community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: October Revolution
Section: Western historiography

Question: Who exposed flows in the Soviet view in October Revolution?

During the Cold War, Western historiography of the October Revolution developed in direct response to the assertions of the Soviet view.
The Soviet Marxist-Leninist version of the October Revolution conditioned historical interpretations in the United States and the West.
As a result, these Western historians exposed what they considered flaws in the Soviet view, thereby undermining the Bolshevik’s original legitimacy, as well as the precepts of Marxism.
Far from being inevitable according the historical laws of Marxism, these Western historians presented the revolution as the result of a chain of contingent accidents.
Examples of these accidental and contingent factors that precipitated the Revolution include World War I's timing, chance, and the poor leadership of Tsar Nicholas II as well as liberal and moderate socialists.
According to this historical interpretation, it was not popular support, but rather Bolshevik manipulation of the masses and the organization’s ruthlessness and superior structure which enabled it to survive.
For these historians, the Bolsheviks’ defeat in the Constituent Assembly elections of November–December 1917 demonstrated popular opposition to the Bolsheviks’ coup, as did the scale and breadth of the Civil War.
These historians saw the organization of the Bolshevik party as proto-totalitarian.
Their interpretation of the October Revolution as a violent coup organized by a proto-totalitarian party reinforced the idea that totalitarianism is an inherent part of Soviet history.
For them, Stalinist totalitarianism developed as a natural progression from Leninism and the Bolshevik party’s tactics and organization.
Article: Scuba diving
Section: Diver propulsion

Question: What is the reason for some sleds being faired?

Personal mobility is enhanced by fins and optionally diver propulsion vehicles.
Fins have a large blade area and use the more powerful leg muscles, so are much more efficient for propulsion and manoeuvring thrust than arm and hand movements, but require skill to provide fine control.
Streamlining dive gear will reduce drag and improve mobility.
Balanced trim which allows the diver to align in any desired direction also improves streamlining by presenting the smallest section area to the direction of movement and allows propulsion thrust to be used more efficiently.
Occasionally a diver may be towed using a "sled", an unpowered device towed behind a surface vessel which conserves the diver's energy and allows more distance to be covered for a given air consumption and bottom time.
The depth is usually controlled by the diver by using diving planes or by tilting the whole sled.
Some sleds are faired to reduce drag on the diver.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Production design

Question: What kind of film is the Dark Knight?

Concept artist Tully Summers commented on Nolan's style of cinematography when asked about the difference between his designs for this film and fantasy-based designs for "Men in Black 3": "The difference for me was Christopher Nolan's visual style.
One of the things that makes his Batman movies so compelling is their tone of plausibility.
He will often prefer a raw, grittier design over one that is very sleek and product design pretty.
It's sort of a practical military aesthetic.
This stuff is made to work, not impress shoppers.
"The Dark Knight Rises" is a war film."
Producer Emma Thomas stated this Batman film has a different visual aesthetic from the first two Nolan-directed features, explaining that "it's meant to be winter in Gotham, so that right there is going to lend a whole different look to the film.
"The film introduces a vehicle that has been compared with the Batplane, dubbed "the Bat".
In designing the Bat, Nathan Crowley approached it as if it were an actual military project, emphasising the need for it to "fit into the same family" as the Tumbler and the Batpod.
The final version of the Bat takes its design cues from the Harrier Jump Jet, Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey and the Boeing AH-64 Apache.
Chris Corbould described the Bat's size and shape as presenting a major challenge for filming given Christopher Nolan's emphasis on practical effects over computer-generated imagery.
In order to make the Bat "fly", it was variously supported by wires, suspended from cranes and helicopters, and mounted on a purpose-built vehicle with hydraulic controls to simulate movement.
When designing the Batcave set, Crowley and fellow production designer Kevin Kavanaugh hit upon the idea of flooding the Batcave and having Batman's equipment, the Batsuit and a supercomputer rise from the water.
Another set was designed at Cardington as an "underground prison", a rough-hewn labyrinth of stone cells in a vast abyss with a vertical shaft leading to the surface.
Exteriors above the prison were filmed in Jodhpur, India, chosen because the "forbidding landscape added to the desolation".
Article: Prison Break
Section: Filming

Question: was the first season of prison break in hollywood?

The first three seasons of "Prison Break" were primarily filmed outside of Hollywood.
The majority of the first season of the series was filmed on location in and around Chicago.
After it was closed down in 2002, Joliet Prison became the set of "Prison Break" in 2005, standing in as Fox River State Penitentiary on screen.
Scenes set in Lincoln's cell, the infirmary, and the prison yard were all shot on location at the prison.
Lincoln's cell was alleged to be the same one in which serial killer John Wayne Gacy was incarcerated, which at least one member of the production crew refused to enter, because it was alleged to be haunted.
Other sets were built at the prison, including the cell blocks that housed the general prison population; these blocks had three tiers of cells (as opposed to the real cell block's two) and had cells much larger than real cells to allow more space for the actors and cameras.
Exterior scenes were filmed in areas around Chicago, Woodstock, and Joliet in Illinois.
Other locations included O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and Toronto, Ontario in Canada.
"Prison Break" spent $2 million per episode in the state of Illinois, which cost them a total of $24 million in 2005.
Renewed for a second season, "Prison Break" resumed filming on June 15, 2006, in Dallas, Texas due to the close proximity of rural and urban settings.
Locations within a 30-minute radius of Dallas were chosen which included Little Elm, Decatur, and Mineral Wells.
Many of these locations were used to represent various American towns.
The show was expected to spend in excess of $50 million in Texas over the course of the second season.
For the final three episodes of the second season, filming took place in Pensacola, Florida to represent Panama.
Each episode took eight days to film and approximately $1.4 million went to the local economy per episode.
The third season was shot in Dallas and had a budget of $3 million per episode.
Several of the exterior scenes with Lincoln and Gretchen negotiating the escape from the Panama jail were shot in the Casco Viejo quarter of Panama City.
The principal photography for the fourth season was relocated to Los Angeles, California.
Article: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)
Section: The Paris "Sunflowers"

Question: At what point did Van Gogh reside with his brother?

Little is known of Van Gogh's activities during the two years he lived with his brother Theo in Paris, 1886-1888.
The fact that he had painted Sunflowers already is only revealed in spring 1889, when Gauguin claimed one of the Arles versions in exchange for studies he had left behind after leaving Arles for Paris.
Van Gogh was upset and replied that Gauguin had absolutely no right to make this request: "I am definitely keeping my sunflowers in question.
He has two of them already, let that hold him.
And if he is not satisfied with the exchange he has made with me, he can take back his little Martinique canvas, and his self-portrait sent me from Brittany, at the same time giving me back both my portrait and the two sunflower canvases which he has taken to Paris.
So if he ever broaches this subject again, I've told you just how matters stand.
"The two Sunflowers in question show two buttons each; one of them was preceded by a small study, and a fourth large canvas combines both compositions.
These were Van Gogh's first paintings with ""nothing but sunflowers""—yet, he had already included sunflowers in still life and landscape earlier.
Article: Kebab
Section: Adana

Question: What is a less hot version called?

Adana kebabı (or kıyma kebabı) is a long, hand-minced meat kebab mounted on a wide iron skewer and grilled over charcoal.
It is generally "hot" or piquant.
A "less hot" version is generally called urfa kebabı.
Article: Rendang
Section: Cultural significance

Question: What does the "meat" symbolize?

Rendang is revered in Minangkabau culture as an embodiment of the philosophy of "musyawarah", discussion and consultation with elders.
It has been claimed that the four main ingredients represent Minangkabau society as a whole :
 The meat ("dagiang") symbolizes the "Niniak Mamak", the traditional clan leaders, such as the datuk, the nobles, royalty and revered elders.
 The coconut milk ("karambia") symbolizes the "Cadiak Pandai", intellectuals, teachers, poets and writers.
 The chili ("lado") symbolizes the "Alim Ulama", clerics, "ulama" and religious leaders.
The hotness of the chili symbolizes sharia.
 The spice mixture ("pemasak") symbolizes the rest of Minangkabau society.
In Minangkabau tradition, rendang is a requisite dish for special occasions in traditional Minang ceremonies, from birth ceremonies to circumcision, marriage, Qur'an recitals and religious festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha.
Article: Tennis
Section: Junior tennis

Question: How can Juniors earn money while playing Tennis?

In tennis, a junior is a player 18 and under who is still legally protected by a parent or guardian.
Players on the main adult tour who are under 18 must have documents signed by a parent or guardian.
These players, however, are still eligible to play in junior tournaments.
The International Tennis Federation (ITF) conducts a junior tour that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) or Women's Tennis Association (WTA) ranking.
Most juniors who enter the international circuit do so by progressing through ITF, Satellite, Future, and Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit.
The latter three circuits also have adults competing in them.
Some juniors, however, such as Australian Lleyton Hewitt and Frenchman Gaël Monfils, have catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by dominating the junior scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given to them to participate in professional tournaments.
In 2004, the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles, by combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into one combined tally.
Junior tournaments do not offer prize money except for the Grand Slam tournaments, which are the most prestigious junior events.
Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours.
Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points, culminating with Grade A.
Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their nation in the Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup competitions.
To succeed in tennis often means having to begin playing at a young age.
To facilitate and nurture a junior's growth in tennis, almost all tennis playing nations have developed a junior development system.
Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all surfaces, accommodating all different standards of play.
Talented juniors may also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private institutions.
Article: Evolution
Section: Genetic hitchhiking

Question: Recombination happens at what rate?

Recombination allows alleles on the same strand of DNA to become separated.
However, the rate of recombination is low (approximately two events per chromosome per generation).
As a result, genes close together on a chromosome may not always be shuffled away from each other and genes that are close together tend to be inherited together, a phenomenon known as linkage.
This tendency is measured by finding how often two alleles occur together on a single chromosome compared to expectations, which is called their linkage disequilibrium.
A set of alleles that is usually inherited in a group is called a haplotype.
This can be important when one allele in a particular haplotype is strongly beneficial: natural selection can drive a selective sweep that will also cause the other alleles in the haplotype to become more common in the population; this effect is called genetic hitchhiking or genetic draft.
Genetic draft caused by the fact that some neutral genes are genetically linked to others that are under selection can be partially captured by an appropriate effective population size.
Article: 2 Broke Girls
Section: Series synopsis

Question: Which school does Max go to?

The series chronicles the lives of two waitresses in their mid twenties—Max Black (Kat Dennings), who comes from a poor working-class family, and Caroline Channing (Beth Behrs), who was born rich but is now disgraced and penniless due to her father, Martin Channing, getting caught operating a Bernard Madoff-esque Ponzi scheme—working together at a Brooklyn restaurant.
The two become friends and build toward their dream of one day opening a cupcake shop.
Among those working with them at the restaurant are their Korean boss, Han Lee (Matthew Moy); Oleg (Jonathan Kite), an upbeat but perverted Ukrainian cook; and Earl (Garrett Morris), a 75-year-old black cashier.
Also featured starting late in the first season is their neighbor and part-time boss Sophie (Jennifer Coolidge), a Polish immigrant who runs the housecleaning company Sophie's Choice.
During most of the first season Max is also a part-time nanny for the twin babies of Peach Landis (Brooke Lyons), who during the season adopts Caroline's horse Chestnut.
At the end of each episode a tally shows how much they have made toward their goal of $25,000 needed to open their business (it was original stated in the pilot to be the more realistic amount of $250,000).
Early in the second season, Sophie lends the girls $20,000, which is enough for them to start their business.
However, the business fails, and in the 18th episode they are forced to give up the lease of their cupcake shop with just enough money to pay off Sophie's loan, resetting the end of episode tally to $1.00.
During the third season, the girls reopen the business in the back room of the diner, using the window as a walk up window.
Max also enrolls in, and Caroline goes to work for, the Manhattan School of Pastry.
Article: Wakeboarding
Section: Boards

Question: What settings do board hardware allow with either foot forward?

Boards are buoyant with the core usually made up of foam, honeycomb or wood mixed with resin and coated with fiberglass.
Metal screws are inserted to attach bindings and fins.
The configuration and positioning of the fins and bindings vary according to rider preference and are adjusted for a variety of reasons.
A wakeboarder will change the type of fins used for different types of tricks.
For example, shallow fins (which do not protrude into the water very far) are better for surface tricks, such as flat spins.
Many newer board models contain small moulded fins on the board, allowing the rider to use smaller centre fins and also to create less drag.
Board hardware is often set up to allow a rider to ride "Switch" or "Fakie," with either foot forward.
Such setups are usually symmetrical in layout.
New riders normally set up their boards to be comfortable to ride with their "natural" foot forward, which does not allow for riding Switch without modifications.
For best results and easy wakeboarding, this sport is normally done in lakes, though the intercoastal waterways are also becoming popular.
Article: Fruit
Section: Nonfood uses

Question: What kind of fruit is capable of producing candles?

Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, different cultures have developed many different uses for various fruits that they do not depend on as being edible.
Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements, such as unicorn plant, lotus, wheat, annual honesty and milkweed.
Ornamental trees and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits, including holly, pyracantha, viburnum, skimmia, beautyberry and cotoneaster.
Fruits of opium poppy are the source of opium which contains the drugs morphine and codeine, as well as the biologically inactive chemical theabaine from which the drug oxycodone is synthesized.
Osage orange fruits are used to repel cockroaches.
Bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to make candles.
Many fruits provide natural dyes, e.g.
walnut, sumac, cherry and mulberry.
Dried gourds are used as decorations, water jugs, bird houses, musical instruments, cups and dishes.
Pumpkins are carved into Jack-o'-lanterns for Halloween.
The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the inspiration for the invention of Velcro.
Coir is a fiber from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes, mattresses, floortiles, sacking, insulation and as a growing medium for container plants.
The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make souvenir heads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses.
Fruit is often used as a subject of still life paintings.
Article: American Dad!
Section: Episode misreporting by Fox

Question: Which TV network airs the program American Dad?

It is evident that Fox either miscounts "American Dad!"
episodes or at least intentionally discounts one episode of the series.
This was established in Fox advertisements for the episode "Lost in Space."
The episode was promoted by Fox as "American Dad!
"s 150th episode.
Subsequently, numerous mainstream media reports also labeled the episode as the 150th.
In actuality, however, it was the show's 151st episode while the episode "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith" was the 150th episode of the series.
In addition, Fox has misreported the "Lost in Space" episode as the revealing of Roger's birth planet.
In actuality, the setting of this episode is a spaceship owned by members of Roger's alien race.
To date, Roger's birth planet has yet to be revealed.
Article: Colosseum
Section: Abstract

Question: Could you provide the number of people that the Colosseum can hold?

The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: "Amphitheatrum Flavium"; Italian: "Anfiteatro Flavio" or "Colosseo") is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy.
Built of concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheatre of the Roman Empire, and is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering.
It is the largest amphitheatre in the world.
The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum.
Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in 70 AD, and was completed in 80 AD under his successor and heir Titus.
Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96).
These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name "(Flavius)".
The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators, and was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology.
The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era.
It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.
Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome.
It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.
The Colosseum, like all the Historic Centre of Rome, Properties of the Holy See in Italy and the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
In 2007 the complex was also included among the New7Wonders of the World, following a competition organized by New Open World Corporation (NOWC).
The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.
Article: Terminator Salvation
Section: Box office

Question: How much did the "Terminator Salvation" gross worldwide?

The film's first nationwide U.S. screenings were at 12 A.M. on Thursday, May 21, 2009, making $3 million from midnight screenings and earning $13.3 million in its first day and grossed an additional $42,558,390 on its 4-day Memorial Day opening weekend from 3,530 theaters.
It debuted at #2 behind "", giving it a lower first weekend take than its predecessor, becoming the first film in the series not to open at #1 and failing to meet Boxoffice Magazine predictions by 50%.
"Terminator Salvation" was more successful in its international release, opening at #1 in 66 of 70 territories through the first week of June, and continuing to be the highest-grossing film in the following week.
The film's total domestic gross was $125,322,469, along with $246,030,532 from overseas territories, for a worldwide gross of $371,353,001.
As of December 2009, the film ranks 14th for the year internationally and 23rd domestically (U.S. and Canada), which ranks it last in the series and puts it below initial expectations in terms of domestic gross and first weekend, as well as overall global take.
Article: Biomolecule
Section: Apoenzymes

Question: What can be an example for an organic cofactor?

An apoenzyme (or, generally, an apoprotein) is the protein without any small-molecule cofactors, substrates, or inhibitors bound.
It is often important as an inactive storage, transport, or secretory form of a protein.
This is required, for instance, to protect the secretory cell from the activity of that protein.
Apoenzymes becomes active enzymes on addition of a cofactor.
Cofactors can be either inorganic (e.g., metal ions and iron-sulfur clusters) or organic compounds, (e.g., flavin and heme).
Organic cofactors can be either prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to an enzyme, or coenzymes, which are released from the enzyme's active site during the reaction.
Article: Amélie
Section: Production

Question: Why was Emily Watson's role in Amelie recast?

In his DVD commentary, Jeunet explains that he originally wrote the role of Amélie for the English actress Emily Watson; in the original draft, Amélie's father was an Englishman living in London.
However, Watson's French was not strong, and when she became unavailable to shoot the film, owing to a conflict with the filming of "Gosford Park", Jeunet rewrote the screenplay for a French actress.
Audrey Tautou was the first actress he auditioned having seen her on the poster for "Venus Beauty Institute".
The movie was filmed mainly in Paris.
The Café des 2 Moulins (15 Rue Lepic, Montmartre, Paris) where Amélie works is a real place.
The filmmakers made use of computer-generated imagery and a digital intermediate.
The studio scenes were filmed in the Coloneum Studio in Cologne (Germany).
The film shares many of the themes in the plot with second half of the 1994 film "Chungking Express".