community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Navy Pier
Section: Plans

Question: Renovation of the Navy Pier started at what time?

On January 13, 2006, the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority released plans for a major renovation of the Pier, which would include a monorail, a spokeless Ferris wheel, a roller coaster, floating hotel, and an water park with a Great Lakes theme.
The plan would include nearly double the current parking and a replacement theater with a greater capacity.
At the time of the announcement, a price tag of $2 billion was announced.
No concrete progress was made on those proposals, as the financial condition of the Pier suffered with the recession.
Following the reorganization of the agency that runs Navy Pier and McCormick Place, a new study was commissioned to reinvigorate the upgrade process.
The new study, by the Urban Land Institute, was released on November 11, 2010, and recommended a more modest set of enhancements aimed at retaining the Pier's role as a public space, rather than turning it into a theme park.
Suggested elements include a concert venue, an enlarged Chicago Shakespeare Theater space, new restaurants, a renovated commercial area around the Pier's entrance, and additional park-like features to bring people closer to the lake.
More grandiose possibilities, including the enlarged Ferris wheel and a hotel, are mentioned as more remote possibilities.
In March 2012 a competition led to selection of a design concept presented by a team led by James Corner of James Corner Field Operations that focuses on the Pier's role as a waterfront promenade.
In 2013 the Authority announced plans to carry out the first elements of a streamlined version of that concept, with reworked streetscape and a wider pedestrian space, moving tour-boat moorings to improve the view from a new central stairway centered on the Ferris wheel.
Work began during the winter of 2013-2014, with completion expected by Summer 2015.
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: Geology

Question: How long ago was the Wisconsin glaciation?

The features that became Niagara Falls were created by the Wisconsin glaciation about 10,000 years ago.
The same forces also created the North American Great Lakes and the Niagara River.
All were dug by a continental ice sheet that drove through the area, deepening some river channels to form lakes, and damming others with debris.
Scientists argue that there is an old valley, buried by glacial drift, at the approximate location of the present Welland Canal.
When the ice melted, the upper Great Lakes emptied into the Niagara river, which followed the rearranged topography across the Niagara Escarpment.
In time, the river cut a gorge through the north facing cliff, or cuesta.
Because of the interactions of three major rock formations, the rocky bed did not erode evenly.
The top rock formation was composed of erosion-resistant limestone and Lockport dolostone.
That hard layer of stone eroded more slowly than the underlying materials.
The aerial photo on the right clearly shows the hard caprock, the Lockport Formation (Middle Silurian), which underlies the rapids above the falls, and approximately the upper third of the high gorge wall.
Immediately below the hard-rock formation, comprising about two thirds of the cliff, lay the weaker, softer, sloping Rochester Formation (Lower Silurian).
This formation was composed mainly of shale, though it has some thin limestone layers.
It also contains ancient fossils.
In time, the river eroded the soft layer that supported the hard layers, undercutting the hard caprock, which gave way in great chunks.
This process repeated countless times, eventually carving out the falls.
Submerged in the river in the lower valley, hidden from view, is the Queenston Formation (Upper Ordovician), which is composed of shales and fine sandstones.
All three formations were laid down in an ancient sea, their differences of character deriving from changing conditions within that sea.
About 10,900 years ago, the Niagara Falls was located between present-day Queenston, Ontario, and Lewiston, New York, but erosion of their crest has caused the waterfalls to retreat approximately southward.
The Horseshoe Falls, which are approximately wide, have also changed their shape through the process of erosion; evolving from a small arch, to a horseshoe bend, to the present day gigantic inverted V. Just upstream from the falls' current location, Goat Island splits the course of the Niagara River, resulting in the separation of the Canadian Horseshoe Falls to the west from the American and Bridal Veil Falls to the east.
Engineering has slowed erosion and recession.
Article: Judo
Section: Organizations

Question: What year was the IJF founded?

The international governing body for judo is the International Judo Federation (IJF), founded in 1951.
Members of the IJF include the African Judo Union (AJU), the Pan-American Judo Confederation (PJC), the Judo Union of Asia (JUA), the European Judo Union (EJU) and the Oceania Judo Union (OJU), each comprising a number of national judo associations.
The IJF is responsible for organising international competition and hosts the World Judo Championships and is involved in running the Olympic Judo events.
Article: Free Bird
Section: Origins

Question: Who was the Lynyrd Skynyrd song Freebird written in memoriam of?

According to guitarist Gary Rossington, for two years after Allen Collins wrote the initial chords, vocalist Ronnie Van Zant insisted that there were too many for him to create a melody in the belief that the melody needed to change alongside the chords.
After Collins played the unused sequence at rehearsal one day, Van Zant asked him to repeat it, then wrote out the melody and lyrics in three or four minutes.
The guitar solos that finish the song were added in originally to give Van Zant a chance to rest, as the band was playing several sets per night at clubs at the time.
Soon afterward, the band learned piano-playing roadie Billy Powell had written an intro to the song; upon hearing it, they included it as the finishing touch and had him formally join as their keyboardist.
The song was originally written in memory of Duane Allman.
Allen Collins's then-girlfriend, Kathy, whom he later married, asked him, "If I leave here tomorrow, would you still remember me?"
Collins noted the question and it eventually became the opening line of "Free Bird".
Article: Last Supper
Section: Prediction of Peter's denial

Question: How many gospels mention the arrest of Jesus Peter?

In , , and Jesus predicts that Peter will deny knowledge of him, stating that Peter will disown him three times before the rooster crows the next morning.
The three Synoptic Gospels mention that after the arrest of Jesus Peter denied knowing him three times, but after the third denial, heard the rooster crow and recalled the prediction as Jesus turned to look at him.
Peter then began to cry bitterly.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Abstract

Question: Who is the main character in the The Dark Knight Rises?

The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 British-American epic superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan, who co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Jonathan Nolan and the story with David S. Goyer.
Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the final installment in Nolan's "Batman" film trilogy, and it is the sequel to "Batman Begins" (2005) and "The Dark Knight" (2008).
Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, with a returning cast of his allies: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Gary Oldman as James Gordon, and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox.
The film introduces Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway), a sly, morally ambiguous cat burglar, and Bane (Tom Hardy), a mercenary bent on destroying Gotham City.
Drawn back into action by new threats facing the city, an older Bruce Wayne is forced to come out of retirement and become Batman once again.
Christopher Nolan was initially hesitant about returning to the series for a second time, but agreed to come back after developing a story with his brother and Goyer that he felt would conclude the series on a satisfactory note.
Nolan drew inspiration from Bane's comic book debut in the 1993 "" storyline, the 1986 series "The Dark Knight Returns", and the 1999 storyline "No Man's Land".
Filming took place in various locations, including Jodhpur, London, Nottingham, Glasgow, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, and Pittsburgh.
Nolan used IMAX cameras for much of the filming, including the first six minutes of the film, to optimize the quality of the picture.
A variation of the Batplane termed "The Bat", an underground prison set, and a new Batcave set were created specifically for the film.
As with "The Dark Knight", viral marketing campaigns began early during production to help promotion.
When filming concluded, Warner Bros. refocused its campaign: developing promotional websites, releasing the first six minutes of the film, screening theatrical trailers, and sending out information regarding the film's plot.
"The Dark Knight Rises" premiered in New York City on July 16, 2012.
The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on July 19, 2012, and in North America and the United Kingdom on July 20, 2012.
Upon release it received a favorable critical response and grossed over $1.081 billion worldwide.
It is currently the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time, the third-highest-grossing film of 2012, and the third-highest-grossing superhero film of all time.
Article: Astrophysics
Section: Abstract

Question: Which discipline of physics are also used in astrophysics/

Astrophysics (from Greek "astron", ἄστρον "star", and "physis", φύσις "nature") is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, especially with "the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space."
Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background.
Their emissions are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition.
Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, "astrophysicists" typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.
In practice, modern astronomical research often involves a substantial amount of work in the realm(s) of theoretical and/or observational physics.
Highly elusive areas of study for astrophysicists, which are of immense interest to the public, include their attempts to determine: the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and black holes; whether or not time travel is possible, wormholes can form, or the multiverse exists; and the origin and ultimate fate of the universe.
Topics also studied by theoretical astrophysicists include: solar system formation and evolution; stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics.
Astrophysics can be studied at the bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. levels in physics or astronomy departments at many universities.
Many such programs retain the name "astronomy" for historical purposes.
Article: Shooting
Section: Competitive shooting

Question: Which things play an important role when one is handling a rifle or handgun?

Marksmanship has inspired competition, and in several countries rifle clubs started to form in the 19th century.
Soon international shooting events evolved, including shooting at the Summer Olympics (from 1896) and World Championships (from 1897).
The International Shooting Sport Federation still administers Olympic and non-Olympic rifle, pistol, shotgun, and running target shooting competitions, although there is also a large number of national and international shooting sports controlled by unrelated organizations.
Shooting technique differs depending on factors like the type of firearm used (from a handgun to a sniper rifle; the distance to and nature of the target; the required precision; and the available time.
Breathing and position play an important role when handling a handgun or a rifle.
Some shooting sports, such as IPSC shooting, make a sport of combat style shooting.
The prone position, kneeling position, and standing position offer different amounts of support for the shooter.
Article: Modern Family
Section: Ratings

Question: The show wasthe sixth highest rated scripted show in America among what age group?

Since its premiere, the series has remained popular.
In its first season, the show became the sixth highest-rated scripted show in America among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, and the third-highest rated new show.
Aided by winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, the show's second season became the highest rated show on Wednesday on premiere week and also rose 34% from the previous season among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.
The show frequently ranked as television's top scripted series in adults 18–49 as well.
The success of the show has been positively compared to "The Cosby Show".
During the 2010–2011 season, "Modern Family" was the highest rated scripted show in the 18–49 demographic, and the third highest rated overall sitcom behind CBS's "The Big Bang Theory" and "Two and a Half Men".
The season also ranked first among DVR viewers.
The third season premiere became ABC's top-rated season premiere in six years.
The series' success in ratings has also led to the series being credited for reviving sitcoms.
Article: Judo
Section: Rank and grading

Question: What's Judo?

Judo is a hierarchical art, where seniority of judoka is designated by what is known as the - ranking system.
This system was developed by Jigoro Kano based on the ranking system in the board game Go.
Beginning students progress through kyu grades towards dan grades.
A judoka's position within the kyu-dan ranking system is displayed by the color of their belt.
Beginning students typically wear a white belt, progressing through descending kyu ranks until they are deemed to have achieved a level of competence sufficient to be a dan grade, at which point they wear the .
The kyu-dan ranking system has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.
The highest grade ever awarded "jūdan" (tenth degree black belt) has no formal requirements and is decided by the president of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano.
As of 2011, fifteen Japanese men have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan, three of whom are still alive; the IJF and Western national federations have promoted another seven who are not recognized (at that level of rank) by the Kodokan.
On July 28, 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th "dan", who is the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank.
Although "dan" ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the "kyū" grades, with some countries having more "kyū" grades.
Although initially "kyū" grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used.
The first black belts to denote a Dan rank in the 1880s, initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used.
It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the judogi, that an expanded colored belt system of awarding rank was created.
Article: Croissant
Section: Abstract

Question: How do Croissants form during preparation?

A croissant ( or ; ) is a buttery flaky viennoiserie pastry named for its well known crescent shape.
Croissants and other viennoiserie are made of a layered yeast-leavened dough.
The dough is layered with butter, rolled and folded several times in succession, then rolled into a sheet, in a technique called laminating.
The process results in a layered, flaky texture, similar to a puff pastry.
Crescent-shaped food breads have been made since the Middle Ages, and crescent-shaped cakes possibly since antiquity.
Croissants have long been a staple of French bakeries and pâtisseries.
In the late 1970s, the development of factory-made, frozen, pre-formed but unbaked dough made them into a fast food which can be freshly baked by unskilled labor.
The croissanterie was explicitly a French response to American-style fast food, and today 30–40% of the croissants sold in French bakeries and patisseries are frozen.
Today, the croissant remains popular in a continental breakfast.
Article: Czech Republic
Section: Military

Question: Who is the commander in Chief for the Czech Republic?

The Czech armed forces consist of the Army, Air Force and of specialized support units.
The president of the Czech Republic is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.
In 2004 the army transformed itself into a fully professional organization and compulsory military service was abolished.
The country has been a member of NATO since 12 March 1999.
Defense spending is around 1.8% of the GDP (2006).
Currently, as a member of NATO, the Czech military are participating in ISAF and KFOR operations and have soldiers in Afghanistan and Kosovo.
Main equipment includes: multi-role fighters JAS-39 Gripen, combat aircraft Aero L-159 Alca, attack helicopters Mi-24, armored vehicles Pandur II, OT-64, OT-90, BVP-2 and Czech modernized tanks T-72 (T-72M4CZ).
Article: Turkey
Section: Religion

Question: What is the state religion of Turkey?

Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience.
The role of religion has been a controversial debate over the years since the formation of Islamist parties.
For many decades, the wearing of the hijab was banned in schools and government buildings, because it was viewed as a symbol of political Islam.
However, the ban was lifted for the universities in 2011 and for the government buildings in 2013.
Islam is the dominant religion of Turkey; it exceeds 99% if secular people of Muslim background are included, with the most popular sect being the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam.
The highest Islamic religious authority is the Presidency of Religious Affairs (), it interprets the Hanafi school of law, and is responsible for regulating the operation of the country's 80,000 registered mosques and employing local and provincial imams.
Academics suggest the Alevi population may be from 15 to 20 million.
According to Aksiyon magazine, the number of Shiite Twelvers (excluding Alevis) is 3 million (4.2%).
There are also some Sufi practitioners.
Roughly 2% are non-denominational Muslims.
The percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey had fallen from 19.1% in 1914 to 2.5% in 1927.
Currently, there are about 120,000 people of different Christian denominations, representing less than 0.2% of Turkey's population, including an estimated 80,000 Oriental Orthodox, 35,000 Roman Catholics, 5,000 Greek Orthodox and smaller numbers of Protestants.
Today there are 236 churches open for worship in Turkey.
The Eastern Orthodox Church has been headquartered in Istanbul since the 4th century.
There are about 26,000 people who are Jewish, the vast majority of whom are Sephardi.
The Bahá'í Faith in Turkey has roots in Bahá'u'lláh's, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, being exiled to Constantinople, current-day Istanbul, by the Ottoman authorities.
Bahá'ís cannot register with the government officially, but there are probably 10 to 20 thousand Bahá'ís, and around a hundred Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assemblies in Turkey.
Article: Criminal Minds
Section: Abstract

Question: Where does the show criminal minds take place?

Criminal Minds is an American police procedural television program that premiered September 22, 2005, on CBS.
The series follows a team of profilers from the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) based in Quantico, Virginia.
The BAU is part of the FBI National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime.
The show differs from many procedural dramas by focusing on profiling the criminal, called the unsub or "unknown subject", rather than the crime itself.
The show is produced by The Mark Gordon Company in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television then CBS Paramount Network Television) and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television).CBS announced in October 2009 that Legacy Interactive would develop a video game based on the show.
The game would require players to examine crime scenes for clues to help solve murder mysteries.
The interactive puzzle game was released in 2012, but the show's cast was not involved with the project, and as such it did not feature any of the voices of the cast.
On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed the series for a tenth season.
Article: Luge
Section: Training

Question: What parts of your body need to be strong to be a luger?

The sport of luge requires an athlete to balance mental and physical fitness.
To become an elite luger, a competitor must begin training at an early age and spend decades honing their skills.
Physically, a luger must have strong neck, upper body, abdominal, and thigh muscles.
Strength training is essential to withstand the extreme G-forces of tight turns at high speeds.
Since lugers have very little protection other than a visor and helmet, they must be able to endure the physical pounding administered by the track when mistakes are made.
Mentally a luger must maintain total focus as they steer their sled through more than a kilometer of curves and straights at high speed.
Dozens of subtle movements and weight shifts are required to find the perfect line down the track.
Consistency is essential for success.
Sled maintenance is also an important element for success.
Serious lugers spend hours meticulously sanding their "steels," and making other important adjustments and repairs to their sleds.
No luger can possibly achieve elite status without working closely with an experienced coaching staff, implementing suggestions and fine tuning technique.
Other lugers will often give tips that can improve a slider's ability to find the "sweet spot" on the track.
Though luge is a winter sport, it requires daily, year-round training.
Article: American Dad!
Section: DVD releases

Question: Which DVD blurb contained information about an episode that was featured in another volume?

 The "Volume One" release was retitled "Season One" for the Region 2 and 4 releases, however the subsequent releases retained the "Volume" titles.
 On the packaging for the "Season 1" release on Region 2 DVD, there was no mention of audio commentaries or some of the bonus features, leading many to mistakenly believe they had been omitted from the release.
 The Region 2 and 4 DVDs do not have censored audio tracks on any episodes; however, "Volume 3" has so-called "uncensored tracks" on the set (probably an error from the transfer because the tracks are already automatically uncensored on the set).
 The Volume 4 DVD release blurb contained information on the episode "Phantom of the Telethon", which was instead featured on Volume 5.
 On Volume 6, despite claims of being uncensored, the bleeps from "Home Adrone", "My Morning Straitjacket", and "G-String Circus" are not removed.