community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Judo
Section: Judo versus Jujutsu

Question: What person changed Judo's name?

 versus Jujutsu.
Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of and .
He illustrated the application of "seiryoku zen'yō" with the concept of :Kano realised that "seiryoku zen'yō", initially conceived as a Jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application.
Coupled with the Confucianist-influenced "jita kyōei", the wider application shaped the development of judo from a to a .
Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasised the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques.
He was convinced that practice of Jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.
He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of Jujutsu:Kano believed that ""Jūjutsu"" was insufficient to describe his art: although means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques.
Accordingly, he changed the second character to , meaning way, road or path, which implies a more philosophical context than "jutsu" and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of "tao".
Thus Kano renamed it .
Article: Bibimbap
Section: Variations

Question: What defines the word "hoe"?

A variation of this dish, "dolsot bibimbap" (돌솥 비빔밥, "dolsot" meaning "stone pot"), is served in a very hot stone bowl in which a raw egg is cooked against the sides of the bowl.
The bowl is so hot that anything that touches it sizzles for minutes.
Before the rice is placed in the bowl, the bottom of the bowl is coated with sesame oil, making the layer of the rice touching the bowl golden brown and crisp.
The city of Jeonju, the capital of the North Jeolla Province of South Korea, is famous throughout the nation for its version of "bibimbap", said to be based on a royal court dish of the Joseon Dynasty.
A further variation of "bibimbap", called "hoedeopbap", uses a variety of raw seafood, such as tilapia, salmon, tuna or sometimes octopus, but each bowl of rice usually contain one kind of meat.
The term "hoe" in the word means raw fish.
The dish is popular along the coasts of Korea where fish are abundant.
Article: Hey Jude
Section: Single release

Question: Who is the writer of Macarthur Park?

"Hey Jude" was released on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom, backed with "Revolution" on the B-side of a 7" single.
The single was the debut release of the Beatles' record label Apple Records; in the US, it was also the first Beatles' single to be issued in a company sleeve rather than a picture sleeve.
Even though "Hey Jude" was recorded during the sessions for the album "The Beatles", also known as the White Album, it was always intended as a single and not an album track, although it would eventually make its LP debut two years later as the title cut on the compilation album originally titled "The Beatles Again".
Lennon wanted "Revolution" to be the A-side of the single, but the other Beatles did not agree.
In his 1970 interview with "Rolling Stone", he said "Hey Jude" was worthy of an A-side, "but we could have had both."
Ten years later in 1980, he told "Playboy" he still disagreed with the decision.
"Hey Jude" began its sixteen-week run on the British charts on 7 September 1968, claiming the top spot a week later.
It only lasted two weeks on top before being knocked off by another single from Apple, Mary Hopkin's "Those Were the Days" (a song which, incidentally, if not penned was actually produced by McCartney).
The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 13 September; that same week "NME" reported that two million copies of the single had been sold.
The song entered the US charts on 14 September 1968, where it stayed for nineteen weeks.
Two weeks later, "Hey Jude" was number one in the charts and held that position for nine weeks, the longest time spent by a Beatles' single at number one, as well as being the longest-playing single to reach number one.
The song was the 16th number one hit for the band in the US, tying Elvis Presley's record at the time for most number one songs there.
"Hey Jude" clocked in at 7:11.
The only other chart-topping song worldwide in the 1960s that ran over seven minutes was Richard Harris' "MacArthur Park".
In the UK, where "MacArthur Park" did not top the chart, "Hey Jude" remained the longest number-one hit for nearly a quarter of a century, until it was surpassed in 1993 by Meat Loaf's "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)", which ran 7:58 as a single.
On 30 November 1968, "NME" reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide.
"Hey Jude" became the biggest-selling debut release for a record label ever, selling an estimated eight million copies worldwide and topping the charts in eleven countries.
"Hey Jude" was the top Billboard Hot 100 single for 1968, according to year-end charts.
Less than three weeks after its release, the record was certified gold for sales of one million copies.
In 1999, it was certified 4x platinum, representing four million units shipped.
Article: Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Section: Original version

Question: When was the painting put in the hidden room?

Original version.
First sold in 1897 by Van Gogh's sister-in-law for 300 francs, the painting was subsequently bought by Paul Cassirer (1904), Kessler (1904), and Druet (1910).
In 1911, the painting was acquired by the Städel (Städtische Galerie) in Frankfurt, Germany and hung there until 1933, when the painting was put in a hidden room.
The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda confiscated the work in 1937 as part of its campaign to rid Germany of so-called degenerate art, leading to Hermann Göring hurriedly selling it to a dealer in Amsterdam.
The dealer in turn sold it to collector Siegfried Kramarsky, who brought it with him when he fled to New York, where the work was often lent to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Kramarsky's family put the painting up for auction at Christie's New York on May 15, 1990, where it became famous for Ryoei Saito, honorary chairman of Daishowa Paper Manufacturing Co., paying US$82.5 million for it, making it then the world's most expensive painting.
Remarkably, two days later Saito would buy Renoir's Bal du moulin de la Galette for a nearly-as-much $78.1 million at Sotheby's.
The 75-year old Japanese businessman briefly caused a scandal when he said he would have the Van Gogh painting cremated with him after his death, though his aides later claimed Saito threatening to torch the masterpiece was just an expression of intense affection for it.
Though he later said he would consider giving the painting to the Japanese government or a museum, no information has been made public about the exact location and ownership of the portrait since his death in 1996.
Reports in 2007 have claimed the painting was sold a decade earlier to the Austrian-born investment fund manager Wolfgang Flöttl.
Flöttl, in turn, had reportedly been forced by financial reversals to sell the painting to parties as yet unknown.
Article: Bulgogi
Section: Preparation and serving

Question: What is "Bulgogi" composed of?

"Bulgogi" is made from thin slices of sirloin or other prime cuts of beef.
Before cooking, the meat is marinated to enhance its flavour and tenderness with a mixture of soy sauce, sugar, sesame oil, garlic, pepper and other ingredients such as scallions, ginger, onions or mushrooms, especially white button mushrooms or "matsutake".
Sometimes, cellophane noodles are added to the dish, which varies by the region and specific recipe.
"Bulgogi" is traditionally grilled, but pan-cooking has become popular as well.
Whole cloves of garlic, sliced onions and chopped green peppers are often grilled or fried with the meat.
This dish is sometimes served with a side of lettuce or other leafy vegetable, which is used to wrap a slice of cooked meat, often along with a dab of "ssamjang", or other side dishes, and then eaten together.
Article: Disney's Animal Kingdom
Section: Controversy

Question: What did USDA inspectors find?

Even in planning stages, various Florida based animal rights groups and PETA did not like the idea of Disney creating a theme park where animals were held in captivity.
The groups protested, and PETA tried to convince travel agents not to book trips to the park.
A few weeks before the park opened, a number of animals died due to accidents.
The United States Department of Agriculture viewed most of the cases and found no violations of animal-welfare regulations.
On opening day, the Orange County Sheriff's office sent about 150 deputies in fear that there may be a large protest, but only two dozen protesters showed up.
The protest lasted two hours, and there were no arrests.
One year after the park opened, Animal Rights Foundation of Florida complained that a New Year's Eve fireworks show could upset the animals.
A USDA inspector came to the park and found no problems with launching low-noise fireworks half a mile away.
Article: Forbidden City
Section: Influence

Question: Jean Michel Jarre performed a live concert in fornt of the Forbidden City in what year?

The Forbidden City, the culmination of the two-thousand-year development of classical Chinese and East Asian architecture, has been influential in the subsequent development of Chinese architecture, as well as providing inspiration for many artistic works.
Some specific examples include:
Depiction in art, film, literature and popular culture
The Forbidden City has served as the scene to many works of fiction.
In recent years, it has been depicted in films and television series.
Some notable examples include:
 "The Forbidden City" (1918), a fiction film about a Chinese emperor and an American.
 "The Last Emperor" (1987), a biographical film about Puyi, was the first feature film ever authorised by the government of the People's Republic of China to be filmed in the Forbidden City.
 "Marco Polo" a joint NBC and RAI TV miniseries broadcast in the early 1980s, was filmed inside the Forbidden City.
Note, however, that the present Forbidden City did not exist in the Yuan dynasty, when Marco Polo met Kublai Khan.
Performance venue
The Forbidden City has also served as a performance venue.
However, its use for this purpose is strictly limited, due to the heavy impact of equipment and performance on the ancient structures.
Almost all performances said to be "in the Forbidden City" are held outside the palace walls.
 Giacomo Puccini's opera, "Turandot", the story of a Chinese princess, was performed at the Imperial Shrine just outside the Forbidden City for the first time in 1998.
 In 1997, Greek-born composer and keyboardist Yanni performed a live concert in front of the Forbidden City.
The concert was recorded and later released as part of the "Tribute" album.
 In 2001, the Three Tenors, Spanish singers Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and the Italian singer Luciano Pavarotti sang in front of Forbidden City main gate as one of their performances.
 In 2004, the French musician Jean Michel Jarre performed a live concert in front of the Forbidden City, accompanied by 260 musicians, as part of the "Year of France in China" festivities.
Article: Aurora
Section: Auroral mechanism

Question: What color is the most common of all auroras?

l mechanism.
Auroras are associated with the solar wind, a flow of ions continuously flowing outward from the Sun.
The Earth's magnetic field traps these particles, many of which travel toward the poles where they are accelerated toward Earth.
Collisions between these ions and atmospheric atoms and molecules cause energy releases in the form of auroras appearing in large circles around the poles.
Auroras are more frequent and brighter during the intense phase of the solar cycle when coronal mass ejections increase the intensity of the solar wind.
Auroras result from emissions of photons in the Earth's upper atmosphere, above , from ionized nitrogen molecules regaining an electron, and oxygen atoms and nitrogen molecules returning from an excited state to ground state.
They are ionized or excited by the collision of solar wind and magnetospheric particles being funneled down and accelerated along the Earth's magnetic field lines; excitation energy is lost by the emission of a photon, or by collision with another atom or molecule:
oxygen emissions: green or brownish-red, depending on the amount of energy absorbed.
nitrogen emissions: blue or red; blue if the atom regains an electron after it has been ionized, red if returning to ground state from an excited state.
Oxygen is unusual in terms of its return to ground state: it can take three quarters of a second to emit green light and up to two minutes to emit red.
Collisions with other atoms or molecules absorb the excitation energy and prevent emission.
Because the very top of the atmosphere has a higher percentage of oxygen and is sparsely distributed such collisions are rare enough to allow time for oxygen to emit red.
Collisions become more frequent progressing down into the atmosphere, so that red emissions do not have time to happen, and eventually even green light emissions are prevented.
This is why there is a color differential with altitude; at high altitude oxygen red dominates, then oxygen green and nitrogen blue/red, then finally nitrogen blue/red when collisions prevent oxygen from emitting anything.
Green is the most common of all auroras.
Behind it is pink, a mixture of light green and red, followed by pure red, yellow (a mixture of red and green), and finally, pure blue.
Article: Vincent van Gogh
Section: Influence

Question: Who did Van Gogh confess to that he didn't have any children?

In his final letter to Theo, Van Gogh admitted that as he did not have any children, he viewed his paintings as his progeny.
Reflecting on this, the historian Simon Schama concluded that he "did have a child of course, Expressionism, and many, many heirs."
Schama mentioned many artists who have adapted elements of Van Gogh's style, including Willem de Kooning, Howard Hodgkin and Jackson Pollock.
The Fauves extended both his use of color and freedom in application, as did German Expressionists of the Die Brücke group, and as other early modernists.
Abstract Expressionism of the 1940s and 1950s is seen as in part inspired from Van Gogh's broad, gestural brush strokes.
In the words of art critic Sue Hubbard: "At the beginning of the twentieth century Van Gogh gave the Expressionists a new painterly language that enabled them to go beyond surface appearance and penetrate deeper essential truths.
It is no coincidence that at this very moment Freud was also mining the depths of that essentially modern domain – the subconscious.
This beautiful and intelligent exhibition places Van Gogh where he firmly belongs; as the trailblazer of modern art.
"In 1957, Francis Bacon (1909–1992) based a series of paintings on reproductions of Van Gogh's "The Painter on the Road to Tarascon", the original of which was destroyed during World War II.
Bacon was inspired by not only an image he described as "haunting", but also Van Gogh himself, whom Bacon regarded as an alienated outsider, a position which resonated with Bacon.
The Irish artist further identified with Van Gogh's theories of art and quoted lines written in a letter to Theo, "painters do not paint things as they are...
They paint them as "they themselves" feel them to be."
An exhibition devoted to Vincent van Gogh's letters took place in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam from October 2009 to January 2010 and then moved to the Royal Academy in London from late January to April.
The Van Gogh Museum hosted an exhibition "Van Gogh at Work" featuring 200 paintings and drawings, 150 of them by van Gogh and others including Paul Gauguin and Émile Bernard; from May 1, 2013 until January 12, 2014.
Article: Doctor Who
Section: Charity episodes

Question: When was The Five Doctors produced?

In 1983, coinciding with the series' 20th anniversary, a charity special titled "The Five Doctors" was produced in aid of Children in Need, featuring three of the first five Doctors, a new actor to replace the deceased William Hartnell, and unused footage to represent Tom Baker.
This was a full-length, 90-minute film, the longest single episode of "Doctor Who" produced to date (the television movie ran slightly longer on broadcast where it included commercial breaks).
In 1993, for the franchise's 30th anniversary, another charity special, titled "Dimensions in Time" was produced for Children in Need, featuring all of the surviving actors who played the Doctor and a number of previous companions.
It also featured a crossover with the soap opera "EastEnders", the action taking place in the latter's Albert Square location and around Greenwich.
The special was one of several special 3D programmes the BBC produced at the time, using a 3D system that made use of the Pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens; the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses.
In 1999, another special, "Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death", was made for Comic Relief and later released on VHS.
An affectionate parody of the television series, it was split into four segments, mimicking the traditional serial format, complete with cliffhangers, and running down the same corridor several times when being chased (the version released on video was split into only two episodes).
In the story, the Doctor (Rowan Atkinson) encounters both the Master (Jonathan Pryce) and the Daleks.
During the special the Doctor is forced to regenerate several times, with his subsequent incarnations played by, in order, Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley.
The script was written by Steven Moffat, later to be head writer and executive producer to the revived series.
Since the return of "Doctor Who" in 2005, the franchise has produced two original "mini-episodes" to support Children in Need.
The first, aired in November 2005, was an which introduced David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor.
It was followed in November 2007 by "Time Crash", a 7-minute scene which featured the Tenth Doctor meeting the Fifth Doctor (played once again by Peter Davison).
A set of two mini-episodes, titled "Space" and "Time" respectively, were produced to support Comic Relief.
They were aired during the Comic Relief 2011 event.
During 2011 Children in Need, an exclusively-filmed segment showed the Doctor addressing the viewer, attempting to persuade them to purchase items of his clothing, which were going up for auction for Children in Need.
The 2012 edition of CiN featured the mini-episode "The Great Detective".
Article: Moves like Jagger
Section: Abstract

Question: Who recorded Moves Like Jagger?

"Moves like Jagger" is a song by American band Maroon 5 featuring singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera released by A&M Octone Records on June 21, 2011, as the fourth and final single and the first only re-released single from their third studio album "Hands All Over" (2010).
The song was written by Adam Levine, Benjamin Levin, Ammar Malik and Shellback and produced by Shellback and Benny Blanco.
"Moves like Jagger" is a dance-pop and electropop song and is backed by synths and electronic drums, the lyrics refer to a male's ability to impress a female with his dance moves, which he compares to Mick Jagger, frontman of the English band The Rolling Stones.
"Moves like Jagger" was well received by music critics, who praised the song's chorus.
Praise also went to the vocals of Levine and Aguilera, with critics pointing out solid chemistry between the two.
Likewise, the song was a commercial success, going on to top the charts in over 18 countries.
In the United States, "Moves like Jagger" became the band's first top ten single since "Makes Me Wonder" (2007), as well as Christina Aguilera's first top-ten single since "Keeps Gettin' Better" (2008).
It is among the best-selling singles of all time.
Aguilera also became the fourth female to score no.
1 singles in three different decades, behind Madonna, Janet Jackson, and Britney Spears.
She scored a number one hit in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, being the second female artist to do so behind Britney Spears.
Worldwide, it was the ninth-best-selling digital single of 2011 with sales of 7 million copies.
As of 2014, the song ranks as one of the six best-selling digital singles of all time with sales of over 14 million copies.
The music video was directed by Jonas Åkerlund.
The video features an old video footage of Jagger and his iconic dance moves.
"Moves like Jagger" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 54th Grammy Awards but lost to "Body and Soul" by Tony Bennett and Amy Winehouse.
The song was first performed in June 2011 on an episode of "The Voice" (where Levine and Aguilera both served as judges/coaches).
Article: Blackfish (film)
Section: Critical reception

Question: What score did Metacritic give the film "Blackfish"?

The review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes said 98% of 94 critics gave the film a positive review, with the site's consensus stating, ""Blackfish" is an aggressive, impassioned documentary that will change the way you look at performance killer whales."
The "Deseret News" called it "a gripping example of documentary filmmaking at its finest".
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 83 based on 33 reviews.
After the film's release, former SeaWorld trainer Bridgette Pirtle said the final film was "a complete ‘180’ from what was originally presented to me."
Mark Simmons, one of Tilikum's first trainers, believed few of his interview comments were used "ecause the things I said flew in the face of the movie’s clear agenda.
What I contributed did not support Gabriela or Tim Zimmerman’s intent with the film.”In January 2014, the family of the late trainer Dawn Brancheau said neither it nor the foundation named after her were affiliated with the film, and that they did not believe it accurately reflected Brancheau or her experiences.
Article: Ketchup
Section: Terminology

Question: "Red sauce" is a phrase used in what places?

The term used for the sauce varies.
"Ketchup" (sometimes spelled "catsup" in American English, called "a failed attempt at Anglicization") is the dominant term in American English and Canadian English, with "catsup" being the prominent term in some southern US states.
In these dialects, "tomato sauce" refers to pasta sauce, and is not a synonym for ketchup.
"Tomato sauce" is more common in Commonwealth English (e.g., Australia, India, New Zealand and South Africa).
In British English, the two terms are interchangeable.
"Red sauce" is used in Welsh English, Scottish English, Irish English and some parts of England, such as the Black Country, and in South London, often contrasting with brown sauce with which it is often served but in Canadian and American English, "red sauce" refers to red spicy sauces (or sweet and sour sauce) and is not a synonym for ketchup.
The etymology of the word "ketchup" is unclear, with multiple competing theories:
Article: Cake
Section: Cake flour

Question: Is Cake Flour tends to make cakes with Less Or Higher dense textures?

 flour.
Special cake flour with a high starch-to-gluten ratio is made from fine-textured, soft, low-protein wheat.
It is strongly bleached, and compared to all-purpose flour, cake flour tends to result in cakes with a lighter, less dense texture.
Therefore, it is frequently specified or preferred in cakes meant to be soft, light, and or bright white, such as angel food cake.
However, if cake flour is called for, a substitute can be made by replacing a small percentage of all-purpose flour with cornstarch or removing two tablespoons from each cup of all-purpose flour.
Some recipes explicitly specify or permit all-purpose flour, notably where a firmer or denser cake texture is desired.