community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Battle of Midway
Section: Background

Question: When did they start planning a second phase of operations?

Japan had attained its initial strategic goals quickly, taking the Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia); the latter, with its vital oil resources, was particularly important to Japan.
Because of this, preliminary planning for a second phase of operations commenced as early as January 1942.
However, there were strategic disagreements between the Imperial Army and Imperial Navy, and infighting between the Navy's GHQ and Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's Combined Fleet, such that a follow-up strategy was not formed until April 1942.
Admiral Yamamoto finally succeeded in winning the bureaucratic struggle with a thinly veiled threat to resign, after which his plan for the Central Pacific was adopted.
Yamamoto's primary strategic goal was the elimination of America's carrier forces, which he perceived as the principal threat to the overall Pacific campaign.
This concern was acutely heightened by the Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942, in which 16 US Army Air Forces B-25 Mitchell bombers launched from bombed targets in Tokyo and several other Japanese cities.
The raid, while militarily insignificant, was a severe psychological shock to the Japanese and showed the existence of a gap in the defenses around the Japanese home islands as well as the accessibility of Japanese territory to American bombers.
This, and other successful hit-and-run raids by American carriers in the South Pacific, showed that they were still a threat, although seemingly reluctant to be drawn into an all-out battle.
Yamamoto reasoned that another attack on the main U.S Naval base at Pearl Harbor would induce all of the American fleet to sail out to fight, including the carriers.
However, due to the strength of American land-based air power on the Hawaiian Islands, he judged that it was too risky to attack Pearl Harbor directly.
Instead, Yamamoto selected Midway, a tiny atoll at the extreme northwest end of the Hawaiian Island chain, approximately from Oahu.
Midway was not especially important in the larger scheme of Japan's intentions, but the Japanese felt the Americans would consider Midway a vital outpost of Pearl Harbor and would therefore be compelled to defend it vigorously.
The U.S. did consider Midway vital; after the battle, establishment of a U.S. submarine base on Midway allowed submarines operating from Pearl Harbor to refuel and reprovision, extending their radius of operations by .
In addition to serving as a seaplane base, Midway's airstrips also served as a forward staging point for bomber attacks on Wake Island.
Article: Croquet
Section: Golf

Question: Who was the world champion of women's golf croquet in 2011?

In golf croquet, a hoop is won by the first ball to go through each hoop.
Unlike association croquet, there are no additional turns for hitting other balls.
Each player takes a stroke in turn, each trying to hit a ball through the same hoop.
The sequence of play is blue, red, black, yellow.
Blue and black balls play against red and yellow.
When a hoop is won, the sequence of play continues as before.
The winner of the game is the player/team who wins the most hoops.
Golf croquet is the fastest-growing version of the game, owing largely to its simplicity and competitiveness.
There is an especially large interest with competitive success by players in Egypt.
Golf croquet is easier to learn and play, but requires strategic skills and accurate play.
In comparison with association croquet, play is faster and balls are more likely to be lifted off the ground, as seen in this video footage.
In April 2013, Reg Bamford of South Africa beat Ahmed Nasr of Egypt in the final of the Golf Croquet World Championship in Cairo, becoming the first person to simultaneously hold the title in both association croquet and golf croquet.
As of 2011, the Women's Golf Croquet World Champion was Rachel Rowe (England).
Article: Water polo
Section: Defense

Question: In water polo, what defensive positions can be set up?

Defensive positions are often the same positionally, but just switched from offense to defense.
For example, the centre forward or hole set, who directs the attack on offense, on defense is known as "hole D" (also known as set guard, hole guard, hole check, pit defense or two-meter defense), and guards the opposing team's center forward (also called the hole).
Defense can be played man-to-man or in zones, such as a 2–4 (four defenders along the goal line).
It can also be played as a combination of the two in what is known as an "M drop" defense, in which the point defender moves away ("sloughs off") his man into a zone in order to better defend the center position.
In this defense, the two wing defenders split the area furthest from the goal, allowing them a clearer lane for the counter-attack if their team recovers the ball.
Article: Friends
Section: Conception

Question: What were three previous titles of the show now known as  "Friends"?

David Crane and Marta Kauffman began developing three new television pilots that would premiere in 1994 after their sitcom "Family Album" was cancelled by CBS in 1993.
Kauffman and Crane decided to pitch the series about "six people in their 20s making their way in Manhattan" to NBC, since they thought it would fit best there.
Crane and Kauffman presented the idea to their production partner Kevin Bright, who had served as executive producer on their HBO series "Dream On".
The idea for the series was conceived when Crane and Kauffman began thinking about the time when they had finished college and started living by themselves in New York; Kauffman believed they were looking at a time when the future was "more of a question mark."
They found the concept to be interesting, as they believed "everybody knows that feeling," and because it was also how they felt about their own lives at the time.
The team titled the series "Insomnia Cafe", and pitched the idea as a seven-page treatment to NBC in December 1993.
At the same time, Warren Littlefield, the then-president of NBC Entertainment, was seeking a comedy involving young people living together and sharing expenses.
Littlefield wanted the group to share memorable periods of their lives with friends, who had become "new, surrogate family members".
However, Littlefield found difficulty in bringing the concept to life, and found the scripts developed by NBC to be terrible.
When Kauffman, Crane and Bright pitched "Insomnia Cafe", Littlefield was impressed that they knew who their characters were.
NBC bought the idea as a put pilot, meaning they risked financial penalties if the pilot was not filmed.
Kauffman and Crane began writing a pilot script for a show now titled "Friends Like Us", which took three days to write.
Littlefield wanted the series to represent Generation X and explore a new kind of tribal bonding, but the trio did not share his vision.
Crane argued that it was not a series for one generation, and wanted to produce a series that everyone would enjoy watching.
NBC liked the pilot script and ordered the series under another title, "Six of One", mainly due to the similar title it shared with the ABC sitcom "These Friends of Mine".
Article: Where Have You Been
Section: Track listing

Question: What are the number of instrumental version of Where Have You been in this list?

;Digital download
"Where Have You Been" — 4:03
;The Calvin Harris Extended Remix - Digital download
"Where Have You Been" (The Calvin Harris Extended Remix) — 6:01
;Germany, Austria and Switzerland CD single 
"Where Have You Been" (Album Version) — 4:02
"Where Have You Been" (Hector Fonseca Radio Edit) — 3:57
;International Remixes EP
"Where Have You Been" (Hardwell Club Mix) — 6:34
"Where Have You Been" (Papercha$er Remix) — 6:35
"Where Have You Been" (Hector Fonseca Radio Edit) — 3:57
"Where Have You Been" (Vice Edit) — 3:39
;U.S. Remixes EP
"Where Have You Been" (Hardwell Club Mix) — 6:34
"Where Have You Been" (Hardwell Instrumental) — 6:34
"Where Have You Been" (Papercha$er Remix) — 6:35
"Where Have You Been" (Papercha$er Instrumental) — 6:34
"Where Have You Been" (Hector Fonseca Radio Edit) — 3:56
"Where Have You Been" (Hector Fonseca Remix) — 8:00
"Where Have You Been" (Hector Fonseca Dub) — 6:38
"Where Have You Been" (Vice Club Mix) — 5:35
"Where Have You Been" (Vice Instrumental) — 5:36
Article: Spain
Section: Music and dance

Question: Is pop,rock, hiphop and heavy metal popular?

Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with flamenco, a West Andalusian musical genre, which, contrary to popular belief, is not widespread outside that region.
Various regional styles of folk music abound in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Castile, the Basque Country, Galicia and Asturias.
Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.
In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as Isaac Albéniz, Manuel de Falla and Enrique Granados and singers and performers such as Plácido Domingo, José Carreras, Montserrat Caballé, Alicia de Larrocha, Alfredo Kraus, Pablo Casals, Ricardo Viñes, José Iturbi, Pablo de Sarasate, Jordi Savall and Teresa Berganza.
In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona, Orquesta Nacional de España and the Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid.
Major opera houses include the Teatro Real,the Gran Teatre del Liceu, Teatro Arriaga and the El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía.
Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognised summer music festivals Sónar which often features the top up and coming pop and techno acts, and Benicàssim which tends to feature alternative rock and dance acts.
Both festivals mark Spain as an international music presence and reflect the tastes of young people in the country.
The most popular traditional musical instrument, the guitar, originated in Spain.
Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or "gaiteros", mainly in Asturias and Galicia.
Article: Quantum mechanics
Section: Quantum mechanics and classical physics

Question: When can you detect quantum coherence at macroscopic scales?

 and classical physics.
Predictions of quantum mechanics have been verified experimentally to an extremely high degree of accuracy.
According to the correspondence principle between classical and quantum mechanics, all objects obey the laws of quantum mechanics, and classical mechanics is just an approximation for large systems of objects (or a statistical quantum mechanics of a large collection of particles).
The laws of classical mechanics thus follow from the laws of quantum mechanics as a statistical average at the limit of large systems or large quantum numbers.
However, chaotic systems do not have good quantum numbers, and quantum chaos studies the relationship between classical and quantum descriptions in these systems.
Quantum coherence is an essential difference between classical and quantum theories as illustrated by the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox — an attempt to disprove quantum mechanics by an appeal to local realism.
Quantum interference involves adding together "probability amplitudes", whereas classical "waves" infer that there is an adding together of "intensities".
For microscopic bodies, the extension of the system is much smaller than the coherence length, which gives rise to long-range entanglement and other nonlocal phenomena characteristic of quantum systems.
Quantum coherence is not typically evident at macroscopic scales, though an exception to this rule may occur at extremely low temperatures (i.e.
approaching absolute zero) at which quantum behavior may manifest itself macroscopically.
This is in accordance with the following observations:
 Many macroscopic properties of a classical system are a direct consequence of the quantum behavior of its parts.
For example, the stability of bulk matter (consisting of atoms and molecules which would quickly collapse under electric forces alone), the rigidity of solids, and the mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical and magnetic properties of matter are all results of the interaction of electric charges under the rules of quantum mechanics.
 While the seemingly "exotic" behavior of matter posited by quantum mechanics and relativity theory become more apparent when dealing with particles of extremely small size or velocities approaching the speed of light, the laws of classical, often considered "Newtonian", physics remain accurate in predicting the behavior of the vast majority of "large" objects (on the order of the size of large molecules or bigger) at velocities much smaller than the velocity of light.
Article: Dallas Buyers Club
Section: Differences between the film and reality

Question: What is the name of Woodroof ex wife?

The characters of Rayon and Dr. Eve Saks were fictional; the writers had interviewed transgender AIDS patients, activists, and doctors for the film and combined these stories to create the two composite supporting roles.
However, Woodroof did lose all his friends after they found out he was HIV-positive.
In his interviews with Borten, Woodroof implied that this, along with interactions with gay people living with AIDS through the buyers club, led to a rethinking of his apparent anti-gay sentiments and changed his views on gay people.
Other people who knew him said that he did not harbor anti-gay sentiments and was himself bisexual.
Also, while a rodeo enthusiast, he never rode any bulls himself.
Although the film shows Woodroof diagnosed in 1985, he told Borten that a doctor had informed him he might have the disease well before that; Woodroof believed he may have been infected in 1981, something that was briefly alluded to in a flashback in the film.
While Woodroof was known for outlandish behavior, according to those who knew him, both the film and McConaughey made him rougher than he actually was, describing him as "outrageous, but not confrontational" and not as obviously anti-gay earlier in his life.
The real Woodroof also had an ex-wife, Brenda, a daughter and a sister who were not approached by the writers and were left out of the script to make the film more of a character study.
Article: One More Night (Maroon 5 song)
Section: Composition and lyrics

Question: What key is the musical piece "One More Night written in?

"One More Night" was written by Adam Levine, Shellback, Max Martin, and Savan Kotecha, while production was handled by Martin and Shellback.
It is a pop song, with a reggae beat infused into the percussion, giving the song a more dancey feel.
The song is in the key of F minor and in 4/4 time.
Lyrically, the song is built upon the idea of the quintessential push and pull between what the heart, mind and body want, which are usually opposing things.
It starts with Adam Levine's "Ooh-ooh-ooh-ooh", underlined by a reggae beat.
"You and I go hard at each other like we're goin' to war", Levine sings and then tempers that statement by saying, "Try to tell you ‘no but my body keeps on telling you ‘yes’", lamenting over not being able to resist the atrractive charms of an addictive person.
The chorus finds Levine bewitched by someone he knows he shouldn’t be with: "So I cross my heart and I hope to die / That I’ll only stay with you one more night / And I know I said it a million times / But I’ll only stay with you one more night.
"Regarding the song's theme, Amy Sciaretto of "PopCrush" defined the track: "The song is erected on a thumped out beat, in addition to Levine’s signature falsetto, where he tosses off lyrics about not getting along with (or being able to untangle himself from) his lady love.
Levine is hoping he only stays with her just 'one more night'."
Article: Pathology
Section: History

Question: What is another word for disease-causing pathogens?

The history of pathology can be traced back to antiquity when people began examining bodies.
The examination of bodies led to the dissection of bodies in order to discover the cause of death.
During that time, the people already began formulating today what we know as inflammation, tumors, boils, and much more.
Pathology began to develop as a subject during the 19th Century through teachers and physicians that studied pathology.
They referred to it as “pathological anatomy” or “morbid anatomy.” However, pathology as a field of medicine was not recognized until the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the 19th century, physicians realized that disease-causing pathogens, or germs (disease-causing, or pathogenic, microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, amoebae, molds, protists, and prions) existed and were capable of reproduction and multiplication, and that evil spirits or humors, or even the signs and symptoms of the condition, were not the causative agent of a disease.
Through the new information gathered regarding germ reproduction, physicians began to compare the characteristics of one germ’s symptoms as they developed within an affected individual to another germ’s characteristics and symptoms.
This realization led to the foundational understanding that diseases are able to create themselves, and that they can affect human beings in unique ways.
In order to determine causes of diseases, medical experts used the most common and widely accepted assumptions or symptoms of their times.
This is true for those in the past and today.
What set pathology apart from other specialties was the ability to determine a symptom with the naked eye.
During the 19th century, Rudolf Virchow gave the biggest contribution to the field by introducing the procedure of analyzing tissue and cells through a microscope to pathologists.
This greatly affected the discipline because it was another way to analyze objects, and it led to more advanced technological developments.
By the late 1920s to early 1930s pathology was deemed a medical specialty.
During the years following, the decision to split pathology into sub-specialties arose.
Today, anatomical, clinical, molecular, forensic, oral, dermatopathology, hematopathology, and neuropathology exist as medical specialties.
Today, pathologists are physicians who are diagnosing patients with diseases through examination of biopsies and resections.
Their work also includes working with other physicians and scientists on solutions to treat diseases such as various kinds of cancers.
Article: 2003 invasion of Iraq
Section: Military intervention vs diplomatic solution

Question: Who's Dominique

Criticisms about the evidence used to justify the war notwithstanding, many opponents of military intervention objected, saying that a diplomatic solution would be preferable, and that war should be reserved as a truly last resort.
This position was exemplified by French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin, who responded to U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell's 5 February 2003 presentation to the U.N Security Council by saying that: "Given the choice between military intervention and an inspections regime that is inadequate because of a failure to cooperate on Iraq's part, we must choose the decisive reinforcement of the means of inspections.
"In response to Donald Rumsfeld's reference to European countries that did not support the invasion of Iraq as 'Old Europe', Dominique de Villepin ended his speech with words that would later come to embody the French-German political, economic, and military alliance throughout the beginning of the 21st Century: "This message comes to you today from an old country, France, from a continent like mine, Europe, that has known wars, occupation and barbarity.
(…) Faithful to its values, it wishes resolutely to act with all the members of the international community.
It believes in our ability to build together a better world.
"The direct opposition between diplomatic solution and military intervention involving France and the United States which was personified by Chirac versus Bush and later Powell versus de Villepin, became a milestone in the Franco-American relations.
Anti-French propangada exploiting the classic Francophobic clichés immediately ensued in the United States and the United Kingdom.
A call for a boycott on French wine was launched in the United States and the "New York Post" covered on the 1944 "Sacrifice" of the GIs France would had forgotten.
It was followed a week later, on 20 February, by the British newspaper "The Sun" publishing a special issue entitled "Chirac is a worm" and including "ad hominem" attacks such as "Jacques Chirac has become the shame of Europe".
Actually both newspapers expressed the opinion of their owner, U.S. billionaire Rupert Murdoch, a military intervention supporter and a George W. Bush partisan as argued by Roy Greenslade in "The Guardian" published on 17 February.
Article: Bacon
Section: Canada

Question: How is Canadian bacon made?

An individual piece of bacon is a 'slice' or 'strip'.
In Canada:
 The term bacon on its own or, more specifically, side bacon typically refers to bacon from the pig's belly.
 Back bacon refers to either smoked or unsmoked bacon cut from the boneless eye of pork loin; this is called 'Canadian bacon' in the United States.
 Peameal bacon is back bacon, brined and coated in fine cornmeal (historically, it was rolled in a meal made from ground dried peas).
Article: Apollo 11
Section: Moon race

Question: Which countries were involved in the space race and what was the outcome?

The Soviet Union was secretly attempting to compete with the US in landing a man on the Moon but had been hampered by repeated failures in development of a launcher comparable to the Saturn V. Meanwhile, they tried to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of unmanned probes.
On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, they launched Luna 15, which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11.
During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the surface.
The Jodrell Bank Observatory radio telescope in England was later discovered to have recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and this was published in July 2009 on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.
Article: Biology
Section: Basic unresolved problems in biology

Question: Do experts agree about why we age?

Despite the profound advances made over recent decades in our understanding of life’s fundamental processes, some basic problems have remained unresolved.
For example, one of the major unresolved problems in biology is the primary adaptive function of sex, and particularly its key processes in eukaryotes, meiosis and homologous recombination.
One view is that sex evolved primarily as an adaptation for increasing genetic diversity (see references e.g.).
An alternative view is that sex is an adaptation for promoting accurate DNA repair in germ-line DNA, and that increased genetic diversity is primarily a byproduct that may be useful in the long run.
(See also Evolution of sexual reproduction).
Another basic unresolved problem in biology is the biologic basis of aging.
At present, there is no consensus view on the underlying cause of aging.
Various competing theories are outlined in Ageing#Theories.