community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Disney California Adventure
Section: Live entertainment

Question: Which characters were removed from the parade?

Many Disney characters are found throughout the park, greeting visitors and posing for photos.
Some have specific areas where they are scheduled to appear, but can be found wandering as well.
"World of Color" is a nighttime show, designed by Walt Disney Creative Entertainment.
It has more than 1200 fountains and includes lasers, lights, and fire with high-definition projections on mist screens similar to the ones used in "Fantasmic!"
at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World.
Mad T Party is an interactive nighttime dance party inspired by Tim Burton's "Alice in Wonderland" film and is located in the Hollywood Land district.
It is considered a similar experience to Glow Fest, which was staged in the same area in summer 2010, and ElecTRONica, a similar event themed to Disney's "Tron" franchise that ended on April 15, 2012.
Mad T Party features lights, music, projections, and merchandise kiosk stands, a lounge and an interactive game area.
The event started on June 15, 2012.
Pixar Play Parade is a parade featuring floats and characters based on the Disney·Pixar films "Monsters Inc.", "The Incredibles", "Finding Nemo", "A Bug's Life", "Toy Story" and "Cars".
The parade originally had an additional section featuring characters from "Ratatouille" but was removed.
The floats feature small water jets that shoot water into the crowd of spectators.
The music used in the parade is derived from Hong Kong Disneyland's Mickey's WaterWorks Parade, sharing the same tunes.
Due to the massive construction in the park, the parade was on hiatus since January 2011 and returned in June 2012.
The Red Car News Boys musical group is found at Carthay Circle.
They appear via Red Car Trolley and inform guests about local news happenings in-song.
A Hollywood newcomer, Mickey Mouse, arrives and is motivated by the newsgroup to pursue his dream of seeking a career in Los Angeles.
The performance is partly inspired by the 1992 film, "Newsies".
The Five & Dime swing band consists of five male musicians and one female singer.
They perform in the cross-hairs of Buena Vista Street and Hollywood Land.
Article: DNA
Section: History and anthropology

Question: What is the field of studying DNA called?

Because DNA collects mutations over time, which are then inherited, it contains historical information, and, by comparing DNA sequences, geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms, their phylogeny.
This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in evolutionary biology.
If DNA sequences within a species are compared, population geneticists can learn the history of particular populations.
This can be used in studies ranging from ecological genetics to anthropology; For example, DNA evidence is being used to try to identify the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.DNA has also been used to look at modern family relationships, such as establishing family relationships between the descendants of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson.
This usage is closely related to the use of DNA in criminal investigations detailed above.
Indeed, some criminal investigations have been solved when DNA from crime scenes has matched relatives of the guilty individual.
Article: Batman Begins
Section: Batsuit

Question: In "Batman Begins", what problem was caused by making the foam for the cape black?

The filmmakers intended to create a very mobile Batsuit that would allow the wearer to move easily to fight and crouch.
Previous film incarnations of the Batsuit had been stiff and especially restricted full head movement.
Costume designer Lindy Hemming and her crew worked on the Batsuit at an FX workshop codenamed "Cape Town", a secured compound located at Shepperton Studios in London.
The Batsuit's basic design was a neoprene undersuit, which was shaped by attaching molded cream latex sections.
Christian Bale was molded and sculpted prior to his physical training so the team could work on a full body cast.
To avoid imperfections picked up by sculpting with clay, plastiline was used to smooth the surface.
In addition, the team brewed different mixtures of foam to find the mixture that would be the most flexible, light, durable, and black.
The latter presented a problem, since the process to make the foam black reduced the foam's durability.
For the cape, director Christopher Nolan wanted to have a "flowing cloak... that blows and flows as in so many great graphic novels".
Hemming's team created the cape out of their own version of parachute nylon that had electrostatic flocking, a process shared with the team by the British Ministry of Defence.
The process was used by the London police force to minimize night vision detection.
The cape was topped by a cowl, which was designed by Nolan, Hemming, and costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard.
The cowl was created to be thin enough to allow motion but thick enough to avoid wrinkling when Bale turned his head in the Batsuit.
Churchyard explained the cowl had been designed to show "a man who has angst", so his character would be revealed through the mask.
Article: Black hole
Section: Information loss paradox

Question: To black holes emit Hawking radiation?

Because a black hole has only a few internal parameters, most of the information about the matter that went into forming the black hole is lost.
Regardless of the type of matter which goes into a black hole, it appears that only information concerning the total mass, charge, and angular momentum are conserved.
As long as black holes were thought to persist forever this information loss is not that problematic, as the information can be thought of as existing inside the black hole, inaccessible from the outside.
However, black holes slowly evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation.
This radiation does not appear to carry any additional information about the matter that formed the black hole, meaning that this information appears to be gone forever.
The question whether information is truly lost in black holes (the black hole information paradox) has divided the theoretical physics community (see Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet).
In quantum mechanics, loss of information corresponds to the violation of vital property called unitarity, which has to do with the conservation of probability.
It has been argued that loss of unitarity would also imply violation of conservation of energy.
Over recent years evidence has been building that indeed information and unitarity are preserved in a full quantum gravitational treatment of the problem.
Article: Tennis
Section: Grip

Question: In tennis what is the eastern grip used for?

A grip is a way of holding the racquet in order to hit shots during a match.
The grip affects the angle of the racquet face when it hits the ball and influences the pace, spin, and placement of the shot.
Players use various grips during play, including the Continental (The "Handshake Grip"), Eastern (Can be either semi-eastern or full eastern.
Usually used for backhands.
), and Western (semi-western or full western, usually for forehand grips) grips.
Most players change grips during a match depending on what shot they are hitting; for example, slice shots and serves call for a Continental grip.
Article: Disney California Adventure
Section: Early changes and expansions

Question: What 2 attractions opened in the Superstar Limo building In January 2006?

Two of the park's major criticisms in its first year were the lack of attractions appealing to children and the lack of a show or parade at night to keep visitors from leaving at nightfall.
Within the first year of operation, Disney's Electrical Parade and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It!
were brought to the park, and several of its original rides and attractions were closed, including Superstar Limo and "Disney's Steps in Time".
Attractions for children were immediately added including A Bug's Land, The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, and more costumed characters around the park.
Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue!
opened in the former Superstar Limo building in January 2006.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Geology

Question: Where is Mount Rushmore?

Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite.
The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Harney Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore.
The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, roughly 1.6 billion years ago.
Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Harney Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents.
The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian.
Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago.
The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome.
Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist.
Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington.
The tallest mountain in the region is Harney Peak ().
Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons.
The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite.
The durable granite erodes only every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure.
The mountain's height of above sea level made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day.
Article: Falling Skies
Section: Online promotion

Question: What was the premiere date of "Falling Skies" season 2?

Online promotion.
For the first season, character videos were made available online.
The videos explore the main characters of the series.
As part of the promotional campaign, a vehicle, with the TNT logo and called "Falling Skies Technical", was released as a free gift in the social networking game "Mafia Wars" on June 14, 2011.
Following the second season premiere on June 17, 2012, a live after-show titled "2nd Watch" hosted by Wil Wheaton premiered.
The series airs after encore presentations of "Falling Skies" on TNT's official site.
Wheaton discusses the latest episode with actors and producers of the series.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Abstract

Question: Stem cells can be found in which organisms?

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells.
They are found in multicellular organisms.
In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues.
In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues.
In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.
There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans:
 Bone marrow, which requires extraction by "harvesting", that is, drilling into bone (typically the femur or iliac crest),
 Adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction, and
 Blood, which requires extraction through apheresis, wherein blood is drawn from the donor (similar to a blood donation), and passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.
Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth.
Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting involves the least risk.
By definition, autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures.
Adult stem cells are frequently used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation.
Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed (differentiated) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves.
Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through therapeutic cloning have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies.
Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s.
Article: All I Want for Christmas Is You
Section: Live performances

Question: What was the first year that "All I Want for Christmas Is You" was on Carey's set list?

Carey has performed the song during concerts as well as live televised performances.
It was part of the set-list during the Japanese shows of Carey's Daydream World Tour (1996), Butterfly World Tour (1998), Rainbow World Tour (2000), (2002–03) (also sung during the December leg of the tour) and The Adventures of Mimi Tour (2006).
Additionally, Carey performed the song at the 2004 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade, which aired on ABC.
Carey sang the So So Def remix version at the opening night of her Angels Advocate Tour on New Year's Eve.
On November 9, 2010, Carey taped a live Christmas Special featuring the song, which aired on December 13, 2010 on ABC.
Additionally, Carey performed the song alongside "Oh Santa!"
airing on ESPN and ABC throughout the day on Christmas Day of 2010.
On December 3, she performed both songs at the Walt Disney World Resort theme park, Magic Kingdom, in a performance that was taped and aired part of the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade on ABC.
She performed them again in a music video promoting the day's NBA games that aired on both networks.
Article: Zero Dark Thirty
Section: Accolades

Question: "Zero Dark Thirty" received how many Golden Globe Awards?

"Zero Dark Thirty" was nominated for five Academy Awards at the 85th Academy Awards, including Best Picture,Best Actress, Best Original Screenplay, Best Sound Editing and Best Film Editing.
Paul N. J. Ottosson won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, tying with "Skyfall".
This was only the sixth tie in Academy Awards history, and the first since 1994.
"Zero Dark Thirty" was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards at the 70th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director, Best Screenplay, with Chastain winning Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama.
The Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association's award for Best Director was given to Bigelow, the second time the honor has gone to a woman (the first also being Bigelow for "The Hurt Locker").
The film swept critics groups' awards for Best Director and Best Picture including the Washington D.C., New York Film Critics Online, Chicago and Boston film critics associations.
Article: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)
Section: Recurring cast

Question: Which actor portrays Bud Baxter?

 Jordan Masterson (recurring, season two–present) and Nick Jonas (season one, guest star) as Ryan Vogelson, Boyd's father.
Ryan holds staunchly liberal views both politically and philosophically.
He and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values, especially when it comes to child-rearing.
Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion and patriotism.
His vegan diet, political correctness, views on discipline, and general sensitivity are an affront to Mike's beliefs.
Their relationship and arguments mirror those of Archie Bunker and Mike "Meathead" Stivic on "All in the Family", with the difference that Ryan's liberal views are extreme and comparatively ill-founded, whereas liberal Meathead tended to be the voice of reason.
 Robert Forster as Bud Baxter, Mike's father who is in the construction business.
 Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee (season two–present), Mike and Vanessa's neighbor.
He is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War.
Chuck is an African-American, and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes.
 Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee (season two–present), Chuck's wife and Mike and Vanessa's neighbor.
 Carla Jimenez as Blanca (season two–present), the Baxters' housekeeper.
 Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker (season two–present), Kristin's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works.
 Richard Karn as Bill McKendree (season two), an architect who has had a long-running business relationship with Mike and Outdoor Man.
 Danielle Bisutti as Michelle (season one), Vanessa's friend and next-door neighbor; she is a meteorologist.
Article: Battle of Austerlitz
Section: "War and Peace"

Question: Who did Andrei see as a hero?

The Battle of Austerlitz is a major event in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".
As the battle is about to start, Prince Andrei, one of the main characters, thinks that the approaching "day be his Toulon, or his Arcola," references to Napoleon's early victories.
Andrei hopes for glory, even thinking to himself, "I shall march forward and sweep everything before me."
Later in the battle, however, Andrei falls into enemy hands and even meets his hero, Napoleon.
But the previous enthusiasm has been shattered; he no longer thinks much of Napoleon, "so petty did his hero with his paltry vanity and delight in victory appear, compared to that lofty, righteous and kindly sky which he had seen and comprehended."
Tolstoy, who is known for his hatred of Napoléon, portrays Austerlitz as an early test for Russia, one which ended badly because the soldiers fought for irrelevant things like glory or renown rather than the higher virtues which would produce, according to Tolstoy, a victory at Borodino during the 1812 invasion.
Article: Cloning
Section: Ethical issues of cloning

Question: What would therapeutic cloning create?

In bioethics, the ethics of cloning' refers to a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning.
While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well.
Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in livestock production.
Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning in order to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, to avoid the need for immunosuppressive drugs, and to stave off the effects of aging.
Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology.
Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe, that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), and have concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.
Religious groups are divided, with some opposing the technology as usurping God's place and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits.
Cloning of animals is opposed by animal-groups due to the number of cloned animals that suffer from malformations before they die, and while food from cloned animals has been approved by the US FDA, its use is opposed by groups concerned about food safety.
Article: Cake
Section: Abstract

Question: What are the oldest forms of cake

Cake is a form of bread or bread-like food.
In its modern forms, it is typically a sweet baked dessert.
In its oldest forms, cakes were normally fried breads or cheesecakes, and normally had a disk shape.
Determining whether a given food should be classified as bread, cake, or pastry can be difficult.
Modern cake, especially layer cakes, normally contain a combination of flour, sugar, eggs, and butter or oil, with some varieties also requiring liquid (typically milk or water) and leavening agents (such as yeast or baking powder).
Flavorful ingredients like fruit purées, nuts, dried or candied fruit, or extracts are often added, and numerous substitutions for the primary ingredients are possible.
Cakes are often filled with fruit preserves or dessert sauces (like pastry cream), iced with buttercream or other icings, and decorated with marzipan, piped borders or candied fruit.
Cake is often the dessert of choice for meals at ceremonial occasions, particularly weddings, anniversaries, and birthdays.
There are countless cake recipes; some are bread-like, some rich and elaborate, and many are centuries old.
Cake making is no longer a complicated procedure; while at one time considerable labor went into cake making (particularly the whisking of egg foams), baking equipment and directions have been simplified so that even the most amateur cook may bake a cake.
Article: Amélie
Section: Home media

Question: When was the Australian release?

The film has no overall worldwide distributor, but Blu-ray discs have been released in Canada and Australia.
The first release occurred in Canada in September 2008 by TVA Films.
This version did not contain any English subtitles and received criticisms regarding picture quality.
In November 2009, an Australian release occurred.
This time the version contained English subtitles and features no region coding.
Momentum Pictures released a Blu-ray in the UK on 17 October 2011.
The film is also available on HD on iTunes and other digital download services.
Article: Sinking of the RMS Titanic
Section: Inquiries

Question: What does SOLAS stand for?

In the aftermath of the sinking, public inquiries were set up in Britain and the United States.
The US inquiry began on 19 April under the chairmanship of Senator William Alden Smith, while the British inquiry commenced in London under Lord Mersey on 2 May 1912.
They reached broadly similar conclusions: the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate; Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings; the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed; and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a danger area at too high a speed.
Captain Lord of the "Californian" was strongly criticised by both inquiries for failing to render assistance to "Titanic".
However neither inquiry found negligence by IMM or the White Star Line as a factor.
The US inquiry concluded that those involved had merely followed standard practice, and the disaster could thus only be categorised as an "act of God", and the British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long-standing practice which had not previously been shown to be unsafe (the inquiry noted that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 10 lives) and concluded that he had done "only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position."
The British inquiry also warned that "What was a mistake in the case of the "Titanic" would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future.
"The disaster led to major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures, such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided, that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that radio equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock.
An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic, and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS); both measures are still in force today.