community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Australia
Section: Arts

Question: At the beginning of the 20th century, who was one of the world's leading opera singers?

Australian visual arts are thought to have begun with the cave paintings, rock engravings and body painting of its Indigenous peoples.
The traditions of Indigenous Australians are largely transmitted orally, through ceremony and the telling of Dreamtime stories.
From the time of European settlement, a theme in Australian art has been the natural landscape, seen for example in the works of Albert Namatjira, Arthur Streeton and others associated with the Heidelberg School, and Arthur Boyd.
The country's landscape remains a source of inspiration for Australian modernist artists; it has been depicted in acclaimed works by the likes of Sidney Nolan, Fred Williams, Sydney Long, and Clifton Pugh.
Australian artists influenced by modern American and European art include cubist Grace Crowley, surrealist James Gleeson, and pop artist Martin Sharp.
Contemporary Indigenous Australian art is the only art movement of international significance to emerge from Australia and "the last great art movement of the 20th century"; its exponents have included Emily Kngwarreye.
Art critic Robert Hughes has written several influential books about Australian history and art, and was described as the "world's most famous art critic" by "The New York Times".
The National Gallery of Australia and state galleries maintain Australian and overseas collections.
Australia has one of the world's highest attendances of art galleries and museums per head of population—far more than Britain or America.
Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's Australia Council.
There is a symphony orchestra in each state, and a national opera company, Opera Australia, well-known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers.
Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies.
Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.
Australian literature has also been influenced by the landscape; the works of writers such as Banjo Paterson, Henry Lawson, and Dorothea Mackellar captured the experience of the Australian bush.
The character of the nation's colonial past, as represented in early literature, is popular with modern Australians.
In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first Australian to have achieved this.
Australian winners of the Man Booker Prize have included Peter Carey and Thomas Keneally; David Williamson, David Malouf, and J. M. Coetzee, who recently became an Australian citizen, are also renowned writers, and Les Murray is regarded as "one of the leading poets of his generation".
Article: China
Section: Territorial disputes

Question: China has been negotiating the specifics of its disputed borders since what year?

In addition to claiming all of Taiwan, China has been involved in a number of other international territorial disputes.
Since the 1990s, China has been involved in negotiations to resolve its disputed land borders, including a disputed border with India and an undefined border with Bhutan.
China is additionally involved in multilateral disputes over the ownership of several small islands in the East and South China Seas, such as the Senkaku Islands and the Scarborough Shoal.
Article: Quantum
Section: Etymology and discovery

Question: In what form did Einstein theorize radiation existed?

The word "quantum" comes from the Latin "quantus", for "how much".
"Quanta", short for "quanta of electricity" (electrons) was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect by Philipp Lenard, who credited Hermann von Helmholtz for using the word in the area of electricity.
However, the word quantum in general was well known before 1900.
It was often used by physicians, such as in the term quantum satis.
Both Helmholtz and Julius von Mayer were physicians as well as physicists.
Helmholtz used "quantum" with reference to heat in his article on Mayer's work, and indeed, the word "quantum" can be found in the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics by Mayer in his letter dated July 24, 1841.
Max Planck used "quanta" to mean "quanta of matter and electricity", gas, and heat.
In 1905, in response to Planck's work and the experimental work of Lenard, who explained his results by using the term "quanta of electricity", Albert Einstein suggested that radiation existed in spatially localized packets which he called "quanta of light" ("Lightquanta").
The concept of quantization of radiation was discovered in 1900 by Max Planck, who had been trying to understand the emission of radiation from heated objects, known as black-body radiation.
By assuming that energy can only be absorbed or released in tiny, differential, discrete packets he called "bundles" or "energy elements", Planck accounted for the fact that certain objects change colour when heated.
On December 14, 1900, Planck reported his revolutionary findings to the German Physical Society, and introduced the idea of quantization for the first time as a part of his research on black-body radiation.
As a result of his experiments, Planck deduced the numerical value of "h", known as the Planck constant, and could also report a more precise value for the Avogadro–Loschmidt number, the number of real molecules in a mole and the unit of electrical charge, to the German Physical Society.
After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 for his discovery.
Article: Tennis
Section: Premier events

Question: When was the tiering system introduced to women's tennis?

Women's tournament structure.
Premier events.
Premier events for women form the most prestigious level of events on the Women's Tennis Association Tour after the Grand Slam tournaments.
These events offer the largest rewards in terms of points and prize money.
Within the Premier category are Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and Premier tournaments.
The Premier events were introduced in 2009 replacing the previous Tier I and II tournament categories.
Currently four tournaments are Premier Mandatory, five tournaments are Premier 5, and twelve tournaments are Premier.
The first tiering system in women's tennis was introduced in 1988.
At the time of its creation, only two tournaments, the Lipton International Players Championships in Florida and the German Open in Berlin, comprised the Tier I category.
Article: Astronomy
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the difference between astronomy and cosmology?

Astronomy is a natural science that is the study of celestial objects (such as moons, planets, stars, nebulae, and galaxies), the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth, including supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic background radiation.
A related but distinct subject, cosmology, is concerned with studying the universe as a whole.
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences.
Prehistoric cultures have left astronomical artifacts such as the Egyptian monuments and Nubian monuments, and early civilizations such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, Indians, Iranians and Maya performed methodical observations of the night sky.
However, the invention of the telescope was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science.
Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars, but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics.
During the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches.
Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects, which is then analyzed using basic principles of physics.
Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.
The two fields complement each other, with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain the observational results and observations being used to confirm theoretical results.
Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena.
Amateur astronomers have contributed to many important astronomical discoveries.
Astronomy is not to be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects.
Although the two fields share a common origin they are now entirely distinct.
Article: RNA
Section: RNA genomes

Question: Is there genetic information in RNA?

 genomes.
Like DNA, RNA can carry genetic information.
RNA viruses have genomes composed of RNA that encodes a number of proteins.
The viral genome is replicated by some of those proteins, while other proteins protect the genome as the virus particle moves to a new host cell.
Viroids are another group of pathogens, but they consist only of RNA, do not encode any protein and are replicated by a host plant cell's polymerase.
Article: Karate
Section: Kata

Question: How does a karateka attain a formal rank?

Kata (型:かた) means literally "shape" or "model."
Kata is a formalized sequence of movements which represent various offensive and defensive postures.
These postures are based on idealized combat applications.
The applications applied in a demonstration with real opponents is referred to as a Bunkai.
The Bunkai shows how every stance and movement is used.
Bunkai is a useful tool to understand a kata.
To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent performance of specific required kata for that level.
The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used.
Requirements for examinations vary among schools.
Article: Blackfish (film)
Section: Home media

Question: Which news anchor was featured in the CNN special after Blackfish?

"Blackfish" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 26, 2013 in the UK (Region 2, PAL).
Its US release was on November 12, 2013.
The documentary was broadcast on CNN on October 24, 2013.
After the broadcast, CNN aired an Anderson Cooper special with Jack Hanna, Gabriela Cowperthwaite, Naomi Rose and Jack Hurley.
This was followed by a special edition of "Crossfire" with "Blackfish" associate producer Tim Zimmermann debating Grey Stafford, a conservationist, zoologist, and member of the International Marine Animal Trainers Association.
The documentary aired on BBC Four in the UK on November 21, 2013 as part of the "Storyville" documentary series.
Article: Popcorn
Section: Abstract

Question: What is another name for popcorn?

Popcorn, also known as popping corn, is a type of corn (maize, "Zea mays var.
everta") that expands from the kernel and puffs up when heated.
Popcorn is able to pop because, like amaranth grain, sorghum, quinoa, and millet, its kernels have a hard moisture-sealed hull and a dense starchy interior.
Pressure builds inside the kernel, and a small explosion (or "pop") is the end result.
Some strains of corn are now cultivated specifically as popping corns.
There are various techniques for popping corn.
Along with prepackaged popcorn, which is generally intended to be prepared in a microwave oven, there are small home appliances for popping corn.
These methods require the use of minimally processed popping corn.
A larger-scale, commercial popcorn machine was invented by Charles Cretors in the late 19th century.
Unpopped popcorn is considered nonperishable and will last indefinitely if stored in ideal conditions.
Depending on how it is prepared and cooked, some consider popcorn to be a health food, while others caution against it for a variety of reasons.
Popcorn can also have non-food applications, ranging from holiday decorations to packaging materials.
Article: The Terminator
Section: Release-1

Question: When was the CD and cassette reissue through DCC Compact Classics?

The soundtrack album was originally released through Enigma Records.
It was followed by a CD and cassette reissue on July 1, 1991 through DCC Compact Classics.
A remastered edition entitled "The Definitive Edition" was released on August 22, 1995 through Edel AG.
This edition contained a 73-minute running time and included a bonus track the "Judgement Day Remix" of "Theme from The Terminator."
The liner notes of the album contained extensive annotations for each track.
Article: Magic Kingdom
Section: Planned film

Question: What date did writer Michael Chabon sign on to write the film's script?

In 2010, director Jon Favreau and Walt Disney Pictures had a plan to produce and release a film concerning a family at Disneyland which finds the theme park characters and attractions coming to life.
Favreau, who said "the Disney iconography was probably the first set of archetypes that I was exposed to" and that Disney movies and attractions "made a deep impression on me as a child", noted that, "When I first heard about the ['Magic Kingdom' film] project, I was on my way to visit Disneyland with my family.
I took notes and had no problem filling a book with all the ideas that this concept offered, even on first blush.
"Marc Abraham and Eric Newman of Strike Entertainment were scheduled to produce the film.
Writer-producer Ronald D. Moore had previously written an original script for the project, which the studio eventually declined to use, stating that Favreau and a new screenwriter would develop a new script.
On June 20, 2011, novelist Michael Chabon signed on to write the film's script.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Ecology

Question: How many types of shrubs can be found near Mount Rushmore?

The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota.
Birds including the turkey vulture, bald eagle, hawk, and meadowlark fly around Mount Rushmore, occasionally making nesting spots in the ledges of the mountain.
Smaller birds, including songbirds, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, inhabit the surrounding pine forests.
Terrestrial mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule deer, yellow-bellied marmot, and American bison.
The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog, and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area.
In addition, several species of snakes inhabit the region.
Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout.
Mountain goats are not indigenous to the area but can also be found here.
They are descended from goats which were a gift from Canada to Custer State Park in 1924 but later escaped.
At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the Ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun.
Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and the cottonwood.
Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore.
There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet.
Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.
However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.
The area receives about of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life.
Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff.
Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals.
In addition, stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater, creating aquifers.
Through the study of tree rings, it has been determined that forest fires have occurred in the Ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years based on evidence of fire scars found within tree core samples.
Large conflagrations are not common.
Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris.
The area is a climax community.
Recent pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest.
Article: Napoleonic Wars
Section: War of the Third Coalition 1805

Question: What treaty did Austria sign in the War of the Third Coalition?

Britain gathered together allies to form the Third Coalition against France.
In response, Napoleon seriously considered an invasion of Great Britain, and massed 180,000 effectives at Boulogne.
However, before he could invade, he needed to achieve naval superiority—or at least to pull the British fleet away from the English Channel.
A complex plan to distract the British by threatening their possessions in the West Indies failed when a Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral Villeneuve turned back after an indecisive action off Cape Finisterre on 22 July 1805.
The Royal Navy blockaded Villeneuve in Cádiz until he left for Naples on 19 October; the British squadron caught and overwhelmingly defeated the combined enemy fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October (the British commander, Lord Nelson, died in the battle).
Napoleon would never again have the opportunity to challenge the British at sea, nor to threaten an invasion.
He again turned his attention to enemies on the Continent.
The French army left Boulogne and moved towards Austria.
In April 1805, Britain and Russia signed a treaty with the aim of removing the French from the Batavian Republic (roughly present-day Netherlands) and the Swiss Confederation (Switzerland).
Austria joined the alliance after the annexation of Genoa and the proclamation of Napoleon as King of Italy on 17 March 1805.
Sweden, which had already agreed to lease Swedish Pomerania as a military base for British troops against France, formally entered the coalition on 9 August.
The Austrians began the war by invading Bavaria with an army of about 70,000 under Karl Mack von Leiberich, and the French army marched out from Boulogne in late July 1805 to confront them.
At Ulm (25 September – 20 October) Napoleon surrounded Mack's army, forcing its surrender without significant losses.
With the main Austrian army north of the Alps defeated (another army under Archduke Charles manoeuvred inconclusively against André Masséna's French army in Italy), Napoleon occupied Vienna.
Far from his supply lines, he faced a larger Austro-Russian army under the command of Mikhail Kutuzov, with the Emperor Alexander I of Russia personally present.
On 2 December, Napoleon crushed the joint Austro-Russian army in Moravia at Austerlitz (usually considered his greatest victory).
He inflicted a total of 25,000 casualties on a numerically superior enemy army while sustaining fewer than 7,000 in his own force.
Austria signed the Treaty of Pressburg (26 December 1805) and left the Coalition.
The Treaty required the Austrians to give up Venetia to the French-dominated Kingdom of Italy and the Tyrol to Bavaria.
With the withdrawal of Austria from the war, stalemate ensued.
Napoleon's army had a record of continuous unbroken victories on land, but the full force of the Russian army had not yet come into play.
Article: The Night Watch
Section: New LED illumination

Question: What did the Rijksmuseum do on October 26, 2011?

On 26 October 2011, the Rijksmuseum unveiled new, sustainable LED lighting for "The Night Watch".
With new technology, it is the first time LED lighting has been able to render the fine nuances of the painting's complex color palette.
The lighting was developed by Philips Lighting and was inaugurated by Rijksmuseum Director Wim Pijbes and Philips President and CEO Frans van Houten.
Rogier van der Heide, Chief Design Officer at Philips Lighting, was responsible for creating the system.
The new illumination uses LED lights with a color temperature of 3,200 kelvins, similar to warm-white light sources like tungsten halogen.
It has a color rendering index of over 90, which makes it suitable for the illumination of artifacts such as "The Night Watch".
Using the new LED lighting, the museum saves 80% on energy and offers the painting a safer environment due to the absence of UV radiation and heat.
Article: General relativity
Section: Current status

Question: Is the theory of relativity complete?

General relativity has emerged as a highly successful model of gravitation and cosmology, which has so far passed many unambiguous observational and experimental tests.
However, there are strong indications the theory is incomplete.
The problem of quantum gravity and the question of the reality of spacetime singularities remain open.
Observational data that is taken as evidence for dark energy and dark matter could indicate the need for new physics.
Even taken as is, general relativity is rich with possibilities for further exploration.
Mathematical relativists seek to understand the nature of singularities and the fundamental properties of Einstein's equations, and increasingly powerful computer simulations (such as those describing merging black holes) are run.
The race for the first direct detection of gravitational waves continues, in the hope of creating opportunities to test the theory's validity for much stronger gravitational fields than has been possible to date.
More than ninety years after its publication, general relativity remains a highly active area of research.
Article: Netball
Section: Description and rules

Question: What is the goal of the game?

The objective of a game is to score more goals than the opposition.
Goals are scored when a team member positioned in the attacking shooting circle shoots the ball through the goal ring.
The goal rings are in diameter and sit atop -high goal posts that have no backboards.
A -radius semi-circular "shooting circle" is an area at each end of the court.
The goal posts are located within the shooting circle.
Each team defends one shooting circle and attacks the other.
The netball court is long, wide, and divided lengthwise into thirds.
The ball is usually made of leather or rubber, measures in circumference, and weighs .
A normal game consists of four 15-minute quarters and can be played outdoors or in a covered stadium.
Each team is allowed seven players on the court.
Each player is assigned a specific position, which limits their movement to a certain area of the court.
A "bib" worn by each player contains a two letter abbreviation of indicating this position.
Only two positions are permitted in the attacking shooting circle, and can therefore shoot for a goal.
Similarly, only two positions are permitted in the defensive shooting circle; they try to prevent the opposition from shooting goals.
Other players are restricted to two thirds of the court, with the exception of the Centre, who may move anywhere on the court except for a shooting circle.
At the beginning of every quarter and after a goal has been scored, play starts with a player in the centre position passing the ball from the centre of the court.
These "centre passes" alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal.
When the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, four players from each team can move into the centre third to receive the pass.
The centre pass must be caught or touched in the centre third.
The ball is then moved up and down the court through passing and must be touched by a player in each adjacent third of the court.
Players can hold the ball for only three seconds at any time.
It must be released before the foot they were standing on when they caught it touches the ground again.
Contact between players is only permitted if it does not impede an opponent or the general play.
When defending a pass or shot players must be at least away from the player with the ball.
If illegal contact is made, the player who contacted cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed or shot the ball.
If the ball is held in two hands and either dropped or a shot at goal is missed, the same player cannot be the first to touch it unless it first rebounds off the goal.