community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Magic Kingdom
Section: Enchanted Forest

Question: When was Enchanted Forest opened?

With the completion of Storybook Circus and Enchanted Forest, Magic Kingdom Park now covers 133 acres.
Recent conceptual artwork shows several new additions and changes that will make up the New Fantasyland.
Included is a new , themed to Disney's 1989 film "The Little Mermaid", that originally opened at Disney California Adventure.
There is also an area, themed to Disney's 1991 film "Beauty and the Beast", featuring the Beast's Castle with a new dining experience, Gaston's Tavern, and Belle's cottage.
Snow White's Scary Adventures was removed to build Princess Fairytale Hall, a meet-n-greet.
This portion of the New Fantasyland officially opened on December 6, 2012.
Opening on March 3rd, 2014 will be another part of the New Fantasyland featuring an attraction themed to "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", which will feature Snow White's cottage and The Seven Dwarfs Mine Train roller coaster ride, the first roller coaster to move in a wobbling motion on track, which should open in the Spring.
Article: Great Wall of China
Section: Condition

Question: Why did a part of the wall fall in August 2012 in Hebei?

While some portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many locations the Wall is in disrepair.
Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads.
Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism.
Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction.
More than of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from sandstorms.
In places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than to less than .
The square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared completely.
Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud, rather than brick and stone, and thus are more susceptible to erosion.
In August 2012, a section of the wall in north China's Hebei province collapsed after days of continuous heavy rains.
Article: Microscope
Section: Optical

Question: Which style of microscope is used the most?

The most common type of microscope (and the first invented) is the optical microscope.
This is an optical instrument containing one or more lenses producing an enlarged image of a sample placed in the focal plane.
Optical microscopes have refractive glass and occasionally of plastic or quartz, to focus light into the eye or another light detector.
Mirror-based optical microscopes operate in the same manner.
Typical magnification of a light microscope, assuming visible range light, is up to 1250x with a theoretical resolution limit of around 0.250 micrometres or 250 nanometres.
This limits the practical magnification limit to ~1500x.
Specialized techniques (e.g., scanning confocal microscopy, Vertico SMI) may exceed this magnification but the resolution is diffraction limited.
The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet, is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices such as the near-field scanning optical microscope.
Sarfus, a recent optical technique increases the sensitivity of standard optical microscope to a point it becomes possible to directly visualize nanometric films (down to 0.3 nanometre) and isolated nano-objects (down to 2 nm-diameter).
The technique is based on the use of non-reflecting substrates for cross-polarized reflected light microscopy.
Ultraviolet light enables the resolution of microscopic features, as well as to image samples that are transparent to the eye.
Near infrared light can be used to visualize circuitry embedded in bonded silicon devices, since silicon is transparent in this region of wavelengths.
In fluorescence microscopy, many wavelengths of light, ranging from the ultraviolet to the visible can be used to cause samples to fluoresce to allow viewing by eye or with the use of specifically sensitive cameras.
Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique in which small phase shifts in the light passing through a transparent specimen are converted into amplitude or contrast changes in the image.
The use of phase contrast does not require staining to view the slide.
This microscope technique made it possible to study the cell cycle in live cells.
The traditional optical microscope has more recently evolved into the digital microscope.
In addition to, or instead of, directly viewing the object through the eyepieces, a type of sensor similar to those used in a digital camera is used to obtain an image, which is then displayed on a computer monitor.
These sensors may use CMOS or charge-coupled device (CCD) technology, depending on the application.
Article: Fajita
Section: Popularity

Question: How is the fajita brought to the table?

The first culinary evidence of the fajitas with the cut of meat, the cooking style (directly on a campfire or on a grill), and the Spanish nickname going back as far as the 1930s in the ranch lands of South and West Texas.
During cattle roundups, beef were butchered regularly to feed the hands.
Throwaway items such as the hide, the head, the entrails, and meat trimmings such as skirt were given to the Mexican cowboys called vaqueros as part of their pay.
Hearty border dishes like barbacoa de cabeza (head barbecue), menudo (tripe stew), and fajitas or arracheras (grilled skirt steak) have their roots in this practice.
Considering the limited number of skirts per carcass and the fact the meat wasn't available commercially, the fajita tradition remained regional and relatively obscure for many years, probably only familiar to vaqueros, butchers, and their families.
The food became popular in Tex-Mex restaurants in Houston, Austin, and San Antonio.
In southern Arizona, the term was unknown except as a cut of meat until the 1990s, when Mexican fast food restaurants started using the word in their marketing.
In recent years, fajitas have become popular at American casual dining restaurants as well as in home cooking.
In many restaurants, the fajita meat is brought to the table sizzling loudly on a metal platter or skillet, with the tortillas and condiments.
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Theory of critical opalescence

Question: When is the derivative zero?

Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point.
Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density.
At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large fluctuations.
The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white.
Einstein relates this to Rayleigh scattering, which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.
Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter.
Article: Yeast
Section: Food spoilage

Question: Can yeasts grow food that has a low PH?

Yeasts are able to grow in foods with a low pH (5.0 or lower) and in the presence of sugars, organic acids, and other easily metabolized carbon sources.
During their growth, yeasts metabolize some food components and produce metabolic end products.
This causes the physical, chemical, and sensible properties of a food to change, and the food is spoiled.
The growth of yeast within food products is often seen on their surfaces, as in cheeses or meats, or by the fermentation of sugars in beverages, such as juices, and semiliquid products, such as syrups and jams.
The yeast of the "Zygosaccharomyces" genus have had a long history as spoilage yeasts within the food industry.
This is mainly because these species can grow in the presence of high sucrose,ethanol, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and sulphur dioxide concentrations, representing some of the commonly used food preservation methods.
Methylene blue is used to test for the presence of live yeast cells.
In oenology, the major spoilage yeast is "Dekkera bruxellensis ".
Article: Fruit
Section: Berries

Question: How many ovaries are berries created from?

Berries are another type of fleshy fruit; they are simple fruit created from a single ovary.
The ovary may be compound, with several carpels.
Type include (examples follow in the table below):
 Pepo – Berries where the skin is hardened, cucurbits
 Hesperidium – Berries with a rind and a juicy interior, like most citrus fruit
Article: Netball
Section: Abstract

Question: How many people play netball according to the INF?

Netball is a ball sport played by two teams of seven players.
Its development, derived from early versions of basketball, began in England in the 1890s.
By 1960, international playing rules had been standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball (later renamed the International Netball Federation (INF)) was formed.
As of 2011, the INF comprises more than 60 national teams organized into five global regions.
Games are played on a rectangular court with raised goal rings at each end.
Each team attempts to score goals by passing a ball down the court and shooting it through its goal ring.
Players are assigned specific positions, which define their roles within the team and restrict their movement to certain areas of the court.
During general play, a player with the ball can hold onto it for only three seconds before shooting for a goal or passing to another player.
The winning team is the one that scores the most goals.
Netball games are 60 minutes long.
Variations have been developed to increase the game's pace and appeal to a wider audience.
Netball is most popular in Commonwealth nations, specifically in schools, and is predominantly played by women.
According to the INF, netball is played by more than 20 million people in more than 80 countries.
Major transnational competitions take place, including the Netball Superleague in Great Britain and the ANZ Championship in Australia and New Zealand.
Three major competitions take place internationally: the quadrennial World Netball Championships, the Commonwealth Games, and the yearly World Netball Series.
In 1995, netball became an International Olympic Committee recognised sport.
Article: Parks and Recreation
Section: Season 4

Question: What happened first, Ben and Leslie ending their relationship or Ben becoming Leslie's campaign manager?

With Ben's encouragement, Leslie decides to run for city council, and the two end their relationship.
Leslie hires Andy as her assistant.
Patricia Clarkson appears as Ron's first ex-wife, "Tammy One", who uses her power as an IRS employee to trick Ron into thinking he's being audited and temporarily takes complete control over his life.
Tom and Jean-Ralphio's company, Entertainment 720, quickly blows through massive amounts of promotional funding while performing little actual work; the company goes out of business and Tom returns to his old job.
After struggling to move on both personally and professionally, Ben and Leslie get back together, and Ben sacrifices his job to save Leslie from losing hers.
The scandal leads her political advisors to abandon Leslie's campaign, and the Parks Department volunteers to become her new campaign staff.
Ben agrees to be Leslie's campaign manager.
Leslie's ex-boyfriend Dave (Louis C.K.)
reappears and unsuccessfully attempts to win Leslie back.
Leslie's campaign faces myriad setbacks against her main opponent, Bobby Newport (Paul Rudd), and his famous campaign manager Jennifer Barkley (Kathryn Hahn).
Ann and Tom begin an extremely rocky romantic relationship.
April takes on more responsibility in the department, shouldering much of Leslie's usual work.
In the season finale, Jennifer offers Ben a job in Washington, which he reluctantly accepts, and after the race is initially called for Newport, Leslie wins the position in a recount.
Article: Lady with an Ermine
Section: Conservation

Question: What was the Lady with an Ermine

The "Lady with an Ermine" has been subjected to two detailed laboratory examinations.
The first was in the Warsaw Laboratories, the findings being published by K. Kwiatkowski in 1955.
The painting underwent examination and restoration again in 1992, at the Washington National Gallery Laboratories under the supervision of David Bull.
The painting is in oil on a thin walnut wood panel, about thick, prepared with a layer of white gesso and a layer of brownish underpaint.
The panel is in good condition apart from a break to the upper left side of the painting.
Its size has never been altered, as indicated by a narrow unpainted strip on all four sides of the painting.
The background was thinly overpainted with unmodulated black, probably between 1830 and 1870, when the damaged corner was restored.
Eugène Delacroix was suggested to have painted the background.
Its previous colour was a bluish grey.
The signature "LEONARD D'AWINCI" (which is Polish phonetical transcription of the name "da Vinci") in the upper left corner is not original.X-ray and microscopic analysis have revealed the charcoal-pounced outline of the pricked preparatory drawing on the prepared undersurface, a technique Leonardo learned in the studio of Verrocchio.
Apart from the black of the background and some abrasion caused by cleaning, the painted surface reveals the painting is almost entirely by the artist's hand.
There has been some slight retouching of her features in red, and the edge of the veil in ochre.
Some scholars believe there also was some later retouching of the hands.
Leonardo's fingerprints have been found in the surface of the paint, indicating he used his fingers to blend his delicate brushstrokes.
Article: The Amazing Race 21
Section: Episode title quotes

Question: Who was the start of The Amazing Race 21 Episode "We Was Robbed"?

Episode titles are often taken from quotes made by the racers.
 "Double Your Money (Shanghai, China)" – "Phil Keoghan"
 "Long Hair, Don't Care (Surabaya, Indonesia)" – "Jaymes"
 "There's No Crying in Baseball (Bangil, Indonesia)" – "Brittany"
 "Funky Monkey (Dhaka, Bangladesh)" – "Abbie"
 "Chill Out, Freak (Dhaka, Bangladesh)" – "Natalie"
 "Get Your Sexy On (Istanbul, Turkey)" – "Nadiya"
 "Off to See the Wizard (Moscow, Russia)" – "James" 
 "We Was Robbed (Moscow, Russia)" – "James" 
 "Fishy Kiss (Amsterdam, Netherlands)" – "Nadiya"
 "Not a Well-Rounded Athlete (Mallorca, Spain)" – "James" 
 "Take Down That Million (Loire Valley, France & New York City, New York)" – "Trey"
Article: Assassination of William McKinley
Section: Abstract

Question: How did William McKinley die?

The 25th President of the United States, William McKinley, was shot and fatally wounded on September 6, 1901, inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.
McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist.
The President died on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds.
McKinley had been elected for a second term in 1900.
He enjoyed meeting the public, and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office.
The Secretary to the President, George B. Cortelyou, feared an assassination attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music, and twice took it off the schedule.
McKinley restored it each time.
Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism, a political philosophy whose adherents had recently killed foreign leaders.
Regarding McKinley as a symbol of oppression, Czolgosz felt it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him.
Unable to get near McKinley during the earlier part of the presidential visit, Czolgosz shot McKinley twice as the President reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple.
One bullet grazed McKinley; the other entered his abdomen and was never found.
McKinley initially appeared to be recovering, but took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous, and died early the next morning; Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeded him.
After McKinley's murder, for which Czolgosz was put to death in the electric chair, the United States Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president.
Article: RNA
Section: Regulatory RNAs

Question: How can antisense RNA bind to mRNA?

Several types of RNA can downregulate gene expression by being complementary to a part of an mRNA or a gene's DNA.
MicroRNAs (miRNA; 21-22 nt) are found in eukaryotes and act through RNA interference (RNAi), where an effector complex of miRNA and enzymes can cleave complementary mRNA, block the mRNA from being translated, or accelerate its degradation.
While small interfering RNAs (siRNA; 20-25 nt) are often produced by breakdown of viral RNA, there are also endogenous sources of siRNAs.
siRNAs act through RNA interference in a fashion similar to miRNAs.
Some miRNAs and siRNAs can cause genes they target to be methylated, thereby decreasing or increasing transcription of those genes.
Animals have Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA; 29-30 nt) that are active in germline cells and are thought to be a defense against transposons and play a role in gametogenesis.
Many prokaryotes have CRISPR RNAs, a regulatory system similar to RNA interference.
Antisense RNAs are widespread; most downregulate a gene, but a few are activators of transcription.
One way antisense RNA can act is by binding to an mRNA, forming double-stranded RNA that is enzymatically degraded.
There are many long noncoding RNAs that regulate genes in eukaryotes, one such RNA is Xist, which coats one X chromosome in female mammals and inactivates it.
An mRNA may contain regulatory elements itself, such as riboswitches, in the 5' untranslated region or 3' untranslated region; these cis-regulatory elements regulate the activity of that mRNA.
The untranslated regions can also contain elements that regulate other genes.
Article: Das Boot
Section: List

Question: How long is the director's cut of Das Boot?

 150 minutes (1981, 1982) Theatrical
 209 minutes (1981) unreleased
 300 minutes (1984, 1988) BBC mini-series
 208 minutes (1997) Director's Cut
 293 minutes (2004) "Das Boot: The Original Uncut Version"
Article: Pho
Section: Etymology and origins

Question: What is pho?

Reviews of 19th and 20th century Indochinese literature have found that pho entered the mainstream sometime in the 1910s.
Georges Dumoutier's extensive 1907 account of Vietnamese cuisine omits any mention of pho, while Nguyễn Công Hoan recalls its sale by street vendors in 1913.
A 1931 dictionary is the first to define ' as a soup: "from the word '.
A dish consisting of small slices of rice cake boiled with beef.
"Possibly the earliest English-language reference to pho was in the book "Recipes of All Nations", edited by Countess Morphy in 1935: In the book, pho is described as "an Annamese soup held in high esteem ... made with beef, a veal bone, onions, a bayleaf, salt, and pepper, and a small teaspoon of "nuoc-mam"".
"There are two prevailing theories on the origin of the word "" and, by extension, the dish itself.
As author Nguyễn Dư notes, both questions are significant to Vietnamese identity.
Article: The Starry Night
Section: Abstract

Question: What country is depicted in The Starry Night?

Starry Night () is a painting by the Dutch post-impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh.
Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view outside of his sanitarium room window at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (located in southern France) at night, although it was painted from memory during the day.
It has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, part of the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest, since 1941.
The painting is among Van Gogh's most well-known works and marks a decisive turn towards greater imaginative freedom in his art.
Article: 2003 invasion of Iraq
Section: Military intervention vs diplomatic solution

Question: Who was Dominique De Villepin?

Criticisms about the evidence used to justify the war notwithstanding, many opponents of military intervention objected, saying that a diplomatic solution would be preferable, and that war should be reserved as a truly last resort.
This position was exemplified by French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin, who responded to U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell's 5 February 2003 presentation to the U.N Security Council by saying that: "Given the choice between military intervention and an inspections regime that is inadequate because of a failure to cooperate on Iraq's part, we must choose the decisive reinforcement of the means of inspections.
"In response to Donald Rumsfeld's reference to European countries that did not support the invasion of Iraq as 'Old Europe', Dominique de Villepin ended his speech with words that would later come to embody the French-German political, economic, and military alliance throughout the beginning of the 21st Century: "This message comes to you today from an old country, France, from a continent like mine, Europe, that has known wars, occupation and barbarity.
(…) Faithful to its values, it wishes resolutely to act with all the members of the international community.
It believes in our ability to build together a better world.
"The direct opposition between diplomatic solution and military intervention involving France and the United States which was personified by Chirac versus Bush and later Powell versus de Villepin, became a milestone in the Franco-American relations.
Anti-French propangada exploiting the classic Francophobic clichés immediately ensued in the United States and the United Kingdom.
A call for a boycott on French wine was launched in the United States and the "New York Post" covered on the 1944 "Sacrifice" of the GIs France would had forgotten.
It was followed a week later, on 20 February, by the British newspaper "The Sun" publishing a special issue entitled "Chirac is a worm" and including "ad hominem" attacks such as "Jacques Chirac has become the shame of Europe".
Actually both newspapers expressed the opinion of their owner, U.S. billionaire Rupert Murdoch, a military intervention supporter and a George W. Bush partisan as argued by Roy Greenslade in "The Guardian" published on 17 February.