community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Great Sphinx of Giza
Section: Names of the Sphinx

Question: What are the origins for the word "Sphinx"?

It is not known by what name the creators called their statue, as the Great Sphinx does not appear in any known inscription of the Old Kingdom, and there are no inscriptions anywhere describing its construction or its original purpose.
In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx was called "Hor-em-akhet" (; Hellenized: "Harmachis"), and the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) specifically referred to it as such in his Dream Stele.
The commonly used name "Sphinx" was given to it in classical antiquity, about 2000 years after the accepted date of its construction, by reference to a Greek mythological beast with a lion's body, a woman's head and the wings of an eagle (although, like most Egyptian sphinxes, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings).
The English word "sphinx" comes from the ancient Greek Σφίγξ (transliterated: ), apparently from the verb σφίγγω (transliterated: / ), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle.
The name may alternatively be a corruption of the ancient Egyptian "Ssp-anx" (in MdC), a name given to royal statues of Dynasty IV (2575–2467 BC) and later in the New Kingdom (c. 1570–1070 BC) to the Great Sphinx more specifically, although phonetically the two names are far from identical.
Medieval Arab writers, including al-Maqrīzī, call the Sphinx "balhib" and "bilhaw", which suggest a Coptic influence.
The modern Egyptian Arabic name is أبو الهول (, ).
Article: Finland
Section: Public policy

Question: Are most workers in Finland part of a Union if one is accessible for their role?

Finnish politicians have often emulated other Nordics and the Nordic model.
Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new.
The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.
Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas.
Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and 9th in Europe.
While the manufacturing sector is thriving, the OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.
The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive.
The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive.
In both indicators, Finland's performance was next to Germany, and significantly higher than most European countries.
In the Business competitiveness index 2007–2008 Finland ranked third in the world.
Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets.
According to the OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark).
Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe.
The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.
Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.
Finland is rated the least corrupted country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index and 13th in the Ease of Doing Business Index.
This indicates exceptional ease in cross-border trading (5th), contract enforcement (7th), business closure (5th), tax payment (83rd) and low worker hardship (127th).
Finnish law forces all workers to obey the national contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level.
The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union.
The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA—80%).
A lack of a national agreement in an industry is considered an exception.
Article: Association football
Section: Pitch

Question: Fields for non-international matches are what length?

As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units.
The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd).
Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square.
In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.
The longer boundary lines are "touchlines", while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are "goal lines".
A rectangular goal is positioned at the middle of each goal line.
The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.32 m (8 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2.44 m (8 ft) above the ground.
Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.
In front of each goal is an area known as the penalty area.
This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them.
This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick.
Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.
Article: Love the Way You Lie
Section: Personnel

Question: Which duo are responsible for writing the song "Love the Way You Lie"?

The credits for "Love the Way You Lie" are adapted from the liner notes of "Recovery".
 Eminem – mixing engineer, writer, vocalist
 Rihanna – vocalist
 Skylar Grey – writer
 Alex da Kid – mastering engineer, mixing engineer, producer, writer
 Mike Strange – mixing engineer, recording engineer
 Marcos Tovar – recording engineer
 Joe Strange – engineering assistant
 Spike Lindsey – engineering assistant
 Makeba Riddick – producer (vocals)
 J. Brow – guitarist
Article: Grand Canyon
Section: Grand Canyon tourism

Question: Which states are the majority of Grand Canyon National park visitors from?

 tourism.
Grand Canyon National Park is one of the world’s premier natural attractions, attracting about five million visitors per year.
Overall, 83% were from the United States: California (12.2%), Arizona (8.9%), Texas (4.8%), Florida (3.4%) and New York (3.2%) represented the top domestic visitors.
Seventeen percent of visitors were from outside the United States; the most prominently represented nations were the United Kingdom (3.8%), Canada (3.5%), Japan (2.1%), Germany (1.9%) and The Netherlands (1.2%).
The South Rim is open all year round weather permitting.
The North Rim is generally open mid-May to mid-October.
Article: Judo
Section: Judo "waza" (techniques)

Question: What is most known for "nage-waza"?

 "waza" (techniques).
There are three basic categories of in judo: , and .
Judo is most known for "nage-waza" and "katame-waza".
Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to , in order that "nage-waza" can be practiced without significant risk of injury.
Several distinct types of "ukemi" exist, including ; ; ; and The person who performs a "Waza" is known as and the person to whom it is performed is known as .
Article: Galbi
Section: Varieties

Question: What is Tteokgalbi similar to?

Dwaeji galbi () is made with pork ribs that can be seasoned with a typical ganjang-based sauce or gochujang-based sauce (chili pepper condiment).
In the latter case, the dish is called "maeun dwaeji galbi" (), literally meaning "hot and spicy pork ribs" in Korean.
Dak galbi () is made with chicken legs although the name contains "galbi".
It is seasoned with a gochujang-based sauce, but "maeun" (매운, hot and spicy) is not prefixed.
Tteokgalbi () is made much like meat balls.
Ground beef ribs are clumped together in chunks before being grilled.
Rice cakes (tteok) is often grilled with the tteokgalbi, typically at the center of it.
L.A.
galbi () is made with beef ribs thinly cut across the bone.
As the name suggests, this is an American variation that originates from South Korean expatriate communities in the Californian city of Los Angeles.
It is prepared in the same way as regular galbi, except that the ribs are cut differently.
Because most American butcheries cut ribs rib-eye style, instead of the thicker chunks of individual ribs South Koreans typically do in their own country, South Korean-owned restaurants in Los Angeles made galbi with these thinner cuts of beef with several ribs.
This variation has since made its way back to South Korea as well.
Article: Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas
Section: Abstract

Question: Who recorded a modified version of the song?

"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" is a song introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 MGM musical "Meet Me in St. Louis".
Frank Sinatra later recorded a version with modified lyrics.
The song was written by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane.
In 2007, ASCAP ranked "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" the third most performed Christmas song during the preceding five years that had been written by ASCAP members.
Article: How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life)
Section: Development and production

Question: Who played Max and Polly's stepfather?

In January 2012, ABC placed a pilot order for "How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life)".
Claudia Lonow wrote the pilot episode, and serves as showrunner and head writer.
Lonow also executive produces the series alongside Brian Grazer and Francie Calfo, under their production company Imagine Entertainment.
Casting announcements began in February 2012, with Sarah Chalke first cast in the lead role of Polly, the recently divorced mother who moves back in with her parents.
Jon Dore then joined the series in the role of Julian, Polly's ex-husband.
Following Dore, Elizabeth Perkins signed on to play the role of Elaine, Polly's optimistic and outspoken mother.
Next to board the series was Rachel Eggleston as Natalie, Polly and Julian's six-year-old daughter.
Brad Garrett then joined the series as Max, Polly's stepfather, who owns a successful chain of nightclubs.
Rebecca Delgado Smith boarded the series in the role of Jenn, Polly's co-worker who occasionally helps Polly with her dating problems.
Orlando Jones completed the main cast in the series when he signed on to play the role of Gregg, Polly's married best friend and co-worker.
On May 11, 2012, ABC placed a series order for the comedy.
Shortly after the series order was placed, Rebecca Delgado Smith and Orlando Jones were dropped from the cast.
Smith's role was subsequently recast with Stephanie Hunt.
The series went into production early and the first season was completed by November 2012.
Article: What Makes You Beautiful
Section: Music video

Question: When was the premiere of "What Makes You Beautiful"?

The music video for "What Makes You Beautiful" was directed by John Urbano.
Filmed for two days in July 2011, it premiered on 19 August 2011.
On each of the five days preceding the video's premiere, One Direction posted a teaser trailer of the video online.
Each teaser showed footage from the video and behind the scenes, and one member of the band announcing how many days were left until the video premiere.
The video opens with One Direction spending time on a Malibu, California beach inter cut with scenes of them driving an orange campervan.
During the second verse, a group of three girls joins the band at the beach; in Styles' bridge solo, he intimately sings to one girl individually.
During the final choruses the band and girls are shown sitting around a fire, lighting sparklers and taking photographs.
On video sharing website MUZU TV, the video was the fourth most-watched music video of 2011 in the UK.
The video won two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Pop Video and Most Share-Worthy Video, and earned the group the award for Best New Artist on 6 September 2012.
As of March 2014, the music video has garnered almost 500 million Vevo views.
In 2012, a blogger at BuzzFeed noticed similarities between the video and pop punk band Blink-182's video for "All the Small Things" — the video was filmed on Santa Monica Beach and is shot from the same camera angle as in "What Makes You Beautiful", leading media outlets to joke that the band parodied One Direction eleven years prior to their formation.
Article: Magnetic resonance imaging
Section: T1rho MRI

Question: What is t1p?

T1ρ (T1rho): Molecules have a kinetic energy that is a function of the temperature and is expressed as translational and rotational motions, and by collisions between molecules.
The moving dipoles disturb the magnetic field but are often extremely rapid so that the average effect over a long time-scale may be zero.
However, depending on the time-scale, the interactions between the dipoles do not always average away.
At the slowest extreme the interaction time is effectively infinite and occurs where there are large, stationary field disturbances (e.g., a metallic implant).
In this case the loss of coherence is described as a "static dephasing".
T2* is a measure of the loss of coherence in an ensemble of spins that includes all interactions (including static dephasing).
T2 is a measure of the loss of coherence that excludes static dephasing, using an RF pulse to reverse the slowest types of dipolar interaction.
There is in fact a continuum of interaction time-scales in a given biological sample, and the properties of the refocusing RF pulse can be tuned to refocus more than just static dephasing.
In general, the rate of decay of an ensemble of spins is a function of the interaction times and also the power of the RF pulse.
This type of decay, occurring under the influence of RF, is known as T1ρ.
It is similar to T2 decay but with some slower dipolar interactions refocused, as well as static interactions, hence T1ρ≥T2.
Article: Manhattan Project
Section: Plutonium

Question: Which substance does uranium-238 decay into first?

The second line of development pursued by the Manhattan Project used the fissile element plutonium.
Although small amounts of plutonium exist in nature, the best way to obtain large quantities of the element is in a nuclear reactor, in which natural uranium is bombarded by neutrons.
The uranium-238 is transmuted into uranium-239, which rapidly decays, first into neptunium-239 and then into plutonium-239.
Only a small amount of the uranium-238 will be transformed, so the plutonium must be chemically separated from the remaining uranium, from any initial impurities, and from fission products.
Article: Switzerland
Section: Geography

Question: Which lake has a main input and output from the Rhone river?

Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of .
The population is about 7.9 million, resulting in an average population density of around 190 people per square kilometre (485/sq mi).
The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half.
In the largest Canton of Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km² (70 /sq mi).
Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss plateau or middleland, and the Jura mountains on the north.
The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country, comprising about 60% of the country's total area.
Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps many glaciers are found, totalling an area of 1,063 square kilometres.
From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe.
The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe, among which are included Lake Geneva, Lake Constance and Lake Maggiore.
Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and contains 6% of Europe's stock of fresh water.
Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory.
About a hundred of Switzerland's mountain peaks are close to or higher than .
At , Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn () is probably the most famous.
Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais.
The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau () and Eiger, and the many picturesque valleys in the region.
In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing the St. Moritz area in canton Graubünden, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina ().
The more populous northern part of the country, comprising about 30% of the country's total area, is called the Middle Land.
It has greater open and hilly landscapes, partly forested, partly open pastures, usually with grazing herds, or vegetables and fruit fields, but it is still hilly.
There are large lakes found here and the biggest Swiss cities are in this area of the country.
The largest lake is Lake Geneva (also called Lac Léman in French), in western Switzerland.
The Rhône River is both the main input and output of Lake Geneva.
Article: Human swimming
Section: Occupation

Question: who conducted swim tests with geese as part of an animal behavior study?

Some occupations require the workers to swim.
For example, abalone- or pearl-divers swim and dive to obtain an economic benefit, as do spear fishermen.
Swimming is used to rescue people in the water who may be in distress, including tired swimmers, non-swimmers who have accidentally entered the water, or water users who have come to harm.
Lifeguards or volunteer lifesavers are deployed at many pools and beaches worldwide to fulfill this purpose, and they, as well as rescue swimmers, may use specific swimming styles for rescue purposes.
Swimming is also used in marine biology to observe plants and animals in their natural habitat.
Other sciences use swimming, for example Konrad Lorenz swam with geese as part of his studies of animal behavior.
Swimming also has military purposes.
Military swimming is usually done by special forces, such as Navy SEALs.
Swimming is used to approach a location, gather intelligence, sabotage or combat, and to depart a location.
This may also include airborne insertion into water or exiting a submarine while it is submerged.
Due to regular exposure to large bodies of water, all recruits in the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard are required to complete basic swimming or water survival training.
Swimming is also a professional sport.
Companies sponsor swimmers who are at the international level.
Many swimmers compete competitively in order to represent their home country in the olympics.
Cash awards are also given at many of the major competitions for breaking records.
Professional swimmers may also earn a living as entertainers, performing in water ballets.
Article: Ski jumping
Section: Ski flying

Question: Who is considered the originator of ski flying?

Ski Flying is an extension of ski jumping.
The events take place on hills with a K-point of at least .
The first ski flying hill was built in Planica in Slovenia.
In 1936, the FIS started to regulate the construction of the jumping hills and issued international standards for their construction and maintenance.
Back then, it was forbidden to build a ski jumping hill which made it possible to make jumps longer than 80 meters.
Nevertheless the first-ever ski flying hill was built in Planica, Slovenia.
It took several more years before competitions on this hill were approved by FIS.
The "father" of ski flying is Janez Gorišek, an engineer, sportsman and enthusiastic sport-promoter who designed the Planica ski-jump.
There are five ski flying hills in the world today: Vikersundbakken in Vikersund, Norway; Oberstdorf, Germany; Kulm Austria; Letalnica, Planica, Slovenia; and Harrachov, Czech Republic.
A sixth hill, Copper Peak in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is currently disused, although there are plans to rebuild it to FIS standards.
There are plans for more ski flying hills, even for an indoor ski flying hill in Ylitornio, Finland.
The biggest hill is Vikersundbakken in Vikersund.
Jumps of more than have occurred at all ski flying hills.
The current World Record is , set by Norwegian Johan Remen Evensen at Vikersund in 2011.
The "Fédération Internationale de Ski" (FIS) Ski flying World Championships started in 1972 and occur biennially.
The 2010 FIS World Championships in ski flying were organised in Planica, and in 2012 the FIS World Championships took place in Vikersund, Norway.1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 "Ski flying World Championships" individual day event wins in two series also counted as an individual "World Cup" win.
Article: Tennis
Section: Premier events

Question: When was the first tiering system in women's tennis introduced?

Women's tournament structure.
Premier events.
Premier events for women form the most prestigious level of events on the Women's Tennis Association Tour after the Grand Slam tournaments.
These events offer the largest rewards in terms of points and prize money.
Within the Premier category are Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and Premier tournaments.
The Premier events were introduced in 2009 replacing the previous Tier I and II tournament categories.
Currently four tournaments are Premier Mandatory, five tournaments are Premier 5, and twelve tournaments are Premier.
The first tiering system in women's tennis was introduced in 1988.
At the time of its creation, only two tournaments, the Lipton International Players Championships in Florida and the German Open in Berlin, comprised the Tier I category.
Article: Austria
Section: Administrative divisions

Question: How does Austria divide its states?

As a federal republic, Austria is divided into nine states ().
These states are then divided into districts () and statutory cities ().
Districts are subdivided into municipalities ().
Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities.
The states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g.
in matters of culture, social care, youth and nature protection, hunting, building, and zoning ordinances.
In recent years, it has been discussed whether today it is appropriate for a small country to maintain ten parliaments.