community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Udon
Section: Abstract

Question: How many different package styles do the noodles come in?

Udon is often served hot as a noodle soup in its simplest form, as "kake udon", in a mildly flavoured broth called "kakejiru," which is made of dashi, soy sauce (shōyu), and mirin.
It is usually topped with thinly chopped scallions.
Other common toppings include tempura, often prawn or "kakiage" (a type of mixed tempura fritter), or "aburaage", a type of deep-fried tofu pockets seasoned with sugar, mirin, and soy sauce.
A thin slice of kamaboko, a halfmoon-shaped fish cake, is often added.
Shichimi can be added to taste.
The flavor of broth and topping vary from region to region.
Usually, dark brown broth, made from dark soy sauce ("koikuchi shōyu"), is used in eastern Japan, and light brown broth, made from light soy sauce ("usukuchi shōyu"), is used in western Japan.
This is even noticeable in packaged instant noodles, which are often sold in two different versions for east and west.
Article: Ramen
Section: Instant ramen

Question: WHat is the definition of Ramen?

Instant ramen noodles were exported from Japan by Nissin Foods starting in 1971, bearing the name "Oodles of Noodles".
One year later, it was re-branded "Nissin Cup Noodles," packaged in a foam food container, and subsequently saw a growth in international sales.
Over time, the term "ramen" became used in North America to refer to other instant noodles, even those not technically ramen.
Article: Ski jumping
Section: History

Question: Who invented ski jumping?

Ski jumping as a sport originated in Norway.
Norwegian lieutenant Olaf Rye was the first known ski jumper.
In 1809, he launched himself 9.5 meters in the air as a show of courage to his fellow soldiers.
By 1862, ski jumpers were facing much larger jumps and traveling longer.
The very first recorded public competition was held at Trysil, Norway, on 22 January 1862.
At this first competition, judges already awarded points for style ("elegance and smoothness"), participants had to complete three jumps without falling and rules were agreed upon in advance.
It is clear from the news report published in Morgenbladet that the ski jumping in Trysild was entertainment, but also a national, competitive sports event.
The first known female ski jumper participated at the Trysil competition in 1863.
Norway's Sondre Norheim jumped 30 meters without the benefit of poles.
In 1866, the first skiing event held in Christiania near Old Aker Church was a combined cross country, slalom and jumping competition, and attracted an audience of some 2,000 people.
Sondre Norheim won his first competition in Christiania in 1868.
The first widely known ski jumping competition was the Husebyrennene, held in Oslo in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 meters.
Explorer Fridtjof Nansen was a skilled skier and was number 7 in the 1881 competition at Huseby.
Until 1884–1886 jumping and cross-country was a single integrated competition: In 1886 at Huseby cross-country and jumping were held on separate days, and final results were calculated from the combined achievements (similar to present nordic combined).
The annual event was moved to Holmenkollen from 1892, and Holmenkollen has remained the pinnacle of ski jumping venues.
To distinguish ski jumping competition only from Nordic combined, it is still referred to as "spesielt hopprenn" in Norwegian (ski jumping only).
According to the International Olympic Committee's site:Ski jumping has been part of the Olympic Winter Games since the first Games in Chamonix Mont-Blanc in 1924.
The Large Hill competition was included on the Olympic programme for the 1964 Olympic Games in Innsbruck.
In 1929, Norwegian instructors arrived in Sapporo to train the Japanese in ski jumping.
Article: Lights (musician)
Section: Personal life

Question: On what day did Lights become engaged?

While at a Taking Back Sunday concert, Beau Bokan, the lead vocalist of metalcore band Blessthefall, asked a mutual friend of Lights if they would introduce the two.
The couple started dating soon after.
On August 30, 2011, Lights became engaged to Bokan.
As his proposal, Bokan made fortune cookies for Lights, with one containing the fortune of "Will You Marry Me?"
They were married on May 12, 2012.
On November 4, 2013, the couple announced that Lights was pregnant with their first child via Twitter and Facebook.
Lights and her sister were pregnant at the same time.
On February 15, 2014, Lights gave birth to their daughter, Rocket Wild Bokan.
Article: Racquetball
Section: Ball Colors

Question: What do you call the red balls?

Racquetballs are manufactured in a variety of colors such as blue, green, purple, black, red, and pink, and some are for specific purposes (e.g., outdoor play and indoor play), but the differences are unlikely to make much difference for recreational play.
Beginners are recommended to use a blue ball by Penn, Ektelon, or Wilson.
The blue ball is the most commonly used and it is the most neutral ball for average speed and accuracy of contact.
Green balls are similar to blue balls.
In the USA the main choices of ball are blue and green for tournament play.
In some cases the International Pro Racquetball Tour (IRT) will use a purple Penn HD ball as the official ball.
A black ball is often used in tournaments for senior players because the ball is designed to be slower moving and allows for longer rallies.
The red ball is the fastest in production and they are known as Red Ektelon Fireballs.
This ball is heavier and allows for a quicker pace.
The pink ball tends to be the favorite of most recreational players and even some pro level players.
This pink ball allows for the highest level of visibility due to the bright pink color.
Also, the speed and durability of the ball is very close to that of the blue and green.
Finally, the pink ball was created to support breast cancer research and the manufacturers of the ball Wilson, donate $1.00 to the breast cancer awareness association every time a package is sold.
Balls do break occasionally, and will lose their bounce over time even without breaking.
To keep balls around for a long time it is best to keep them in a room temperature setting and keep them out of extreme cold or heat because this will cause the balls to become less effective and lose their bounce.
Article: Saudi Arabia
Section: Islamic heritage sites

Question: What number of buildings are still in mecca that were also there in the time of Muhammad?

Saudi Arabia, and specifically the Hejaz, as the cradle of Islam, has many of the most significant historic Muslim sites, including the two holiest sites of Mecca and Medina.
One of the King's titles is Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, the two mosques being Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, which contains Islam's most sacred place, the Kaaba, and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina which contains Muhammad's tomb.
However, Saudi Wahhabism is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to 'shirk' (that is, idolatry).
As a consequence, under Saudi rule, the Hejaz cities have suffered from considerable destruction of their physical heritage and, for example, it has been estimated that about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.
These include the mosque originally built by Muhammad's daughter Fatima, and other mosques founded by Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father-in-law and the first Caliph), Umar (the second Caliph), Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law and the fourth Caliph), and Salman al-Farsi (another of Muhammad's companions).
Other historic buildings that have been destroyed include the house of Khadijah, the wife of the Prophet, the house of Abu Bakr, now the site of the local Hilton hotel; the house of Ali-Oraid, the grandson of the Prophet, and the Mosque of abu-Qubais, now the location of the King's palace in Mecca.
Critics have described this as "Saudi vandalism" and claim that over the last 50 years, 300 historic sites linked to Muhammad, his family or companions have been lost.
It has been reported that there now are fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad.
Article: Coffee
Section: Etymology

Question: Where doe the Italian word "coffee" come from?

The first reference to coffee in the English language is in the form "chaoua", dated to 1598.
In English and other European languages, "coffee" descends from the Italian word "caffè".
In turn, "caffè" derives from "kahve", the Ottoman Turkish word for coffee, which is itself derived from the , "qahwah".
Arab lexicographers maintain that "qahwah" originally referred to a type of wine, and gave its etymology, in turn, to the verb "qahā", signifying "to have no appetite", since this beverage was thought to dull one's hunger.
Other proposed etymologies include tracing coffee to the word "quwwa," Arabic for power, or to the region of Kaffa in Ethiopia.
For the latter etymology, some hold Arabs named it after the Kaffa region, but others with "equally little authority" say the region was named after the drink.
Article: Every Breath You Take
Section: Music video

Question: Who worked on the "Every Breath You Take" video and won the MTV cinemetography award for his work?

The song had a music video (directed by duo Godley & Creme) that was praised for its black-and-white cinematography.
Both MTV (1999) and VH1 (2002) named it as one of the best music videos ever, placing it 16th and 33rd in their respective top 100 lists.
Daniel Pearl won the first MTV cinematography award for his work on the video.
Article: Iran
Section: Religion

Question: In what year did the Iranian revolution take place?

Religion in Iran is dominated by the Twelver Shia branch of Islam, which is the official state religion and to which about 90% to 95% of Iranians belong.
About 4% to 8% of Iranians belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, mainly Kurds and Iran's Balochi Sunni.
The remaining 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities, including Bahá'ís, Mandeans, Hindus, Yezidis, Yarsanis, Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians.
The latter three minority religions are officially recognized and protected, and have reserved seats in the Parliament ("Majlis") .
However the Bahá'í Faith, Iran's largest religious minority, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century.
Since the 1979 revolution the persecution of Bahá'ís has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.
The government has not released statistics regarding the irreligious.
Article: Despicable Me
Section: Box office

Question: When did the film make $200 million?

Released on July 9, 2010, in the United States, "Despicable Me" opened at the number one spot at the box office and pulled in $56.3 million, making it the third biggest opening grossing for an animated film in 2010 behind "Toy Story 3" and "Shrek Forever After".
In its second weekend, the film dipped 42% to second place behind "Inception" with $32.8 million earned.
The film then had another drop of 27% in its third weekend and finished in third place with $23.8 million.
On August 5, 2010, the film crossed the $200 million mark, becoming the first Universal film to reach the milestone since 2007's "The Bourne Ultimatum".
On the weekend lasting from September 3–5, 2010, it surpassed "Shrek Forever After" to become the second highest-grossing animated film of 2010 in the United States and Canada, behind "Toy Story 3".
It was also the highest-grossing non-DreamWorks/non-Disney·Pixar animated film of all time in these territories, since overtaken by its sequel.
The film has made $251,513,985 in the United States and Canada as well as an estimated $291,600,000 internationally for a worldwide total of $543,010,705, against its $69 million budget.
This film is also Universal's sixth highest-grossing film (unadjusted for inflation) and the tenth-highest-grossing animated feature of all-time in North America.
In worldwide earnings, it is the sixth biggest film of Universal Studios, the fourth highest-grossing animated film of 2010 trailing "Toy Story 3", "Shrek Forever After", and "Tangled", the 25th highest-grossing animated film of all time and the 9th highest-grossing film of 2010.
Article: Before Midnight (film)
Section: Plot

Question: What are the genders of Jesse and Celine's kids?

Nine years after the conclusion of "Before Sunset", Jesse (Hawke) and Céline (Delpy) are a couple and parents to twin girls conceived when they got together for the second time.
Jesse is also struggling to maintain his relationship with his teenage son, Hank (Davey-Fitzpatrick), who lives in Chicago with Jesse's ex-wife and who, after spending the summer with Jesse and Céline on the Greek Peloponnese peninsula, is being dropped off at the airport to fly home.
Jesse has continued to find success as a novelist, while Céline is at a career crossroads, considering a job with the French government.
After dropping off Hank at the airport, the couple discuss their worries about Hank having a healthy childhood and Céline deciding what to do with her career, before returning to the house of their Greek friend, Patrick (Lassally).
Over dinner they discuss ideas about love and life, and the other people staying with them buy Jesse and Céline a hotel room for that night so they can have some time alone.
While walking to the hotel, the couple reminisce about how they met and how their lives have changed since then.
When they arrive at the hotel, however, the two have a vicious argument, as both of them pour out their fears about a present and future together.Céline eventually storms out of the hotel room, telling Jesse she doesn't think she loves him anymore before sitting in the hotel's outdoor restaurant alone.
Jesse joins her and playfully tries to explain to her how things can be different from tonight.
Céline initially finds his attempts childish, saying that their fantasies will never match the imperfect reality their relationship constantly goes through.
Jesse then proclaims his love to her, saying that he loves her unconditionally and is not sure what else she could want from a relationship.
Céline suddenly resumes Jesse's joke and the two seem to reconcile.
Article: Rules of Engagement (TV series)
Section: History

Question: On what date did the final episode air?

The show was heavily promoted by CBS during Super Bowl XLI and launched the following night, the first of seven episodes in its first season.
The pilot episode remains the highest rated episode of the show.
The series was renewed for a second season which began as a midseason replacement for "The New Adventures of Old Christine" on Monday, September 24, 2007, with production halted after nine episodes on November 6, 2007, in the wake of a writers' strike.
After the strike ended, CBS announced that the show would return April 14, 2008, with a further six episodes.
Seasons three and four were both mid-season entries launched in March 2009 and March 2010.
On May 18, 2010, it was announced that CBS had renewed "Rules of Engagement" for a 5th season.
It was later announced that this season would start in September, in contrast to its usual midseason start, and received an expanded 24-episode order.
(The fifth season was the first and only season to have a full-season order.)
The first 15 episodes aired on Monday nights, usually in the 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central time slot following "How I Met Your Mother".
Then on February 24, 2011, the series moved to Thursdays at 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central, following "The Big Bang Theory", after the cancellation of "$h*!
My Dad Says".
On May 17, 2011, the series was renewed for a sixth season to begin airing in fall 2011.
One day later, CBS announced that "Rules of Engagement" would move to Saturday nights at 8:00 pm Eastern/7:00 pm Central as part of the network's new "Comedytime Saturday" block; the first time in six years that an original CBS program would air on that night.
It also marked the fourth night that the series would air on, with it previously airing on Mondays, Wednesdays (two airings), and Thursdays.
On October 7, 2011, however, it was announced that "Rules of Engagement" would move back to its 8:30PM EST Thursday timeslot following "The Big Bang Theory", replacing new sitcom "How to Be a Gentleman" which was moved to the new Saturday time slot.
Effective January 12, 2012, CBS removed "Rules of Engagement" from its Thursday lineup, replacing it with the new sitcom "Rob" starring Rob Schneider.
"Rules" would return to its Thursday 8:30 PM time slot on March 29, after "Rob" had finished airing its 8-episode order, resulting in a total of 15 episodes in season 6.
On May 21, 2012, CBS renewed "Rules of Engagement" for a seventh season of 13 episodes to air mid-season, bringing the total number of produced episodes to 100.
Season 7 began airing on Mondays at 8:30, starting February 4, 2013.
On May 10, 2013, "Rules of Engagement" was cancelled by CBS after seven seasons and 100 episodes.
The series finale episode aired on May 20, 2013.
Article: Chemistry
Section: Bonding

Question: What does it mean when atoms are sticking to each other?

Atoms sticking together in molecules or crystals are said to be bonded with one another.
A chemical bond may be visualized as the multipole balance between the positive charges in the nuclei and the negative charges oscillating about them.
More than simple attraction and repulsion, the energies and distributions characterize the availability of an electron to bond to another atom.
A chemical bond can be a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond or just because of Van der Waals force.
Each of these kinds of bonds is ascribed to some potential.
These potentials create the interactions which hold atoms together in molecules or crystals.
In many simple compounds, Valence Bond Theory, the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model (VSEPR), and the concept of oxidation number can be used to explain molecular structure and composition.
An ionic bond is formed when a metal loses one or more of its electrons, becoming a positively charged cation, and the electrons are then gained by the non-metal atom, becoming a negatively charged anion.
The two oppositely charged ions attract one another, and the ionic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between them.
For example, sodium (Na), a metal, loses one electron to become an Na+ cation while chlorine (Cl), a non-metal, gains this electron to become Cl-.
The ions are held together due to electrostatic attraction, and that compound sodium chloride (NaCl), or common table salt, is formed.
In a covalent bond, one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two atoms: the resulting electrically neutral group of bonded atoms is termed a molecule.
Atoms will share valence electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas electron configuration (eight electrons in their outermost shell) for each atom.
Atoms that tend to combine in such a way that they each have eight electrons in their valence shell are said to follow the octet rule.
However, some elements like hydrogen and lithium need only two electrons in their outermost shell to attain this stable configuration; these atoms are said to follow the "duet rule", and in this way they are reaching the electron configuration of the noble gas helium, which has two electrons in its outer shell.
Similarly, theories from classical physics can be used to predict many ionic structures.
With more complicated compounds, such as metal complexes, valence bond theory is less applicable and alternative approaches, such as the molecular orbital theory, are generally used.
See diagram on electronic orbitals.
Article: American Gothic
Section: Reception

Question: Where did Wood enter American Gothic in a competition?

Wood entered the painting in a competition at the Art Institute of Chicago.
The judges deemed it a "comic valentine", but a museum patron persuaded them to award the painting the bronze medal and $300 cash prize.
The patron also persuaded the Art Institute to buy the painting, which remains there today.
The image soon began to be reproduced in newspapers, first by the "Chicago Evening Post" and then in New York, Boston, Kansas City, and Indianapolis.
However, Wood received a backlash when the image finally appeared in the "Cedar Rapids Gazette".
Iowans were furious at their depiction as "pinched, grim-faced, puritanical Bible-thumpers".
Wood protested that he had not painted a caricature of Iowans but a depiction of his appreciation, stating "I had to go to France to appreciate Iowa."
Nan, apparently embarrassed at being depicted as the wife of someone twice her age, began telling people that the painting was of a man and his daughter, which Grant seems to confirm in his letter to a Mrs. Nellie Sudduth in 1941.
Art critics who had favorable opinions about the painting, such as Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley, also assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life.
It was thus seen as part of the trend toward increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson's 1919 "Winesburg, Ohio", Sinclair Lewis's 1920 "Main Street", and Carl Van Vechten's 1924 "The Tattooed Countess" in literature.
Yet another interpretation sees it as an "old-fashioned mourning portrait... Tellingly, the curtains hanging in the windows of the house, both upstairs and down, are pulled closed in the middle of the day, a mourning custom in Victorian America.
The woman wears a black dress beneath her apron, and glances away as if holding back tears.
One imagines she is grieving for the man beside her..." Wood had been only 10 when his father had died and later had lived for a decade "above a garage reserved for hearses", so death was on his mind.
However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit.
Wood assisted this transition by renouncing his Bohemian youth in Paris and grouping himself with populist Midwestern painters, such as John Steuart Curry and Thomas Hart Benton, who revolted against the dominance of East Coast art circles.
Wood was quoted in this period as stating, "All the good ideas I've ever had came to me while I was milking a cow."
Article: Vegetable
Section: Etymology

Question: When did the term "vegetable" become synonymous with plants grown for food?

The word "vegetable" was first recorded in English in the early 15th century from Old French, and was in origin applied to any plant.
This is still the sense of the adjective "vegetable" in biological context.
The word is taken from Medieval Latin "vegetabilis" "growing, flourishing" (i.e.
of a plant), a semantic change from a Late Latin meaning "to be enlivening, quickening", a derivation of the verb "vegetare" "enliven", which is derived from "vegetus" "to be alive, active" (related to "vigor"), in reference to the process of a plant growing.
In 1767, the meaning of the term "vegetable" was specified to mean "plant cultivated for food, edible herb or root."
The year 1955 noted the first use of the shortened, slang term "veggie".
As an adjective, the word "vegetable" is used in scientific and technical contexts with a different and much broader meaning, namely of "related to plants" in general, edible or not — as in "vegetable matter", "vegetable kingdom", "vegetable origin", etc.
The meaning of "vegetable" as "plant grown for food" was not established until the 18th century.