community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Cake
Section: Special-purpose cakes

Question: What is "confarreatio"?

Cakes may be classified according to the occasion for which they are intended.
For example, wedding cakes, birthday cakes, cakes for first communion, Christmas cakes, Halloween cakes and Passover plava (a type of sponge cake sometimes made with matzo meal) are all identified primarily according to the celebration they are intended to accompany.
The cutting of a wedding cake constitutes a social ceremony in some cultures.
The Ancient Roman marriage ritual of "confarreatio" originated in the sharing of a cake.
Particular types of cake may be associated with particular festivals, such as stollen or chocolate log (at Christmas), babka and simnel cake (at Easter), or mooncake.
There has been a long tradition of decorating an iced cake at Christmas time; other cakes associated with Christmas include chocolate log and mince pies.
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: Coating

Question: What does the  region under the coat adjacent to the scratch behave as?

Metals can be coated with paint or other less conductive metals ("passivation").
This prevents the metal surface from being exposed to electrolytes.
Scratches exposing the metal substrate will result in corrosion.
The region under the coating adjacent to the scratch acts as the anode of the reaction.
See Anodizing
Article: Cycling
Section: Abstract

Question: How many bikes are there throughout the world?

Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, or for sport.
Persons engaged in cycling are referred to as "cyclists", "bikers", or less commonly, as "bicyclists".
Apart from two-wheeled bicycles, "cycling" also includes the riding of unicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, and similar human-powered vehicles (HPVs).
Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number about one billion worldwide.
They are the principal means of transportation in many parts of the world.
Cycling is widely regarded as a very effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances.
Bicycles provide numerous benefits by comparison with motor vehicles, including the sustained physical exercise necessarily involved in cycling, that cycling involves a reduced consumption of fossil fuels, less air or noise pollution, much reduced traffic congestion, easier parking, greater maneuverability, and access to both roads and paths.
The advantages also include reduced financial cost to the user as well as to society at large (negligible damage to roads, less road area required).
Among the disadvantages of cycling are the inherent instability of the bicycle, the immensely reduced protection in crashes (especially in collisions with motor vehicles), longer travel time (except in densely populated areas), vulnerability to weather conditions, difficulty in transporting passengers, competition (and interference) with socially beneficial forms of mass public transit, a persistent tendency for cyclists to intrude into pedestrian areas, and the particular levels of skill and fitness required by cycling.
Article: Part of Me (Katy Perry song)
Section: Live performances

Question: Which American Idol season was "Part of Me" by Perry performed?

"Part of Me" was given its first live performance on February 12, 2012, at the 54th Grammy Awards.
An abbreviated version of "E.T."
(2011) ended partway through the chorus, with electronic sound effects and a darkened stage.
Wearing a metallic bodysuit with the appearance of golden armor, a blue-haired Perry descended from the roof of the venue in a transparent cube.
The object shattered, fireworks went off around the stage, and Perry began "Part of Me" as the dancers present during "E.T."
reappeared, lifted her up, and performed a routine behind her.
On March 19, 2012, Perry performed "Part of Me" as part of a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1, along with "The One That Got Away" (2011), "Firework" (2011), "Thinking of You" (2009) and a censored version of "Niggas in Paris" (2011).
The performances were closely similar, through their depiction of Perry as a superhero and their theme of self-empowerment.
Katie Brine of MTV commented that "Even when Katy is getting serious, there's always fun to be had.
"On April 26, 2012, Perry performed the track for season 11 of "American Idol".
This was similar to her previous performances and the video, but was pre-taped due to illness.
After a short, introductory military-style video, Perry made a simulated airdrop onto a military base peopled by female background dancers, all clad in military clothing.
It was met with mixed reviews from critics and fans, who criticized Perry's decisions to pre-tape her performance and to lipsync.
However, the complexity and originality of the performance were praised.
Brian Mansfield, of "USA Today", called it a "pretty impressive production", but criticized Perry's vocal abilities.
Perry included the song in the set list of her June 9, 2012 performance at Capital FM's Summertime Ball festival, during which she wore a fifties-style black and white polka dot dress and a black fringe haircut.
DJ Earworm had also made a mashup called "Fly" for the Summertime Ball and included "Part of Me" and Perry's previous single, "The One That Got Away" in the mashup.
On June 26, 2012 Perry performed "Part of Me" in her set list at the premiere for her July 2012, 3D autobiographical documentary-concert film "" on Hollywood Boulevard as part of Pepsi's "Summer Beats" concert series.
During the performance, Perry emerged from a large box of popcorn, wearing a shirt that resembled a film reel with the stage decorated with life-sized lollipops and neon lights.
This was Perry's final performance prior to her taking a musical hiatus after two years of continuous promotion for "Teenage Dream".
Article: Watergate scandal
Section: Resignation

Question: How many Senators were willing to vote for acquittal?

The release of the "smoking gun" tape destroyed Nixon politically.
The 10 congressmen who voted against all three articles of impeachment in the House Judiciary Committee announced they would all support impeachment when the vote was taken in the full House.
On the night of August 7, 1974, Senators Barry Goldwater and Hugh Scott and Congressman John Jacob Rhodes met with Nixon in the Oval Office and told him that his support in Congress had all but disappeared.
Rhodes told Nixon that he would face certain impeachment when the articles came up for vote in the full House.
Goldwater and Scott told the president that there were not only enough votes in the Senate to convict him, but that no more than 15 Senators were willing to vote for acquittal.
Realizing that he had no chance of staying in office, Nixon decided to resign.
In a nationally televised address from the Oval Office on the evening of August 8, 1974, the president said, in part:The morning that his resignation was to take effect, the President, with Mrs. Nixon and their family, said farewell to the White House staff in the East Room.
A helicopter carried them from the White House to Andrews Air Force base in Maryland.
Nixon later wrote that he thought, "As the helicopter moved on to Andrews, I found myself thinking not of the past, but of the future.
What could I do now?…" At Andrews, he and his family boarded Air Force One to El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in California, and then were transported to his home in San Clemente.
Article: Squash (sport)
Section: History

Question: When was the Metropolitan Racquets Association founded?

Squash's use of stringed racquets is shared with tennis, which dates from the late sixteenth century, though is more directly descended from the game of racquets from England.
In "racquets", instead of hitting over a net as in tennis, players hit a squeezable ball against walls.
Squash was invented in Harrow School out of the older game racquets around 1830 before the game spread to other schools, eventually becoming an international sport.
The first courts built at this school were rather dangerous because they were near water pipes, buttresses, chimneys, and ledges.
The school soon built four outside courts.
Natural rubber was the material of choice for the ball.
Students modified their racquets to have a smaller reach to play in these cramped conditions.
The racquets have changed in much the same way as those used in tennis.
Squash racquets used to be made out of laminated timber.
In the 1980s, construction shifted to lighter, carbon-based materials (such as graphite) with small additions of such components as Kevlar, boron and titanium.
Natural "gut" strings were replaced with synthetic strings.
In the 19th century the game increased in popularity with various schools, clubs and even private citizens building squash courts, but with no set dimensions.
The first squash court in North America appeared at St. Paul's School in New Hampshire in 1884.
In 1904 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the earliest national association of squash in the world was formed as the United States Squash Racquets Association, (USSRA), now known as U.S.
Squash.
In April 1907 the Tennis, Racquets & Fives Association set up a sub committee to set standards for squash.
Then the sport soon formed, combining the three sports together called “Squash”.
In 1912 the Titanic had a squash court in first class.
It was not until 1923 that the Royal Automobile Club hosted a meeting to further discuss the rules and regulations and another five years elapsed before the Squash Racquets Association was formed to set standards for squash in Great Britain.
The sport spread to America and Canada, and eventually around the globe.
It was founded in 1924 in New York as Metropolitan Racquets Association, or MSRA.
Article: Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Section: Background

Question: What is the year in which  Van Gogh wrote  details about the Portrait of Dr. Gachet to his brother?

In 1890, Van Gogh's brother Theo was searching for a home for the artist upon his release from an asylum at Saint-Rémy.
Upon the recommendation of Camille Pissarro, a former patient of the doctor who told Theo of Gachet's interests in working with artists, Theo sent Vincent to Gachet's second home in Auvers.
Vincent van Gogh's first impression of Gachet was unfavorable.
Writing to Theo he remarked:"I think that we must not count on Dr. Gachet at all.
First of all, he is sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much, so that's that.
Now when one blind man leads another blind man, don't they both fall into the ditch?
"However, in a letter dated two days later to their sister Wilhelmina, he relayed, "I have found a true friend in Dr. Gachet, something like another brother, so much do we resemble each other physically and also mentally."
Van Gogh's thoughts returned several times to the painting by Eugène Delacroix of Torquato Tasso in the madhouse.
After a visit with Paul Gauguin to Montpellier to see Alfred Bruyas's collection in the Musée Fabre, Van Gogh wrote to Theo, asking if he could find a copy of the lithograph after the painting.
Three and a half months earlier, he had been thinking of the painting as an example of the sort of portraits he wanted to paint: "But it would be more in harmony with what Eugène Delacroix attempted and brought off in his "Tasso in Prison", and many other pictures, representing a real man.
Ah!
portraiture, portraiture with the thought, the soul of the model in it, that is what I think must come.
"Van Gogh wrote to his brother in 1890 about the painting:
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Alpine Snowboarding

Question: Why is carving a snowboard like riding a roller coaster?

Sometimes called freecarving, this takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs and focuses on carving linked turns, much like surfing or longboarding.
Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline.
Alpine Snowboarding consists of a small portion of the general snowboard population, that has a well connected social community and its own specific board manufacturers.
Alpine Snowboard equipment is a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is stiffer and narrower to manage linking turns with greater forces and speed.
Shaped skis can thank these "freecarve" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation.
Highlights of alpine snowboarding includes a unique sensation felt through each carved turn.
A skilled alpine snowboarder can link numerous turns into a run placing their body very close to the ground each turn, similar to a motogp turn or waterski carve.
Depending on factors including stiffness, turning radius and personality this can be done slowly or fast.
Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge.
Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Ecology

Question: What are the two streams in the Mount Rushmore Memorial?

The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota.
Birds including the turkey vulture, bald eagle, hawk, and meadowlark fly around Mount Rushmore, occasionally making nesting spots in the ledges of the mountain.
Smaller birds, including songbirds, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, inhabit the surrounding pine forests.
Terrestrial mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule deer, yellow-bellied marmot, and American bison.
The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog, and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area.
In addition, several species of snakes inhabit the region.
Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout.
Mountain goats are not indigenous to the area but can also be found here.
They are descended from goats which were a gift from Canada to Custer State Park in 1924 but later escaped.
At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the Ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun.
Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and the cottonwood.
Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore.
There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet.
Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.
However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.
The area receives about of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life.
Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff.
Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals.
In addition, stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater, creating aquifers.
Through the study of tree rings, it has been determined that forest fires have occurred in the Ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years based on evidence of fire scars found within tree core samples.
Large conflagrations are not common.
Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris.
The area is a climax community.
Recent pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest.
Article: Netball
Section: For children

Question: How many weeks does the Fun Net program run?

Netball has been adapted in several ways to meet children's needs.
The rules for children are similar to those for adults, but various aspects of the game (such as the length of each quarter, goal height, and ball size) are modified.
Fun Net is a version of netball developed by Netball Australia for five- to seven-year-olds.
It aims to improve basic netball skills using games and activities.
The Fun Net program runs for 8–16 weeks.
There are no winners or losers.
The goal posts are high, and a smaller ball is used.
Netball Australia also runs a modified game called Netta aimed at 8- to 11-year-olds.
The goal height and ball size are the same as for adults, but players rotate positions during the game, permitting each player to play each position.
Netta was created to develop passing and catching skills.
Its rules permit six seconds between catching and passing the ball, instead of the three seconds permitted in the adult game.
Most players under 11 play this version at netball clubs.
A version called High Five Netball is promoted by the All England Netball Association.
It is aimed at 9- to 11-year-old girls and includes only five positions.
The players swap positions during the game.
When a player is not on the court, she is expected to help the game in some other way, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper.
High Five Netball has four six-minute quarters.
Article: American Dad!
Section: Farces

Question: What does Stan threaten to do?

Plot techniques.
"American Dad!"
has commonly made use of farces as most of the predicaments that befall the main characters have escalated into the extremes, to the point of getting outrageously out-of-hand.
For example, in the episode "Home Wrecker", Stan and Francine's marital harmony breaks down from a difference of opinion on remodeling the house.
It gets to the point where they divide the house in two, each decorating their half of the house in their desired fashion.
Not satisfied with this however, they both attempted to drive the other out of the home and eventually erected a colossal block wall, dividing the two halves of the house.
The rest of the family members were forced to spend one holiday after the next alternating between Fran's and Stan's place (the sides of the house treated as distinct homes).
As another example, in the episode "Stan's Food Restaurant", Stan asks for Roger's help in starting a restaurant.
As things progress, Roger makes heavy changes in the layout, eventually kicking Stan out of the project.
Stan retaliates by opening another restaurant next door, which becomes a smashing success.
Roger responds by blowing up Stan's restaurant but destroying his own in the process.
Stan threatens to kill Roger, but backs down after Roger pulls a gun on him and tells him to relax.
Article: World War I
Section: Trench warfare begins

Question: On which date did the Germans use chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front?

Western Front.
Trench warfare begins.
Military tactics before World War I had failed to keep pace with advances in technology.
These advances allowed for impressive defence systems, which out-of-date military tactics could not break through for most of the war.
Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances.
Artillery, vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground extremely difficult.
Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties.
In time, however, technology began to produce new offensive weapons, such as gas warfare and the tank.
Just after the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September 1914), both Entente and German forces each continually sought to outflank the other by manoeuvering to the north: this series of manoeuvres became known as the "Race to the Sea".
When these outflanking efforts failed, Britain and France soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched German forces from Lorraine to Belgium's coast.
Britain and France sought to take the offensive, while Germany defended the occupied territories.
Consequently, German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy; Anglo-French trenches were only intended to be "temporary" before their forces broke through German defences.
Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances.
On 22 April 1915, at the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans (violating the Hague Convention) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front.
Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides, and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, poison gas became one of the most-feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.
Tanks were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers-Courcelette (part of the wider Somme offensive) on 15 September 1916, with only partial success.
However, their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed; the Germans employed only very small numbers of their own design, supplemented by captured Allied tanks.
Article: Basketball
Section: Rebounding

Question: What's the point of rebounding?

The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the basketball after a missed field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the hoop or backboard.
This plays a major role in the game, as most possessions end when a team misses a shot.
There are two categories of rebounds: offensive rebounds, in which the ball is recovered by the offensive side and does not change possession, and defensive rebounds, in which the defending team gains possession of the loose ball.
The majority of rebounds are defensive, as the team on defense tends to be in better position to recover missed shots.
Article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Section: Riots

Question: Did Farmer or Carmichael blame White America for killing Dr. King?

Colleagues of Dr. King in the civil rights movement called for a non-violent response to the assassination, to honor his most deeply held beliefs.
James Farmer, Jr. said:The more militant Stokely Carmichael, however, called for more forceful action, saying:"White America killed Dr. King last night.
She made a whole lot easier for a whole lot of black people today.
There no longer needs to be intellectual discussions, black people know that they have to get guns.
White America will live to cry that she killed Dr. King last night.
It would have been better if she had killed Rap Brown and/or Stokely Carmichael, but when she killed Dr. King, she lost.
"Despite the urging of many leaders, the assassination led to a nationwide wave of riots in more than 100 cities.
After the assassination, the city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on favorable terms to the sanitation workers.