community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Some Nights
Section: Background

Question: What producer did Some Nights desire to work with?

Fun signed to Fueled by Ramen in late 2010.
Lead vocalist Nate Ruess, who had apprehensions about joining a major label in the past, recalled the switch being "very, very easy" for the group, stating that both parties approached it as if they "knew what were getting into with each other."
The transition was in the works with the label for almost nine months, when the head of the label reached out to the band.
Ruess was flattered that employed workers for the label would buy their own tickets to Fun.
shows and "talk about us with the passion you'd generally reserve for an artist you're working with."
After lengthy discussions within the band, the band decided to give the label a try.
Ruess recalls that he was listening to "so much hip-hop" during the production that it became a big influence for him.
The band felt inspired and gradually began working on new songs, each carrying an obvious hip-hop influence.
Consciously, the band began working in the hip-hop factor and realized they wanted a hip-hop producer.
After scanning the liner notes of his other hip-hop records, Ruess noticed that Jeff Bhasker was one of the most common names.
Bhasker was preoccupied at the time working with Beyoncé but Ruess was persistent in meeting with him.
Article: Saudi Arabia
Section: Society

Question: What is the definition of "zakat"?

Saudi society has a number of issues and tensions.
A rare independent opinion poll published in 2010 indicated that Saudis' main social concerns were unemployment (at 10% in 2010), corruption and religious extremism.
Crime is not a significant problem.
However, the government of Saudi Arabia's objective of being a religious Islamic country, coupled with economic difficulties, has created deep social tensions in Saudi society.
Many Saudis want a reformed, more secular government and to have more influence in the political process.
On the other hand, juvenile delinquency, drug-use and excessive use of alcohol are getting worse.
High unemployment and a generation of young males filled with contempt toward the Royal Family is a significant threat to Saudi social stability.
Some Saudis feel they are entitled to well-paid government jobs, and the failure of the government to satisfy this sense of entitlement has led to considerable dissatisfaction.
The Shiite minority, located primarily in the Eastern Province, are subjected to institutionalized government discrimination, inequality and repression.
Terrorist attacks in Saudi Arabia have made it clear that Saudi Arabia does harbor indigenous terrorists.
According to a 2009 U.S. State Department communication by Hillary Clinton, United States Secretary of State, (disclosed as part of the Wikileaks U.S. 'cables leaks' controversy in 2010) "donors in Saudi Arabia constitute the most significant source of funding to Sunni terrorist groups worldwide".
Part of this funding arises through the zakat (an act of charity dictated by Islam) paid by all Saudis to charities, and amounting to at least 2.5% of their income.
Although many charities are genuine, others, it is alleged, serve as fronts for money laundering and terrorist financing operations.
While many Saudis contribute to those charities in good faith believing their money goes toward good causes, it has been alleged that others know full well the terrorist purposes to which their money will be applied.
According to a study conducted by Dr. Nura Al-Suwaiyan, director of the family safety program at the National Guard Hospital, one in four children are abused in Saudi Arabia.
The National Society for Human Rights reports that almost 45% of the country's children are facing some sort of abuse and domestic violence.
It has also been claimed that trafficking of women is a particular problem in Saudi Arabia as the country's large number of female foreign domestic workers, and loopholes in the system cause many to fall victim to abuse and torture.
Widespread inbreeding in Saudi Arabia, resulting from the traditional practice of encouraging marriage between close relatives, has produced high levels of several genetic disorders including thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, spinal muscular atrophy, deafness and muteness.
Article: Chemistry
Section: Chemical structure

Question: At what point was the electron discovered?

[[File:Rutherford gold foil experiment results.svg|right|upright|thumb|"Top:" Expected results: alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom undisturbed.<br>"Bottom:" Observed results: a small portion of the particles were deflected, indicating a small, concentrated charge.
]]At the turn of the twentieth century the theoretical underpinnings of chemistry were finally understood due to a series of remarkable discoveries that succeeded in probing and discovering the very nature of the internal structure of atoms.
In 1897, J. J. Thomson of Cambridge University discovered the electron and soon after the French scientist Becquerel as well as the couple Pierre and Marie Curie investigated the phenomenon of radioactivity.
In a series of pioneering scattering experiments Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester discovered the internal structure of the atom and the existence of the proton, classified and explained the different types of radioactivity and successfully transmuted the first element by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles.
His work on atomic structure was improved on by his students, the Danish physicist Niels Bohr and Henry Moseley.
The electronic theory of chemical bonds and molecular orbitals was developed by the American scientists Linus Pauling and Gilbert N. Lewis.
The year 2011 was declared by the United Nations as the International Year of Chemistry.
It was an initiative of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and involves chemical societies, academics, and institutions worldwide and relied on individual initiatives to organize local and regional activities.
Article: Sistine Chapel ceiling
Section: Treatment

Question: Of the fourteen lunettes, which one was painted first?

Michelangelo's depiction of the Genealogy of Jesus departs from an artistic tradition for this topic that was common in medieval times, especially in stained-glass windows.
This so-called Jesse Tree shows Jesse lying prone and a tree growing from his side with the ancestors on each branch, in a visual treatment of a biblical verse.
The figures in the lunettes appear to be families, but in every case they are families that are divided.
The figures in them are physically divided by the name tablet but they are also divided by a range of human emotions that turn them outward or in on themselves and sometimes towards their partner with jealousy, suspicion, rage or simply boredom.
In them Michelangelo has portrayed the anger and unhappiness of the human condition, painting "the daily round of merely domestic life as if it were a curse".
In their constraining niches, the ancestors "sit, squat and wait".
Of the fourteen lunettes, the two that were probably painted first, the families of Eleazar and Mathan and of Jacob and Joseph are the most detailed.
They become progressively broader towards the altar end, one of the last being painted in only two days.
The Eleazar and Mathan picture contains two figures with a wealth of costume detail that is not present in any other lunette.
Prior to restoration, of all the paintings in the Sistine Chapel, the lunettes and spandrels were the dirtiest.
Added to this, there has always been a problem of poor daytime visibility of the panels nearest the windows because of "halination".
Consequently, they were the least well known of all Michelangelo's publicly accessible works.
The recent restoration has made these masterly studies of human nature and inventive depiction of the human form known once more.
Section References
Article: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Section: Photographs

Question: When was the first major collection donated to the museum?

The Met's collection of photographs, numbering more than 25,000 in total, is centered on five major collections plus additional acquisitions by the museum.
Alfred Stieglitz, a famous photographer himself, donated the first major collection of photographs to the museum, which included a comprehensive survey of Photo-Secessionist works, a rich set of master prints by Edward Steichen, and an outstanding collection of Stieglitz's photographs from his own studio.
The Met supplemented Stieglitz's gift with the 8,500-piece Gilman Paper Company Collection, the Rubel Collection, and the Ford Motor Company Collection, which respectively provided the collection with early French and American photography, early British photography, and post-WWI American and European photography.
The museum also acquired Walker Evans's personal collection of photographs, a particular coup considering the high demand for his works.
The department of photography was founded in 1992.
Though the department gained a permanent gallery in 1997, not all of the department's holdings are on display at any given time, due to the sensitive materials represented in the photography collection.
However, the Photographs department has produced some of the best-received temporary exhibits in the Met's recent past, including a Diane Arbus retrospective and an extensive show devoted to spirit photography.
In 2007, the museum designated a gallery exclusively for the exhibition of photographs made after 1960.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Abstract

Question: From where can stem stells be harvested right after birth?

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells.
They are found in multicellular organisms.
In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues.
In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues.
In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.
There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans:
 Bone marrow, which requires extraction by "harvesting", that is, drilling into bone (typically the femur or iliac crest),
 Adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction, and
 Blood, which requires extraction through apheresis, wherein blood is drawn from the donor (similar to a blood donation), and passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.
Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth.
Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting involves the least risk.
By definition, autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures.
Adult stem cells are frequently used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation.
Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed (differentiated) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves.
Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through therapeutic cloning have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies.
Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s.
Article: Germany
Section: Media

Question: When did German cinema begin?

German cinema dates back to the earliest years of the medium, it has made major technical and artistic contributions to film, as with the work of Max Skladanowsky, who showed the first film sequences ever to an audience, in 1895.
Early German cinema was particularly influential with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau.
Director Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" (1927) is referred to as the first modern science-fiction film.
In 1930 Josef von Sternberg directed "The Blue Angel", the first major German sound film.
During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder put West German cinema on the international stage.
The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the European Film Academy (EFA); the Berlin Film Festival, held annually since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film festivals.
In the 21st century, several German movies have had international success, such as "Nowhere in Africa" (2001), "Das Experiment" (2001), "Good Bye, Lenin!"
(2003), "Gegen die Wand (Head-On)" (2004), "Der Untergang (Downfall)" (2004), "" (2006), "The Baader Meinhof Complex" (2008), "The Wave" (2008), "The White Ribbon" (2009), "Pandorum" (2009), "Soul Kitchen" (2009), Animals United" (2010), "Combat Girls" (2011) and "Cloud Atlas" (2012).
The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to the German production "Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum)" in 1979, to "Nowhere in Africa" in 2002, and to "Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others)" in 2007.
Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 34 million TV households.
Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels.
The most watched television broadcast of all-time in Germany was the Germany vs Spain semi-fnal game of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
Nine out of ten of the top ten most watched television broadcasts of all-time in Germany feature the German national football team.
The German video gaming market is one of the largest in the world.
The Gamescom in Cologne is Europe's leading gaming convention.
Popular game series from Germany include Turrican, the Anno series, The Settlers series, the Gothic series, SpellForce, the X series, the FIFA Manager series, Far Cry and Crysis.
The most relevant game developers and publishers are Ascaron, Bigpoint, Blue Byte, Crytek, Deck13, Deep Silver, EA Phenomic, Gameforge, Nintendo Europe, Piranha Bytes, Radon, Related, Spellbound and Wooga.
Article: Forbidden City
Section: Walls and gates

Question: What are the East and West gates of the Forbidden City called?

The Forbidden City is surrounded by a high city wall and a deep by wide moat.
The walls are wide at the base, tapering to at the top.
These walls served as both defensive walls and retaining walls for the palace.
They were constructed with a rammed earth core, and surfaced with three layers of specially baked bricks on both sides, with the interstices filled with mortar.
At the four corners of the wall sit towers (E) with intricate roofs boasting 72 ridges, reproducing the Pavilion of Prince Teng and the Yellow Crane Pavilion as they appeared in Song dynasty paintings.
These towers are the most visible parts of the palace to commoners outside the walls, and much folklore is attached to them.
According to one legend, artisans could not put a corner tower back together after it was dismantled for renovations in the early Qing dynasty, and it was only rebuilt after the intervention of carpenter-immortal Lu Ban.
The wall is pierced by a gate on each side.
At the southern end is the main Meridian Gate (A).
To the north is the Gate of Divine Might (B), which faces Jingshan Park.
The east and west gates are called the "East Glorious Gate" (D) and "West Glorious Gate" (C).
All gates in the Forbidden City are decorated with a nine-by-nine array of golden door nails, except for the East Glorious Gate, which has only eight rows.
The Meridian Gate has two protruding wings forming three sides of a square (Wumen, or Meridian Gate, Square) before it.
The gate has five gateways.
The central gateway is part of the Imperial Way, a stone flagged path that forms the central axis of the Forbidden City and the ancient city of Beijing itself, and leads all the way from the Gate of China in the south to Jingshan in the north.
Only the Emperor may walk or ride on the Imperial Way, except for the Empress on the occasion of her wedding, and successful students after the Imperial Examination.
Article: Republic of Ireland
Section: Politics

Question: The office of Taoiseach was filled by Enda Kenny when?

Ireland is a constitutional republic with a parliamentary system of government.
The is the bicameral national parliament composed of the President of Ireland and the two Houses of the Oireachtas:The President serves as head of state, and is elected for a seven-year term and may be re-elected once.
The President is primarily a figurehead, but is entrusted with certain constitutional powers with the advice of the Council of State.
The office has absolute discretion in some areas, such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court for a judgement on its constitutionality.
Michael D. Higgins became the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November 2011.
The serves as the head of government and is appointed by the President upon the nomination of the .
Most "" have served as the leader of the political party that gains the most seats in national elections.
It has become customary for coalitions to form a government, as there has not been a single-party government since 1989.
Enda Kenny assumed the office of Taoiseach on 9 March 2011.
The is composed of sixty members, with eleven nominated by the , six elected by two universities, and 43 elected by public representatives from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis.
The has 166 members () elected to represent multi-seat constituencies under the system of proportional representation and by means of the single transferable vote.
The Government is constitutionally limited to fifteen members.
No more than two members can be selected from the , and the , (deputy prime minister) and Minister for Finance must be members of the .
The Dáil must be dissolved within five years after its first meeting following the previous election, and a general election for members of the Dáil must take place no later than thirty days after the dissolution.
According to the Constitution of Ireland, parliamentary elections must be held at least every seven years, though a lower limit may be set by statute law.
The current government is a coalition administration led by with Enda Kenny as , supported by the Labour Party with Eamon Gilmore as .
Opposition parties in the current are Fianna Fáil, Sinn Féin, the Socialist Party, the PBPA, the WUAG, as well as a number of Independents.
Ireland has been a member state of the European Union since 1973, but has chosen to remain outside the Schengen Area.
Citizens of the United Kingdom can freely enter the country without a passport due to the Common Travel Area, which is a passport-free zone comprising the islands of Ireland, Great Britain, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
However, some identification is required at airports and seaports.
Article: India
Section: Performing arts

Question: What kind of Uttar Pradesh dance is considered a classical dance by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama?

Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles.
Classical music encompasses two genres and their various folk offshoots: the northern Hindustani and southern Carnatic schools.
Regionalised popular forms include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the "bauls" is a well-known form of the latter.
Indian dance also features diverse folk and classical forms.
Among the better-known folk dances are the "bhangra" of the Punjab, the "bihu" of Assam, the "chhau" of West Bengal and Jharkhand,"Garba" and "Dandiya" of Gujarat, "sambalpuri" of Odisha, "ghoomar" of Rajasthan, and the "lavani" of Maharashtra.
Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama.
These are: "bharatanatyam" of the state of Tamil Nadu, "kathak" of Uttar Pradesh, "kathakali" and "mohiniyattam" of Kerala," kuchipudi" of Andhra Pradesh, "manipuri" of Manipur, "odissi" of Odisha, and the "sattriya" of Assam.
Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.
Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre includes the "bhavai" of Gujarat, the "jatra" of West Bengal, the "nautanki" and "ramlila" of North India, "tamasha" of Maharashtra, "burrakatha" of Andhra Pradesh, "terukkuttu" of Tamil Nadu, and the "yakshagana" of Karnataka.
Article: Eiffel Tower
Section: Wind considerations

Question: How much does the Eiffel tower sway in the wind?

At the time the tower was built many people were shocked by its daring shape.
Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic without regard to engineering.
However, Eiffel and his engineers, as experienced bridge builders, understood the importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world they had to be certain it would withstand them.
In an interview with the newspaper "Le Temps (Paris)" of 14 February 1887, Eiffel said:Eiffel used empirical and graphical methods accounting for the effects of wind rather than a specific mathematical formula.
Careful examination of the tower shows a basically exponential shape (actually two different exponentials, the lower section overdesigned to ensure resistance to wind forces.
Several mathematical explanations have been proposed over the years for the success of the design; the most recent is described as a nonlinear integral equation based on counterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.
As proof of the tower's effectiveness in wind resistance, it sways only 6–7 cm (2–3 in) in the wind.
Article: Egypt
Section: Abstract

Question: What comprises the majority of Egypt's economy?

Egypt ( ""), is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
Most of its territory of lies within the Nile Valley of North Africa and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
With over 86 million inhabitants, Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East, and the 15th-most populated in the world.
The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about , where the only arable land is found.
The large regions of the Sahara Desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited.
About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern state, having been continuously inhabited since the 10th millennium BC.
Its monuments, such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, were constructed by its ancient civilization, which was one of the most powerful of its time and one of the first six civilizations to arise independently in the world.
Its ancient ruins, such as those of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings outside Luxor, are a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest from around the world.
Egypt's rich cultural legacy, as well as the attraction of its Red Sea Riviera, have made tourism a vital part of the economy, employing about 12 percent of the country's workforce.
The economy of Egypt is one of the most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels.
Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world.