community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Biology
Section: Ecological and environmental

Question: Ecology is the study of what?

Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment.
The habitat of an organism can be described as the local abiotic factors such as climate and ecology, in addition to the other organisms and biotic factors that share its environment.
One reason that biological systems can be difficult to study is that so many different interactions with other organisms and the environment are possible, even on small scales.
A microscopic bacterium in a local sugar gradient is responding to its environment as much as a lion searching for food in the African savanna.
For any species, behaviors can be co-operative, competitive, parasitic, or symbiotic.
Matters become more complex when two or more species interact in an ecosystem.
Ecological systems are studied at several different levels, from individuals and populations to ecosystems and the biosphere.
The term population biology is often used interchangeably with population ecology, although "population biology" is more frequently used when studying diseases, viruses, and microbes, while population ecology is more commonly used when studying plants and animals.
Ecology draws on many subdisciplines.
Ethology studies animal behavior (particularly that of social animals such as primates and canids), and is sometimes considered a branch of zoology.
Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection.
In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals," influenced many ethologists to come.
Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the Earth, focusing on topics like plate tectonics, climate change, dispersal and migration, and cladistics.
Article: The Mentalist
Section: Awards and nominations

Question: Give the nomination that Simon Baker received in 2009.

 2009: People's Choice Award for "Favorite New TV Drama"
 2009: Simon Baker received a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor – Drama Series
 2009: nomination for The International TV Dagger at the Crime Thriller Awards, an awards ceremony presented by the British Crime Writers' Association
 2010: Simon Baker received a nomination for Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama
 2010: Simon Baker received a nomination for Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
 2010: award for its scientific and critical thinking content, from The IIG during its 10th Anniversary Gala; accepted by Editor Jim Gadd
 2014: nomination for a People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Crime Drama
Article: Iran
Section: Humanities

Question: When did Iran first gain access to the internet?

The Sassanid era was an important and influential historical period in Iran as Iranian culture influenced China, India and Roman civilization considerably, and so influenced as far as Western Europe and Africa.
This influence played a prominent role in the formation of both Asiatic and European medieval art.
This influence carried forward to the Islamic world.
Much of what later became known as Islamic learning, such as philology, literature, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture and the sciences were based on some of the practises taken from the Sassanid Persians to the broader Muslim world.
Daily life in modern Iran is closely interwoven with Shia Islam and the country's art, literature, and architecture are an ever-present reminder of its deep national tradition and of a broader literary culture.
The state-owned Telecommunication Company of Iran handles telecommunications.
The media of Iran is a mixture of private and state-owned, but books and movies must be approved by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance before being released to the public.
Iran originally received access to the internet in 1993, and it has become enormously popular among the Iranian youth.
Iran is now the world's fourth largest country of bloggers.
Article: Chilli crab
Section: Origins

Question: How did Cher Yam Tian began selling crabs and bottled chili sauce?

In 1956, Cher Yam Tian and her husband Lim Choo Ngee began selling stir-fried crabs mixed with bottled chilli and tomato sauce from a pushcart.
This was an improvised recipe; the original one did not involve bottled chilli sauce.
A successful business selling this dish prompted the establishment of a non-mobile restaurant situated in Palm Beach.
In September 2009, Ng Yen Yen, Malaysia's Tourism Minister, controversially claimed that, among other dishes, that "Chilli crab is Malaysian", accusing "other countries" of "hijacking our food".
Evidence supporting her claim has yet to be put forth.
Article: Gangnam Style
Section: Song

Question: What was the 2012 best song according to Time Magazine?

Year-end media picks.
"Gangnam Style" was ranked No.
25 on the "Rolling Stone"s 50 best songs of 2012 list and No.
8 on "SPIN"s 40 best songs of the year.
The song also took the No.
8 spot on the 2012 "Billboard" 20 best K-Pop songs list by Jeff Benjamin and Jessica Oak, who commented "song stands out not only for its slick, electronic production but also for its deeper critique on high-class society."
According to MTV's list of the 2012 best songs, the song was ranked No.
8 with MTV news staff James Montgomery's comment: "'Gangnam' is either the track we, as a culture needed right now, or the track we, as a culture, deserved".
"TIME" magazine chose it as the second best song of 2012 after Usher's "Climax", writing "The YouTube meme, a good-natured, mind-bendingly catchy lampoon [...] turned into a global obsession".
The song was one of the best songs of the year on "The New York Times" pop critics' list and "E!
Online"s No.
1 pick on the top 10 pop songs of 2012 list.
Digital Spy ranked the song No.
20 among the 20 best singles of the year.
It was voted the 12th best single of 2012 by "The Village Voice"s 40th annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll.
Music critic Robert Christgau placed "Gangnam Style" as the No.
2 single on his 2012 Dean's List.
Article: Pakistan
Section: Nuclear power

Question: What agencies are responsible for the operations of Pakistan's power plants?

As of 2012, nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by three licensed-commercial nuclear power plants.
Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to construct and operate civil nuclear power plants.
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), the scientific and nuclear governmental agency, is solely responsible for operating these power plants.
As of 2012, the electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly ~3.6% of electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel, ~33% from hydroelectric power and ~0.3% from coal.
Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states (along with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
The People's Republic of China has been a strong vocal and avid supporter of Pakistan's nuclear power generation programme from early on.
In 2005, both Pakistan government and the Chinese government adopted an Energy Security Plan, calling for a huge increase in generating capacity to more than 160,000 MWe by 2030.
Pakistan Government plans for lifting nuclear capacity to 8800 MWe, 900 MWe of it by 2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020.
In June 2008, the Pakistani Government announced plans to build commercial nuclear power plants III and IV commercial nuclear power plants at Chashma, Punjab Province, each with 320–340 MWe and costing PKR 129 billion, 80 billion of this from international sources, principally China.
A further agreement for China's help with the project was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as a counter to the US–India agreement shortly preceding it.
Cost quoted then was US$ 1.7 billion, with a foreign loan component of $1.07 billion.
Article: Jingle Bell Rock
Section: Abstract

Question: Who composed Jingle Bell Rock?

"Jingle Bell Rock" is a popular Christmas song first released by Bobby Helms in 1958.
It has received frequent airplay in the United States during every Christmas time since then.
"Jingle Bell Rock" was composed by Joseph Carleton Beal (1900–1967), and James Ross Boothe (1917–1976).
Beal was a Massachusetts-born public relations man and longtime resident of South Ocean Avenue in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Boothe was a Texan writer in the advertising business.
Article: Set Fire to the Rain
Section: Live performances and usage in media

Question: Where did Adele first present the song "Set Fire to the Rain?"

Adele performed the song live for the first time on 29 April on "The Graham Norton Show".
She also performed the track on 3 May at Jools Holland along with the selections "Rolling in the Deep", "Don't You Remember" and "Take It All".
Adele also added the song to the set list of her second worldwide tour.
FX used "Set Fire to the Rain" to promote the final season of "Rescue Me" and the show's series finale.
The song was also featured in promotional ads for the TV series "Ringer" and "Revenge," which brought it airplay in the United States without her label having to release it to radio stations.
It was also used as an "insert theme" on the 2012 Fuji TV series "Iki mo dekinai natsu."
Article: Physics
Section: Abstract

Question: What is physics?

Physics (from , from "phúsis" "nature") is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force.
More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.
Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.
Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right.
Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined.
New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.
Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs.
For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Function and construction

Question: When did the Amesbury Archer get buried?

Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records.
Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate.
This multiplicity of theories, some of them very colourful, are often called the "mystery of Stonehenge".
A number of myths surround the stones.
There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders.
Over the years, various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used, usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise.
However, conventional techniques, using Neolithic technology as basic as shear legs, have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size.
Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site.
More recently two major new theories have been proposed.
Professor Geoffrey Wainwright OBE, FSA, president of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and Professor Timothy Darvill, OBE of Bournemouth University have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing – the primeval equivalent of Lourdes.
They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves.
However they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well.
Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions.
A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the "Amesbury Archer" grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany; and the "Boscombe Bowmen" probably arrived from Wales or Brittany, France.
On the other hand, Professor Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon.
He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living, whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead.
A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death, to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased.
Both explanations were first mooted in the 12th century by Geoffrey of Monmouth (below), who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument.
Whatever religious, mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge, its design includes a celestial observatory function, which might have allowed prediction of eclipse, solstice, equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion.
Another theory, brought forth in 2012, suggests that the monument was intended to unify the different peoples of the British island.
This theory suggests that the massive amount of labour involved in the construction of Stonehenge necessitated inter-regional cooperation, especially as many of the stones were moved over very long distances, for example from quarries in Wales.
Article: Notre Dame de Paris
Section: Timeline of construction

Question: If I was Bishop Eudes de Sully, when did I die?

 1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris), orders the original cathedral demolished.
 1163 Cornerstone laid for Notre-Dame de Paris, construction begins.
 1182 Apse and choir completed.
 1196 Bishop Maurice de Sully dies.
 c.1200 Work begins on western facade.
 1208 Bishop Eudes de Sully dies.
Nave vaults nearing completion.
 1225 Western facade completed.
 1250 Western towers and north rose window completed.
 c.1245–1260s Transepts remodelled in the Rayonnant style by Jean de Chelles then Pierre de Montreuil
 1250–1345 Remaining elements completed
Article: Physics
Section: Abstract

Question: What does the subject Physics study?

Physics (from , from "phúsis" "nature") is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force.
More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.
Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.
Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right.
Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined.
New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.
Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs.
For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
Article: Bacon
Section: Canada

Question: How do you make canadian bacon?

An individual piece of bacon is a 'slice' or 'strip'.
In Canada:
 The term bacon on its own or, more specifically, side bacon typically refers to bacon from the pig's belly.
 Back bacon refers to either smoked or unsmoked bacon cut from the boneless eye of pork loin; this is called 'Canadian bacon' in the United States.
 Peameal bacon is back bacon, brined and coated in fine cornmeal (historically, it was rolled in a meal made from ground dried peas).
Article: Kebab
Section: Adana

Question: What is the kebabi of Adana?

Adana kebabı (or kıyma kebabı) is a long, hand-minced meat kebab mounted on a wide iron skewer and grilled over charcoal.
It is generally "hot" or piquant.
A "less hot" version is generally called urfa kebabı.
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: Neutral medium

Question: Electrons are used for what?

The same procedure as used on acid medium is applied, for example on balancing using electron ion method to complete combustion of propane.
"Unbalanced reaction": C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
"Reduction": 4 H+ + O2 + 4 e– → 2 H2O
"Oxidation": 6 H2O + C3H8 → 3 CO2 + 20 e– + 20 H+
As in acid and basic medium, electrons which were used to compensate oxidation changes are multiplied to opposite half reactions, thus solving the equation.
20 H+ + 5 O2 + 20 e– → 10 H2O
6 H2O + C3H8 → 3 CO2 + 20 e– + 20 H+
Equation balanced:
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Article: Switzerland
Section: Urbanization

Question: How long did it take for Switzerland to go from rural to urban?

Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas.
Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years.
Since 1935 urban development has claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the previous 2,000 years.
This urban sprawl does not only affect the plateau but also the Jura and the Alpine foothills and there are growing concerns about land use.
However from the beginning of the 21st century, the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.
Switzerland has a dense network of cities, where large, medium and small cities are complementary.
The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of man's presence.
The weight of the largest metropolitan areas, which are Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern tend to increase.
In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests.
In addition the two main centers of Zürich and Geneva are recognized for their particularly great quality of life.
Article: The Bachelor (U.S. TV series)
Section: Setting

Question: What was the home listed price as of October 10, 2008?

For the first two weeks of filming the contestants stay in "Villa De La Vina," a , six-bedroom, nine-bath home in Agoura Hills, California.
The custom home, built in 2005, is located on 10 acres at 2351 Kanan Road.
As of October 10, 2008, the home was listed for sale at a price of US$8.75 million.
For the third and remaining episodes are the contestants have filmed around the world.
Episodes have been filmed throughout the United States, Canada, England, New Zealand, Vietnam, Korea to name just a few.
The Agoura Hills, California mansion was not used during a few seasons including season 7 that was filmed New York City, where Charlie O'Connell, who had appeared in "Sliders" with his brother Jerry O'Connell, lived, Paris, France for season 8; Rome, Italy for season 9, where Lorenzo Borghese lived who is half-Italian.
Article: Counting Stars
Section: Credits and personnel

Question: Who was the sound engineer of the album "Counting Stars?"

Recording
Recorded at Black Rock Studio Santorini, Santorini, Greece, and Patriot Studios, Denver, Colorado
Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York
Personnel
Songwriting – Ryan Tedder
Production – Ryan Tedder, Noel Zancanella
Engineering – Smith Carlson
Assistant engineering – Matthew Tryba
Harp – HarpEri
Backing vocals — Bobbie Gordon, Brent Kutzle, Zach Filkins, David McGlohon
Mixing – Joe Zook
Assistant mix engineering – Ryan Lipman
Mastering – Chris Gehringer, Will Quinnell
Article: Colosseum
Section: Supporting buildings

Question: What was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage?

The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area.
In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games.
Immediately to the east is the remains of the "Ludus Magnus", a training school for gladiators.
This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators.
The "Ludus Magnus" had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators.
Other training schools were in the same area, including the "Ludus Matutinus" (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools.
Also nearby were the "Armamentarium", comprising an armory to store weapons; the "Summum Choragium", where machinery was stored; the "Sanitarium", which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the "Spoliarium", where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.
Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side.
Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the "velarium" or awning.
Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine.