community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Evolution
Section: Mutation

Question: What are the changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome?

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome.
When mutations occur, they can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning.
Based on studies in the fly "Drosophila melanogaster", it has been suggested that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70% of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.
Mutations can involve large sections of a chromosome becoming duplicated (usually by genetic recombination), which can introduce extra copies of a gene into a genome.
Extra copies of genes are a major source of the raw material needed for new genes to evolve.
This is important because most new genes evolve within gene families from pre-existing genes that share common ancestors.
For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for colour vision and one for night vision; all four are descended from a single ancestral gene.
New genes can be generated from an ancestral gene when a duplicate copy mutates and acquires a new function.
This process is easier once a gene has been duplicated because it increases the redundancy of the system; one gene in the pair can acquire a new function while the other copy continues to perform its original function.
Other types of mutations can even generate entirely new genes from previously noncoding DNA.
The generation of new genes can also involve small parts of several genes being duplicated, with these fragments then recombining to form new combinations with new functions.
When new genes are assembled from shuffling pre-existing parts, domains act as modules with simple independent functions, which can be mixed together to produce new combinations with new and complex functions.
For example, polyketide synthases are large enzymes that make antibiotics; they contain up to one hundred independent domains that each catalyse one step in the overall process, like a step in an assembly line.
Article: Captain Phillips (film)
Section: Development

Question: In what year did Tom Hanks attach to this project?

Shortly after the publication of Richard Phillips's memoir "A Captain's Duty" in 2010, Sony Pictures optioned the film rights.
In March 2011, actor Tom Hanks attached himself to the project after reading a draft of the screenplay by Billy Ray.
During the following June, director Paul Greengrass was offered the helm of the then-untitled film adaptation.
A worldwide search subsequently began to find the film's supporting Somali cast.
From this search, Barkhad Abdi, Barkhad Abdirahman, Faysal Ahmed, and Mahat M. Ali were chosen from among more than 700 participants at a 2011 casting call at the Brian Coyle Community Center in Cedar-Riverside, Minneapolis.
According to the search casting director, Debbie DeLisi, the four actors were selected because they were "the chosen ones, that anointed group that stuck out.
"Producers visited the National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum to see the bullet-scarred, five-ton fiberglass lifeboat aboard which the pirates held Capt.
Phillips hostage so that they could accurately re-create the boat and interiors for the set.
They were also able to view an example of the Boeing Insitu ScanEagle UAV, used to monitor the crisis, as well as the Mark 11 Mod 0 (SR-25) sniper rifle (the type used by the U.S. Navy SEALs), both also on display at the museum.
Article: Baseball
Section: Abstract

Question: Was baseball the national sport of the United States in the late 19th century?

Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players who take turns batting and fielding.
The offense attempts to score runs by hitting a ball thrown by the pitcher with a bat and moving counter-clockwise around a series of four bases: first, second, third and home plate.
A run is scored when the runner advances around the bases and returns to home plate.
Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways.
A player on the batting team can stop at any of the bases and later advance on a teammate's hit or other means.
The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs.
One turn at bat for both teams, beginning with the visiting team, constitutes an inning, and nine innings a game.
The team with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins.
Evolving from older bat-and-ball games, an early form of baseball was being played in England by the mid-18th century.
This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed.
By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States.
Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America and the Caribbean, East Asia and Europe.
In the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are divided into the National League (NL) and American League (AL), each with three divisions: East, West, and Central.
The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series.
The top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central League and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League.
Article: The Scream
Section: Sources of inspiration

Question: What does the Norwegian word "skrik" mean?

The original German title given to the work by Munch is "Der Schrei der Natur" ("The Scream of Nature").
The Norwegian word "skrik" usually is translated as "scream", but is cognate with the English "shriek".
Occasionally, the painting also has been called "The Cry".
In his diary in an entry headed, "Nice 22 January 1892", Munch described his inspiration for the image:This memory was later rendered by Munch as a poem, which he hand-painted onto the frame of the 1895 pastel version of the work:Among theories advanced to account for the reddish sky in the background is the artist's memory of the effects of the powerful volcanic eruption of Krakatoa, which deeply tinted sunset skies red in parts of the Western hemisphere for months during 1883 and 1884, about a decade before Munch painted "The Scream".
This explanation has been disputed by scholars, who note that Munch was an expressive painter and was not primarily interested in literal renderings of what he had seen.
Alternatively, it has been suggested that the proximity of both a slaughterhouse and a lunatic asylum to the site depicted in the painting may have offered some inspiration.
The scene was identified as being the view from a road overlooking Oslo, the Oslofjord and Hovedøya, from the hill of Ekeberg.
At the time of painting the work, Munch's manic depressive sister Laura Catherine was a patient at the asylum at the foot of Ekeberg.
In 1978, the Munch scholar Robert Rosenblum suggested that the strange, sexless creature in the foreground of the painting was inspired by a Peruvian mummy, which Munch could have seen at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris.
This mummy, which was buried in a fetal position with its hands alongside its face, also struck the imagination of Munch's friend Paul Gauguin: it stood as a model for the central figure in his painting, "Human misery (Grape harvest at Arles)" and for the old woman at the left in his painting, "Where Do We Come From?
What Are We?
Where Are We Going?".
More recently, an Italian anthropologist speculated that Munch might have seen a mummy in Florence's Museum of Natural History, which bears an even more striking resemblance to the painting.
The imagery of "The Scream" has been compared to that which an individual suffering from depersonalization disorder experiences, a feeling of distortion of the environment and one's self, and also facial pain.
Article: Palace of Versailles
Section: History

Question: How many distinct building campaigns did the Versailles have?

The earliest mention of the name of Versailles is in a document dated 1038, relating to the village of Versailles.
In 1575, the seigneury of Versailles was bought by Albert de Gondi, a naturalized Florentine, who invited Louis XIII on several hunting trips in the forests surrounding Versailles.
Pleased with the location, Louis ordered the construction of a hunting lodge in 1624.
Eight years later, Louis obtained the seigneury of Versailles from the Gondi family and began to make enlargements to the château.
This structure would become the core of the new palace.
Louis XIII's successor, Louis XIV, had it expanded into one of the largest palaces in the world.
Following the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678, he began to gradually move the court to Versailles.
The court was officially established there on 6 May 1682.
After the disgrace of Nicolas Fouquet in 1661, Louis confiscated Fouquet's estate and employed the talents of Le Vau, Le Nôtre, and Le Brun, who all had worked on Fouquet's grand château Vaux-le-Vicomte, for his building campaigns at Versailles and elsewhere.
For Versailles, there were four distinct building campaigns.
Article: Grand Central Terminal
Section: Abstract

Question: In what year did Grand Central Station become Grand Central Terminal?

Grand Central Terminal (GCT) is a commuter (and former intercity) railroad terminal at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States.
Built by and named for the New York Central Railroad in the heyday of American long-distance passenger rail travel, it is the largest such facility in the world by number of platforms with 44 serving 67 tracks along them.
They are on two levels, both below ground, with 41 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower, though the total number of tracks along platforms and in rail yards exceeds 100.
The terminal covers an area of .
The terminal serves commuters traveling on the Metro-North Railroad to Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess counties in New York State, and Fairfield and New Haven counties in Connecticut.
Until 1991 the terminal served Amtrak, which moved to nearby Pennsylvania Station upon completion of the Empire Connection.
Although the terminal has been properly called “Grand Central Terminal” since 1913, many people continue to refer to it wrongly as “Grand Central Station,” the name of the previous rail station on the same site, and of the U.S. Post Office station next door, which is not part of the terminal.
It is also sometimes used to refer to the Grand Central – 42nd Street subway station, which serves the terminal.
It has been described as "the world's loveliest station".
According to the travel magazine "Travel + Leisure" in its October 2011 survey, Grand Central Terminal is "the world's number six most visited tourist attraction", bringing in approximately 21,600,000 visitors annually.
The enduring appeal of the station is thought to be related to its monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail.
Article: Rice
Section: Harvesting, drying and milling

Question: What is another name for unmilled rice ?

Unmilled rice, known as paddy (Indonesia and Malaysia: padi; Philippines, palay), is usually harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25%.
In most Asian countries, where rice is almost entirely the product of smallholder agriculture, harvesting is carried out manually, although there is a growing interest in mechanical harvesting.
Harvesting can be carried out by the farmers themselves, but is also frequently done by seasonal labour groups.
Harvesting is followed by threshing, either immediately or within a day or two.
Again, much threshing is still carried out by hand but there is an increasing use of mechanical threshers.
Subsequently, paddy needs to be dried to bring down the moisture content to no more than 20% for milling.
A familiar sight in several Asian countries is paddy laid out to dry along roads.
However, in most countries the bulk of drying of marketed paddy takes place in mills, with village-level drying being used for paddy to be consumed by farm families.
Mills either sun dry or use mechanical driers or both.
Drying has to be carried out quickly to avoid the formation of moulds.
Mills range from simple hullers, with a throughput of a couple of tonnes a day, that simply remove the outer husk, to enormous operations that can process 4,000 tonnes a day and produce highly polished rice.
A good mill can achieve a paddy-to-rice conversion rate of up to 72% but smaller, inefficient mills often struggle to achieve 60%.
These smaller mills often do not buy paddy and sell rice but only service farmers who want to mill their paddy for their own consumption.
Article: Once Upon a Time (TV series)
Section: Ratings

Question: The pilot episode of the show "Once Upon a Time" was viewed by how many people?

The first season premiered as the top-rated drama series.
The pilot episode was watched by 13 million viewers and received a 4.0 rating/share among 18–49 year olds.
It was the season's highest-rated drama debut among the age range and ABC's biggest debut in five years.
With DVR viewers, the premiere climbed to 15.5 million viewers and a 5.2 rating/share in adults 18–49.
The show's next three episodes had consistent ratings every week with over 11 million viewers.
The series has become the number one non-sports program with viewers and young adults on Sunday nights.
Article: American Hustle
Section: Historical accuracy

Question: For what reason was mayor Angelo Errichetti praised?

"American Hustle" does not attempt to directly document the events of Abscam.
The names are changed, and the film begins with the on-screen message, "Some of this actually happened".
Major departures from reality include:
 In the film, Irving Rosenfeld begins a life of criminality when he smashes storefront windows as a child in order to provide more work for his father's glass-installation business.
In real life, Melvin Weinberg began working for his father only as an adult.
He did smash windows at that point, and according to one article after Abscam was revealed, it was indeed done to shore up business for Weinberg's father.
A later report, however, states that it was done at the behest of the local union, to punish businesses who used non-union glaziers.
 In the film, Camden mayor Carmine Polito is shown as a selfless politician who gets involved in the scam only to provide jobs to his constituents; Irving feels so bad for Carmine that he engineers a reduced sentence for him.
In reality, though Camden mayor Angelo Errichetti was widely praised for caring about the people of Camden, he also had a reputation for committing crimes.
During the Abscam operation, he offered to get the fake sheikh into illegal businesses such as money counterfeiting and drug smuggling.
Though Weinberg developed a fondness for Errichetti as a man who "didn't beat around the bush", he made no attempt to protect Errichetti from prosecution.
 Evelyn Knight, Weinberg's mistress on whom the character of Sydney Prosser is based, was involved in Weinberg's scams, though to a lesser extent than shown in the film; and she was not involved in Abscam.
She was also English, not an American impersonating an Englishwoman as shown in the film.
 Weinberg's wife Cynthia Marie Weinberg, the basis for Rosalyn Rosenfeld, is not known to have had an affair with someone from the mafia, nor did she nearly blow Weinberg's cover.
 The character of Richie DiMaso is based to some extent on federal agent Tony Amoroso, although in real life Amoroso was just one of a number of agents involved in setting up and executing the scam.
 In the film, the sheikh is impersonated by a Mexican-American FBI agent with very limited Arabic.
In real life, the sheikh was played by two different agents: first briefly by an American, Mike Denehy, who spoke no Arabic, then by a Lebanese-American.
Article: Shabu-shabu
Section: History

Question: Registered as a trademark in 1955, "Shabu-Shabu" was introduced in Japan during what century?

"Shabu-shabu" was introduced in Japan in the 20th century with the opening of the restaurant "Suehiro"[http://www.e-suehiro.com/history/] in Osaka, where the name was invented.
Its origins are traced back to the Chinese hot pot known as "shuan yang rou".
"Shabu-shabu" is most similar to the original Chinese version when compared to other Japanese dishes ("nabemono") such as "sukiyaki" .
Suehiro registered the name as a trademark in 1955.
Together with "sukiyaki", "shabu-shabu" is a common dish in tourist hot-spots, especially in Tokyo, but also in local Japanese neighborhoods (colloquially called "Little Tokyos") in countries such as the United States and Canada.
Article: The Godfather
Section: Video game

Question: What game did Marlon Brando provide voice work for shortly before his death?

In March 2006, a video game version of "The Godfather" was released by Electronic Arts.
Before his death, Marlon Brando provided voice work for Vito; however, owing to poor sound quality from Brando's failing health, only parts of the recordings could be used.
A sound-alike's voice had to be used in the "missing parts".
James Caan, Robert Duvall, and Abe Vigoda lent their voices and likenesses as well, and several other "Godfather" cast members had their likeness in the game.
However, Al Pacino's likeness and voice (Michael Corleone) was not in the game as Al Pacino sold his likeness and voice exclusively for use in the "" video game.
Francis Ford Coppola said in April 2005 that he was not informed and did not approve of Paramount allowing the game's production, and openly criticized the move.
Article: International Space Station
Section: Stress

Question: Who was the cosmonaut that wrote about a problematic period onboard the Salyut 6?

There has been considerable evidence that psychosocial stressors are among the most important impediments to optimal crew morale and performance.
Cosmonaut Valery Ryumin, wrote in his journal during a particularly difficult period onboard the Salyut 6 space station: “All the conditions necessary for murder are met if you shut two men in a cabin measuring 18 feet by 20 and leave them together for two months.”NASA's interest in psychological stress caused by space travel, initially studied when their manned missions began, was rekindled when astronauts joined cosmonauts on the Russian space station Mir.
Common sources of stress in early American missions included maintaining high performance while under public scrutiny, as well as isolation from peers and family.
The latter is still often a cause of stress on the ISS, such as when the mother of NASA Astronaut Daniel Tani died in a car accident, and when Michael Fincke was forced to miss the birth of his second child.
A study of the longest spaceflight concluded that the first three weeks represent a critical period where attention is adversely affected because of the demand to adjust to the extreme change of environment.
While Skylab's 3 crews remained one, two, and three months respectively, long term crews on Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and the ISS last about five to six months while MIR's expeditions often lasted longer.
The ISS working environment includes further stress caused by living and working in cramped conditions with people from very different cultures who speak a different language.
First generation space stations had crews who spoke a single language, while second and third-generation stations have crew from many cultures who speak many languages.
The ISS is unique because visitors are not classed automatically into 'host' or 'guest' categories as with previous stations and spacecraft, and may not suffer from feelings of isolation in the same way.
Crew members with a military pilot background and those with an academic science background or teachers and politicians may have problems understanding each other's jargon and worldview.
Article: Pakistan
Section: Clothing and fashion

Question: When was Pakistan's first fashion week?

The shalwar kameez is the national dress of Pakistan and is worn by men and women in all four provinces Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa and FATA in the country and in Azad Kashmir.
Each province has its own style of wearing the Shalwar Qameez.
Pakistanis wairclothes range from exquisite colors and designs to the type of fabric (silk, chiffon, cotton, etc.
Pakistani fashion has flourished well in the changing environment of fashion world.
Since Pakistan came into being its fashion has been historically evolved from different phases and made its unique identity apart from Indian fashion and culture.
At this time, Pakistani fashion is a combination of traditional and modern dresses and it has become the cultural identification of Pakistan.
Despite of all modern trends, the regional and traditional dresses have developed their own significance as a symbol of native tradition.
This regional fashion is not static but evolving into more modern and pure forms.
The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in Lahore organizes "Fashion Week" and Fashion Pakistan based in Karachi organizes fashion shows in that city.
Pakistan’s first fashion week was held in November 2009.
Article: Hersheypark
Section: The Hollow

Question: What is the name of the oldest operating coaster in the park?

This section was named after the oldest operating coaster in the park, Comet, and lies along Spring Creek.
This is one of the oldest areas part of Hersheypark; many rides have come and gone in this area.
The park's first water ride, the Mill Chute installed in 1929, was alongside the creek where Great Bear runs today.
The original location for the bumper cars, then called the Auto Skooters, is now the SooperDooperLooper Sandwich Stop.
There were giant slides on the hill where the Hersheypark Amphitheater is located.
A turnpike ride was located underneath the high bridge that crossed Spring Creek to Minetown.
The park's carousel, before being moved to Carrousel Circle in 1972, was located along the creek adjacent to the station of Comet.
Before SooperDooperLooper came to Comet Hollow in 1977, a Himalaya ride was in that location, and before that, twin Eli Bridge Ferris wheels.
A whip, and a station for the Electric Railroad were also located in Comet Hollow at one time.
One of Hersheypark's most significant floods occurred in 1972 as a result of Hurricane Agnes.
A number of rides were heavily damaged or destroyed as a result.
These rides include the turnpike ride, the Mill Chute and the giant slides.
They were eventually replaced (the Coal Cracker (1973) and Twin Turnpike (1975) were put on higher ground in Minetown, and the Merry Derry Dip Fun Slide was put in Midway America twenty five years later in 1997).
Today, Comet Hollow features three roller coasters, Comet (Hersheypark), Skyrush, and the first looping roller coaster on the East Coast, SooperDooperLooper.
It also houses the Wave Swinger.
Almost all of Great Bear's track courses through Comet Hollow.
Beginning with the 2012 season and renovations being done to this area, the park changed the name of the once 'Comet Hollow' to the now present name of 'The Hollow'.