community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Luge
Section: Abstract

Question: When was the term 'luge' first recorded?

A luge is a small one- or two-person sled on which one sleds supine (face up) and feet-first.
Steering is done by flexing the sled's runners with the calf of each leg or exerting opposite shoulder pressure to the seat.
Racing sleds weigh 21–25 kilograms (46–55 lb) for singles and 25–30 kilograms (55–66 lb) for doubles.
Luge is also the name of an Olympic sport.
Lugers can reach speeds of 140 km per hour (87 mph).
Manuel Pfister of Austria, reached a top speed of 154 km per hour (95.69 mph) on the track in Whistler, Canada prior to the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics.
Lugers compete against a timer and are timed to a thousandth of a second, making luge one of the most precisely timed sports in the world.
The first recorded use of the term "luge" is 1905, from the Savoy/Swiss dialect of French "luge" meaning "small coasting sled", and is possibly from a Gaulish word with the same root as English sled.
Article: Navy Pier
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the construction cost of the Navy Pier?

Navy Pier is a long pier on the Chicago shoreline of Lake Michigan.
It is located in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area.
The pier was built in 1916 at a cost of $4.5 million.
It was a part of the Plan of Chicago developed by architect and city planner Daniel Burnham and his associates.
As Municipal Pier #2 (Municipal Pier #1 was never built), Navy Pier was planned and built to serve as a mixed-purpose piece of public infrastructure.
Its primary purpose was as a cargo facility for lake freighters, and warehouses were built up and down the Pier.
However, the Pier was also designed to provide docking space for passenger excursion steamers, and in the pre–air conditioning era parts of the Pier, especially its outermost tip, were designed to serve as cool places for public gathering and entertainment.
The Pier even had its own tram.
Today, Navy Pier is Chicago's number one tourist attraction.
Article: Wushu (sport)
Section: Competitions

Question: What is the People's Rebuplic of China's Wushu competition?

List of major international and regional competitions featuring wushu:
 World Wushu Championships
 World Junior Wushu Championships
 World Games
 World Combat Games
 Asian Games
 East Asian Games
 Southeast Asian Games
 European Wushu Championships, organised by the European Wushu Federation
 National Games of the People's Republic of China
 South Asian Games
 Mediterranean Games
 Lusofonia Games
Article: Korean War
Section: Naval warfare

Question: Why did the Korean War feature few naval battles?

Because neither Korea had a large navy, the Korean War featured few naval battles; mostly the combatant navies served as naval artillery for their in-country armies.
A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the US Navy cruiser USS "Juneau", the Royal Navy cruiser HMS "Jamaica", and the frigate HMS "Black Swan" fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them.
During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea and sank supply and ammunition ships to deny the sea to North Korea.
Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to US and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines the North Koreans employed for defensive purposes.
During the war, five U.S. Navy ships were lost (two minesweepers, two minesweeper escorts, and one ocean tug) all of them to mines, while 87 other warships suffered from slight to moderate damage from North Korean coastal artillery.
The USS "Juneau" sank ammunition ships that had been present in her previous battle.
The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon, days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship "PC 703" sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island, near Inchon.
Three other supply ships were sunk by "PC-703" two days later in the Yellow Sea.
Article: Astrophysics
Section: History

Question: What does spectroscopy study and focus on?

Although astronomy is as ancient as recorded history itself, it was long separated from the study of terrestrial physics.
In the Aristotelian worldview, bodies in the sky appeared to be unchanging spheres whose only motion was uniform motion in a circle, while the earthly world was the realm which underwent growth and decay and in which natural motion was in a straight line and ended when the moving object reached its goal.
Consequently, it was held that the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found in the terrestrial sphere; either Fire as maintained by Plato, or Aether as maintained by Aristotle.
In the 17th century, natural philosophers such as Galileo, Descartes, and Newton began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws.
At the end of the 19th century, it was discovered that, when decomposing the light from the Sun, a multitude of spectral lines were observed (regions where there was less or no light).
Laboratory experiments with hot gases showed that the same lines could be observed in the spectra of known gases, specific lines corresponding to unique chemical elements.
In this way it was proved that the chemical elements found in the Sun and stars (chiefly hydrogen) were also found on Earth.
Indeed, the element helium was first discovered in the spectrum of the Sun and only later found on Earth, hence its name.
During the 20th century, spectroscopy (the study of these spectral lines) advanced, particularly as a result of the advent of quantum physics that was necessary to understand the astronomical and experimental observations.
See also:
 Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure
 Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
 Timeline of black hole physics
 Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Function and construction

Question: What are the theories behind Stonehenge?

Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records.
Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate.
This multiplicity of theories, some of them very colourful, are often called the "mystery of Stonehenge".
A number of myths surround the stones.
There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders.
Over the years, various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used, usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise.
However, conventional techniques, using Neolithic technology as basic as shear legs, have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size.
Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site.
More recently two major new theories have been proposed.
Professor Geoffrey Wainwright OBE, FSA, president of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and Professor Timothy Darvill, OBE of Bournemouth University have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing – the primeval equivalent of Lourdes.
They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves.
However they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well.
Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions.
A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the "Amesbury Archer" grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany; and the "Boscombe Bowmen" probably arrived from Wales or Brittany, France.
On the other hand, Professor Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon.
He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living, whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead.
A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death, to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased.
Both explanations were first mooted in the 12th century by Geoffrey of Monmouth (below), who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument.
Whatever religious, mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge, its design includes a celestial observatory function, which might have allowed prediction of eclipse, solstice, equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion.
Another theory, brought forth in 2012, suggests that the monument was intended to unify the different peoples of the British island.
This theory suggests that the massive amount of labour involved in the construction of Stonehenge necessitated inter-regional cooperation, especially as many of the stones were moved over very long distances, for example from quarries in Wales.
Article: Chocolate
Section: Conching

Question: What is the consistency of the chocolate before conching?

The penultimate process is called "conching".
A conche is a container filled with metal beads, which act as grinders.
The refined and blended chocolate mass is kept in a liquid state by frictional heat.
Chocolate prior to conching has an uneven and gritty texture.
The conching process produces cocoa and sugar particles smaller than the tongue can detect, hence the smooth feel in the mouth.
The length of the conching process determines the final smoothness and quality of the chocolate.
High-quality chocolate is conched for about 72 hours, lesser grades about four to six hours.
After the process is complete, the chocolate mass is stored in tanks heated to approximately until final processing.
Article: Falling Skies
Section: Online promotion

Question: "Falling Skies" came after what series?

Online promotion.
For the first season, character videos were made available online.
The videos explore the main characters of the series.
As part of the promotional campaign, a vehicle, with the TNT logo and called "Falling Skies Technical", was released as a free gift in the social networking game "Mafia Wars" on June 14, 2011.
Following the second season premiere on June 17, 2012, a live after-show titled "2nd Watch" hosted by Wil Wheaton premiered.
The series airs after encore presentations of "Falling Skies" on TNT's official site.
Wheaton discusses the latest episode with actors and producers of the series.
Article: Dallas Buyers Club
Section: Critical response

Question: What are some of the awards Leto won for his role?

Upon its premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, "Dallas Buyers Club" received universal acclaim by critics and audiences, who greatly praised the film for its acting (particularly for McConaughey and Leto), screenplay and direction.
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 93% based on reviews from 177 critics, with an average score of 7.7 out of 10, with the site's consensus stating, ""Dallas Buyers Club" rests squarely on Matthew McConaughey's scrawny shoulders, and he carries the burden gracefully with what might be a career-best performance."
On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film has a rating score of 84 based on 45 reviews, indicating universal acclaim.
Richard Corliss of "Time" magazine considered McConaughey's portrayal to be a "bold, drastic and utterly persuasive inhabiting of a doomed fighter", remarking that "if the camera occasionally suffers a fashionable case of the jitters, the movie transcends its agitated verismo to impart dramatic and behavioral truth".
Leto's portrayal of Rayon, a drug-addicted trans woman with AIDS who befriends McConaughey's character Ron Woodroof, received critical acclaim.
The writers created Rayon, to show "Woodroof’s gradual acceptance of a subculture he had dismissed."
"Time"'s Richard Corliss noted, "Leto captures the sweet intensity and almost saintly good humor of a glamorous, poignant and downright divoon creature — a blithe Camille who may surrender her health but never her panache."
Leto was awarded a Golden Globe, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a variety of film critics' circle awards, including his first Academy Award.
After the Academy award, the casting of a non-transgender actor, as opposed to a transgender actor, was widely critiqued as a missed opportunity, with some LGBT activists criticizing the choice as misogynistic.
The "L.A. Times" compared the issue to white actors appropriating, and exploiting, people of color roles of East Asians, and Africans in the past; and "The Guardian" noted transgender actors are often relegated to roles such as prostitutes, corpses and "freaks."
Article: Navy Pier
Section: Third use: college classroom

Question: What position did Caveny stay as?

With the war over, Navy Pier went to the University of Illinois, which used the facility beginning in 1946 for a two-year undergraduate program primarily serving returning veterans.
From the former Navy staff, Caveny stayed as the Undergraduate Division Dean, and Wolleson as the Dean of Students.
During its University of Illinois days, Navy Pier was also the site of a string of public events.
The International Exhibitions of the early 1960s drew attractions from around the world, including circus and folkloric dance acts, arts and crafts, and international cuisine.
In 1965, the University moved to the Chicago Circle campus, and the Pier again fell into disuse.
Article: Das Boot
Section: Reception

Question: How many people visited the exhibition during its four-month run?

The film drew highest critical acclaim and is seen as one of the greatest of all German films.
For its unsurpassed authenticity in tension and realism, it is regarded internationally as pre-eminent among all submarine films.
The film was ranked #25 in "Empire" magazine's "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010.
It currently holds a 98% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, well into the 32-nd year of its release (as of July 2013).
In late 2007, there was an exhibition about the film "Das Boot", as well as about the real U-Boat "U-96", at the Haus der Geschichte (House of German History) in Bonn.
Over 100,000 people visited the exhibition during its four-month run.
Article: Prison Break
Section: Home media

Question: Name the 3 countries where the Blu-ray collection of all four seasons including "The Final Break" has been released.

The DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets of each season were released after their television broadcast in various regions.
At the 2006 International Consumer Electronics Show, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced that the complete first season of "Prison Break" was to be released on Blu-ray in early 2007.
The release date was later announced to be November 13, 2007 and "Prison Break" became the first television show to be released on Blu-ray Disc by Fox.
The Blu-ray box set contains six discs and includes all the DVD box set's special features.
A DVD set containing the first three seasons was released on May 19, 2008 in Region 2.
The television movie, "", was included in the Season 4 set in Regions 2 and 4, but was released separately in Region 1.
"The Final Break" was later released separately in Regions 2 and 4.
In France, Germany and the United Kingdom, a Blu-ray package of all four seasons including "The Final Break" has been released.
Over a year after its initial release, Season 4 was later re-issued in Region 4 without "The Final Break" included.
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics

Question: What is the date that "Conclusions from the capillarity phenoma" published?

Albert Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to "Annalen der Physik" was on capillary attraction.
It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena".
Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view.
These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist.
His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.
Article: Machu Picchu
Section: Roads and transportation

Question: The Incas build a road to where?

As part of their road system, the Incas built a road to the Machu Picchu region.
Today, thousands of tourists walk the Inca Trail to visit Machu Picchu each year.
They congregate at Cusco before starting on the two-, four- or five-day journey on foot from Kilometer 82 or Kilometer 104 (two-day trip) near the town of Ollantaytambo in the Urubamba valley, walking up through the Andes mountain range to the isolated city.
The people of Machu Picchu were connected to long-distance trade, as shown by non-local artifacts found at the site.
As an example, Bingham found unmodified obsidian nodules at the entrance gateway.
In the 1970s, Burger and Asaro determined that these obsidian samples were from the "Titicaca" or Chivay obsidian source, and that the samples from Machu Picchu showed long-distance transport of this obsidian type in pre-Hispanic Peru.
Article: Egypt
Section: Dance in Egypt

Question: Egyptian belly dance has two main styles, what are they?

Today, Egypt is often considered the home of belly dance.
Egyptian belly dance has two main styles - raqs baladi and raqs sharqi.
There are also numerous folkloric and character dances that may be part of an Egyptian-style belly dancer's repertoire, as well as the modern shaabi street dance which shares some elements with raqs baladi.
Samia Gamal was the most famous dancer in Egypt.
Article: Gravity (film)
Section: Development

Question: Who is the main lead role in the movie "Gravity"?

Alfonso Cuarón wrote the screenplay with his son Jonás.
Cuarón told "Wired" magazine, "I watched the Gregory Peck movie "Marooned" over and over as a kid."
That film is about the first crew of an experimental space station returning to Earth in an Apollo capsule that suffers a thruster malfunction.
Cuarón attempted to develop his project at Universal Pictures, where it stayed in development for several years.
After the rights to the project were sold, the project began development at Warner Bros, who acquired the project.
In February 2010, it attracted the attention of Angelina Jolie, who had rejected a sequel to "Wanted".
Later in the month, she rejected "Wanted 2", partially because the studio did not want to pay the fee she had received for her latest two movies and because she wanted to direct her Bosnian war film "In the Land of Blood and Honey".
In March, Robert Downey, Jr. entered talks to be cast in the male lead role.
In mid-2010, Marion Cotillard tested for the female lead role.
By August 2010, Scarlett Johansson and Blake Lively were in the running for the role.
In September, Cuarón received approval from Warner Bros. to offer the role without a screen test to Natalie Portman, who was being praised for her performance in the recently released "Black Swan".
Portman rejected the project because of scheduling conflicts and Warner Bros. then approached Sandra Bullock for the role.
In November 2010, Downey left the project to star in "How to Talk to Girls"a project in development with Shawn Levy attached to direct.
The following December, with Bullock signed for the co-lead role, George Clooney replaced Downey.
The problem of shooting long scenes in a zero-g environment was a challenge.
Eventually, the team decided to use computer-generated imagery for the spacewalk scenes and automotive robots to move Bullock's character for interior space station scenes.
This meant that shots and blocking had to be planned well in advance for the robots to be programmed.
It also made the production period much longer than expected.
When the script was finished, Cuarón assumed it would take about a year to complete the film, but it took four and a half years.
Article: Pho
Section: Etymology and origins

Question: Where was pho possibly first mentioned in English writing?

Reviews of 19th and 20th century Indochinese literature have found that pho entered the mainstream sometime in the 1910s.
Georges Dumoutier's extensive 1907 account of Vietnamese cuisine omits any mention of pho, while Nguyễn Công Hoan recalls its sale by street vendors in 1913.
A 1931 dictionary is the first to define ' as a soup: "from the word '.
A dish consisting of small slices of rice cake boiled with beef.
"Possibly the earliest English-language reference to pho was in the book "Recipes of All Nations", edited by Countess Morphy in 1935: In the book, pho is described as "an Annamese soup held in high esteem ... made with beef, a veal bone, onions, a bayleaf, salt, and pepper, and a small teaspoon of "nuoc-mam"".
"There are two prevailing theories on the origin of the word "" and, by extension, the dish itself.
As author Nguyễn Dư notes, both questions are significant to Vietnamese identity.
Article: Henry Moore
Section: Popular interest

Question: Where is Moore's former home?

Today, the Henry Moore Foundation manages the artist's former home at Perry Green in Hertfordshire as a visitor destination, with 70 acres of sculpture grounds as well as his restored house and studios.
It also runs the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds which organises exhibitions and research activities in international sculpture.
Popular interest in Moore's work was perceived by some to have declined for a while in the UK but has been revived in recent times by exhibitions including Henry Moore at Tate Britain in 2010 and Moore at Kew and Hatfield in 2007 and 2011 respectively.
The Foundation he endowed continues to play an essential role in promoting contemporary art in the United Kingdom and abroad through its grants and exhibitions programme.
Article: Peru
Section: Geography

Question: Which area of Peru has frequent rain during the summer?

Peru covers of western South America.
It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
The Andes Mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.
The "costa" (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers.
The "sierra" (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the "Altiplano" plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the Huascarán.
The third region is the "selva" (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east.
Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region.
Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins.
Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently.
Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the "sierra".
Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.
Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.
Peru does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current cause great climatic diversity within the country.
The "costa" has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.
In the "sierra", rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes.
The "selva" is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.
Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003; 5,855 of them endemic.