community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Wright Brothers flights of 1909
Section: The flights

Question: What date was Wilbur Wright's flight around the Statue ofLIberty?

Another acclaimed aviator, Glenn Curtiss, had agreed to participate.
Curtiss had recently set the world flight speed record in France, and the Wrights had just filed suit against him for patent infringement of their control systems.
The public's anticipation was fueled by news of the patent disputes.
These flights would be a showdown between the two fliers.
They were both scheduled to make a series of flights from Governors Island in New York harbor.
On September 29, Wilbur took off at 9:15 AM in windy conditions.
Curtiss felt his airplane could not handle the winds and he declined to fly.
When Curtiss admitted defeat to the wind, Wilbur is supposed to have said to him, 'It looks pretty good.
I think I will take a little spin in a few minutes.'
He flew for about two miles, which took a little longer than seven minutes.
Later that day Wilbur took off again, at 10:18 AM.
He flew over the ocean-liner RMS Lusitania and a flotilla of other watercraft on hand for the Hudson-Fulton celebration, many blowing their horns and tooting their whistles when the Flyer appeared overhead.
As Wilbur flew toward the Statue of Liberty, many onlookers feared he would crash into it, but he skillfully circled the statue as planned.
This flight caused a sensation in the press and became an iconic event, despite lasting less than five minutes.
Still unable to fly in the gusty weather, Curtiss had to depart for St. Louis due to a prior agreement.
He was supposed to have flown up the Hudson River for several miles and returned to Governors Island.
On Monday, October 4, Wilbur took off at 9:53 AM.
He flew north over the Hudson along the west shore of Manhattan, passing Grant's Tomb, then returned by the same route, finishing the 21 mile, 33-minute flight with a safe landing on Governor's Island.
As many as a million people witnessed the flight.
This was the exact flight that Curtiss had been unable to make.
Before the flight, Wilbur attached a red canoe to the bottom of the airplane as a safety precaution in case of an emergency landing in the water.
He reasoned that he could use the canoe to float himself to safety.
A blown engine cylinder that afternoon prevented any more flights.
This series of flights marked Wilbur's last flying before a public audience.
After Wilbur's death in 1912, Orville put the canoe in Hawthorn Hill, his estate in Oakwood, Ohio, as a memento.
This first airborne canoe was later moved to Carillon Historical Park in Ohio and exhibited in a room adjacent to the Wright Flyer III in Wright Hall.
The flight around the Statue of Liberty was duplicated on May 26, 2003 by the Dayton 'Wright B Flyer, Inc.' group, with a replica of the Wright airplane as a part of the celebrations of the anniversary of the Wright brothers' first flight.
Article: Mongolia
Section: Media

Question: What political event paved the way for media reforms in Mongolia?

Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the Soviet Union under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of the "Unen" ("Truth") newspaper similar to the Soviet "Pravda".
Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media was allowed.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the one-party state grew into a multi-party democracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront.
A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on August 28, 1998 and enacted on January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms.
The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets.
Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government debating a new Freedom of Information Act, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.
Market reforms have led to an increasing number of people working in the media year on year, along with students at journalism schools.
In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report, Reporters Without Borders classified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free.
Article: Finland
Section: Public policy

Question: Do a majority workers in Finland belong to a Union if one is available ofr their position?

Finnish politicians have often emulated other Nordics and the Nordic model.
Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new.
The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.
Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas.
Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and 9th in Europe.
While the manufacturing sector is thriving, the OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.
The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive.
The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive.
In both indicators, Finland's performance was next to Germany, and significantly higher than most European countries.
In the Business competitiveness index 2007–2008 Finland ranked third in the world.
Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets.
According to the OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark).
Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe.
The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.
Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.
Finland is rated the least corrupted country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index and 13th in the Ease of Doing Business Index.
This indicates exceptional ease in cross-border trading (5th), contract enforcement (7th), business closure (5th), tax payment (83rd) and low worker hardship (127th).
Finnish law forces all workers to obey the national contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level.
The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union.
The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA—80%).
A lack of a national agreement in an industry is considered an exception.
Article: 30 Rock
Section: Season 4

Question: Who played in season 4 of 30 Rock?

The fourth season of "30 Rock" premiered on October 15, 2009.
Like the previous season 3, it also consisted of 22 episodes.
A recurring story arc early in the season revolved around Jack's request that Liz cast a new actor for "TGS", and Liz's subsequent search for the perfect comedian, much to the dismay of Jenna and Tracy, who fear losing their spotlight.
The later half of the season focused on two complementary story arcs: Jack's inability to choose between his two girlfriends, and Liz's inability to find a boyfriend to live up to her expectations and Jenna's relationship with a Jenna Maroney impersonator.
The season has also featured such guest stars as Julianne Moore, Jon Bon Jovi, Cheyenne Jackson, Sherri Shepherd, Will Forte, Elizabeth Banks, Michael Sheen, Matt Damon, and James Franco.
Article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Section: The bombing

Question: How many people were killed by the atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima?

Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets.
The 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 "Enola Gay", piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan.
The "Enola Gay" (named after Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s.
"The Great Artiste", commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called "Necessary Evil", commanded by Captain George Marquardt, served as the photography aircraft.
After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05:55 at , and set course for Japan.
The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at .
Parsons, who was in command of the mission, armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff.
He had witnessed four B-29s crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B-29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board.
His assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area.
During the night of August 5–6, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan.
Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga, 102 bound for Maebashi, 261 en route to Nishinomiya, 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari.
An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima.
The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05.
About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as "Straight Flush" flew over the city.
It broadcast a short message which was picked up by "Enola Gay".
It read: "Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes.
Advice: bomb primary."
The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09.
At 08:09 Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee.
The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about to a detonation height of about above the city.
"Enola Gay" traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast.
Due to crosswind, the bomb missed the aiming point, the Aioi Bridge, by approximately and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic at .
It created a blast equivalent to , ± 2 kt.
The weapon was considered very inefficient, with only 1.7% of its material fissioning.
The radius of total destruction was about , with resulting fires across .
People on the ground reported seeing a "pika" or brilliant flash of light followed by a "don", a loud booming sound.
Some 70,000–80,000 people, of whom 20,000 were soldiers, or around 30% of the population of Hiroshima, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm.
and another 70,000 injured.
Article: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Section: Influence of El Greco

Question: Which of Pablo Picasso's circle purchased an El Greco for a fairly low price?

In 1907, when Picasso began to work on "Les Demoiselles", one of the old master painters he greatly admired was El Greco (1541–1614).
At the time El Greco was largely obscure and under-appreciated.
Picasso's friend Ignacio Zuloaga (1870–1945) acquired El Greco's masterpiece, the "Opening of the Fifth Seal", in 1897 for 1000 pesetas.
While Picasso was working on , he visited his friend Ignacio Zuloaga in his studio in Paris and studied El Greco's "Opening of the Fifth Seal."
The relation between and the "Opening of the Fifth Seal" was pinpointed in the early 1980s, when the stylistic similarities and the relationship between the motifs and visually identifying qualities of both works were analysed.
El Greco's painting which Picasso studied over and over in Zuloaga's house inspired not only the size, format, and composition of "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" but it inspired its apocalyptic power.
Later, speaking of the work to Dor de la Souchère in Antibes, Picasso said: "In any case, only the execution counts.
From this point of view, it is correct to say that Cubism has a Spanish origin and that I invented Cubism.
We must look for the Spanish influence in Cézanne.
Things themselves necessitate it, the influence of El Greco, a Venetian painter, on him.
But his structure is Cubist.
"The relationship of the painting to other group portraits in the Western tradition, such as "Diana and Callisto" by Titian (1488–1576), and the same subject by Rubens (1577–1640), in the Prado, has also been discussed.
Article: Fight Club
Section: Casting

Question: How much was Pitt offered for the movie?

Producer Ross Bell met with actor Russell Crowe to discuss his candidacy for the role of Tyler Durden.
Producer Art Linson, who joined the project late, met with another candidate, Brad Pitt.
Linson was the senior producer of the two, so the studio sought to cast Pitt instead of Crowe.
Pitt was looking for a new film after the failure of his 1998 film "Meet Joe Black", and the studio believed "Fight Club" would be more commercially successful with a major star.
The studio signed Pitt and offered him a $17.5 million salary.
For the role of the unnamed narrator, the studio desired a "sexier marquee name" like Matt Damon to increase the film's commercial prospects; it also considered Sean Penn.
Fincher instead considered Edward Norton a candidate for the role, based on the actor's performance in the 1996 film "The People vs. Larry Flynt".
Other studios were approaching Norton for leading roles in developing films like "The Talented Mr. Ripley" and "Man on the Moon".
The actor was cast in "Runaway Jury", but the film did not reach production.
20th Century Fox offered Norton a $2.5 million salary to attract him to "Fight Club".
Norton could not accept the offer immediately since he still owed Paramount Pictures a film; he had signed a contractual obligation with Paramount to appear in one of the studio's future films for a smaller salary (Norton later satisfied the obligation with his role in the 2003 film "The Italian Job").
In January 1998, 20th Century Fox announced that Brad Pitt and Edward Norton were cast in the film.
The actors prepared for their roles by taking lessons in boxing, taekwondo, grappling, and soapmaking.
Pitt voluntarily visited a dentist to have pieces of his front teeth chipped off so his character would not have perfect teeth.
The pieces were restored after filming concluded.
Fincher's first choice for the role of Marla Singer was Janeane Garofalo, who objected to the film's sexual content.
The filmmakers considered Courtney Love and Winona Ryder as candidates early on.
The studio wanted to cast Reese Witherspoon, but Fincher objected that she was too young for the role.
He chose to cast Helena Bonham Carter based on her performance in the 1997 film "The Wings of the Dove".
Article: Turkey
Section: Military

Question: What's the number of nuclear bombs at Incirlik Air Base?

Turkey has the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the US Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, according to a 2011 NATO estimate.
Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.
A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO.
The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Force.
The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions.
The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister.
The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country.
However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.
The actual Commander of the Armed Forces is the Chief of the General Staff General Necdet Özel since 4 August 2011.
Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to a year, dependent on education and job location.
Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service.
Article: Yellowstone National Park
Section: Flora

Question: What percentage of forested areas are Lodgepole Pine forests?

Over 1,700 species of trees and other vascular plants are native to the park.
Another 170 species are considered to be exotic species and are non-native.
Of the eight conifer tree species documented, Lodgepole Pine forests cover 80% of the total forested areas.
Other conifers, such as Subalpine Fir, Engelmann Spruce, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir and Whitebark Pine, are found in scattered groves throughout the park.
As of 2007, the whitebark pine is threatened by a fungus known as white pine blister rust; however, this is mostly confined to forests well to the north and west.
In Yellowstone, about seven percent of the whitebark pine species have been impacted with the fungus, compared to nearly complete infestations in northwestern Montana.
Quaking Aspen and willows are the most common species of deciduous trees.
The aspen forests have declined significantly since the early 20th century, but scientists at Oregon State University attribute recent recovery of the aspen to the reintroduction of wolves which has changed the grazing habits of local elk.
There are dozens of species of flowering plants that have been identified, most of which bloom between the months of May and September.
The Yellowstone Sand Verbena is a rare flowering plant found only in Yellowstone.
It is closely related to species usually found in much warmer climates, making the sand verbena an enigma.
The estimated 8,000 examples of this rare flowering plant all make their home in the sandy soils on the shores of Yellowstone Lake, well above the waterline.
In Yellowstone's hot waters, bacteria form mats of bizarre shapes consisting of trillions of individuals.
These bacteria are some of the most primitive life forms on earth.
Flies and other arthropods live on the mats, even in the middle of the bitterly cold winters.
Initially, scientists thought that microbes there gained sustenance only from sulfur.
In 2005 researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered that the sustenance for at least some of the diverse hyperthermophilic species is molecular hydrogen.
"Thermus aquaticus" is a bacterium found in the Yellowstone hot springs that produces an important enzyme (Taq polymerase) that is easily replicated in the lab and is useful in replicating DNA as part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process.
The retrieval of these bacteria can be achieved with no impact to the ecosystem.
Other bacteria in the Yellowstone hot springs may also prove useful to scientists who are searching for cures for various diseases.
Non-native plants sometimes threaten native species by using up nutrient resources.
Though exotic species are most commonly found in areas with the greatest human visitation, such as near roads and at major tourist areas, they have also spread into the backcountry.
Generally, most exotic species are controlled by pulling the plants out of the soil or by spraying, both of which are time consuming and expensive.
Article: Santa Claus Is Coming to Town
Section: Abstract

Question: How many sheet music copies were sold the following day?

"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (also known as "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town") is a Christmas song.
It was written by John Frederick Coots and Haven Gillespie and was first sung on Eddie Cantor's radio show in November 1934.
It became an instant hit with orders for 100,000 copies of sheet music the next day and more than 400,000 copies sold by Christmas.
Article: Doughnut
Section: China

Question: Which chinese donut is another name for ox-tongue pastry?

A few sweet, doughnut-style pastries are regional in nature.
Cantonese cuisine features an oval-shaped pastry called "ngàuhleisōu" (牛脷酥, lit.
"ox-tongue pastry" due to its tongue-like shape).
A spherical food called" saa1 jung" (沙翁) which is also similar to cream puff, but denser in texture (doughnut-like texture) with sugar sprinkled on top, is normally available in Cantonese restaurants in the dim sum style.
An oilier Beijing variant of this called 高力豆沙, "gaoli dousha", is filled with red bean paste; originally, it was made with egg white instead of dough.
Many Chinese cultures make a chewy doughnut known as "shuangbaotai" (雙包胎), which consists of two conjoined balls of dough.
Chinese restaurants in the US sometimes serve small fried pastries similar to doughnut holes, served with condensed milk as a sauce.
Chinese cuisine features long, deep-fried doughnut sticks that are often quite oily, hence their name in Mandarin, "yóutiáo" (油條, lit.
oil strips.
); in Cantonese, this doughnut-style pastry is called "yàuhjagwái" (油炸鬼, "ghosts fried in oil").
These pastries are not sweet and are often served with congee, a traditional rice porridge.
Article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Section: Original plan: Kidnapping the president

Question: when was lincoln inaugurated?

In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant, the commanding general of all the Union's armies, decided to suspend the exchange of prisoners-of-war.
As harsh as it may have been on the prisoners of both sides, Grant realized the exchange was prolonging the war by returning soldiers to the outnumbered and manpower-starved South.
John Wilkes Booth, a Southerner and outspoken Confederate sympathizer, conceived a plan to kidnap President Lincoln and deliver him to the Confederate Army, to be held hostage until the North agreed to resume exchanging prisoners.
Booth recruited Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael O'Laughlen, Lewis Powell (also known as "Lewis Paine"), and John Surratt to help him.
Surratt's mother, Mary Surratt, left her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland, and moved to a house in Washington, D.C., where Booth became a frequent visitor.
In late 1860, Booth had been initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore.
He attended Lincoln's second inauguration on March 4, 1865, as the invited guest of his secret fiancée Lucy Hale, daughter of John P. Hale, soon to become United States Ambassador to Spain.
Booth afterwards wrote in his diary, "What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, to kill the President on Inauguration day!
"On March 17, 1865, Booth informed his conspirators that Lincoln would be attending a play, "Still Waters Run Deep", at Campbell Military Hospital.
He assembled his men in a restaurant at the edge of town, intending that they should soon join him on a nearby stretch of road in order to capture the President on his way back from the hospital.
But Booth found out that Lincoln had not gone to the play after all.
Instead, he had attended a ceremony at the National Hotel in which officers of the 142nd Indiana Infantry presented Governor Oliver Morton with a captured Confederate battle flag.
Booth was living at the National Hotel at the time and could have had an opportunity to kill Lincoln had Booth not been at the hospital.
Meanwhile, the Confederacy was falling apart.
On April 3, Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, fell to the Union army.
On April 9, the Army of Northern Virginia, the main army of the Confederacy, surrendered to the Army of the Potomac at Appomattox Court House.
Confederate President Jefferson Davis and the rest of his government were in full flight.
Despite many Southerners giving up hope, Booth continued to believe in his cause.
On April 11, 1865, two days after Lee's army surrendered to Grant, Booth attended a speech at the White House in which Lincoln supported the idea of enfranchising the former slaves.
Furiously provoked, Booth decided on assassination and is quoted as saying:That means