community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Nebula
Section: Abstract

Question: Who realized the true nature of galaxies?

A nebula (from Latin: "cloud"; pl.
"nebulae" or "nebulæ", with ligature, or "nebulas") is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases.
Originally, "nebula" was a name for any diffuse astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way.
The Andromeda Galaxy, for instance, was referred to as the "Andromeda Nebula" (and spiral galaxies in general as "spiral nebulae") before the true nature of galaxies was confirmed in the early 20th century by Vesto Slipher, Edwin Hubble and others.
Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Eagle Nebula.
This nebula is depicted in one of NASA's most famous images, the "Pillars of Creation".
In these regions the formations of gas, dust, and other materials "clump" together to form larger masses, which attract further matter, and eventually will become massive enough to form stars.
The remaining materials are then believed to form planets, and other planetary system objects.
Article: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Section: Drawings and prints

Question: In what year were the first Old Master drawings presented?

Though other departments contain significant numbers of drawings and prints, the Drawings and Prints department specifically concentrates on North American pieces and western European works produced after the Middle Ages.
The first Old Master drawings, comprising 670 sheets, were presented as a single group in 1880 by Cornelius Vanderbilt II and in effect launched the department, though it was not formally constituted as a department until later.
Other early donors to the department include Junius Spencer Morgan II who presented a broad range of material, but mainly dated from the sixteenth century, including 2 woodblocks and many prints by Albrecht Dürer in 1919.
Currently, the Drawings and Prints collection contains more than 17,000 drawings, 1.5 million prints, and twelve thousand illustrated books.
The great masters of European painting, who produced many more sketches and drawings than actual paintings, are extensively represented in the Drawing and Prints collection.
The department's holdings contain major drawings by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Rembrandt, as well as prints and etchings by Van Dyck, Dürer, and Degas among many others.
Article: Rembrandt
Section: Name and signature

Question: At what time did "Rembrandt" become the artist's name?

"Rembrandt" is a modification of the spelling of the artist's first name that he introduced in 1633.
Roughly speaking, his earliest signatures (ca.
1625) consisted of an initial "R", or the monogram "RH" (for Rembrant Harmenszoon; i.e.
"Rembrant, the son of Harmen"), and starting in 1629, "RHL" (the "L" stood, presumably, for Leiden).
In 1632, he used this monogram early in the year, then added his patronymic to it, "RHL-van Rijn", but replaced this form in that same year and began using his first name alone with its original spelling, "Rembrant".
In 1633 he added a "d", and maintained this form consistently from then on, proving that this minor change had a meaning for him (whatever it might have been).
This change is purely visual; it does not change the way his name is pronounced.
Curiously enough, despite the large number of paintings and etchings signed with this modified first name, most of their documents that mentioned him during his lifetime retained the original "Rembrant" spelling.
(Note: the rough chronology of signature forms above applies to the paintings, and to a lesser degree to the etchings; from 1632, presumably, there is only one etching signed "RHL-v. Rijn," the large-format "Raising of Lazarus," B 73).
His practice of signing his work with his first name, later followed by Vincent van Gogh, was probably inspired by Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo who, then as now, were referred to by their first names alone.
Article: Teen Wolf
Section: Critical response

Question: Which company released Teen Wolf?

Although the film was a modest hit for Atlantic Releasing Corporation, the film's critical reception was at best mixed.
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 47% of 19 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 4.8 out of 10.
Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" gave the film a negative review calling it "aggressively boring".
He went on to say that "the film is overacted by everybody except Mr. Fox, who is seen to far better advantage in "Back to the Future"."
Article: The Night Watch
Section: Cultural legacy

Question: To which artist is tribute paid on by the cover illustrator?

 The work has inspired musical works in both the classical and rock traditions, including the second movement of Gustav Mahler's 7th Symphony and Ayreon's "The Shooting Company of Captain Frans B. Cocq" from "".
 Alexander Korda's 1936 biographical film "Rembrandt" depicts the painting, shown in error in its truncated form, as a failure at its completion, perceived as lampooning its outraged subjects.
 In King Crimson's song "The Night Watch", on its 1974 album "Starless and Bible Black", the lyricist Richard Palmer-James muses on the painting to capture a key period in Dutch history, when, after a long period of “Spanish Wars,” the merchants and other members of the bourgeoisie can turn their lives inward and focus on the tangible results of their lives’ efforts.
The song adopts a number of perspectives, including the primary subjects and the artist himself, and paints a mini-portrait of the emergence of the modern upper-middle class and the consumerist culture.
However, the song presents this portrait with a deft touch, and while not fully approving, is sympathetic in tone.
 In Jean-Luc Godard's 1982 film, "Passion", "The Night Watch" is reenacted with live actors in an opening shot.
Godard explicitly compares his film to Rembrandt's painting, describing them both as "full of holes and badly-filled spaces."
He instructs the viewer not to focus on the overall composition, but to approach his film as one would a Rembrandt and "focus on the faces.
"
 "The Night Watch" is a major plot device in the eponymous 1995-film, Night Watch, which focuses on the painting's theft.
 "The Night Watch" is parodied on the British cover of Terry Pratchett's 2002 book by the same name.
The cover illustrator, Paul Kidby, pays tribute to Rembrandt by placing him in the picture, in the position where Rembrandt is said to have painted himself.
 "The Night Watch" is the subject of a 2007-film by director Peter Greenaway called "Nightwatching", in which the film posits a conspiracy within the musketeer regiment of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch, and suggests that Rembrandt may have immortalized a conspiracy theory using subtle allegory in his group portrait of the regiment, subverting what was to have been a highly prestigious commission for both painter and subject.
His 2008 film "Rembrandt's J'Accuse" is a sequel or follow-on, and covers the same idea, using extremely detailed analysis of the compositional elements in the painting; in this Greenaway describes "The Night Watch" as (currently) the fourth most famous painting in the Western world, after the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
 In 2006 "The Night Watch" has inspired the literary work A Ronda da Noite by the famous Portuguese writer Agustina Bessa Luís.
Article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Section: Hibakusha

Question: How many hibakusha were recognized by the Japanese government?

The survivors of the bombings are called , a Japanese word that literally translates to "explosion-affected people."
, 201,779 "hibakusha" were recognized by the Japanese government, most living in Japan.
The government of Japan recognizes about 1% of these as having illnesses caused by radiation.
The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the "hibakusha" who are known to have died since the bombings.
Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, the memorials record the names of almost 450,000 deceased "hibakusha"; 286,818 in Hiroshima and 162,083 in Nagasaki.
"Hibakusha" and their children were (and still are) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness, with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious.
This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
A study of the long-term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17–20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms.
Article: Prison Break
Section: Filming

Question: Where is the bulk of the show Prison Break filmed?

The first three seasons of "Prison Break" were primarily filmed outside of Hollywood.
The majority of the first season of the series was filmed on location in and around Chicago.
After it was closed down in 2002, Joliet Prison became the set of "Prison Break" in 2005, standing in as Fox River State Penitentiary on screen.
Scenes set in Lincoln's cell, the infirmary, and the prison yard were all shot on location at the prison.
Lincoln's cell was alleged to be the same one in which serial killer John Wayne Gacy was incarcerated, which at least one member of the production crew refused to enter, because it was alleged to be haunted.
Other sets were built at the prison, including the cell blocks that housed the general prison population; these blocks had three tiers of cells (as opposed to the real cell block's two) and had cells much larger than real cells to allow more space for the actors and cameras.
Exterior scenes were filmed in areas around Chicago, Woodstock, and Joliet in Illinois.
Other locations included O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and Toronto, Ontario in Canada.
"Prison Break" spent $2 million per episode in the state of Illinois, which cost them a total of $24 million in 2005.
Renewed for a second season, "Prison Break" resumed filming on June 15, 2006, in Dallas, Texas due to the close proximity of rural and urban settings.
Locations within a 30-minute radius of Dallas were chosen which included Little Elm, Decatur, and Mineral Wells.
Many of these locations were used to represent various American towns.
The show was expected to spend in excess of $50 million in Texas over the course of the second season.
For the final three episodes of the second season, filming took place in Pensacola, Florida to represent Panama.
Each episode took eight days to film and approximately $1.4 million went to the local economy per episode.
The third season was shot in Dallas and had a budget of $3 million per episode.
Several of the exterior scenes with Lincoln and Gretchen negotiating the escape from the Panama jail were shot in the Casco Viejo quarter of Panama City.
The principal photography for the fourth season was relocated to Los Angeles, California.
Article: Seafood
Section: In religion

Question: What do restaurants add to their menu during Lent?

For the most part Islamic dietary laws allow the eating of seafood, though the Hanbali forbid eels, the Shafi forbid frogs and crocodiles, and the Hanafi forbid bottom feeders such as shellfish and carp.
The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shellfish and eels.
According to the King James version of the bible, it is alright to eat finfish, but shellfish and eels are an abomination and should not be eaten.
Since early times, the Catholic church has forbidden the practice of eating meat, eggs and dairy products at certain times.
Thomas Aquinas argued that these "afford greater pleasure as food fish, and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust."
In the United States, the Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays has popularized the Friday fish fry, and parishes often sponsor a fish fry during Lent.
In predominantly Roman Catholic areas, restaurants may adjust their menus during Lent by adding seafood items to the menu.
Article: Treaty of Versailles
Section: Occupation

Question: Name the treaty ended World War I?

The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from Belgium, France, and Luxembourg within fifteen days.
In addition, it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland.
In late 1918, Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation.
Article: Once Upon a Time (TV series)
Section: Series overview

Question: Where is the series "Once upon a Time" set?

The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales and other stories that were transported to the "real world" town and robbed of their original memories by the Evil Queen Regina (Lana Parrilla), using a powerful curse obtained from Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle).
The residents of Storybrooke have lived an unchanging existence for 28 years, unaware of their own lack of aging.
The town's only hope lies with a bail bonds-woman and bounty hunter named Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison), the daughter of Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Prince Charming (Josh Dallas), who was transported from the Enchanted Forest within the fairy tale world as an infant before she could be cursed.
As such, she is the only person who can break the curse and restore the characters' lost memories.
She is aided by her son, Henry (Jared S. Gilmore), with whom she has recently reunited after giving him up for adoption upon his birth, and his book of fairy tales which holds the key to ending the curse.
Henry is also the adopted son of Regina, mayor of Storybrooke, who is actually Henry's step-great-grandmother, providing a source of both conflict and common interest between the two women.
Episodes usually have one segment that details the characters' past lives, which when serialized, adds a piece to the puzzle about the characters and their connection to the events that preceded the curse and its consequences.
The other, set in the present day, follows a similar pattern with a different outcome but also offers similar insights.
Article: Up Series
Section: Jackie

Question: Where was Jackie Bassett's school located in London?

Jackie Bassett was one of three girls who were chosen from the same primary school as Lynn and Sue, in a working-class neighbourhood of London (East).
She eventually went to a comprehensive school and married at age 19.
Jackie went through several different jobs, divorced, remarried and moved to Scotland, divorced again and raised her 3 sons as a single parent.
As of 56 Up she's been on disability for 14 years, and is very close to her second mother in law who's been recently diagnosed with terminal cancer.
Her family remains close and lives near each other in Scotland.
Article: Private Practice (TV series)
Section: Origins

Question: It was revealed that ABC would produce a spin-off of Grey's Anatomy in which publication?

Production history.
On , ":The Wall Street Journal" reported that ABC was pursuing a spin-off of "Grey's Anatomy" featuring Kate Walsh's character Addison Montgomery.
Subsequent reports confirmed the report, stating that an expanded two-hour broadcast of "Grey's Anatomy" (which aired ) would serve as a backdoor pilot for the spinoff.
The backdoor pilot episode features Montgomery on leave from Seattle Grace Hospital, the clinic in Los Angeles is named the Oceanside Wellness Centre.
The broadcast served as the 22nd and 23rd episodes of the season (out of 25), and was directed by Michael Grossman, according to "Variety".
Gossip columnists Kristin Veitch and Michael Ausiello reported that the spinoff would be set in Los Angeles.
Article: Last Supper
Section: Artistic depictions

Question: The Last Supper, a  piece of artwork, has its basis in what religion?

The Last Supper has been a popular subject in Christian art.
Depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art date back to early Christianity and can be seen in the Catacombs of Rome.
Byzantine artists frequently focused on the Apostles receiving Communion, rather than the reclining figures having a meal.
By the Renaissance, the Last Supper was a favorite topic in Italian art.
There are three major themes in the depictions of the last supper.
The first theme is the dramatic and dynamic depiction of Jesus' announcement of his betrayal.
The second theme is the moment of the institution of the tradition of the Eucharist.
The depictions here are generally solemn and mystical.
The third major theme is the farewell of Jesus to his disciples, in which Judas Iscariot is no longer present, having left the supper.
The depictions here are generally melancholy, as Jesus prepares his disciples for his departure.
There are also other, less frequently depicted scenes, such as the washing of the feet of the disciples.
Well known examples include Leonardo da Vinci's depiction, which is considered the first work of High Renaissance art due to its high level of harmony, Tintoretto's depiction which is unusual in that it includes secondary characters carrying or taking the dishes from the table and Salvadore Dali's depiction combines the typical Christian themes with modern approaches of Surrealism.
Article: Nanking Massacre
Section: Japanese war crimes on the march to Nanking

Question: What did the two officer in the Nanking Massacre compete about?

Approach of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Japanese war crimes on the march to Nanking.
Although the Nanking Massacre is generally described as having occurred over a six-week period after the fall of Nanking, the crimes committed by the Japanese army were not limited to that period.
Many atrocities were reported to have been committed as the Japanese army advanced from Shanghai to Nanking.
According to one Japanese journalist embedded with Imperial forces at the time, "The reason that the Army is advancing to Nanking quite rapidly is due to the tacit consent among the officers and men that they could loot and rape as they wish.
"Novelist Ishikawa Tatsuzo vividly described how the 16th Division of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force committed atrocities on the march between Shanghai and Nanking in his novel "Ikiteiru Heitai" (Living Soldiers), which was based on interviews that Tatsuzo conducted with troops in Nanking in January 1938.
Perhaps the most notorious atrocity was a killing contest between two Japanese officers as reported in the "Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun" and the English language "Japan Advertiser".
The contest— a race between the two officers (later executed for wartime atrocities) to see which of them could kill 100 people first using only a sword— was covered much like a sporting event with regular updates on the score over a series of days.
In Japan, the veracity of the newspaper article about the contest was the subject of ferocious debate for several decades starting in 1967.
In 2000, a historian concurred with certain Japanese scholars who had argued that the contest was a concocted story, with the collusion of the soldiers themselves for the purpose of raising the national fighting spirit.
In 2005, a Tokyo district judge dismissed a suit by the families of the lieutenants, stating that "the lieutenants admitted the fact that they raced to kill 100 people" and that the story cannot be proven to be clearly false.
The judge also ruled against the civil claim of the plaintiffs because the original article was more than 60 years old.
The historicity of the event remains disputed in Japan.
Article: Last Supper
Section: Location

Question: what is the area of large Essene communities referred to as?

According to later tradition, the Last Supper took place in what is called today The Room of the Last Supper on Mount Zion, just outside of the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, and is traditionally known as "The Upper Room".
This is based on the account in the Synoptic Gospels that states that Jesus had instructed a pair of unnamed disciples to go to "the city" to meet "a man carrying a jar of water", who would lead them to a house, where they would find "a large upper room furnished and ready".
In this upper room they "prepare the Passover".
No more specific indication of the location is given in the New Testament, and the "city" referred to may be a suburb of Jerusalem, such as Bethany, rather than Jerusalem itself.
The traditional location is in an area that, according to archaeology, had a large Essene community, a point made by scholars who suspect a link between Jesus and the group (Kilgallen 265).
Saint Mark's Syrian Orthodox Church in Jerusalem is another possible site for the room in which the Last Supper was held, and contains a Christian stone inscription testifying to early reverence for that spot.
Certainly the room they have is older than that of the current coenaculum (crusader - 12th century) and as the room is now underground the relative altitude is correct (the streets of 1st century Jerusalem were at least twelve feet (3.6 metres) lower than those of today, so any true building of that time would have even its upper storey currently under the earth).
They also have a revered Icon of the Virgin Mary, reputedly painted from life by St Luke.
Bargil Pixner claims the original site is located beneath the current structure of the Cenacle on Mount Zion.
Article: Galatea of the Spheres
Section: Dalí's motivation

Question: What was the date of the first atomic bomb explosion?

Dalí had been greatly interested in nuclear physics since the first atomic bomb explosions of August 1945, and described the atom as his "favourite food for thought".
Recognising that matter was made up of atoms which did not touch each other, he sought to replicate this in his art at the time, with items suspended and not interacting with each other, such as in "The Madonna of Port Lligat".
This painting was also symbolic of his attempt to reconcile his new faith in Catholicism with nuclear physics.
His friend, painter Antoni Pitxot, recalled that Dalí held in high regard the depth of perspective in the painting and the spheres he had painted.
Dalí wished for this painting to be displayed on an easel, which had been owned by French painter Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, in a suite of three rooms called the Palace of the Winds (named for the "tramontana") in the Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres.
It remains on display there to this day.
It was transported to and exhibited at the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne in 2009, along with many other Dalí paintings in the "Liquid Desire" exhibition.
Article: Dexter (TV series)
Section: U.S. broadcast

Question: When did the first episode of the show Dexter air?

Criticism.U.S.
When U.S. network CBS publicly announced in December 2007 that it was considering "Dexter" for broadcast reruns, the Parents Television Council (PTC) protested the decision.
When the network began posting promotional videos of the rebroadcast on YouTube on January 29, 2008, PTC president Timothy F. Winter, in a formal press release, again called for CBS to not broadcast the show on broadcast television, saying that it "should remain on a premium subscription cable network" because "the series compels viewers to empathize with a serial killer, to root for him to prevail, to hope he doesn't get discovered."
Winter called on the public to demand that local affiliates preempt "Dexter", and warned advertisers that the PTC would take action against any affiliates that sponsored the show.
Following Winter's press release, CBS added parental advisory notices to its broadcast promotions and ultimately rated "Dexter" TV-14 for broadcast.
The show premiered on February 17, 2008, edited primarily for language and scenes containing sex or the dismemberment of live victims.
The PTC later objected to CBS' broadcasting of the final two episodes of the first season in a two-hour block, in addition to objections over the starting times of the episodes, which was as early as 8 p.m. in some time zones.