community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Spain
Section: Etymology

Question: Who claimed the root of the word "span" came from the Phoenician word meaning "to forge metal"?

The origins of the Roman name "Hispania", from which the modern name "España" was derived, are uncertain and are possibly unknown due to the inadequate evidence.
"Hispania" may derive from the poetic use of the term "Hesperia", reflecting the Greek perception of Italy as a "western land" or "land of the setting sun" ("Hesperia", "Ἑσπερία" in Greek) and Spain, being still further west, as "Hesperia ultima".
It may also be a derivation of the Punic "I-Shpania" (אי שפניא), meaning "island of rabbits", "land of rabbits" or "edge", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of Hadrian show a female figure with a coney at her feet, and Strabo called it the "land of the rabbits".
There is also the claim that "Hispania" derives from the Basque word "Ezpanna" meaning "edge" or "border", another reference to the fact that the Iberian peninsula constitutes the southwest of the European continent.
The Renaissance scholar Antonio de Nebrija proposed that the word "Hispania" evolved from the Iberian word "Hispalis", meaning "city of the western world".
Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the term "span" is the Phoenecian word "spy", meaning "to forge metals".
Therefore "i-spn-ya" would mean "the land where metals are forged".
Two 15th century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abrabanel and Shelomó ibn Verga, have given a different explanation as to how Spain derived its name.
Don Isaac Abrabanel was one of the principal persons of Spain’s Jewish community and one of the king’s trusted courtiers who witnessed the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492.
Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem.
This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had been given a kingdom in Spain.
He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, who also ruled over a kingdom in Spain.
Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España (Spain) took its name.
Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c. 350 BCE.
Article: Fajita
Section: Popularity

Question: How do you serve a fajita?

The first culinary evidence of the fajitas with the cut of meat, the cooking style (directly on a campfire or on a grill), and the Spanish nickname going back as far as the 1930s in the ranch lands of South and West Texas.
During cattle roundups, beef were butchered regularly to feed the hands.
Throwaway items such as the hide, the head, the entrails, and meat trimmings such as skirt were given to the Mexican cowboys called vaqueros as part of their pay.
Hearty border dishes like barbacoa de cabeza (head barbecue), menudo (tripe stew), and fajitas or arracheras (grilled skirt steak) have their roots in this practice.
Considering the limited number of skirts per carcass and the fact the meat wasn't available commercially, the fajita tradition remained regional and relatively obscure for many years, probably only familiar to vaqueros, butchers, and their families.
The food became popular in Tex-Mex restaurants in Houston, Austin, and San Antonio.
In southern Arizona, the term was unknown except as a cut of meat until the 1990s, when Mexican fast food restaurants started using the word in their marketing.
In recent years, fajitas have become popular at American casual dining restaurants as well as in home cooking.
In many restaurants, the fajita meat is brought to the table sizzling loudly on a metal platter or skillet, with the tortillas and condiments.
Article: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)
Section: Reception

Question: Where are competitors' insights revealed?

Analyst Arthur Perkins credits the show's success with four factors:
Numerous cameras (up to 72) allow tight editing and capturing every action
A "confessional booth" reveals insights into competitors' characters
Ramsay's ""enfant terrible"" personality, impeccable credentials, and overall showmanship
Casting relatively unknown chefs
Perkins compared Ramsay's unusual showmanship to that of P. T. Barnum of the famed Ringling Brothers circus:
Article: Periodic table
Section: Categories

Question: What are the three main categories used to organize the elements?

The elements can be conveniently classified according to their shared physical and chemical properties into the major categories of metals, metalloids and nonmetals.
Metals are generally located to the left and bottom of the periodic table.
They are ordinarily shiny, highly conducting solids which form alloys with one another and salt-like ionic compounds with nonmetals.
Nonmetals are located to the right and top.
They are mostly coloured or colourless insulating gases that form covalent compounds with one another.
In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids, which have intermediate or mixed properties.
Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into similar subcategories that show a left to right gradation in metallic to non-metallic properties.
The metals are divided into the highly reactive alkali metals, through the less reactive alkaline earth metals, lanthanides and actinides, via the archetypal transition metals, and ending in the physically and chemically weak other metals.
The nonmetals are simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals which, being nearest the metalloids, show some incipient metallic character; the diatomic nonmetals, which are essentially nonmetallic; and the monatomic noble gases, which are almost completely inert and nonmetallic.
Specialized groupings such as the refractory metals and the noble metals, which are subsets (in this example) of the transition metals, are also known and occasionally denoted.
Placing the elements into categories and subcategories based on shared properties is imperfect.
There is a spectrum of properties within each category and it is not hard to find overlaps at the boundaries, as is the case with most classification schemes.
Beryllium, for example, is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or other metal.
Radon is classified as a nonmetal and a noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that is more characteristic of a metal.
Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories, or crystalline structures.
Categorising the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be drawn on the periodic table to show elements having like properties, such as the metals and the nonmetals, or the gaseous elements.
Article: Yeast
Section: Nonalcoholic beverages

Question: Is Kvass made from Rye?

Root beer and other sweet carbonated beverages can be produced using the same methods as beer, except the fermentation is stopped sooner, producing carbon dioxide, but only trace amounts of alcohol, and a significant amount of sugar is left in the drink.
"Kvass", a fermented drink made from rye, is popular in Eastern Europe; it has a recognizable, but low alcoholic content.
Yeast in symbiosis with acetic acid bacteria is used in the preparation of "kombucha", a fermented sweetened tea.
Species of yeasts found in the tea can vary, and may include: "Brettanomyces bruxellensis", "Candida stellata", "Schizosaccharomyces pombe", "Torulaspora delbrueckii" and "Zygosaccharomyces bailii".
"Kombucha" is a popular beverage in Eastern Europe and some former Soviet republics under the name "chajnyj grib" (Чайный гриб), which means "tea mushroom".
"Kefir" and "kumis" are made by fermenting milk with yeast and bacteria.
Article: Bulgogi
Section: In modern culture

Question: What is Bulgogi similar to?

"Bulgogi" is served in barbecue restaurants in Korea, and there are "bulgogi" flavoured fast-food hamburgers sold at many South Korean fast-food restaurants.
The hamburger patty is marinated in "bulgogi" sauce and served with lettuce, tomato, onion, and sometimes cheese.
It is similar to a teriyaki burger in flavour.
The October 2011 issue of Jamie magazine featured a stall selling bulgogi steak baguettes outside Arsenal FC's Emirates Stadium.
The same stall was featured in Nicholas Lander's food column in the Financial Times in October 2012.
Texas Rangers outfielder Shin-Soo Choo endorsed bulgogi in an advertisement in the March 12th, 2014 issue of The New York Times.
Article: The Vampire Diaries
Section: Home media releases

Question: In Region A, when will the DVD be available for the Vampire Diaries: Season 4?

Season one was released on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 and on Blu-ray in Regions A and B.
Both United States versions include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes, deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes featurettes, webisodes, and a downloadable audiobook of L.J.
Smith's "The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening".
It was released on DVD in Region 2 on August 23, 2010.
Following that release, Region 1 began selling DVDs on August 31, 2010, and Region 3 on September 1, 2010.
In Region A, it was released on Blu-ray on August 31, 2010.
Region B's releases varied; United Kingdom on August 23, 2010, Brazil on August 26, 2010 and Australia on September 1, 2010.
"The Vampire Diaries Season 2" will be available in DVD and Blu-ray on August 30, 2011.
Region B's releases varied; United Kingdom on August 22, 2011, Brazil on August 25, 2011.
"The Vampire Diaries: Season 3" will be available on DVD and Blu-ray on September 11 and A and on September 5, 2012 for Regions 4 and B.
The Vampire Diaries: Season 4 is available on DVD and Blu-ray in A as of September 15, 2013.
Article: The Invisible War
Section: Military personnel

Question: Who is the Director of Military Plans and Policy?

 Major General Mary Kay Hertog, Director, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office
 Dr. Kaye Whitley, Former Director, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office
 Rear Admiral Anthony Kurta, Director, Military Plans and Policy
 General Claudia Kennedy, US Army (Retired)
 Brigadier General Wilma L. Vaught, US Air Force (Retired)
 Brigadier General Loree Sutton, M.D., US Army (Retired)
 Major General Dennis Laich, US Army (Retired)
Article: Wide Awake (Katy Perry song)
Section: Lyric video

Question: When was the lyric video released?

A lyric video of the track was released on May 20, 2012, when Perry was set to premiere the song at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards.
The video implemented the use of the Facebook timeline and displayed a range of posts about the release of the album "Teenage Dream", the seven singles from "California Gurls" to "Part of Me", and the various achievements for the singles and the album.
The lyric video received positive reviews from critics with many praising Perry's different approach to lyric videos on YouTube.
Contessa Gayles from AOL Music commented that the video "is practically a music video in itself".
Jenna Rubenstein from MTV Buzzworthty stated, "it's a clever and emotional way to recall her past successes and offer fans some closure on this chapter of the Katy Perry journey."
Article: World War II
Section: Pacific (1942–43)

Question: What year were the Japanese defeated?

Pacific (1942–43).
By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Singapore, and Rabaul, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners.
Despite stubborn resistance at Corregidor, the US possession of the Philippines was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile.
On 16 April, in Burma 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division.
Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea, Java Sea and Indian Ocean, and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin, Australia.
The only real Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha in early January 1942.
These easy victories over unprepared opponents left Japan overconfident, as well as overextended.
In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia.
The Allies, however, prevented the invasion by intercepting and defeating the Japanese naval forces in the Battle of the Coral Sea.
Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid, was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.
In early June, Japan put its operations into action but the Americans, having broken Japanese naval codes in late May, were fully aware of the plans and force dispositions and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy.
With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua.
The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadalcanal, as a first step towards capturing Rabaul, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.
Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna-Gona.
Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal.
By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops.
In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations.
The first, an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942, went disastrously, forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943.
The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front-lines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results.
Article: Fight Club
Section: Marketing

Question: When did director David Fincher finish the footage for the film "Fight Club?"

Filming concluded in December 1998, and David Fincher edited the footage in early 1999 to prepare "Fight Club" for a screening with senior executives.
They did not receive the film positively and were concerned that there would not be an audience for the film.
Executive producer Art Linson, who supported the film, recalled the response: "So many incidences of "Fight Club" were alarming, no group of executives could narrow them down."
Nevertheless, "Fight Club" was originally slated to be released in July 1999 but was later changed to August 6, 1999.
The studio further delayed the film's release, this time to autumn, citing a crowded summer schedule and a hurried post-production process.
Outsiders attributed the delays to the Columbine High School massacre earlier in the year.
Marketing executives at 20th Century Fox faced difficulties in marketing "Fight Club" and at one point considered marketing it as an art film.
They considered that the film was primarily geared toward male audiences because of its violence and believed that not even Brad Pitt would attract female filmgoers.
Research testing showed that the film appealed to teenagers.
Fincher refused to let the posters and trailers focus on Pitt and encouraged the studio to hire the advertising firm Wieden+Kennedy to devise a marketing plan.
The firm proposed a bar of pink soap with the title "Fight Club" embossed on it as the film's main marketing image; the proposal was considered "a bad joke" by Fox executives.
Fincher also released two early trailers in the form of fake public service announcements presented by Pitt and Norton; the studio did not think the trailers marketed the film appropriately.
Instead, the studio financed a $20 million large-scale campaign to provide a press junket, posters, billboards, and trailers for TV that highlighted the film's fight scenes.
The studio advertised "Fight Club" on cable during World Wrestling Federation broadcasts, which Fincher protested, believing that the placement created the wrong context for the film.
Linson believed that the "ill-conceived one-dimensional" marketing by marketing executive Robert Harper largely contributed to "Fight Club"s lukewarm box office performance in the United States.
Article: Udon
Section: Regional varieties

Question: What is base for the broth in Udon?

There are wide variations in both thickness and shape for udon noodles.
 Inaniwa udon (稲庭うどん): a thin type from Akita Prefecture.
 Mimi udon (耳うどん, literally "ear udon"): a lucky preserved food in Kuzu, Tochigi.
It looks similar to ears.
 Himokawa (ひもかわ): an extreme flat and wide type from Kiryū, Gunma.
 Hōtō (rarely 餺飥, commonly ほうとう): a flat and wide type, usually cooked with vegetables, particularly Japanese "kabocha" squash, from Yamanashi Prefecture.
 Kishimen (棊子麺, or more commonly きし麺): a flat type from the Nagoya.
 Ise udon (伊勢うどん): a soft type, usually eaten with sweet soy sauce, from Ise, Mie.
 In Kansai region, a soft and medium thickness type is popular.
 Sanuki udon (讃岐うどん): a thick and rather stiff type from Kagawa Prefecture.
 Hakata udon (博多うどん): a thick and soft type from the Fukuoka.
 Dango-jiru (団子汁): similar to the above "Hohtoh", from Ōita Prefecture.
Nominally a "dumpling soup", it resembles very thick, flat udon.
 Okinawa soba (沖縄そば): also called "suba", a regional Okinawan noodle made by adding some vegetal ash to the flour, similar to how ramen is made.
However, it is very similar to udon.
 There is also a dish called "udon" in Palau, because of the former Japanese administration.
The broth is soy sauce–based like Japanese udon.
However, as there were many immigrants from Okinawa, it uses less broth like Okinawa soba.
Most notably, the noodle is that of spaghetti, as it is easier to acquire there.
Article: The Avengers (2012 film)
Section: Music

Question: Which writer/composer will do the score for "The Avengers?"

In November 2011, Marvel announced that Alan Silvestri, who scored "Captain America: The First Avenger", would write and compose the score for "The Avengers".
Silvestri said, "I've worked on films where there have been a number of stars and certainly worked on films where there have been characters of equal weight in terms of their level of importance and profile in the film, but this one is somewhat extreme in that regard because each of these characters has their own world and it's a very different situation.
It's very challenging to look for a way to give everyone the weight and consideration they need, but at the same time the film is really about the coming together of these characters, which implies that there is this entity called the Avengers which really has to be representative of all of them together."
Silvestri developed the score with the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London, England.
Whedon said, "The score is very old-fashioned, which is why was letter-perfect for this movie because he can give you the heightened emotion, the [Hans Zimmer school of 'I'm just feeling a lot right now!'
but he can also be extraordinarily cue and character specific, which I love.
"In March 2012, American alternative rock band Soundgarden announced through its Facebook page that its song "Live to Rise" would be included on the film's soundtrack.
Additionally, the Indian rock band Agnee released a music video for its single "Hello Andheron", which serves as the theme song for the film's Indian release.
The following day, Marvel revealed details for the soundtrack, which was released May 1, 2012, the same day as the score.
Article: Machu Picchu
Section: Cultural artifacts: Dispute between Peru and Yale University

Question: Who currently owns the La Casa Concha?

In 1912 and 1914–15, Bingham excavated treasures from Machu Picchu—ceramic vessels, silver statues, jewelry, and human bones—and took them from Peru to Yale University in the United States for further study, supposedly for a period of 18 months.
Yale has retained the artifacts until now, under the argument that Peru did not have the infrastructure or proper conditions to take care of the pieces.
Eliane Karp, an anthropologist who is married to the former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo, accused Yale of profiting from Peru's cultural heritage by claiming title to thousands of pieces removed by Bingham.
Many have been on display at Yale's Peabody Museum since their removal.
Yale returned some of the artifacts to Peru, but the university kept the remainder, claiming its position was supported by federal case law involving Peruvian antiquities.
On 19 September 2007, the "Courant" reported that Peru and Yale had reached an agreement regarding the requested return of the artifacts.
The agreement includes sponsorship of a joint traveling exhibition and construction of a new museum and research center in Cusco about which Yale will advise Peruvian officials.
Yale acknowledges Peru's title to all the excavated objects from Machu Picchu, but Yale will share rights with Peru in the research collection, part of which will remain at Yale as an object of continuing study.
On 19 June 2008, National Geographic Society's vice-president Terry Garcia was quoted by the daily publication, "La República".
"We were part of this agreement.
National Geographic was there, we know what was said, the objects were lent and should be returned.
"On 21 November 2010, Yale University agreed in principle to the return of the controversial artifacts to their original home in Peru.
As of November 2012, the third and final batch of thousands of artifacts were delivered.
La Casa Concha (The Shell House) located close to Cusco's colonial center will be the permanent site where the Yale University artifacts will be exhibited.
Owned by the National University of San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, La Casa Concha will also feature a study area for local and foreign students.
Article: Vietnam War
Section: Casualties

Question: How many Vietnamese civilians died in the Vietnam War?

Estimates of the number of casualties vary, with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths.195,000–430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war.
50,000–65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war.
The Army of the Republic of Vietnam lost between 171,331 and 220,357 men during the war.
The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974.
Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent.
In addition, Guenter Lewy assumes that one-third of the reported "enemy" killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000.
A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000–1,141,000 war-related deaths for all of Vietnam.
Between 200,000 and 300,000 Cambodians died during the war.
About 60,000 Laotians also died, and 58,220 U.S. service members were killed.