community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Wide Awake (Katy Perry song)
Section: Commercial performance

Question: What country does Perry have the most number ones?

Upon the release of "Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection", "Wide Awake" made its first appearance on the U.S. "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 19 based on digital sales alone.
After Perry's performance on the 2012 Billboard Music Awards, it debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 35 as the second highest debut of the week, behind Philip Philips' "Home".
The same week, the song debuted on multiple "Billboard" component charts - at number 29 on the Pop Songs and 35 on the Adult Pop Songs charts.
For the chart issue dated June 4, 2012, "Wide Awake" debuted at number 50 on the Dance/Club Play Songs chart as well as moving 5 spots on the Pop songs chart to number 20.
The song reached the summit on the week of August 4, 2012.
On June 13, 2012, the single moved ten positions to nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and has sold 402,000 downloads.
The following week, the single reached number 4, and on the chart dated August 11, 2012, it peaked at number 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making the song Perry's eighth consecutive single to reach the top 3 of the chart since "California Gurls", as well as her first song to peak in the runner-up position.
It was kept off the top spot by Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe".
On the week August 4, 2012, the song topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, making her tenth consecutive number-one on the chart since 2009's "Waking Up in Vegas", extending her own record.
On the "Pop Songs" chart, it is her ninth number-one single tied with Rihanna as artists with most number one on chart.
The song has sold over 3,074,841 downloads in the US as of 2013.
In Australia, the song debuted at number 26 on the Australian Singles Chart, and peaked at number 4, position it stayed in for three weeks.
In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 32, and peaked at number 1 on July 1, 2012, making it Perry's seventh single from the album "Teenage Dream" to peak inside the top ten, and her sixth song from the "Teenage Dream" era to take out the number one spot.
The song was then certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ).
The song is the eighth song from "Teenage Dream" to enter the top ten, and the ninth consecutive top ten single since "Waking Up in Vegas" and its eleventh top ten overall.
The song makes Perry the female artist with the most number ones on New Zealand (eight), passing the previous record of Mariah Carey with seven number 1 singles.
In Canada, the song peaked at number 1, becoming her eighth single to do so.
The song became the 21st best selling single in New Zealand of 2012.
In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 69 on the UK Singles Chart, due to strong downloads in April 2012.
The song then re-entered at number 74 in May 2012.
It has currently peaked at number 9, selling 24,545 copies in that country.
In Ireland, the song launched at number 30 and is currently peaking at number 6.
Article: Sushi
Section: History

Question: Who was the creator of the modern form of sushi?

The original type of sushi, known today as "nare-zushi" (,) was first made in Southeast Asia, possibly along what is now known as the Mekong River.
The term "sushi" comes from an archaic grammatical form no longer used in other contexts; literally, "sushi" means "sour-tasting", a reflection of its historic fermented origins.
The oldest form of sushi in Japan, "narezushi", still very closely resembles this process, wherein fish is fermented via being wrapped in soured fermenting rice.
The fish proteins break down via fermentation into their constituent amino acids.
The fermenting rice and fish results in a sour taste and also one of the five basic tastes, called "umami" in Japanese.
Contemporary Japanese sushi has little resemblance to the traditional lacto-fermented rice dish.
Originally, when the fermented fish was taken out of the rice, only the fish was consumed while the fermented rice was discarded.
The strong-tasting and smelling "funazushi", a kind of "narezushi" made near Lake Biwa in Japan, resembles the traditional fermented dish.
Beginning in the Muromachi period (1336–1573) of Japan, vinegar was added to the mixture for better taste and preservation.
The vinegar accentuated the rice's sourness and was known to increase its shelf life, allowing the fermentation process to be shortened and eventually abandoned.
In the following centuries, sushi in Osaka evolved into "oshi-zushi".
The seafood and rice were pressed using wooden (usually bamboo) molds.
By the mid 18th century, this form of sushi had reached Edo (contemporary Tokyo).
The contemporary version, internationally known as "sushi", was created by Hanaya Yohei (1799–1858) at the end of the Edo period in Edo.
Sushi invented by Hanaya was an early form of fast food that was not fermented (therefore prepared quickly) and could be conveniently eaten with one's hands.
Originally, this sushi was known as "Edomae zushi" because it used freshly caught fish in the "Edo-mae" (Edo Bay or Tokyo Bay).
Though the fish used in modern sushi no longer usually comes from Tokyo Bay, it is still formally known as "Edomae nigirizushi".
The "Oxford English Dictionary" notes the earliest written mention of sushi in English in an 1893 book, "A Japanese Interior", where it mentions sushi as ""a roll of cold rice with fish, sea-weed, or some other flavoring"".
However, there is also mention of sushi in a Japanese-English dictionary from 1873, and an 1879 article on Japanese cookery in the journal "Notes and Queries".
Article: Bourbon Street
Section: Issues

Question: When was "Yokum v. 615 Bourbon Street"?

Historically noise violations were the responsibility of the party making the noise.
This changed in 1996 with "Yokum v. 615 Bourbon Street".
The case ruled that the property owner, not the noise-maker is responsible for noise violations.
A 2010 city ordinance stipulates that no music may be played in the French Quarter between 8 pm and 9 am.
Enforcement has been inconsistent and critics claim its goals are vague.
Some even state that is unconstitutional.
Besides being difficult to enforce, music aficionados claim that noise ordinances threaten the city's music culture.
Local jazz bands, such as the To Be Continued Brass Band, who play in the streets would be prohibited from doing so under such ordinances.
Aggressive solicitation bans are a newer issue on Bourbon Street.
In 2011, an ordinance was passed that banned individuals and groups from "disseminating any social, political or religious message" at night.
The ordinance does not explain the justification for this ban.
On September 21, 2012, the ACLU of Louisiana won a temporary restraining order against the ban on behalf of Kelsey McCauley, a woman who converted to Christianity through a religious group's activities on Bourbon Street which had several of its members arrested, and some of which were cited, on September 14, 2012 for violating the ordinance.
A hearing was set for October 1, 2012.
On July 25, 2013, the New Orleans City Council voted 6-0 to amend the law to remove the Bourbon Street ban, with language that was acceptable to attorneys on all opposing sides.
Article: Periodic table
Section: Further periodic table extensions

Question: Is Pekka Pyykko theorise about the Madelung rule?

It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8, or require further adaptations or adjustments.
Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly, so that it would include a two-element s-block for elements 119 and 120, a new g-block for the next 18 elements, and 30 additional elements continuing the current f-, d-, and p-blocks.
More recently, physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule, which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table.
Article: Quantum
Section: Etymology and discovery

Question: Which Latin word does quantum come from?

The word "quantum" comes from the Latin "quantus", for "how much".
"Quanta", short for "quanta of electricity" (electrons) was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect by Philipp Lenard, who credited Hermann von Helmholtz for using the word in the area of electricity.
However, the word quantum in general was well known before 1900.
It was often used by physicians, such as in the term quantum satis.
Both Helmholtz and Julius von Mayer were physicians as well as physicists.
Helmholtz used "quantum" with reference to heat in his article on Mayer's work, and indeed, the word "quantum" can be found in the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics by Mayer in his letter dated July 24, 1841.
Max Planck used "quanta" to mean "quanta of matter and electricity", gas, and heat.
In 1905, in response to Planck's work and the experimental work of Lenard, who explained his results by using the term "quanta of electricity", Albert Einstein suggested that radiation existed in spatially localized packets which he called "quanta of light" ("Lightquanta").
The concept of quantization of radiation was discovered in 1900 by Max Planck, who had been trying to understand the emission of radiation from heated objects, known as black-body radiation.
By assuming that energy can only be absorbed or released in tiny, differential, discrete packets he called "bundles" or "energy elements", Planck accounted for the fact that certain objects change colour when heated.
On December 14, 1900, Planck reported his revolutionary findings to the German Physical Society, and introduced the idea of quantization for the first time as a part of his research on black-body radiation.
As a result of his experiments, Planck deduced the numerical value of "h", known as the Planck constant, and could also report a more precise value for the Avogadro–Loschmidt number, the number of real molecules in a mole and the unit of electrical charge, to the German Physical Society.
After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 for his discovery.
Article: Galbi
Section: Varieties

Question: What is dak galbi made with?

Dwaeji galbi () is made with pork ribs that can be seasoned with a typical ganjang-based sauce or gochujang-based sauce (chili pepper condiment).
In the latter case, the dish is called "maeun dwaeji galbi" (), literally meaning "hot and spicy pork ribs" in Korean.
Dak galbi () is made with chicken legs although the name contains "galbi".
It is seasoned with a gochujang-based sauce, but "maeun" (매운, hot and spicy) is not prefixed.
Tteokgalbi () is made much like meat balls.
Ground beef ribs are clumped together in chunks before being grilled.
Rice cakes (tteok) is often grilled with the tteokgalbi, typically at the center of it.
L.A.
galbi () is made with beef ribs thinly cut across the bone.
As the name suggests, this is an American variation that originates from South Korean expatriate communities in the Californian city of Los Angeles.
It is prepared in the same way as regular galbi, except that the ribs are cut differently.
Because most American butcheries cut ribs rib-eye style, instead of the thicker chunks of individual ribs South Koreans typically do in their own country, South Korean-owned restaurants in Los Angeles made galbi with these thinner cuts of beef with several ribs.
This variation has since made its way back to South Korea as well.
Article: Gangnam Style
Section: Miscellaneous

Question: CNN readers ranked it and which number for the best song of 2012?

The music video came in first with 21% rating in the 2012 Billboard.com's readers poll, beating "Where Have You Been" by Rihanna (19%) and "Beauty and a Beat" by Justin Bieber featuring Nicki Minaj (11%).
The song was the most popular song played on New Year's Eve and the most sung song on the day, leaving "Auld Lang Syne" in second place for the first time since 2005, on karaoke company Lucky Voice's online service in the United Kingdom.
CNN readers picked "Gangnam Style" as the eighth best song of 2012.
"The Week" (US edition) ranked the song's global popularity at No.
6 with the strapline "'Gangnam Style' takes over the world" on the 13 biggest pop culture moments of the year list.
The phenomenon of the song and the video was also picked as one of the 2012's most viral moments in music by Wendy Geller of Yahoo!
Music, and No.
2 on the 2012 top 20 music moments list after Whitney Houston's passing by "Billboard", being written "If there's one meme, song and face that has been truly inescapable in the second half of 2012, it's South Korean rapper Psy and his outrageous 'Gangnam Style'."
Article: Starships (song)
Section: Personnel

Question: Where was Starships recorded?

Recording
Recorded at Kinglet Studios, Stockholm, Sweden, and Conway Recording Studios, Hollywood, California, United States
Mixed at Conway Recording Studios
Personnel
Nicki Minaj – vocals, songwriter
RedOne – songwriter, producer, instruments
Carl Falk – songwriter, producer, mixing, additional vocals, instruments, guitar
Rami Yacoub – songwriter, producer, mixing, vocal editing, instruments
Wayne Hector – songwriter, additional vocals
Trevor Muzzy – recording, mixing, vocal editing
Ariel Chobaz – recording
Jon Sher – recording assistant
Mohombi – additional vocals
Article: Periodic table
Section: Blocks

Question: What offsets the periodic table?

The different regions of the periodic table are sometimes referred to as "blocks" in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled.
Each block is named according to the subshell in which the "last" electron notionally resides.
The s-block comprises the first two groups (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals) as well as hydrogen and helium.
The p-block comprises the last six groups which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC (3A to 8A in American) and contains, among other elements, all of the metalloids.
The d-block comprises groups 3 to 12 in IUPAC (or 3B to 2B in American group numbering) and contains all of the transition metals.
The f-block, usually offset below the rest of the periodic table, comprises the lanthanides and actinides.
Article: Vietnam
Section: 1976–present: reunification and reforms

Question: Who was the vietnamese leader that ordered the collectivization of farms and factories in the aftermath of the war?

In the aftermath of the war, under Lê Duẩn's administration, the government embarked on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories.
This caused economic chaos and resulted in triple-digit inflation, while national reconstruction efforts progressed slowly.
At least one million South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps, with an estimated 165,000 prisoners dying.
Between 100,000 and 200,000 South Vietnamese were executed in extrajudicial killings; another 50,000 died performing hard labor in "New Economic Zones".
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, millions of people fled the country in crudely built boats, creating an international humanitarian crisis; hundreds of thousands died at sea.
In 1978, the Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia to remove from power the Khmer Rouge, who had been attacking Vietnamese border villages.
Vietnam was victorious, installing a government in Cambodia which ruled until 1989.
This action worsened relations with the Chinese, who launched a brief incursion into northern Vietnam in 1979.
This conflict caused Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid.
At the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.
The reformers were led by 71-year-old Nguyen Van Linh, who became the party's new general secretary.
Linh and the reformers implemented a series of free-market reforms – known as "" ("Renovation") – which carefully managed the transition from a planned economy to a "socialist-oriented market economy".
Though the authority of the state remained unchallenged under "Đổi Mới", the government encouraged private ownership of farms and factories, economic deregulation and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.
The Vietnamese economy subsequently achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports and foreign investment.
However, these reforms have also caused a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.
Article: Last Supper
Section: Institution of the Eucharist

Question: The Eucharist was allegedly instituted by whom?

The Eucharist, which "is recorded as celebrated by the early Christian community at Jerusalem and by St. Paul on his visit to Troas", is held to have been instituted by Christ.
The institution of the Lord's Supper is recorded in the three Synoptic Gospels and in Paul's first epistle to the Corinthians.
The words of institution differ slightly in each account, reflecting a Marcan tradition (upon which Matthew is based) and a Pauline tradition (upon which Luke is based).
In addition, is a disputed text which does not appear in some of the early manuscripts of Luke.
Some scholars, therefore, believe that it is an interpolation, while others have argued that it is original.
A comparison of the accounts given in the Gospels and 1 Corinthians is shown in the table below, with text from the ASV.
The disputed text from Luke 22:19b-20 is in italics.
Jesus' actions in sharing the bread and wine have been linked with which refers to a blood sacrifice that, as recounted in , Moses offered in order to seal a covenant with God.
Scholars often interpret the description of Jesus' action as asking his disciples to consider themselves part of a sacrifice, where Jesus is the one due to physically undergo it.
Although the Gospel of John does not include a description of the bread and wine ritual during the Last Supper, most scholars agree that (the Bread of Life Discourse) has a Eucharistic nature and resonates with the "words of institution" used in the Synoptic Gospels and the Pauline writings on the Last Supper.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Pink teddy bear

Question: What is the teddy bear missing?

A motif within the second season is the image of a damaged teddy bear and its missing eye.
The teddy bear first appears at the end of the music video "Fallacies" for Jesse's band "TwaüghtHammër", which was released as a webisode in February 2009 leading to the second season.
The teddy bear can also be spotted on the mural on Jane's bedroom wall during the final episode of the second season, further connecting the crash to Jane.
It is seen in flashforwards during four episodes, the titles of which, when put together in order, form the sentence "Seven Thirty-Seven down over ABQ".
The flashforwards are shot in black and white, with the sole exception of the pink teddy bear, which is an homage to the film "Schindler's List", in which the color red is used to distinguish a little girl in a coat.
At the end of the season, Walter indirectly helps cause the midair collision of two airplanes; the pink teddy bear is then revealed to have fallen out of one of the planes and into the White family's pool.
Vince Gilligan called the plane accident an attempt to visualize "all the terrible grief that Walt has wrought upon his loved ones" and "the judgment of God.
"In the first episode of the third season, the NTSB fishes the teddy bear out of his pool and Walt later finds the missing eye in the pool filter.
Television critic Myles McNutt has called it "a symbol of the damage feels responsible for," and "The A.V.
Club" commented that "the pink teddy bear continues to accuse."
Fans and critics have compared the appearance of the teddy bear's face to an image of Gus Fring's face in the fourth season finale.
The teddy bear was auctioned off, among other memorabilia, on September 29, 2013, the air date of the show finale.
On October 29 of the same year, Aaron Paul posted production pictures of Cranston posing with the teddy bear on Instagram.
Article: How to Save a Life
Section: Singles

Question: What was the name of the band's third single?

"Over My Head (Cable Car)" was released as the first single from the album, and it became a top 40 hit on the Modern Rock Tracks chart in late 2005.
It lasted three weeks on the chart and peaked at position #37.
The song peaked at #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
On the "Billboard" Adult Top 40 chart, the single reached the #2 position.
Internationally, the song was a Top 25 hit in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand and the UK.
The song was the fifth-most downloaded single of 2006.
"How to Save a Life" was released as the second single from the album.
The song reached the top three of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, surpassing the peak position of "Over My Head (Cable Car)".
It became the joint sixth longest charting single of all time on the Billboard Hot 100, tying with Santana's "Smooth", at 58 consecutive weeks.
The song also topped the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks.
"How to Save a Life" became a major hit internationally, topping the singles chart in Ireland, Spain and Canada.
The song also charted in the top five in Australia, Italy, Sweden and in the UK Singles Chart.
"Look After You" was released as the band's third single; the song peaked at position 59 in the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's first single to miss the Top 40.
The song peaked at #49 on Billboard Pop 100 and at #12 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks.
"All at Once" was released as the fourth and final single from the album.
It peaked at #20 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart.
Article: Payphone (song)
Section: Abstract

Question: In 2012 what was the world's fifth best selling single?

Payphone (song)"Payphone" is a song performed by the American pop rock band Maroon 5 featuring American rapper Wiz Khalifa.
The song was released on April 17, 2012, as the lead single from their fourth studio album, "Overexposed" (2012).
The song was written by Adam Levine, Benny Blanco, Ammar Malik, Robopop, Shellback and Khalifa and produced by Blanco and Shellback.
The song is a pop ballad and it talks about a romance that is no more.
The song has received favorable reviews from music critics, who praised the catchy melody and named it "a radio success", but some others dismissed Khalifa's appearance and its title.
The official music video, directed by Samuel Bayer, finds Levine taking down some bank robbers and attempting to become the "hero" in a hail of bullets as he makes his escape, steals a gun from a robber and then gets mistaken for one.
Because of this, he must escape from a fleet of policemen, which he does with ease.
The video was positively received from critics, who considered it an enjoyable mini-action movie.
The video was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video, but lost out to "What Makes You Beautiful" by One Direction.
On the "Billboard" Hot 100, the song debuted at the number three spot before peaking at number two.
The song sold 493,000 copies in its first week, becoming the best sales week for a digital song by a group and also the eleventh-best sales week overall.
It also reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and stayed at the top for eight consecutive weeks.
It also topped the UK Singles Chart, making it the band's first ever single to do so.
"Payphone" was the world's fifth best-selling single of 2012 with 9.5 million copies sold.
Article: How to Save a Life
Section: Personnel

Question: Who played drums on the song How to Save a Life?

Isaac Slade - lead vocals, piano
Joe King - guitars, bass, backing vocals
Dave Welsh - guitars
Ben Wysocki - drums, percussion
Article: Sausage
Section: Casings

Question: Are casing-free luncheon meats available?

Traditionally, sausage casings were made of the cleaned intestines, or stomachs in the case of haggis and other traditional puddings.
Today, however, natural casings are often replaced by collagen, cellulose, or even plastic casings, especially in the case of industrially manufactured sausages.
Some forms of sausage, such as sliced sausage, are prepared without a casing.
Additionally, luncheon meat and sausage meat are now available without casings in tin cans and jars.