackney Weekend on June 24, 2012, as the tenth song on the set list.
The performance featured a giant sphinx on the stage.
Article: The Bachelor (U.S. TV series)
Section: Setting

Question: Where do contestants stay at the start of filming?

For the first two weeks of filming the contestants stay in "Villa De La Vina," a , six-bedroom, nine-bath home in Agoura Hills, California.
The custom home, built in 2005, is located on 10 acres at 2351 Kanan Road.
As of October 10, 2008, the home was listed for sale at a price of US$8.75 million.
For the third and remaining episodes are the contestants have filmed around the world.
Episodes have been filmed throughout the United States, Canada, England, New Zealand, Vietnam, Korea to name just a few.
The Agoura Hills, California mansion was not used during a few seasons including season 7 that was filmed New York City, where Charlie O'Connell, who had appeared in "Sliders" with his brother Jerry O'Connell, lived, Paris, France for season 8; Rome, Italy for season 9, where Lorenzo Borghese lived who is half-Italian.