community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Badminton
Section: Comparisons of speed and athletic requirements

Question: Have physical demands on players been studied?

Statistics such as the smash speed, above, prompt badminton enthusiasts to make other comparisons that are more contentious.
For example, it is often claimed that badminton is the fastest racquet sport.
Although badminton holds the record for the fastest initial speed of a racket sports projectile, the shuttlecock decelerates substantially faster than other projectiles such as tennis balls.
In turn, this qualification must be qualified by consideration of the distance over which the shuttlecock travels: a smashed shuttlecock travels a shorter distance than a tennis ball during a serve.
Badminton's claim as the fastest racquet sport might also be based on reaction time requirements, but arguably table tennis requires even faster reaction times.
While fans of badminton and tennis often claim that their sport is the more physically demanding, such comparisons are difficult to make objectively because of the differing demands of the games.
No formal study currently exists evaluating the physical condition of the players or demands during game play.
Article: Austria
Section: Administrative divisions

Question: How are the states of Austria divided?

As a federal republic, Austria is divided into nine states ().
These states are then divided into districts () and statutory cities ().
Districts are subdivided into municipalities ().
Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities.
The states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g.
in matters of culture, social care, youth and nature protection, hunting, building, and zoning ordinances.
In recent years, it has been discussed whether today it is appropriate for a small country to maintain ten parliaments.
Article: The Scream
Section: In popular culture

Question: When was "The Scream" madeby Andy Warhol?

In the late twentieth century, "The Scream" was imitated, parodied, and outright copies have been made following its copyright expiration, which led to it acquiring an iconic status in popular culture.
It was used on the cover of some editions of Arthur Janov's book "The Primal Scream".
In 1983–1984, pop artist Andy Warhol made a series of silk prints copying works by Munch, including "The Scream".
His stated intention was to desacralize the painting by making it into a mass-reproducible object.
Munch had already begun that process, however, by making a lithograph of the work for reproduction.
Erró's ironic and irreverent treatment of Munch's masterpiece in his acrylic paintings "The Second Scream" (1967) and "Ding Dong" (1979) is considered a characteristic of post-modern art.
Cartoonist Gary Larson included a "tribute" to "The Scream" (entitled "The Whine") in his "Wiener Dog Art" painting and cartoon compilation, in which the central figure is replaced by a howling dachshund.
"The Scream" has been used in advertising, in cartoons, such as "The Simpsons", films, and on television.
The principal alien antagonists depicted in the 2011 BBC series of "Doctor Who", named "The Silence", have an appearance partially based on "The Scream".
The Ghostface mask worn by the primary antagonists of the "Scream" series of horror movies is based on the painting, and was created by Fun World employee, Brigitte Sleiertin, as a Halloween costume, prior to being discovered by Marianne Maddalena and Wes Craven for the film.
In 2013, The Scream was one of four paintings that the Norwegian postal service chose for a series of stamps marking the 150th anniversary of Edvard Munch’s birth.
A patient resource group for trigeminal neuralgia (which has been described as the most painful condition in existence) have also adopted the image as a symbol of the condition.
Article: Proton
Section: Description

Question: What is the most common isotope of the hydrogen atom?

Protons are spin-½ fermions and are composed of three valence quarks, making them baryons (a sub-type of hadrons).
The two up quarks and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong force, mediated by gluons.
A modern perspective has the proton composed of the valence quarks (up, up, down), the gluons, and transitory pairs of sea quarks.
The proton has an approximately exponentially decaying positive charge distribution with a mean square radius of about 0.8 fm.
Protons and neutrons are both nucleons, which may be bound together by the nuclear force to form atomic nuclei.
The nucleus of the most common isotope of the hydrogen atom (with the chemical symbol "H") is a lone proton.
The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons, respectively.
All other types of atomic nuclei are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons.
Article: Sailing
Section: Heeling

Question: The opposite of weather helm is?

When a ship or boat leans over to one side, from the action of waves or from the centrifugal force of a turn or under wind pressure or from amount of exposed topsides, it is said to 'heel'.
A sailing boat that is over-canvassed and therefore heeling, may sail less efficiently depending on fundamental or opportunistic factors such as temporary nature of the feature (e.g.
wind gust), use (e.g.
racing), crew ability, point of sail, hull size & design.
When a vessel is subject to a heeling force (such as wind pressure), vessel buoyancy & beam of the hull will counter-act the heeling force.
A weighted keel provides additional means to right the boat.
In some high-performance racing yachts, water ballast or the angle of a canting keel can be changed to provide additional righting force to counteract heeling.
The crew may move their personal weight to the high (upwind) side of the boat, this is called "hiking", which also changes the centre of gravity & produces a righting lever to reduce the degree of heeling.
Incidental benefits include faster vessel speed caused by more efficient action of the hull & sails.
Other options to reduce heeling include reducing exposed sail area & efficiency of the sail setting & a variant of hiking called "trapezing".
This can only be done if the vessel is designed for this, as in dinghy sailing.
A sailor can (usually involuntarily) try turning upwind in gusts (it is known as "rounding up").
This can lead to difficulties in controlling the vessel if over-canvassed.
Wind can be spilled from the sails by 'sheeting out', or loosening them.
The number of sails, their size and shape can be altered.
Raising the dinghy centreboard can reduce heeling by allowing more leeway.
The increasingly asymmetric underwater shape of the hull matching the increasing angle of heel may generate an increasing directional turning force into the wind.
The sails' centre of effort will also increase this turning effect or force on the vessel's motion due to increasing lever effect with increased heeling which shows itself as increased human effort required to steer a straight course.
Increased heeling reduces exposed sail area relative to the wind direction, so leading to an equilibrium state.
As more heeling force causes more heel, weather helm may be experienced.
This condition has a braking effect on the vessel but has the safety effect in that an excessively hard pressed boat will try and turn into the wind therefore reducing the forces on the sail.
Small amounts (≤5 degrees) of weather helm are generally considered desirable because of the consequent aerofoil lift effect from the rudder.
This aerofoil lift produces helpful motion to windward & the corollary of the reason why lee helm is dangerous.
Lee helm, the opposite of weather helm, is generally considered to be dangerous because the vessel turns away from the wind when the helm is released, thus increasing forces on the sail at a time when the helmsperson is not in control.
Article: Astrophysics
Section: History

Question: Who believed the celestial region was made up of Aether?

Although astronomy is as ancient as recorded history itself, it was long separated from the study of terrestrial physics.
In the Aristotelian worldview, bodies in the sky appeared to be unchanging spheres whose only motion was uniform motion in a circle, while the earthly world was the realm which underwent growth and decay and in which natural motion was in a straight line and ended when the moving object reached its goal.
Consequently, it was held that the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found in the terrestrial sphere; either Fire as maintained by Plato, or Aether as maintained by Aristotle.
In the 17th century, natural philosophers such as Galileo, Descartes, and Newton began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws.
At the end of the 19th century, it was discovered that, when decomposing the light from the Sun, a multitude of spectral lines were observed (regions where there was less or no light).
Laboratory experiments with hot gases showed that the same lines could be observed in the spectra of known gases, specific lines corresponding to unique chemical elements.
In this way it was proved that the chemical elements found in the Sun and stars (chiefly hydrogen) were also found on Earth.
Indeed, the element helium was first discovered in the spectrum of the Sun and only later found on Earth, hence its name.
During the 20th century, spectroscopy (the study of these spectral lines) advanced, particularly as a result of the advent of quantum physics that was necessary to understand the astronomical and experimental observations.
See also:
 Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure
 Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
 Timeline of black hole physics
 Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity
Article: Las Vegas Strip
Section: Boundaries

Question: Interstate 15 runs parallel to which direction of Las Vegas Boulevard?

Historically, the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were restricted to outside of the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard.
In 1959 the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly outside of the city limits.
The sign is today about south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay (the southernmost casino).
In the strictest sense, "the Strip" refers only to the stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard that is roughly between Sahara Avenue and Russell Road, a distance of .
However, the term is often used to refer not only to the road but also to the various casinos and resorts that line the road, and even to properties which are not on the road but in proximity.
Phrases such as "Strip Area", "Resort Corridor" or "Resort District" are sometimes used to indicate a larger geographical area, including properties or more away from Las Vegas Boulevard, such as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino.
The traditional definition considers the Strip's northern terminus as the now-defunct Sahara Casino, though travel guides typically extend it to include the Stratosphere, to the north.
At one time, the southern end of the Strip was Tropicana Avenue, but continuing construction has extended this boundary to Russell Road.
Mandalay Bay is located just north of Russell Road and is the southernmost resort considered to be on the Strip.
Because of the number and size of the resorts, the Resort Corridor can be quite wide.
Interstate 15 runs roughly parallel and to the west of Las Vegas Boulevard for the entire length of the Strip.
Paradise Road runs to the east in a similar fashion, and ends at St. Louis Avenue.
The eastern side of the Strip is bounded by McCarran International Airport south of Tropicana Avenue.
North of this point, the Resort Corridor can be considered to extend as far east as Paradise Road, although some consider Koval Lane as a less inclusive boundary.
Interstate 15 is sometimes considered the western edge of the Resort Corridor from Interstate 215 to Spring Mountain Road.
North of this point, Industrial Road serves as the western edge.
The famous Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign is located in the median just south of Russell Road, across from the now-demolished Klondike Hotel & Casino; another similar sign is in the median at the north end of the Strip near the intersection of East St. Louis and South Main Streets.
Newer resorts such as South Point and the M Resort are on Las Vegas Boulevard South as distant as 8 miles south of the Welcome to Las Vegas sign.
Marketing for these casinos usually states that they are on southern Las Vegas Boulevard and not "Strip" properties.
Article: Fight Club
Section: Casting

Question: What dramatic physical alteration to his body did Brad Pitt make for his role in Fight Club and why?

Producer Ross Bell met with actor Russell Crowe to discuss his candidacy for the role of Tyler Durden.
Producer Art Linson, who joined the project late, met with another candidate, Brad Pitt.
Linson was the senior producer of the two, so the studio sought to cast Pitt instead of Crowe.
Pitt was looking for a new film after the failure of his 1998 film "Meet Joe Black", and the studio believed "Fight Club" would be more commercially successful with a major star.
The studio signed Pitt and offered him a $17.5 million salary.
For the role of the unnamed narrator, the studio desired a "sexier marquee name" like Matt Damon to increase the film's commercial prospects; it also considered Sean Penn.
Fincher instead considered Edward Norton a candidate for the role, based on the actor's performance in the 1996 film "The People vs. Larry Flynt".
Other studios were approaching Norton for leading roles in developing films like "The Talented Mr. Ripley" and "Man on the Moon".
The actor was cast in "Runaway Jury", but the film did not reach production.
20th Century Fox offered Norton a $2.5 million salary to attract him to "Fight Club".
Norton could not accept the offer immediately since he still owed Paramount Pictures a film; he had signed a contractual obligation with Paramount to appear in one of the studio's future films for a smaller salary (Norton later satisfied the obligation with his role in the 2003 film "The Italian Job").
In January 1998, 20th Century Fox announced that Brad Pitt and Edward Norton were cast in the film.
The actors prepared for their roles by taking lessons in boxing, taekwondo, grappling, and soapmaking.
Pitt voluntarily visited a dentist to have pieces of his front teeth chipped off so his character would not have perfect teeth.
The pieces were restored after filming concluded.
Fincher's first choice for the role of Marla Singer was Janeane Garofalo, who objected to the film's sexual content.
The filmmakers considered Courtney Love and Winona Ryder as candidates early on.
The studio wanted to cast Reese Witherspoon, but Fincher objected that she was too young for the role.
He chose to cast Helena Bonham Carter based on her performance in the 1997 film "The Wings of the Dove".
Article: Space Needle
Section: In culture

Question: Which sports team's logo features the Space Needle?

Being a major symbol of the Pacific Northwest, the Space Needle has made numerous appearances in films, TV shows and other works of fiction.
A few examples of films include "It Happened at the World's Fair" (1962), where it was used as a filming location, and "Sleepless in Seattle" (1993).
In the 1974 film "The Parallax View", the inside and outside platforms of the observation deck are the setting for a political assassination, and there's a brief chase on the roof above it.
In the 1999 film "", it served as a base of operations for the villain Doctor Evil with the word Starbucks written across its saucer after his henchman Number 2 shifted the organization's resources toward the coffee company.
It is also featured prominently in "Chronicle" (2012), and is a key element in the film's climax.
In TV shows, one of the most prominent showings is in the series "Frasier" where an outline of it appears in the opening credits and the base of it is visible from the high-rise condo although the view is really a composite image as there are no high rise condos in the right area of that height.
It also appears in nearly every episode of the Seattle-set series "Grey's Anatomy", often in helicopter fly-by shots.
The Space Needle also makes appearances in Nickelodeon TV show "iCarly" where it can be seen with other surrounding buildings in the Seattle area.
Other TV appearances include The History Channel's "Life After People" where it collapses after 200 years because of corrosion.
It was also destroyed in the TV miniseries "10.5" when a 7.9 earthquake hits Seattle.
The movie mistakenly portrays the Needle as crumbling concrete, though the structure is actually made of iron and it would have survived a 7.9 earthquake in real life.
The needle is also featured in some episodes of "Bill Nye the Science Guy", such as the episode "Storms" where Bill Nye uses the lightning rod on top of it as an example of conducting lightning strikes.
It also appears many times as a refuge for the hero of "Dark Angel".
In video games, it has been used to represent Seattle in "Pilotwings 64" and "Rock Band" and it appears in the Seattle Circuit reverse of "Gran Turismo 4".
The Space Needle and the area around it also appear in the last campaign mission of "World in Conflict" as the site of the Soviet invasion force's last stand.
The Space Needle is in the map "Seattle" of Godzilla: Saves the Earth, for the original Xbox.
The Space Needle has been used for some other purposes as well, including a large 57 piece Lego construction set of it that has been released as part of Lego Architecture's structures.
The Needle is also featured on the logo of the Major League Soccer team Seattle Sounders FC.
The Space Needle is featured in "."
Article: Hong Kong
Section: Health

Question: In Hong Kong, how many hospitals are private?

There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong.
There is little interaction between public and private healthcare.
The hospitals offer a wide range of healthcare services, and some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to be world class.
According to UN estimates, Hong Kong has one of the longest life expectancy of any country or territory in the world.
As of 2012, Hong Kong women are the longest living demographic group in the world.
There are two medical schools in the territory, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at the University of Hong Kong.
Both have links with public sector hospitals.
With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK).
However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory.
Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals both public and private.
This has led to protest from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty in securing a bed space for giving birth and routine check-ups.
Other concerns in the decade of 2001–2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.
Article: Louisiana Purchase
Section: Financing

Question: How much was the USA's down payment on the Louisiana Purchase

The American government used $3 million in gold as a down payment, and issued bonds for the balance to pay France for the purchase.
Earlier that year, Francis Baring and Company of London had become the U.S. government's official banking agent in London.
Because of this favored position, the US asked the Baring firm to handle the transaction.
Francis Baring's son Alexander was in Paris at the time and helped in the negotiations.
Another Baring advantage was a close relationship with Hope and Company of Amsterdam.
The two banking houses worked together to facilitate and underwrite the Purchase.
Because Napoleon wanted to receive his money as quickly as possible, the two firms received the American bonds and paid cash to France.
Article: Arepa
Section: Flour

Question: How to make Arepa

"Arepa" flour is specially prepared (cooked in water, then dried) for making "arepas" and other maize dough-based dishes, such as "hallacas", "bollos", "tamales", "empanadas" and "chicha".
The most popular brand names of maize flour are Harina PAN in Venezuela and Areparina in Colombia.
"Arepa" flour is usually made from white maize, but yellow maize varieties are available.
"Arepa" flour was first developed and produced by Empresas Polar of Venezuela, owner of the PAN brand and the primary distributor in the country.
Article: The Matrix
Section: Sound effects and music

Question: Who wrote the score for "The Matrix"?

Dane A. Davis was responsible for creating the sound effects for the film.
The fight scenes sound effects, such as the whipping sounds of punches, came from using junk to create noises and capturing them, then editing the sounds.
The sound of the pod containing a human baby closing required almost fifty sounds put together.
The film's score was composed by Don Davis.
He noted that mirrors appear frequently in the film: reflections of the blue and red pills are seen in Morpheus's glasses; Neo's capture by Agents is viewed through the rear-view mirror of Trinity's Triumph Speed Triple motorcycle; Neo observes a broken mirror mending itself; reflections warp as a spoon is bent; the reflection of a helicopter is visible as it approaches a skyscraper.
Davis focused on this theme of reflections when creating his score, alternating between sections of the orchestra and attempting to incorporate contrapuntal ideas.
Davis' score combines orchestral, choral and synthesizer elements; the balance between these elements varies depending on whether humans or machines are the dominant subject of a given scene.
In addition to Davis' score, "The Matrix" soundtrack also features music from acts such as Rammstein, Rob Dougan, Rage Against the Machine, Propellerheads, Ministry, Deftones, Monster Magnet, The Prodigy, Rob Zombie, Meat Beat Manifesto, and Marilyn Manson.