community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Gravitational wave
Section: Astrophysics and gravitational waves

Question: What did Hawking call the Big Bang theory?

During the past century, astronomy has been revolutionized by the use of new methods for observing the universe.
Astronomical observations were originally made using visible light.
Galileo Galilei pioneered the use of telescopes to enhance these observations.
However, visible light is only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and not all objects in the distant universe shine strongly in this particular band.
More useful information may be found, for example, in radio wavelengths.
Using radio telescopes, astronomers have found pulsars, quasars, and other extreme objects that push the limits of our understanding of physics.
Observations in the microwave band have opened our eyes to the faint imprints of the Big Bang, a discovery Stephen Hawking called the "greatest discovery of the century, if not all time".
Similar advances in observations using gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, and infrared light have also brought new insights to astronomy.
As each of these regions of the spectrum has opened, new discoveries have been made that could not have been made otherwise.
Astronomers hope that the same holds true of gravitational waves.
Gravitational waves have two important and unique properties.
First, there is no need for any type of matter to be present nearby in order for the waves to be generated by a binary system of uncharged black holes, which would emit no electromagnetic radiation.
Second, gravitational waves can pass through any intervening matter without being scattered significantly.
Whereas light from distant stars may be blocked out by interstellar dust, for example, gravitational waves will pass through essentially unimpeded.
These two features allow gravitational waves to carry information about astronomical phenomena never before observed by humans.
The sources of gravitational waves described above are in the low-frequency end of the gravitational-wave spectrum (10−7 to 105 Hz).
An astrophysical source at the high-frequency end of the gravitational-wave spectrum (above 105 Hz and probably 1010 Hz) generates relic gravitational waves that are theorized to be faint imprints of the Big Bang like the cosmic microwave background (see gravitational wave background).
At these high frequencies it is potentially possible that the sources may be "man made" that is, gravitational waves generated and detected in the laboratory.
Article: The Lion King
Section: Sequels and spin-offs

Question: When was "The Lion King 1½" released?

Sequels and spin-offs.
Between 1995 and 1999, the characters of Timon and Pumbaa received their own animated show, "The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa", which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes.
Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane himself.
In 1998, a sequel entitled "" was released on VHS.
The film centers around Simba and Nala's daughter, Kiara, who falls in love with Kovu, a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar's followers, the Outsiders.
2004 saw the release of another "Lion King" film on DVD, "The Lion King 1½".
It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other, and also a parallel in that it also depicts what the characters were retconned to have done during the events of the original movie.
Article: Teen Wolf
Section: Plot

Question: how old is scott howard?

Seventeen-year-old high school student Scott Howard is sick of being average and wishing he were special.
His father runs a local hardware store.
Scott plays basketball for his high school's team, the Beavers, with a not-so-good win-loss record.
The girl of his dreams, Pamela Wells, is dating Mick McAllister, a jerk from an opposing high school team, the Dragons.
After another of the team's losses, Scott begins to notice strange changes to his body.
While at a party, Scott keeps undergoing changes and eventually he returns home, locks himself in the bathroom, and undergoes a complete change and becomes a werewolf, while his father demands that he open the door.
He tries to refuse, only to finally give in and find his father has also transformed.
Harold never told his son about the condition because "sometimes it skips a generation" and he was hoping it would not happen to Scott.
Scott accidentally reveals his transformation to the public at one of his basketball games.
After momentarily stunning the crowd with The Wolf, Scott goes on to amaze them with his basketball skills.
Scott subsequently learns to use his family "curse" to gain popularity at school, becoming the team's star basketball player, and learns to transform at will between his normal self and The Wolf.
His team goes from last to first, and Scott begins spending most of his time at school as The Wolf.
He also wins the interest of Pamela while ignoring the affections of his best friend, Boof, who has loved him since childhood.
One night at a school dance, however, he gets into a confrontation with Mick causing Scott to become The Wolf and claw Mick.
Though Mick isn't seriously injured, the crowd starts looking at Scott as a monster rather than the cool basketball star he had become.
The conclusion of the film finds Scott playing in the championship basketball game as himself against Mick's team.
During the game Mick constantly fouls Scott leading Scott to remind him if he keeps fouling he will be benched.
Mick fouls him one last time leading Scott to shoot two free throws.
He makes both baskets putting the Beavers ahead and wins the game.
While Scott is being carried by the crowd, Pamela walks over to him, but he snubs her and runs over to Boof where they kiss.
Mick goes to get Pamela, who now has lost interest in the former basketball hero.
The last scene shows Scott, Boof, and Mr. Howard embracing as the whole school celebrates.
Article: We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together
Section: Composition and lyrics

Question: When the song was written what was the key note?

The three minute and twelve second song features electronic heavy production and a pop music vocal styling, a musical transition for Swift.
An alternate edition was recorded for country radio featuring a different instrumental arrangement.
The country arrangement replaced the guitar, drum machine, and synthesisers with a banjo, mandolin, fiddle, steel guitar and snare drums.
It was written in the key of G Major with a common time signature and a slow tempo of eighty-six beats per minute Moderate Rock beat, with Swift's vocals spanning one octave & four notes, from G3 to D5.
The track features an acoustic guitar (some of its sounds are reversed) and various synthesizers over an electronic drum beat.
The song was written by Swift, along with Max Martin and Shellback.
The lyrics discuss Swift's frustration towards a former male lover who wants to rekindle their relationship.
Article: Henry Moore
Section: Beginnings as a sculptor

Question: When did Henry Moore become a student at the Leeds School of Art?

After the war Moore received an ex-serviceman's grant to continue his education and in 1919 he became a student at the Leeds School of Art (now Leeds College of Art), which set up a sculpture studio especially for him.
At the college, he met Barbara Hepworth, a fellow student who would also become a well-known British sculptor, and began a friendship and gentle professional rivalry that lasted for many years.
In Leeds, Moore also had access to the modernist works in the collection of Sir Michael Sadler, the University Vice-Chancellor, which had a pronounced effect on his development.
In 1921, Moore won a scholarship to study at the Royal College of Art in London, along with Hepworth and other Yorkshire contemporaries.
While in London, Moore extended his knowledge of primitive art and sculpture, studying the ethnographic collections at the Victoria and Albert Museum and the British Museum.
The student sculptures of both Moore and Hepworth followed the standard romantic Victorian style, and included natural forms, landscapes and figurative modelling of animals.
Moore later became uncomfortable with classically derived ideals; his later familiarity with primitivism and the influence of sculptors such as Constantin Brâncuși, Jacob Epstein, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska and Frank Dobson led him to the method of direct carving, in which imperfections in the material and marks left by tools became part of the finished sculpture.
Having adopted this technique, Moore was in conflict with academic tutors who did not appreciate such a modern approach.
During one exercise set by Derwent Wood (the professor of sculpture at the Royal College), Moore was asked to reproduce a marble relief of Domenico Rosselli's "The Virgin and Child" by first modelling the relief in plaster, then reproducing it in marble using the mechanical technique of "pointing".
Instead, he carved the relief directly, even marking the surface to simulate the prick marks that would have been left by the pointing machine.
In 1924, Moore won a six-month travelling scholarship which he spent in Northern Italy studying the great works of Michelangelo, Giotto di Bondone, Giovanni Pisano and several other Old Masters.
During this period he also visited Paris, took advantage of the timed-sketching classes at the Académie Colarossi, and viewed, in the Trocadero, a plaster cast of a Toltec-Maya sculptural form, the Chac Mool, previously seen in book illustrations.
The reclining figure was to have a profound effect upon Moore's work, becoming the primary motif of his sculpture.
Article: Rolling in the Deep
Section: Personnel

Question: Who are the songwriters for rolling in the deep, sung by Adele?

Vocals – Adele
Songwriting - Paul Epworth & Adele Adkins
Production, bass, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, percussion and backing vocals – Paul Epworth 
Mixing – Tom Elmhirst
Mixing assistant – Dan Parry
Recording – Mark Rankin
Piano – Neil Cowley
Drums – Leo Taylor
Mastering – Tom Coyne
Credits adapted from liner notes:
Article: Stem cell
Section: Abstract

Question: After a child is born where can stem cells be obtained?

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells.
They are found in multicellular organisms.
In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues.
In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues.
In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.
There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans:
 Bone marrow, which requires extraction by "harvesting", that is, drilling into bone (typically the femur or iliac crest),
 Adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction, and
 Blood, which requires extraction through apheresis, wherein blood is drawn from the donor (similar to a blood donation), and passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.
Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth.
Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting involves the least risk.
By definition, autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures.
Adult stem cells are frequently used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation.
Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed (differentiated) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves.
Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through therapeutic cloning have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies.
Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s.
Article: The Thinker
Section: Abstract

Question: Was the year Robin conceived the figure 1880?

The Thinker ("") is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin, usually placed on a stone pedestal.
The work shows a nude male figure of over life-size sitting on a rock with his chin resting on one hand as though deep in thought, and is often used as an image to represent philosophy.
There are about 28 full size castings, in which the figure is about high, though not all were made during Rodin's lifetime and under his supervision, as well as various other versions, several in plaster, studies, and posthumous castings, in a range of sizes.
Rodin first conceived the figure as part of another work in 1880, but the first of the familiar monumental bronze castings did not appear until 1904.
Article: Battle of Britain
Section: The Dowding System

Question: Define "Dowding system"?

RAF strategy.
The Dowding System.
During early tests of the Chain Home system, the slow flow of information from the CH radars and observers to the aircraft often caused them to miss their "bandits".
The solution, today known as the "Dowding system", was to create a set of reporting chains to move information from the various observation points to the pilots in their fighters.
It was named after its chief architect, "Stuffy" Dowding.
Reports from CH radars and the Royal Observer Corps were sent directly to Fighter Command Headquarters (FCHQ) where they were "filtered" to combine multiple reports of the same formations into single tracks.
Telephone operators would then forward only the information of interest to the Group headquarters, where the map would be re-created.
This process was repeated to produce another version of the map at the Sector level, covering a much smaller area.
Looking over their maps, Group level commanders could select squadrons to attack particular targets.
From that point the Sector operators would give commands to the fighters to arrange an interception, as well as return them to base.
Sector stations also controlled the anti-aircraft batteries in their area; an army officer sat beside each fighter controller and directed the gun crews when to open and cease fire.
The Dowding system dramatically improved the speed and accuracy of the information that flowed to the pilots.
During the early war period it was expected that an average interception mission might have a 30% chance of ever seeing their target.
During the Battle, the Dowding system maintained an average rate over 75%, with several examples of 100% rates - every fighter dispatched found and intercepted its target.
Luftwaffe fighters randomly found targets and often returned home having never seen an enemy aircraft.
The result is what is now known as an example of "force multiplication"; RAF fighters were as effective as two or more Luftwaffe fighters, greatly offsetting, or overturning, the disparity in actual numbers.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Costume design

Question: Why does Bane use a mask in the Dark Knight rises?

Costume design.
Costume designer Lindy Hemming explained that Bane uses a mask to inhale an analgesic gas, which, in director Christopher Nolan's words, "keeps his pain just below the threshold so he can function."
In designing Bane's costume, Hemming needed it to look "like an amalgam of all sorts of bits and pieces he cobbled together, as he passed through some very remote places.
We made parts of his vest, for example, from fragments of an old military tent.
His clothes are militaristic, but are not in any way a uniform."
Hemming also designed Bane's mask to look "animalistic".
Costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard created a three-dimensional model of actor Tom Hardy's face and skull to design the mask, allowing the mask to perfectly conform to the contours of Hardy's face.
Hemming personally designed Bane's coat, which she admitted took two years to complete.
Taking inspiration from a Swedish army jacket and a frock coat from the French Revolution, it was designed to make Bane look like equal parts dictatorial and revolutionary.
The design was difficult as Hemming struggled to find a tailor in Los Angeles who could work with shearling.
The Batsuit consisted of 110 separate pieces, each of which had to be replicated dozens of times over the course of the production.
The base layer was made of a polyester mesh that is utilized by the military and high-tech sports manufacturers because of its breathability and moisture-wicking properties.
Molded pieces of flexible urethane were then attached to the mesh, to form the overall body armor plating.
Carbon fiber panels were placed inside the sections on the legs, chest and abdomen.
The cowl was sculpted from a cast of Bale's face and head to become a perfect fit for Christian Bale.
The suit remained unchanged for the film since "The Dark Knight".
In creating Selina Kyle's catsuit, two layers of material were used, with the outer layer being polyurethane coated spandex, embossed with a hexagonal pattern.
The catsuit also consisted of elbow-length gloves, a utility belt, and thigh-high boots with spike heels.
Article: Arepa
Section: Characteristics

Question: What exactly is the Arepa?

The "arepa" is a flat, round, unleavened patty made of soaked, ground kernels of maize, or—more frequently nowadays—maizemeal or maize flour which can be grilled, baked, fried, boiled or steamed, etc.
The characteristics vary by color, flavor, size, and the food with which it may be stuffed, depending on the region.
"Arepa" is a native sort of bread made of ground maize (or flour), water, and salt which is fried or grilled into a thick bread.
It can be topped or filled with meat, eggs, tomatoes, salad, cheese, shrimp, or fish depending on the meal.
Breakfast egg or cheese are the most common arepa fillings.
There are several recipes for fillings.
Article: Cold War
Section: Gorbachev reforms

Question: What year was Mikhail Gorbachev appointed General Secretary?

Final years (1985–91).
Gorbachev reforms.
By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985, the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s.
These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state.
An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called "perestroika", or restructuring.
Perestroika relaxed the production quota system, allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment.
These measures were intended to redirect the country's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector.
Despite initial skepticism in the West, the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West.
Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms, Gorbachev simultaneously introduced "glasnost", or openness, which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions.
"Glasnost" was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee.
Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world, particularly with the United States, contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations.
Article: Wide Awake (Katy Perry song)
Section: Release and reception

Question: How many nominations did Katy Perry receive for the video of her song "Wide Awake"?

The video was supposed to have its world premiere on June 19, 2012.
However, the video was unexpectedly uploaded by EMI to the Czech website mixer.cz.
one day earlier.
Due to this, it was announced that the June 19 premiere was being scrapped and that the release was pushed up to June 18, 2012 at 7:53 p.m.
ET on MTV as part of ""MTV First: Katy Perry"".
After the premiere, an exclusive 30-minute interview with Perry will take place on MTV.com.
The worldwide premiere will reach more than 600 million households around the world via MTV’s global network of more than 60 channels, as well as over 300 digital media properties in more than 150 territories.
Fans around the world will also be able to stream the video online at http://katyperry.mtv.com.
The music video will also be shown on MTV’s sibling networks VH1, Logo and Teen Nick and debut on MTV.com, VH1.com and LOGOtv.com.
In addition, the video will go into rotation immediately on mtvU, MTV Hits and AMTV the following morning.
Perry stated in an interview that the music video is symbolic of her life, where various scenes in the video are redolent of her rise to stardom, personal struggles, love and marriage.
Perry received 3 nominations for this Video, which included Video of the Year in the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards.
She took home the "moon man" for Best Art Direction at the awards on September 6, 2012.
The music video was met with acclaim from most critics, with a number of them deeming it the best video to date from Perry.
E!
Online opined in a Twitter status that they love the video and compared it to "Alice In Wonderland".
"Rolling Stone" gave the clip a positive review, praising its introspective nature, saying that 'Though the clip recalls familiar looks, the video puts a new spin on it all, recasting every colorful look with a melancholy tone and a darker palette.'
Hollywoodlife felt that the video is inspiring, while calling Perry a symbol of strength.
"Entertainment Weekly" also credited the fantastical, whimsical vibe of the visual as Perry teams up with her younger self.
A "Behind the Scenes" video was released on August 22, 2012 on MTV and Vevo.
Article: Arepa
Section: Abstract

Question: What ground vegetable are Arepas made of?

Arepa () is a flatbread made of ground maize dough or cooked flour prominent in the cuisine of Colombia and Venezuela.
It is eaten daily in those countries and can be served with various accompaniments such as cheese (cuajada), avocado, jelly or jam, or (especially in Venezuela) split and used to make sandwiches.
Various sizes, maize types, and added ingredients are used to vary its preparation.
It is similar in shape to the Mexican "gordita" and the Salvadoran "pupusa".
"Arepas" can also be found in Panama, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and the Canary Islands.
Article: It Will Rain
Section: Track listing

Question: How long is the track "A Thousand Years" by Christina Perri?

;Digital download - single
 "It Will Rain" – 4:27
 "It Will Rain" (Music Video)
;German CD single
 "It Will Rain" – 4:17
 "A Thousand Years" (performed by Christina Perri) - 4:45
Article: Enough Said (film)
Section: Abstract

Question: How many Critics' Choice Movie Awards did the film Enough Said receipt?

Enough Said (film)Enough Said is a 2013 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Nicole Holofcener.
The film stars Julia Louis-Dreyfus, James Gandolfini (in one of his final roles), Toni Collette, Catherine Keener, Ben Falcone, and Toby Huss.
It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in early September before its release on September 18, 2013.
"Enough Said" has received widespread acclaim from critics, ranking as the fifth best-reviewed wide release of 2013.
Additionally, it has emerged as the most critically and commercially successful work in Holofcener's filmography to date.
The film has also received several major award nominations, including for a Golden Globe, a Screen Actors Guild Award, two Independent Spirit Awards and four Critics' Choice Movie Awards.
In particular, stars Louis-Dreyfus and Gandolfini have received notice for their work, along with Holofcener's script.