community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Chemistry
Section: Chemical structure

Question: When was the electron discovered?

[[File:Rutherford gold foil experiment results.svg|right|upright|thumb|"Top:" Expected results: alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom undisturbed.<br>"Bottom:" Observed results: a small portion of the particles were deflected, indicating a small, concentrated charge.
]]At the turn of the twentieth century the theoretical underpinnings of chemistry were finally understood due to a series of remarkable discoveries that succeeded in probing and discovering the very nature of the internal structure of atoms.
In 1897, J. J. Thomson of Cambridge University discovered the electron and soon after the French scientist Becquerel as well as the couple Pierre and Marie Curie investigated the phenomenon of radioactivity.
In a series of pioneering scattering experiments Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester discovered the internal structure of the atom and the existence of the proton, classified and explained the different types of radioactivity and successfully transmuted the first element by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles.
His work on atomic structure was improved on by his students, the Danish physicist Niels Bohr and Henry Moseley.
The electronic theory of chemical bonds and molecular orbitals was developed by the American scientists Linus Pauling and Gilbert N. Lewis.
The year 2011 was declared by the United Nations as the International Year of Chemistry.
It was an initiative of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and involves chemical societies, academics, and institutions worldwide and relied on individual initiatives to organize local and regional activities.
Article: Disney California Adventure
Section: Grizzly Peak

Question: What is Grizzly Peak's main attraction?

Grizzly Peak is themed around California's wilderness and national parks with particular references to Yosemite and Redwood national parks.
Its main attraction is Grizzly River Run, a Gold Rush-esque river rapids ride around the summit of Grizzly Peak.
Nearby is the Redwood Creek Challenge Trail; a playground area that includes a show featuring characters from Disney·Pixar's "Up".
A special entrance exclusive to guests of Disney's Grand Californian Hotel is located in this area.
There are also several restaurants in the Grizzly Peak district that are themed to California's farmland and heritage.
California-themed food and wine festivals are hosted in this area as well.
Article: Claude Monet
Section: Impressionism

Question: How many times did Monet paint the subject?

The first Impressionist exhibition was held in 1874 at 35 boulevard des Capucines, Paris, from 15 April to 15 May.
The primary purpose of the participants was not so much to promote a new style, but to free themselves from the constraints of the Salon de Paris.
The exhibition, open to anyone prepared to pay 60 francs, gave artists the opportunity to show their work without the interference of a jury.
Renoir chaired the hanging committee and did most of the work himself, as others members failed to present themselves.
In addition to "" (pictured above) Monet presented four oil paintings and seven pastels.
Among the paintings he displayed was "The Luncheon" (1868), which features Camille Doncieux and Jean Monet, and which had been rejected by the Paris Salon of 1870.
Also in this exhibition was a painting titled "Boulevard des Capucines", a painting of the boulevard done from the photographer Nadar's apartment at no.
35.
Monet painted the subject twice and it is uncertain which of the two pictures, that now in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, or that in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City was the painting that appeared in the groundbreaking 1874 exhibition, though more recently the Moscow picture has been favoured.
Altogether, 165 works were exhibited in the exhibition, including 4 oils, 2 pastels and 3 watercolors by Morisot; 6 oils and 1 pastel by Renoir; 10 works by Degas; 5 by Pissarro; 3 by Cézanne; and 3 by Guillaumin.
Several works were on loan, including Cézanne's "Modern Olympia", Morisot's "Hide and Seek" (owned by Manet) and 2 landscapes by Sisley that had been purchased by Durand-Ruel.
The total attendance is estimated at 3500 and some works did sell, though some exhibitors had placed their prices too high.
Pissarro was asking 1000 francs for "The Orchard" and Monet the same for "Impression: Sunrise", neither of which sold.
Renoir failed to obtain the 500 francs he was asking for "La Loge", but later sold it for 450 francs to Père Martin, dealer and supporter of the group.
Article: Japan
Section: Biodiversity

Question: How many different species live in Japan?

Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands.
They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.
Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, and the Japanese giant salamander.
A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty-seven Ramsar wetland sites.
Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value.
Article: Up Series
Section: Creation

Question: Whcih company commissioned the show in 1998?

The first film in the series, "Seven Up!
", was directed by Paul Almond and commissioned by Granada Television as a programme in the "World in Action" series broadcast in 1964.
From "7 Plus Seven" onward the films have been directed by Michael Apted, who had been a researcher on "Seven Up!"
and chose the original children with Gordon McDougall.
The premise of the film was taken from the Jesuit motto "Give me a child until he is seven and I will give you the man", which is based on a quotation by Francis Xavier.
The 1998 programme was commissioned by BBC One, although still produced for them by Granada Television.
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: American side

Question: Can you get to the Cave of Winds from Goat Island?

From the U.S. side, the American Falls can be viewed from walkways along Prospect Point Park, which also features the Prospect Point Park observation tower and a boat dock for the "Maid of the Mist".
Goat Island offers more views of the falls and is accessible by foot and automobile traffic by bridge above the American Falls.
From Goat Island, the Cave of the Winds is accessible by elevator and leads hikers to a point beneath Bridal Veil Falls.
Also on Goat Island are the Three Sisters Islands, the Power Portal where a huge statue of Nikola Tesla (the inventor whose patents for the AC induction motor and other devices for AC power transmission helped make the harnessing of the falls possible) can be seen, and a walking path that enables views of the rapids, the Niagara River, the gorge, and all of the falls.
Most of these attractions lie within the Niagara Falls State Park.
The Niagara Scenic Trolley offers guided trips along the American Falls and around Goat Island.
Panoramic and aerial views of the falls can also be viewed from the Flight of Angels helium balloon ride, or by helicopter.
The Niagara Gorge Discovery Center showcases the natural and local history of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Gorge.
A casino and luxury hotel was opened in Niagara Falls, New York, by the Seneca Indian tribe.
The Seneca Niagara Casino occupies the former Niagara Falls Convention Center.
The new hotel is the first addition to the city's skyline since completion of the United Office Building in the twenties.
Article: Sydney Opera House
Section: Opening

Question: When the Sydney Opera House was formally opened, who presided over the ceremony?

The Opera House was formally opened by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, on 20 October 1973.
A large crowd attended.
Utzon was not invited to the ceremony, nor was his name mentioned.
The opening was televised and included fireworks and a performance of Beethoven's Symphony No.
9.
Article: Track and field
Section: Combined events

Question: What are the most common combined events?

Combined (or multi-discipline) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event, which adds to a total points score.
Outdoors, the most common combined events are the men's decathlon and the women's heptathlon.
Due to stadium limitations, indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events, resulting in the men's heptathlon and the women's pentathlon.
Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system, such as the decathlon scoring table.
The Ancient Olympic pentathlon (comprising long jump, javelin, discus, the "stadion" race and wrestling) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the 1906 Summer Olympics (Intercalated Games).
A men's decathlon was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics, albeit contested between five American and two British athletes.
Article: National Air and Space Museum
Section: Architecture

Question: Who built the National Air and Space museum?

Because of the museum's close proximity to the United States Capitol, the Smithsonian wanted a building that would be architecturally impressive but would not stand out too boldly against the Capitol building.
St. Louis-based architect Gyo Obata of HOK designed the museum as four simple marble-encased cubes containing the smaller and more theatrical exhibits, connected by three spacious steel-and-glass atria which house the larger exhibits such as missiles, airplanes and spacecraft.
The mass of the museum is similar to the National Gallery of Art across the National Mall, and uses the same pink Tennessee marble as the National Gallery.
Built by Gilbane Building Company, the museum was completed in 1976.
The west glass wall of the building is used for the installation of airplanes, functioning as a giant door.
Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum also designed the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Virginia.
Article: Austria
Section: Administrative divisions

Question: Austria consists of how many states?

As a federal republic, Austria is divided into nine states ().
These states are then divided into districts () and statutory cities ().
Districts are subdivided into municipalities ().
Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities.
The states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g.
in matters of culture, social care, youth and nature protection, hunting, building, and zoning ordinances.
In recent years, it has been discussed whether today it is appropriate for a small country to maintain ten parliaments.
Article: Football
Section: Cambridge rules

Question: Where can I find the revised rules?

In 1848, at Cambridge University, Mr. H. de Winton and Mr. J.C. Thring, who were both formerly at Shrewsbury School, called a meeting at Trinity College, Cambridge with 12 other representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury.
An eight-hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules, known as the "Cambridge rules".
No copy of these rules now exists, but a revised version from circa 1856 is held in the library of Shrewsbury School.
The rules clearly favour the kicking game.
Handling was only allowed "when a player catches the ball directly from the foot" entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule, disallowing players from "loitering" around the opponents' goal.
The Cambridge rules were not widely adopted outside English public schools and universities (but it was arguably the most significant influence on the Football Association committee members responsible for formulating the rules of Association football).
Article: Batman Begins
Section: Batsuit

Question: What problem did the foam used for making the cape present in  Batman Begins?

The filmmakers intended to create a very mobile Batsuit that would allow the wearer to move easily to fight and crouch.
Previous film incarnations of the Batsuit had been stiff and especially restricted full head movement.
Costume designer Lindy Hemming and her crew worked on the Batsuit at an FX workshop codenamed "Cape Town", a secured compound located at Shepperton Studios in London.
The Batsuit's basic design was a neoprene undersuit, which was shaped by attaching molded cream latex sections.
Christian Bale was molded and sculpted prior to his physical training so the team could work on a full body cast.
To avoid imperfections picked up by sculpting with clay, plastiline was used to smooth the surface.
In addition, the team brewed different mixtures of foam to find the mixture that would be the most flexible, light, durable, and black.
The latter presented a problem, since the process to make the foam black reduced the foam's durability.
For the cape, director Christopher Nolan wanted to have a "flowing cloak... that blows and flows as in so many great graphic novels".
Hemming's team created the cape out of their own version of parachute nylon that had electrostatic flocking, a process shared with the team by the British Ministry of Defence.
The process was used by the London police force to minimize night vision detection.
The cape was topped by a cowl, which was designed by Nolan, Hemming, and costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard.
The cowl was created to be thin enough to allow motion but thick enough to avoid wrinkling when Bale turned his head in the Batsuit.
Churchyard explained the cowl had been designed to show "a man who has angst", so his character would be revealed through the mask.
Article: The Scream
Section: Record sale at auction

Question: Did Tobias Meyer describe "The Scream" in positive terms?

The 1895 pastel-on-board version of the painting, owned by Norwegian businessman Petter Olsen, sold at Sotheby's for a record US$120 million at auction on 2 May 2012.
The bidding started at $40 million and lasted for over 12 minutes when Leon Black by phone gave the final offer of US$119,922,500, including the buyer's premium.
Sotheby's said the painting was the most colorful and vibrant of the four versions painted by Munch and the only version whose frame was hand-painted by the artist to include his poem, detailing the work's inspiration.
After the sale, Sotheby's auctioneer Tobias Meyer said the painting was "worth every penny", adding: "It is one of the great icons of art in the world and whoever bought it should be congratulated.
"The previous record for the most expensive work of art sold at auction had been held by Picasso's "Nude, Green Leaves and Bust", which went for US$106.5 million at Christie's two years prior on 4 May 2010.
When accounting for inflation, the highest price paid for art at an auction is still held by Van Gogh's "Portrait of Dr. Gachet", which sold for $82.5 million in 1990, or about $ million 2012 dollars.
There have been reports that "The Card Players", by Cézanne, sold privately for $250m in 2011, which can not be verified for the establishment of a record price.
Article: Volleyball
Section: Pass

Question: What is a reception also called?

Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve, or any form of attack.
Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching the court, but also making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.
The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or bump, where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist line; and overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head.
Either are acceptable in professional and beach volleyball, however there are much tighter regulations on the overhand pass in beach volleyball.
Article: Life Is Beautiful
Section: Awards

Question: What did 'Life is Beautiful' win in 1998?

"Life is Beautiful" was shown at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to win the Grand Prix.
At the 71st Academy Awards, the film won awards for Best Music, Original Dramatic Score, and Best Foreign Language Film, with Benigni winning Best Actor for his role.
The film also received Academy Award nominations for Directing, Film Editing, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Picture.
Article: Claude Monet
Section: Death

Question: How many people attended Monet's funeral?

Monet died of lung cancer on 5 December 1926 at the age of 86 and is buried in the Giverny church cemetery.
Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple; thus only about fifty people attended the ceremony.
His home, garden, and waterlily pond were bequeathed by his son Michel, his only heir, to the French Academy of Fine Arts (part of the Institut de France) in 1966.
Through the "Fondation Claude Monet", the house and gardens were opened for visits in 1980, following restoration.
In addition to souvenirs of Monet and other objects of his life, the house contains his collection of Japanese woodcut prints.
The house and garden, along with the "Museum of Impressionism Giverny," are major attractions in Giverny, which hosts tourists from all over the world.
Article: Germany
Section: Politics

Question: What is Germany's 1949 constitutional document known as?

Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic.
The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law).
Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity.
The president is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers.
He is elected by the "Bundesversammlung" (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the "Bundestag" and an equal number of state delegates.
The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the "Bundestagspräsident" (President of the "Bundestag"), who is elected by the "Bundestag" and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.
The third-highest official and the head of government is the Chancellor, who is appointed by the "Bundespräsident" after being elected by the "Bundestag".
The chancellor, currently Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power, similar to the role of a Prime Minister in other parliamentary democracies.
Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the "Bundestag" (Federal Diet) and "Bundesrat" (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body.
The "Bundestag" is elected through direct elections, by proportional representation (mixed-member).
The members of the "Bundesrat" represent the governments of the sixteen federated states and are members of the state cabinets.
Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany.
So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties.
However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party (which had members in the Bundestag from 1949 to 2013) and the Alliance '90/The Greens (which has had seats in parliament since 1983) have also played important roles.
Minor parties such as The Left, Free Voters and the Pirate Party are represented in some state parliaments.
Article: Greece
Section: Maritime industry

Question: Which industry is a key element of Greek economic activity?

The shipping industry is a key element of Greek economic activity dating back to ancient times.
Today, shipping is one of the country's most important industries.
It accounts for 4.5% of GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit.
During the 1960s, the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled, primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates, Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.
The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold to them by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s.
According to a United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report in 2011, the Greek merchant navy is the largest in the world at 16.2% of the world's total capacity, up from 15.96% in 2010.
This is a drop from the equivalent number in 2006, which was 18.2%.
The total tonnage of the country's merchant fleet is 202 million dwt, ranked 1st in the world.
In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports).
In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships.
However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.
Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).
Article: Squash (sport)
Section: History

Question: What was the original construction of squash racquets?

Squash's use of stringed racquets is shared with tennis, which dates from the late sixteenth century, though is more directly descended from the game of racquets from England.
In "racquets", instead of hitting over a net as in tennis, players hit a squeezable ball against walls.
Squash was invented in Harrow School out of the older game racquets around 1830 before the game spread to other schools, eventually becoming an international sport.
The first courts built at this school were rather dangerous because they were near water pipes, buttresses, chimneys, and ledges.
The school soon built four outside courts.
Natural rubber was the material of choice for the ball.
Students modified their racquets to have a smaller reach to play in these cramped conditions.
The racquets have changed in much the same way as those used in tennis.
Squash racquets used to be made out of laminated timber.
In the 1980s, construction shifted to lighter, carbon-based materials (such as graphite) with small additions of such components as Kevlar, boron and titanium.
Natural "gut" strings were replaced with synthetic strings.
In the 19th century the game increased in popularity with various schools, clubs and even private citizens building squash courts, but with no set dimensions.
The first squash court in North America appeared at St. Paul's School in New Hampshire in 1884.
In 1904 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the earliest national association of squash in the world was formed as the United States Squash Racquets Association, (USSRA), now known as U.S.
Squash.
In April 1907 the Tennis, Racquets & Fives Association set up a sub committee to set standards for squash.
Then the sport soon formed, combining the three sports together called “Squash”.
In 1912 the Titanic had a squash court in first class.
It was not until 1923 that the Royal Automobile Club hosted a meeting to further discuss the rules and regulations and another five years elapsed before the Squash Racquets Association was formed to set standards for squash in Great Britain.
The sport spread to America and Canada, and eventually around the globe.
It was founded in 1924 in New York as Metropolitan Racquets Association, or MSRA.