community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Battle of Austerlitz
Section: "War and Peace"

Question: Which battle is a profound event in the Tolstoy novel "War and Peace"?

The Battle of Austerlitz is a major event in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".
As the battle is about to start, Prince Andrei, one of the main characters, thinks that the approaching "day be his Toulon, or his Arcola," references to Napoleon's early victories.
Andrei hopes for glory, even thinking to himself, "I shall march forward and sweep everything before me."
Later in the battle, however, Andrei falls into enemy hands and even meets his hero, Napoleon.
But the previous enthusiasm has been shattered; he no longer thinks much of Napoleon, "so petty did his hero with his paltry vanity and delight in victory appear, compared to that lofty, righteous and kindly sky which he had seen and comprehended."
Tolstoy, who is known for his hatred of Napoléon, portrays Austerlitz as an early test for Russia, one which ended badly because the soldiers fought for irrelevant things like glory or renown rather than the higher virtues which would produce, according to Tolstoy, a victory at Borodino during the 1812 invasion.
Article: Medicine
Section: Legal controls

Question: When is a profession regulated?

In most countries, it is a legal requirement for a medical doctor to be licensed or registered.
In general, this entails a medical degree from a university and accreditation by a medical board or an equivalent national organization, which may ask the applicant to pass exams.
This restricts the considerable legal authority of the medical profession to physicians that are trained and qualified by national standards.
It is also intended as an assurance to patients and as a safeguard against charlatans that practice inadequate medicine for personal gain.
While the laws generally require medical doctors to be trained in "evidence based", Western, or Hippocratic Medicine, they are not intended to discourage different paradigms of health.
In the European Union, the profession of doctor of medicine is regulated.
A profession is said to be regulated when access and exercise is subject to the possession of a specific professional qualification.
The regulated professions database contains a list of regulated professions for doctor of medicine in the EU member states, EEA countries and Switzerland.
This list is covered by the Directive 2005/36/EC .
Doctors who are negligent or intentionally harmful in their care of patients can face charges of medical malpractice and be subject to civil, criminal, or professional sanctions.
Article: Yeast
Section: Aquarium hobby

Question: When is CO2 used by plants?

Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO2) to nourish plants in planted aquaria.
A homemade setup is widely used as a cheap and simple alternative to pressurized CO2 systems.
While not as effective as these, the homemade setup is considerably cheaper for less-demanding hobbyists.
Several recipes for homemade CO2 are available, but they are variations of the basic recipe: Baker's yeast, with sugar, baking soda, and water, are added to a plastic bottle.
A few drops of vegetable oil at the start reduces surface tension and speeds the release of CO2.
This will produce CO2 for about two or three weeks; the use of a bubble counter determines production.
The CO2 is injected in the aquarium through a narrow hose and released through a diffuser that helps dissolve the gas in the water.
The CO2 is used by plants in the photosynthesis process.
Article: The Scream
Section: In popular culture

Question: When did Andy Worol make the scream?

In the late twentieth century, "The Scream" was imitated, parodied, and outright copies have been made following its copyright expiration, which led to it acquiring an iconic status in popular culture.
It was used on the cover of some editions of Arthur Janov's book "The Primal Scream".
In 1983–1984, pop artist Andy Warhol made a series of silk prints copying works by Munch, including "The Scream".
His stated intention was to desacralize the painting by making it into a mass-reproducible object.
Munch had already begun that process, however, by making a lithograph of the work for reproduction.
Erró's ironic and irreverent treatment of Munch's masterpiece in his acrylic paintings "The Second Scream" (1967) and "Ding Dong" (1979) is considered a characteristic of post-modern art.
Cartoonist Gary Larson included a "tribute" to "The Scream" (entitled "The Whine") in his "Wiener Dog Art" painting and cartoon compilation, in which the central figure is replaced by a howling dachshund.
"The Scream" has been used in advertising, in cartoons, such as "The Simpsons", films, and on television.
The principal alien antagonists depicted in the 2011 BBC series of "Doctor Who", named "The Silence", have an appearance partially based on "The Scream".
The Ghostface mask worn by the primary antagonists of the "Scream" series of horror movies is based on the painting, and was created by Fun World employee, Brigitte Sleiertin, as a Halloween costume, prior to being discovered by Marianne Maddalena and Wes Craven for the film.
In 2013, The Scream was one of four paintings that the Norwegian postal service chose for a series of stamps marking the 150th anniversary of Edvard Munch’s birth.
A patient resource group for trigeminal neuralgia (which has been described as the most painful condition in existence) have also adopted the image as a symbol of the condition.
Article: American Hustle
Section: Abstract

Question: Who plays the unpredictable wife of Christian Bale's character?

American Hustle is a 2013 American crime comedy-drama film directed by David O. Russell, from a screenplay written by Eric Warren Singer and Russell, loosely based on the FBI ABSCAM operation of the late 1970s and early 1980s.
It stars Christian Bale and Amy Adams as two con artists who are forced by an FBI agent (Bradley Cooper) to set up an elaborate sting operation on corrupt politicians, including the mayor of Camden, New Jersey, (Jeremy Renner).
Jennifer Lawrence plays the unpredictable wife of Bale's character.
Principal photography on "American Hustle" began on March 8, 2013 in Boston and Worcester, Massachusetts, and New York City.
The film had its nationwide release in the United States on December 20, 2013, and has since grossed more than a quarter of a billion dollars worldwide.
As well as being a box office success, the film received widespread critical acclaim.
It received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Writing (Original Screenplay), but did not win in any category.
It became the second film since 1981, and the 15th overall, to be nominated in the four acting categories, the first being "Silver Linings Playbook", also directed by Russell and also starring Cooper and Lawrence.
"American Hustle" won three Golden Globe Awards, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture and three BAFTA Awards, among other achievements.
Article: Gangnam Style
Section: Music industry

Question: How did Billboard change its ranking methodology in response to Gangam Style?

Record executives in the music industry believe that music charts will increasingly be filled with YouTube-driven globalised acts from foreign countries.
Sean Carey, a research fellow in the School of Social Sciences at the University of Roehampton, wrote that the flow of popular music will no longer be a single traffic route from North America and Europe to other parts of the globe, but will also move the other way as well.
According to Adam Sherwin from "The Independent", the global web demand for Gangnam Style had short-circuited the "traditional reluctance" of radio stations to play foreign-language songs.
The song is also underlining a shift in how money is being made in the music business.
Although Psy earned more than US$60,000 from music sales of "Gangnam Style" in South Korea alone, he and his music label YG Entertainment have raked in almost US$1 million from advertisements which appear on YouTube videos identified for using "Gangnam Style" in its content.
The "Harvard Business Review" published an article written by Kevin Evers, who explained how "Gangnam Style" had changed Billboard's ranking methodology of its music charts.
Instead of relying solely on radio plays and paid purchases, Billboard started to place a heavier emphasis on digital sales and YouTube views.
As a result of the change, Gangnam Style moved up to the top position of Billboard's Hot Rap Songs music chart.
According to the British Phonographic Industry's report based on Official Charts Company sales data, thanks to Psy's song and Carly Rae Jepsen’s "Call Me Maybe," pop became the UK’s favourite musical genre of the year, taking the lion’s share of the singles market (38.5%) in 2012.
Article: Navy Pier
Section: First use: commercial pier and entertainment

Question: What was Chicago's Navy Pier named after?

Even as Chicago Municipal Pier was being built, mass-produced automobiles and trucks were beginning to wreak havoc on the package freight and passenger steamboat industries of Lake Michigan.
The Pier proved to be much more successful as a public gathering place.
In the 1920s, the Pier expanded to have its own streetcar line, a theater, and an emergency room.
It gained wide recognition in 1922 by hosting the "Pageant of Progress."
In 1927 the Pier was officially named Navy Pier in honor of the Naval personnel that served there during WWI.
In this period, the Pier was described as a summer playground, with recreational facilities that included picnicking areas, dining pavilions, a dance hall, auditorium, and children's playground.
A radio station.
WCFL, operated from the north tower of the auditorium.
During the 1920s, it is estimated that an average of 3.2 million visitors frequented the Pier annually.
This decade is sometimes called the Pier's "Golden Age".
The advent of the Great Depression in the early 1930s, as well as the increased use of trucks and automobiles, resulted in the decline of freight and passenger ship activity; however, cultural and recreational use of the Pier continued.
In 1933, the Century of Progress Exposition (World's Fair) on the lakefront also drew many conventions and visitors to the Pier.
During the 1930s, the Pier also housed various New Deal agencies.
Article: Industrial Revolution
Section: Luddites

Question: When did the first attacks of the Luddite movement begin?

The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs.
The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation.
Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited (and unskilled) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver.
Many such unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery.
These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure.
The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811.
The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took drastic measures, using the militia or army to protect industry.
Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged, or transported for life.
Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised as well, such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances.
Threshing machines were a particular target, and hayrick burning was a popular activity.
However, the riots led to the first formation of trade unions, and further pressure for reform.
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: Canadian side

Question: When was the Whirlpool Aero Car built?

On the Canadian side, Queen Victoria Park features manicured gardens, platforms offering spectacular views of both the American and Horseshoe Falls, and underground walkways leading into observation rooms that yield the illusion of being within the falling waters.
The observation deck of the nearby Skylon Tower offers the highest overhead view of the falls, and in the opposite direction gives views as far as distant Toronto.
Along with the Minolta Tower (formerly the Seagrams Tower and the Konica Minolta Tower, now called the Tower Hotel), it is one of two towers in Canada with a view of the falls.
Along the Niagara River, the Niagara River Recreational Trail runs the 35 miles (56 km) from Fort Erie to Fort George, and includes many historical sites from the War of 1812.
The Whirlpool Aero Car, built in 1916 from a design by Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, is a cable car that takes passengers over the Niagara Whirlpool on the Canadian side.
The "Journey Behind the Falls"—accessible by elevators from the street level entrance—consists of an observation platform and series of tunnels near the bottom of the Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side.
There are two casinos on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, the Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort and Casino Niagara.
The former is situated in the Fallsview Tourist Area, alongside many of the area's hotels, whilst the latter is adjacent to Clifton Hill, on Falls Avenue, a major tourist promenade.
Article: The Persistence of Memory
Section: Versions

Question: who made "persistence of memory"?

Dalí returned to the theme of this painting with the variation "The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory" (1954), showing his earlier famous work systematically fragmenting into smaller component elements, and a series of rectangular blocks which reveal further imagery through the gaps between them, implying something beneath the surface of the original work; this work is now in the Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, while the original "Persistence of Memory" remains at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
Dalí also produced various lithographs and sculptures on the theme of soft watches late in his career.
Some of these sculptures are the "Persistence of Memory", the "Nobility of Time", the "Profile of Time" and the "Three Dancing Watches".
Article: Croquet
Section: Garden

Question: Where do they play Garden Croquet?

Garden croquet is widely played in the UK.
The rules are easy to learn and the game can be played on lawns of almost any size but usually around by .
The rules are similar to those described above for Association Croquet with three major differences:
 The starting point for all balls is a spot three feet in from the boundary directly in front of hoop1.
 If a strikers ball goes off, there is no penalty, it comes back on three feet and the turn continues.
 In a croquet stroke the croqueted ball does not have to move when the strikers ball is struck.
This version of the game is easy for beginners to learn.
The main Garden Croquet Club in the UK is the Bygrave Croquet Club which is a private club with five lawns.
Other clubs also use garden croquet as an introduction to the game, notably the Hampstead Heath Croquet Club and the Watford Croquet Club.
Article: Cereal
Section: Period

Question: At what time can the harvest begin for cereal plants?

Once the cereal plants have grown their seeds, they have completed their life cycle.
The plants die and become brown and dry.
As soon as the parent plants and their seed kernels are reasonably dry, harvest can begin.
In developed countries, cereal crops are universally machine-harvested, typically using a combine harvester, which cuts, threshes, and winnows the grain during a single pass across the field.
In developing countries, a variety of harvesting methods are in use, depending on the cost of labor, from combines to hand tools such as the scythe or cradle.
If a crop is harvested during wet weather, the grain may not dry adequately in the field to prevent spoilage during its storage.
In this case, the grain is sent to a dehydrating facility, where artificial heat dries it.
In North America, farmers commonly deliver their newly harvested grain to a grain elevator, a large storage facility that consolidates the crops of many farmers.
The farmer may sell the grain at the time of delivery or maintain ownership of a share of grain in the pool for later sale.
Storage facilities should be protected from small grain pests, rodents and birds.
Article: Atomic number
Section: Moseley's 1913 experiment

Question: What was the name of the scientist who invested a great deal of research in chemistry in 1913?

The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913.
Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of "Z".
To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum ("Z" = 13) to gold ("Z" = 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube.
The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression.
This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e.
the element number "Z".
Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time.
Article: Baseball
Section: Player rosters

Question: How many pitchers constitute the team's pitching rotation or starting rotation?

Player rosters.
Roster, or squad, sizes differ between different leagues and different levels of organized play.
Major League Baseball teams maintain 25-player active rosters.
A typical 25-man roster in a league without the DH rule, such as MLB's National League, features:
eight position players—catcher, four infielders, three outfielders—who play on a regular basis
five starting pitchers who constitute the team's pitching rotation or starting rotation
six relief pitchers, including one specialist closer, who constitute the team's bullpen (named for the off-field area where pitchers warm up)
one backup, or substitute, catcher
two backup infielders
two backup outfielders
one specialist pinch hitter, or a second backup catcher, or a seventh reliever
Article: Salad
Section: Vegetable salad

Question: Can only vegetables be added to salad?

Vegetables other than greens may be used in a salad.
Common raw vegetables used in a salad include cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, spring onions, red onions, carrots, celery, and radishes.
Other ingredients, such as mushrooms, avocado, olives, hard boiled egg, artichoke hearts, heart of palm, roasted red bell peppers, green beans, croutons, cheeses, meat (e.g.
bacon, chicken), or seafood (e.g.
tuna, shrimp), are sometimes added to salads.
Article: Body of Proof
Section: Critical response

Question: Which publication said  "Murphey and the writers will have to do a lot of heavy lifting for "Body of Proof"?

Critical response.
The show was met with mixed reviews: Metacritic summarizes the opinions of 21 critics in giving the show's first season a score of 56 out of 100.
"Entertainment Weekly" included the show in the 10 TV events to look forward to in 2011.
Critic David Hinckley from the New York "Daily News" gave the show a positive review, noting it "would be interesting enough if it were just "Quincy" with better legs.
Add the other elements and you have something worth checking out at 10 o'clock".
Other reviews were more negative, commenting on the clichéd plot and character development.
"Las Vegas Weekly" critic Josh Bell commented that "The problem is that Megan’s personal issues are as clichéd and clumsily presented as her boilerplate murder cases, and the show makes strained connections between the two that don’t really hold together."
"The Detroit News" called it "Saggy, predictable and preachy, the series debut was delayed for months and still doesn't have what it takes to impress viewers.
What a poor replacement for "Detroit 1-8-7" ("Detroit 1–8–7" was canceled and "Body of Proof" was renewed)."
The "Los Angeles Times" said "Murphey and the writers will have to do a lot of heavy lifting for "Body of Proof" to transcend its immediate predictability.
There's only so much Delany can do with a cardboard show.
God may be in the details, but the walls still have to hold."
Article: Fencing
Section: Governing body

Question: Where is the primary office of the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime currently located?

Competitive fencing.
Governing body.
Fencing is governed by Fédération Internationale d'Escrime or FIE.
Today, its head office is in Lausanne, Switzerland.
The FIE is composed of 145 national federations, each of which is recognized by its country's Olympic Committee as the sole representative of Olympic-style fencing in that country.
Article: Sydney Opera House
Section: Significant changes to Utzon's design

Question: Why were Utzon's designs in the Sydney Opera House changed?

 The major hall, which was originally to be a multipurpose opera/concert hall, became solely a concert hall, called the Concert Hall.
The minor hall, originally for stage productions only, incorporated opera and ballet functions and was called the Opera Theatre, later renamed the Joan Sutherland Theatre.
As a result, the Joan Sutherland Theatre is inadequate to stage large-scale opera and ballet.
A theatre, a cinema and a library were also added.
These were later changed to two live drama theatres and a smaller theatre "in the round".
These now comprise the Drama Theatre, the Playhouse, and the Studio, respectively.
These changes were primarily because of inadequacies in the original competition brief, which did not make it adequately clear how the Opera House was to be used.
The layout of the interiors was changed, and the stage machinery, already designed and fitted inside the major hall, was pulled out and largely thrown away, as detailed in the 1968 BBC TV documentary "Autopsy on a Dream", which "chronicles the full spectrum of controversy surrounding the construction of the Sydney Opera House".
 Externally, the cladding to the podium and the paving (the podium was originally not to be clad down to the water, but to be left open).
 The construction of the glass walls (Utzon was planning to use a system of prefabricated plywood mullions, but a different system was designed to deal with the glass).
 Utzon's plywood corridor designs, and his acoustic and seating designs for the interior of both major halls, were scrapped completely.
His design for the Concert Hall was rejected as it only seated 2000, which was considered insufficient.
Utzon employed the acoustic consultant Lothar Cremer, and his designs for the major halls were later modelled and found to be very good.
The subsequent Todd, Hall and Littlemore versions of both major halls have some problems with acoustics, particularly for the performing musicians.
The orchestra pit in the Joan Sutherland Theatre is cramped and dangerous to musicians' hearing.
The Concert Hall has a very high roof, leading to a lack of early reflections onstage—perspex rings (the "acoustic clouds") hanging over the stage were added shortly before opening in an (unsuccessful) attempt to address this problem.