community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: I Want to Hold Your Hand
Section: Background and composition

Question: Who encouraged Lennon and McCartney to write a song?

Although it is said that Brian Epstein had encouraged Lennon and McCartney to write a song to appeal to American listeners this has been denied by George Martin.
McCartney had recently moved into 57 Wimpole Street, London, where he was living as a guest of Dr Richard and Margaret Asher, whose daughter, actress Jane Asher, had become McCartney’s girlfriend after meeting him earlier in the year.
This location briefly became Lennon and McCartney's new writing base, taking over from McCartney’s Forthlin Road home in Liverpool.
Margaret Asher taught the oboe in the "small, rather stuffy music room" in the basement where Lennon and McCartney sat at the piano and composed 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'.
In September 1980, Lennon told "Playboy" magazine:In 1994, McCartney agreed with Lennon's description of the circumstances surrounding the composition of "I Want to Hold Your Hand", saying:
Article: The Usual Suspects
Section: Critical

Question: What did Janet Maslin of the "New York Times" say about the cast's performances?

"The Usual Suspects" was well received by most critics, and it has an 88% rating at Rotten Tomatoes and a 77 metascore on Metacritic.
While embraced by most viewers and critics, the film was the subject of harsh derision by some.
Roger Ebert, in a review for the "Chicago Sun-Times," gave the film one and a half stars out of four, considering it confusing and uninteresting.
He also included the movie in his "most hated films" list.
"USA Today" rated the film two and a half stars out of four, calling it "one of the most densely plotted mysteries in memory—though paradoxically, four-fifths of it is way too easy to predict."
However, "Rolling Stone" praised Spacey, saying his "balls-out brilliant performance is Oscar bait all the way."
In his review for "The Washington Post", Hal Hinson wrote, "Ultimately, "The Usual Suspects" may be too clever for its own good.
The twist at the end is a corker, but crucial questions remain unanswered.
What's interesting, though, is how little this intrudes on our enjoyment.
After the movie you're still trying to connect the dots and make it all fit—and these days, how often can we say that?"
In her review for "The New York Times", Janet Maslin praised the performances of the cast: "Mr. Singer has assembled a fine ensemble cast of actors who can parry such lines, and whose performances mesh effortlessly despite their exaggerated differences in demeanor ...
Without the violence or obvious bravado of "Reservoir Dogs," these performers still create strong and fascinatingly ambiguous characters."
"The Independent" praised the film's ending: "The film's coup de grace is as elegant as it is unexpected.
The whole movie plays back in your mind in perfect clarity—and turns out to be a completely different movie to the one you've been watching (rather better, in fact)."
Article: Hong Kong
Section: Legal system and judiciary

Question: Is Hong Kong's legal system tied to China's?

Hong Kong's legal system is completely independent from the legal system of mainland China.
In contrast to mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law tradition established under British rule.
The essence of English common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying legal precedent ("stare decisis") to the facts before them.
For example, murder is a common law crime rather than one established by an Act of Parliament.
Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament; murder, for example, now carries a mandatory life sentence rather than the death penalty.
According to Article 92 of the Basic Law, Hong Kong's courts may refer to decisions rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents, and judges from other common law jurisdictions, most commonly England, Canada and Australia, are allowed to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.
Structurally, the court system consists of the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, which is made up of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and the District Court, which includes the Family Court.
Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.
Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive.
The Court of Final Appeal has the power of final adjudication with respect to the law of Hong Kong as well as the power of final interpretation over local laws including the power to strike down local ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic LawThe Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government.
Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and international legal cooperation between different jurisdictions.
Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government.
As protector of the public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.
The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.
Article: Dallas Buyers Club
Section: Soundtrack

Question: What track is number 9 on the soundtrack album for Dallas Buyers Club?

 "Sweet Thang" by Shuggie Otis – 4:09 
 "Following Morning" by The Naked And Famous – 5:03 
 "Hell and Back" by The Airborne Toxic Event – 3:52 
 "Ready to Be Called On" by My Morning Jacket – 3:46 
 "Life of the Party" by Blondfire – 3:23 
 "The Walker" (Ryeland Allison remix) by Fitz And The Tantrums – 3:28 
 "Shudder to Think" by Tegan & Sara – 3:24 
 "Mad Love" (Acoustic) by Neon Trees – 3:39 
 "Main Man" (T. Rex cover) by Portugal.
The Man – 6:15 
 "Stayin' Alive" (Bee Gees cover) by Capital Cities – 4:03 
 "Romance Languages" by Cold War Kids – 2:52 
 "Burn It Down" (Innerpartysystem remix) by AWOLNATION – 4:56 
 "After the Scripture" by Manchester Orchestra – 4:36 
 "City of Angels" (Acoustic) by Thirty Seconds To Mars – 4:29 
 "Main Man" by T. Rex – 4:13 
 "Life Is Strange" by T. Rex – 2:32
 "Ballrooms of Mars" by T. Rex
Article: Wake in Fright
Section: Cast

Question: Who plays Jarvis in Wake in Fright?

 Gary Bond as John Grant
 Donald Pleasence as Doc Tydon
 Chips Rafferty as Jock Crawford
 Sylvia Kay as Janette Hynes
 John Meillon as Charlie
 Jack Thompson as Dick
 Peter Whittle as Joe
 Al Thomas as Tim Hynes
 Dawn Lake as Joyce
 John Armstrong as Atkins
 Slim de Grey as Jarvis
 Maggie Dence as receptionist
 Norman Erskine as Joe the cook
Article: Canada
Section: Provinces and territories

Question: How does the federal government initiate nation policies such as the Canada Health Act?

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories.
In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada ("Eastern Canada" refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together).
Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsibility for social programs such as health care, education, and welfare.
Together, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world.
Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice.
Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.
Article: Some Nights
Section: Recording and production

Question: Who came up with the album title "Some Nights"?

The most common creative process in the recording of "Some Nights" began with Ruess.
Ruess would come in with lyrics and a melody, leading Andrew Dost and guitarist Jack Antonoff to build chord structure and instrumentation from there, or "support that melody."
Dost noted that in recording, despite the composer's well-defined framework, the individuals' egos "pretty much disappear" and "everybody is happy to work towards the best possible song" cohesively together.
The dynamic between Bhasker and the band in the studio was mutually inspired, as Bhasker had never worked with a rock band before and Fun had never worked with a hip-hop producer.
Bhasker particularly enjoyed recording guitars with guitarist Jack Antonoff as he wasn't used to it, and Dost felt hearing Bhasker compose beats was "mind-blowing.
"The emphasis for Ruess on "Some Nights" was to make the songs more cohesive, as he felt his writing was "all over the place."
This meant creating songs that were concise instead of being "long and drawn out."
Bhasker was a proponent of using a single instrument to provide the biggest sounds, desiring not to "over-cram songs with ideas," declaring that everything that makes the song must be well-chosen.
Janelle Monáe collaborated with the trio on "We Are Young" through a friendship with Bhasker.
Bhasker was credited with bringing the band a bigger sound and an entirely new sonic translation to the band not present on their debut, "Aim and Ignite".
The album creates a mix of indie pop, theatric rock, and hip-hop—a sound that is credited to Bhasker.
"Some Nights" as a title floated around before any songs for the album were even created and was envisioned by Ruess.
It was inspired by how personalities can change on any given night.
Although the album isn't a concept album, the title changed the band's ideas for the album considerably, with Dost stating, "It's really nice once you have a title to know what the parameters are of what you're working on as a whole."
The band completed production on the album in October 2011.
Ruess called the seven months spent recording the record the most rewarding of any in his ten years of professional music work, calling it his career highlight.
Article: Operation Barbarossa
Section: Phase 2: Battle for Smolensk (3 July – 5 August 1941)

Question: What date did the battle for Smolensk end?

Phase 2: Battle for Smolensk (3 July – 5 August 1941).
On 3 July, Hitler finally gave the go-ahead for the Panzers to resume their drive east after the infantry divisions had caught up.
However, a rainstorm typical of Russian summers slowed their progress and Russian defenses stiffened.
The delays gave the Soviets time to organize a massive counterattack against Army Group Center.
Its ultimate objective was Smolensk, which commanded the road to Moscow.
Facing the Germans was an old Soviet defensive line held by six armies.
On 6 July, the Soviets attacked the 3rd Panzer Army with 700 tanks.
The Germans defeated this counterattack with overwhelming air superiority.
The 2nd Panzer Army crossed the River Dnieper and closed on Smolensk from the south while the 3rd Panzer Army, after defeating the Soviet counterattack, closed on Smolensk from the north.
Trapped between their pincers were three Soviet armies.
On 18 July, the Panzer Groups came to within sixteen kilometres of closing the gap but the trap would not snap shut until 26 July.
When the Panzer Groups finally closed the gap, 300,000 Red Army soldiers were captured; but liquidating the pocket took another ten days in which time 100,000 Red Army soldiers escaped to stand between the Germans and Moscow.
Four weeks into the campaign, the Germans realized they had grossly underestimated Soviet strength.
The German troops had used their initial supplies without attaining the expected strategic freedom of movement.
Operations were now slowed down to allow for resupply; the delay was to be used to adapt strategy to the new situation.
Hitler had lost faith in encirclement as large numbers of Soviet soldiers had escaped the pincers.
Hitler now believed he could defeat the Soviets by economic damage, depriving them of the industrial capacity to continue the war.
That meant seizing the industrial center of Kharkov, the Donets Basin and the oil fields of the Caucasus in the south and the speedy capture of Leningrad, a major center of military production, in the north.
He also wanted to link up with the Finns to the north.
Fedor von Bock and almost all the German generals involved in Operation "Barbarossa", vehemently argued in favor of continuing the all-out drive toward Moscow.
Besides the psychological importance of capturing the enemy's capital, the generals pointed out that Moscow was a major center of arms production and the center of the Soviet communications and transportation system.
More importantly, intelligence reports indicated that the bulk of the Red Army was deployed near Moscow under Semyon Timoshenko for an all-out defense of the capital.
But Hitler was adamant, and issued a direct order to Heinz Guderian, bypassing his commanding officer von Bock, to send Army Group Centre's tanks to the north and south, temporarily halting the drive to Moscow.
Article: The Creation of Adam
Section: Anatomical theories

Question: Who discussed Dr. Meshberger's interpretation?

Several hypotheses have been put forward about the meaning of "The Creation of Adam"'s highly original composition, many of them taking Michelangelo's well-documented expertise in human anatomy as their starting point.
In 1990, an Anderson, Indiana physician named Frank Lynn Meshberger, M.D.
noted in the medical publication the "Journal of the American Medical Association" that the background figures and shapes portrayed behind the figure of God appeared to be an anatomically accurate picture of the human brain.
Dr. Meshberger's interpretation has been discussed by Dr. Mark Lee Appler.
On close examination, borders in the painting correlate with major sulci of the cerebrum in the inner and outer surface of the brain, the brain stem, the frontal lobe, the basilar artery, the pituitary gland and the optic chiasm.
Alternatively, it has been observed that the red cloth around God has the shape of a human uterus (one art historian has called it a "uterine mantle"), and that the scarf hanging out, coloured green, could be a newly cut umbilical cord.
"This is an interesting hypothesis that presents the Creation scene as an idealised representation of the physical birth of man.
It explains the navel that appears on Adam, which is at first perplexing because he was created, not born of a woman."
Article: Australia
Section: Abstract

Question: Compared to other countries, where does Australian rank in terms of size (by total area)?

Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.
It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area.
Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians,who spoke languages grouped into roughly 250 language groups.
After the discovery of the continent by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788.
The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia.
Since Federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy.
The federation comprises six states and several territories.
The population of 23.1 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated in the eastern states.
Australia is a developed country and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the world's 12th-largest economy.
In 2012 Australia had the world's fifth-highest per capita income, Australia's military expenditure is the world's 13th-largest.
With the second-highest human development index globally, Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political rights.
Australia is a member of the United Nations, G20, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the Pacific Islands Forum.
Article: Nigeria
Section: Democratization (1999-)

Question: When did Umaru Yar'Adua come into power?

Democratization (1999-).
Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria ending almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999) excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998.
Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.
Ethnic violence over the oil producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the issues in the country.
Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) came into power in the general election of 2007 – an election that was witnessed and condemned by the international community as being severely flawed.
Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010.
Dr. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010, becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State, while his vice, a former Kaduna State governor, Namadi Sambo, an architect, was chosen on 18 May 2010, by the National Assembly following President Goodluck Jonathan's nomination for Sambo to be his Vice-President.
Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted.
Goodluck Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election by a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast.
The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud in contrast to previous elections.
Article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Section: Russian military attaché's office

Question: Who's confession declared the Russian Military Attaché Artamonov involvement in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

Apis's confession to ordering the assassination of Franz Ferdinand states that Russian Military Attaché Artamonov promised Russia's protection from Austria-Hungary if Serbia's intelligence operations became exposed and that Russia had funded the assassination.
Artamonov denied the involvement of his office in an interview with Albertini.
Artamonov stated that he went on vacation to Italy leaving Assistant Military Attaché Alexander Werchovsky in charge and though he was in daily contact with Apis he did not learn of Apis's role until after the war had ended.
Albertini writes that he “remained unconvinced by the behavior of this officer.” Werchovsky admitted the involvement of his office and then fell silent on the subject.
There is evidence that Russia was at least aware of the plot before 14 June.
De Schelking writes:
Article: Body of Proof
Section: Critical response

Question: What was Body of Proof's score on Metacritic?

Critical response.
The show was met with mixed reviews: Metacritic summarizes the opinions of 21 critics in giving the show's first season a score of 56 out of 100.
"Entertainment Weekly" included the show in the 10 TV events to look forward to in 2011.
Critic David Hinckley from the New York "Daily News" gave the show a positive review, noting it "would be interesting enough if it were just "Quincy" with better legs.
Add the other elements and you have something worth checking out at 10 o'clock".
Other reviews were more negative, commenting on the clichéd plot and character development.
"Las Vegas Weekly" critic Josh Bell commented that "The problem is that Megan’s personal issues are as clichéd and clumsily presented as her boilerplate murder cases, and the show makes strained connections between the two that don’t really hold together."
"The Detroit News" called it "Saggy, predictable and preachy, the series debut was delayed for months and still doesn't have what it takes to impress viewers.
What a poor replacement for "Detroit 1-8-7" ("Detroit 1–8–7" was canceled and "Body of Proof" was renewed)."
The "Los Angeles Times" said "Murphey and the writers will have to do a lot of heavy lifting for "Body of Proof" to transcend its immediate predictability.
There's only so much Delany can do with a cardboard show.
God may be in the details, but the walls still have to hold."
Article: Germany
Section: Languages

Question: What percentage of Germans are bilingual?

German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.
It is one of 23 official languages in the European Union, and one of the three working languages of the European Commission.
Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romany, and Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages, and Russian.
67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two languages other than their own.</ref>Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside English, Low German, Dutch, and the Frisian languages.
To a lesser extent, it is also related to the East (extinct) and North Germanic languages.
Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.
Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch).
German is written using the Latin alphabet.
German dialects, traditional local varieties traced back to the Germanic tribes, are distinguished from varieties of standard German by their lexicon, phonology, and syntax.
Article: Cereal
Section: Nutritional facts

Question: How is the amount of crude protein measured?

Some grains are deficient in the essential amino acid lysine.
That is why many vegetarian cultures, in order to get a balanced diet, combine their diet of grains with legumes.
Many legumes, on the other hand, are deficient in the essential amino acid methionine, which grains contain.
Thus, a combination of legumes with grains forms a well-balanced diet for vegetarians.
Common examples of such combinations are dal (lentils) with rice by South Indians and Bengalis, dal with wheat in Pakistan and North India, and beans with corn tortillas, tofu with rice, and peanut butter with wheat bread (as sandwiches) in several other cultures, including Americans.
The amount of crude protein found in grain is measured as the grain crude protein concentration.