community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Wrestling
Section: Abstract

Question: What are some of the techniques utilized in wrestling?

Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds.
A wrestling bout is a physical competition, between two (occasionally more) competitors or sparring partners, who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position.
There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles.
Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems.
The term "wrestling" is attested in late Old English, as "wræstlunge" (glossing "palestram").
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Conservation

Question: When was the site digitally recorded?

The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the US National Park Service.
Physical efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally by Gutzon Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance (components include linseed oil, granite dust and white lead).
A modern silicone replacement was used, disguised with granite dust.
In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of 3 mm.
The site has been subsequently digitally recorded using a terrestrial laser scanning methodology in 2009 as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a record of unprecedented resolution and accuracy to inform the conservation of the site.
This data was made accessible online to be freely used by the wider community to aid further interpretation and public access.
Article: Pudding
Section: Creamy puddings

Question: Why is it necessary to use a double boiler while making pudding?

The second and newer type of pudding consists of sugar, milk, and a thickening agent such as cornstarch, gelatin, eggs, rice or tapioca to create a sweet, creamy dessert.
These puddings are made either by simmering on top of the stove in a saucepan or double boiler or by baking in an oven, often in a bain-marie.
These puddings are easily scorched on the fire, which is why a double boiler is often used; microwave ovens are also now often used to avoid this problem and to reduce stirring.
Creamy puddings are typically served chilled, but a few, such as zabaglione and rice pudding, may be served warm.
Instant puddings do not require boiling and can therefore be prepared more quickly.
This pudding terminology is common in North America and some European countries such as the Netherlands, whilst in Britain egg-thickened puddings are considered custards and starch-thickened puddings called blancmange.
Article: Cold War
Section: Gorbachev reforms

Question: What year did Mikhail Gorbachev become General Secretary?

Final years (1985–91).
Gorbachev reforms.
By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985, the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s.
These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state.
An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called "perestroika", or restructuring.
Perestroika relaxed the production quota system, allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment.
These measures were intended to redirect the country's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector.
Despite initial skepticism in the West, the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West.
Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms, Gorbachev simultaneously introduced "glasnost", or openness, which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions.
"Glasnost" was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee.
Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world, particularly with the United States, contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations.
Article: Magic Kingdom
Section: Planned film

Question: What date did novelist Michael Chabon sign on to write the film's script?

In 2010, director Jon Favreau and Walt Disney Pictures had a plan to produce and release a film concerning a family at Disneyland which finds the theme park characters and attractions coming to life.
Favreau, who said "the Disney iconography was probably the first set of archetypes that I was exposed to" and that Disney movies and attractions "made a deep impression on me as a child", noted that, "When I first heard about the ['Magic Kingdom' film] project, I was on my way to visit Disneyland with my family.
I took notes and had no problem filling a book with all the ideas that this concept offered, even on first blush.
"Marc Abraham and Eric Newman of Strike Entertainment were scheduled to produce the film.
Writer-producer Ronald D. Moore had previously written an original script for the project, which the studio eventually declined to use, stating that Favreau and a new screenwriter would develop a new script.
On June 20, 2011, novelist Michael Chabon signed on to write the film's script.
Article: The Lion King
Section: Original theatrical run

Question: Why did many go to the theater to see "The Lion King?"

"The Lion King" had a limited release in North America on June 15, 1994, playing in only two theaters, El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City.
It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend of June 17–19, standing at the tenth place of the box office ranking.
The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend.
The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 screens.
The digital surround sound of the film led many of those theater to implement Dolby Laboratories' newest sound systems.
"The Lion King" grossed $40.9 million – which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney film – to top the weekend box office.
It also earned a rare "A+" rating from CinemaScore.
By the end of its theatrical run, in spring 1995, it had earned $312,855,561, being the second-highest-grossing 1994 film in North America behind "Forrest Gump".
Outside North America, it earned $455.8 million during its initial run, for a worldwide total of $768.6 million.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Properties

Question: What term describes the ability of a cell to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state?

The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possess two properties:
"Self-renewal": the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state.
"Potency": the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types.
In the strictest sense, this requires stem cells to be either totipotent or pluripotent—to be able to give rise to any mature cell type, although multipotent or unipotent progenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells.
Apart from this it is said that stem cell function is regulated in a feed back mechanism.
Article: Battle of Hastings
Section: Background and location

Question: Why isn't it possible to describe the battle without any dispute?

Background and location.
Because many of the primary accounts contradict each other at times, it is impossible to provide a description of the battle that is beyond dispute.
The only undisputed facts are that the fighting began at 9 am on Saturday 14 October 1066 and that the battle lasted until dusk.
Sunset on the day of the battle was at 4:54 pm, with the battlefield mostly dark by 5:54 pm and in full darkness by 6:24 pm.
Moonrise that night was not until 11:12 pm, so once the sun set, there was little light on the battlefield.
William of Jumieges reports that Duke William kept his army armed and ready against a surprise night attack for the entire night before.
The battle took place north of Hastings at the present-day town of Battle, between two hills – Caldbec Hill to the north and Telham Hill to the south.
The area was heavily wooded, with a marsh nearby.
The name traditionally given to the battle is unusual – there were several settlements much closer to the battlefield than Hastings.
The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" called it the battle "at the hoary apple tree".
Within 40 years, the battle was also known as "Senlac", a Norman-French adaptation of the Old English word "Sandlacu", which means "sandy water".
This may have been the name of the stream that crosses the battlefield.
The battle was already being referred to as "bellum Hasestingas" or "Battle of Hastings" by 1087, in the "Domesday Book".
Sunrise was at 6:48 am that morning, and reports of the day record that it was unusually bright.
The weather conditions are not recorded.
The route that the English army took to the battlefield is not known precisely.
Several roads are possible: one, an old Roman road that ran from Rochester to Hastings has long been favoured because of a large coin hoard found nearby in 1876.
Another possibility is a Roman road between London and Lewes and then over local tracks to the battlefield.
Some accounts of the battle indicate that the Normans advanced from Hastings to the battlefield, but the contemporary account of William of Jumieges places the Normans at the site of the battle the night before.
Most historians incline towards the former view, but M. K. Lawson argues that William of Jumieges's account is correct.
Article: Battle of Hastings
Section: Dispositions of forces and tactics

Question: How and why did Duke William form his forces?

Most recent historians conclude that Harold's forces deployed in a small, dense formation around the top of Caldbec Hill, with their flanks protected by woods and a stream and marshy ground in front of them.
Lawson points out the possibility that the English line was a bit longer and extended enough to anchor on one of the streams nearby.
The English formed a shield wall, with the front ranks holding their shields close together or even overlapping to provide protection from attack.
More is known about the Norman deployment.
Duke William appears to have arranged his forces in three groups, or "battles", which roughly corresponded to their origins.
The left units were the Bretons, along with those from Anjou, Poitou and Maine.
This division was led by Alan the Red, a relative of the Breton count.
The centre was held by the Normans, under the direct command of the duke and with many of his relatives and kinsmen grouped around the ducal party.
The final division on the right consisted of the Frenchmen, along with some men from Picardy, Boulogne, and Flanders.
The right was commanded by William fitzOsbern and Count Eustace II of Boulogne.
The front lines were archers with a line of foot soldiers armed with spears behind.
There were probably a few crossbowmen and slingers in with the archers.
The cavalry was held in reserve, and a small group of clergymen and servants situated at the base of Telham Hill was not expected to take part in the fighting.
William's disposition of his forces implies that he planned to open the battle with archers in the front rank weakening the enemy with arrows, followed by infantry who would engage in close combat.
The infantry would create openings in the English lines that could be exploited by a cavalry charge to break through the English forces and pursue the fleeing soldiers.
Article: Epcot
Section: World Showcase

Question: The pavilions at the Epcot World Showcase represent which countries?

World Showcase is a large area reminiscent of a permanent world's fair containing eleven pavilions, each themed and dedicated to represent a specific country.
The eleven pavilions surround the World Showcase Lagoon, a large man-made lake located in the center of World Showcase with a perimeter of 1.2 miles.
In clockwise order, the eleven pavilions include:
 Mexico
 Norway
 China
 Germany
 Italy
 United States
 Japan
 Morocco
 France
 United Kingdom
 Canada
Of the eleven pavilions, Norway and Morocco were not present at the park's opening, and were added later after park opening.
Each pavilion contains themed architecture, landscapes, streetscapes, attractions, shops, and restaurants representing the respective country's culture and cuisine.
In an effort to maintain the authenticity of the represented countries, the pavilions are primarily staffed by citizens of the respective countries as part of the Cultural Representative Program through J-1 visa agreements.
Some pavilions also contain themed rides, shows, and live entertainment representative of the respective country.
The only pavilion that is directly sponsored by the government of its respective country is Morocco, the remaining pavilions are primarily sponsored by private companies with affiliations to the represented countries.
Pavilions for Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Venezuela, United Arab Emirates, and Israel have occasionally been rumored as potential future pavilions but have never made it past the planning phases to date.
A small African themed refreshment shop known as The Outpost currently resides in the last remaining vacant undeveloped parcel that may potentially one day be developed into a new pavilion area.
Article: RNA
Section: In RNA processing

Question: Where can you find RNA nucleotides?

Many RNAs are involved in modifying other RNAs.
Introns are spliced out of pre-mRNA by spliceosomes, which contain several small nuclear RNAs (snRNA), or the introns can be ribozymes that are spliced by themselves.RNA can also be altered by having its nucleotides modified to other nucleotides than A, C, G and U.
In eukaryotes, modifications of RNA nucleotides are in general directed by small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA; 60-300 nt), found in the nucleolus and cajal bodies.
snoRNAs associate with enzymes and guide them to a spot on an RNA by basepairing to that RNA.
These enzymes then perform the nucleotide modification.
rRNAs and tRNAs are extensively modified, but snRNAs and mRNAs can also be the target of base modification.
RNA can also be methylated.
Article: Steak
Section: Beefsteak

Question: Which cuts are cooked with moist heat?

The more tender cuts of beef, from the loin and rib, are cooked quickly, using dry heat, and served whole.
Less tender cuts from the chuck or round are cooked with moist heat or are mechanically tenderized ("e.g."
cube steak).
Steak can be cooked to a level of very rare (bleu, a cold raw center), rare, medium rare, medium, medium well done, or well done.
Beef, unlike certain other meats, does not need to be cooked through.
Food-borne human illnesses are not normally found within a beef steak, though surfaces can potentially be contaminated from handling, and thus, very rare steak (seared on the outside and raw within) is generally accepted as safe.
Article: Dallas Buyers Club
Section: Differences between the film and reality

Question: Were the characters of Rayon and Dr.Eve real or fake?

The characters of Rayon and Dr. Eve Saks were fictional; the writers had interviewed transgender AIDS patients, activists, and doctors for the film and combined these stories to create the two composite supporting roles.
However, Woodroof did lose all his friends after they found out he was HIV-positive.
In his interviews with Borten, Woodroof implied that this, along with interactions with gay people living with AIDS through the buyers club, led to a rethinking of his apparent anti-gay sentiments and changed his views on gay people.
Other people who knew him said that he did not harbor anti-gay sentiments and was himself bisexual.
Also, while a rodeo enthusiast, he never rode any bulls himself.
Although the film shows Woodroof diagnosed in 1985, he told Borten that a doctor had informed him he might have the disease well before that; Woodroof believed he may have been infected in 1981, something that was briefly alluded to in a flashback in the film.
While Woodroof was known for outlandish behavior, according to those who knew him, both the film and McConaughey made him rougher than he actually was, describing him as "outrageous, but not confrontational" and not as obviously anti-gay earlier in his life.
The real Woodroof also had an ex-wife, Brenda, a daughter and a sister who were not approached by the writers and were left out of the script to make the film more of a character study.
Article: Iran
Section: Humanities

Question: When did Iran receive access to the internet?

The Sassanid era was an important and influential historical period in Iran as Iranian culture influenced China, India and Roman civilization considerably, and so influenced as far as Western Europe and Africa.
This influence played a prominent role in the formation of both Asiatic and European medieval art.
This influence carried forward to the Islamic world.
Much of what later became known as Islamic learning, such as philology, literature, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture and the sciences were based on some of the practises taken from the Sassanid Persians to the broader Muslim world.
Daily life in modern Iran is closely interwoven with Shia Islam and the country's art, literature, and architecture are an ever-present reminder of its deep national tradition and of a broader literary culture.
The state-owned Telecommunication Company of Iran handles telecommunications.
The media of Iran is a mixture of private and state-owned, but books and movies must be approved by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance before being released to the public.
Iran originally received access to the internet in 1993, and it has become enormously popular among the Iranian youth.
Iran is now the world's fourth largest country of bloggers.
Article: Payphone (song)
Section: Synopsis

Question: What does levine do when he's almost caught during the car chase?

The video begins with a flashforward that starts with a beleaguered Levine torching his ride and dialing (possibly) his lost love's telephone number at a payphone.
Another typical day at a Las Vegas (seen from the decals on the police cars) bank for Levine is shown next, which turns into chaos when some bandits enter and take charge (one of them is played by the band's lead guitarist – James Valentine – and some of the other bank robbers are probably played by drummer Matt Flynn, bassist Mickey Madden and current keyboardist, originally a touring-only band member, PJ Morton) – all of this happens while the song plays in the background.
Levine grabs a gun from one of the robbers and threatens to get rid of them.
He and his female co-worker (played by Dutch model Bregje Heinen) escape though Levine is shot in the arm, but when some cops mistake him for one of the robbers, Levine tells the female co-worker to hide in a car and steals an AC Cobra 427 that belongs to Wiz Khalifa to get away from them.
A car chase follows and when Levine is almost caught by the police, he steers the stolen convertible onto the wrong side of the road and causes a huge explosion, which destroys one of the police cars.
When he finally reaches his destination in Los Angeles, he passes by a place where Wiz, the owner of the car, performed his rap earlier.
After Levine gets out of the convertible, it also explodes and he enters a booth, injured, with the titular payphone, probably to call for help (It is also likely that he is calling Heinen) – this connects to the beginning of the video.
Article: Counting Stars
Section: Music video

Question: In the music video for the song "Counting Stars", what animal appears?

The music video was filmed on May 10, 2013, in New Orleans, Louisiana, and premiered on May 31, 2013.
The video features the band performing the song in a gloomy basement surrounded by hanging light bulbs – which is interspersed with scenes of several people in a Christian revival service.
At the end of the video, one of the people in the service falls through the floor, coming through the ceiling of the room the band is performing in.
The video also shows clips of an alligator crawling through the basement.
Article: The Starry Night
Section: Genesis

Question: When did the painter Van Gogh enter the Saint-Remy asylum?

In a letter written to Émile Bernard in April 1888, Van Gogh expressed his desire to paint the night sky, and questioned whether he could achieve his intention by painting from nature as the Impressionists did:In September 1888, before his December breakdown that resulted in his hospitalisation in Arles, he painted "Starry Night Over the Rhone".
Working by night under a gas lamp, Van Gogh painted this work directly from nature.
"It does me good to do what's difficult, "Van Gogh wrote, "That doesn’t stop me having a tremendous need for, shall I say the word—for religion—so I go outside at night to paint the stars.
"In May 1889, Van Gogh decided to enter the asylum at Saint-Rémy, where he stayed for the next year.
His time there was very productive, although interrupted by incapacitating nervous attacks.
Inspired by the landscape surrounding the asylum, he painted "Starry Night" in June 1889.
Unlike the earlier "Starry Night Over the Rhone", the new night scene was painted in daylight, from memory.
In mid-September 1889, following a heavy crisis which lasted from mid-July to the last days of August, he thought to include "Starry Night" in the next batch of works to be sent to his brother, Theo, in Paris.
In order to reduce the shipping costs, he withheld three of the studies, including "Starry Night".
These three went to Paris with the shipment that followed.
When Theo did not immediately report its arrival, Vincent inquired again and finally received Theo's commentary on his recent work.
Article: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
Section: Acquisition by the Art Institute of Chicago

Question: Who was Frederick Barlett's second wife?

In 1923, Frederick Bartlett was appointed trustee of the Art Institute of Chicago.
He and second wife, Helen Birch Bartlett, loaned their collection of French Post-Impressionist and Modernist art to the museum.
It was Mrs. Bartlett who had an interest in French and avant-garde artists and influenced her husband's collecting tastes.
"Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" was purchased on the advice of the Art Institute of Chicago's curatorial staff in 1924.
In conceptual artist Don Celender's 1974–5 book "Observation and Scholarship Examination for Art Historians, Museum Directors, Artists, Dealers and Collectors", it is claimed that the Institute paid $24,000.00 for the work).
In 1958 the painting was loaned out for the only time – to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
On April 15, 1958, a fire there, which killed one person on the second floor of the museum, forced the evacuation of the painting which was on a floor above the fire in the Whitney Museum which adjoined MOMA at the time.
Article: Once Upon a Time (TV series)
Section: Ratings

Question: What was the viewership of second, third, fourth, and fifth episodes of the show Once Upon A Time?

The first season premiered as the top-rated drama series.
The pilot episode was watched by 13 million viewers and received a 4.0 rating/share among 18–49 year olds.
It was the season's highest-rated drama debut among the age range and ABC's biggest debut in five years.
With DVR viewers, the premiere climbed to 15.5 million viewers and a 5.2 rating/share in adults 18–49.
The show's next three episodes had consistent ratings every week with over 11 million viewers.
The series has become the number one non-sports program with viewers and young adults on Sunday nights.