community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Saudi Arabia
Section: Islamic heritage sites

Question: How many structures remain in mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad?

Saudi Arabia, and specifically the Hejaz, as the cradle of Islam, has many of the most significant historic Muslim sites, including the two holiest sites of Mecca and Medina.
One of the King's titles is Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, the two mosques being Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, which contains Islam's most sacred place, the Kaaba, and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina which contains Muhammad's tomb.
However, Saudi Wahhabism is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to 'shirk' (that is, idolatry).
As a consequence, under Saudi rule, the Hejaz cities have suffered from considerable destruction of their physical heritage and, for example, it has been estimated that about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.
These include the mosque originally built by Muhammad's daughter Fatima, and other mosques founded by Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father-in-law and the first Caliph), Umar (the second Caliph), Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law and the fourth Caliph), and Salman al-Farsi (another of Muhammad's companions).
Other historic buildings that have been destroyed include the house of Khadijah, the wife of the Prophet, the house of Abu Bakr, now the site of the local Hilton hotel; the house of Ali-Oraid, the grandson of the Prophet, and the Mosque of abu-Qubais, now the location of the King's palace in Mecca.
Critics have described this as "Saudi vandalism" and claim that over the last 50 years, 300 historic sites linked to Muhammad, his family or companions have been lost.
It has been reported that there now are fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad.
Article: Norway
Section: Foreign relations

Question: How many countries maintain an embassy in Norway?

Norway maintains embassies in 86 countries.
60 countries maintain an embassy in Norway, all of them in the capital, Oslo.
Norway is a founding member of the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
Norway issued applications for accession to the European Union (EU) and its predecessors in 1962, 1967 and 1992, respectively.
While Denmark, Sweden and Finland obtained membership, the Norwegian electorate rejected the treaties of accession in referenda in 1972 and 1994.
After the 1994 referendum, Norway maintained its membership in the European Economic Area (EEA), an arrangement granting the country access to the internal market of the Union, on the condition that Norway implements those of the Union's pieces of legislation which are deemed relevant (of which there were approximately seven thousand by 2010) Successive Norwegian governments have, since 1994, requested participation in parts of the EU's co-operation that go beyond the provisions of the EEA agreement.
Non-voting participation by Norway has been granted in, for instance, the Union's Common Security and Defence Policy, the Schengen Agreement, and the European Defence Agency, as well as 19 separate programmes.
Norway contributes to international development.
In addition, it participated in the 1990s brokering of the Oslo Accords, an attempt to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
These were unsuccessful.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the reasoning behind Christopher Nolan's use of the IMAX camera for shooting The Dark Knight Rises?

The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 British-American epic superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan, who co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Jonathan Nolan and the story with David S. Goyer.
Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the final installment in Nolan's "Batman" film trilogy, and it is the sequel to "Batman Begins" (2005) and "The Dark Knight" (2008).
Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, with a returning cast of his allies: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Gary Oldman as James Gordon, and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox.
The film introduces Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway), a sly, morally ambiguous cat burglar, and Bane (Tom Hardy), a mercenary bent on destroying Gotham City.
Drawn back into action by new threats facing the city, an older Bruce Wayne is forced to come out of retirement and become Batman once again.
Christopher Nolan was initially hesitant about returning to the series for a second time, but agreed to come back after developing a story with his brother and Goyer that he felt would conclude the series on a satisfactory note.
Nolan drew inspiration from Bane's comic book debut in the 1993 "" storyline, the 1986 series "The Dark Knight Returns", and the 1999 storyline "No Man's Land".
Filming took place in various locations, including Jodhpur, London, Nottingham, Glasgow, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, and Pittsburgh.
Nolan used IMAX cameras for much of the filming, including the first six minutes of the film, to optimize the quality of the picture.
A variation of the Batplane termed "The Bat", an underground prison set, and a new Batcave set were created specifically for the film.
As with "The Dark Knight", viral marketing campaigns began early during production to help promotion.
When filming concluded, Warner Bros. refocused its campaign: developing promotional websites, releasing the first six minutes of the film, screening theatrical trailers, and sending out information regarding the film's plot.
"The Dark Knight Rises" premiered in New York City on July 16, 2012.
The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on July 19, 2012, and in North America and the United Kingdom on July 20, 2012.
Upon release it received a favorable critical response and grossed over $1.081 billion worldwide.
It is currently the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time, the third-highest-grossing film of 2012, and the third-highest-grossing superhero film of all time.
Article: Peking duck
Section: History

Question: When did the Quanjude restaurant get built in Beijing?

Duck has been roasted in China since the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
A variation of roast duck was prepared for the Emperor of China in the Yuan Dynasty.
The dish, originally named "Shaoyazi" (燒鴨子), was mentioned in the "Complete Recipes for Dishes and Beverages" (飲膳正要) manual in 1330 by Hu Sihui (忽思慧), an inspector of the imperial kitchen.
The Peking Roast Duck that came to be associated with the term was fully developed during the later Ming Dynasty, and by then, Peking Duck was one of the main dishes on imperial court menus.
The first restaurant specialising in Peking Duck, Bianyifang, was established in the Xianyukou, Qianmen area of Beijing in 1416.
By the Qianlong Period (1736–1796) of the Qing Dynasty, the popularity of Peking Duck spread to the upper classes, inspiring poetry from poets and scholars who enjoyed the dish.
For instance, one of the verses of "Duan Zhu Zhi Ci", a collection of Beijing poems was, "Fill your plates with roast duck and suckling pig".
In 1864, the Quanjude (全聚德) restaurant was established in Beijing.
Yang Quanren (楊全仁), the founder of Quanjude, developed the hung oven to roast ducks.
With its innovations and efficient management, the restaurant became well known in China, introducing the Peking Duck to the rest of the world.
By the mid-20th century, Peking Duck had become a national symbol of China, favored by tourists and diplomats alike.
For example, Henry Kissinger, the Secretary of State of the United States, met Premier Zhou Enlai in the Great Hall of the People on July 10, during his first visit to China.
After a round of inconclusive talks in the morning, the delegation was served Peking Duck for lunch, which became Kissinger's favourite.
The Americans and Chinese issued a joint statement the following day, inviting President Richard Nixon to visit China in 1972.
Peking Duck was hence considered one of the factors behind the rapprochement of the United States to China in the 1970s.
Following Zhou's death in 1976, Kissinger paid another visit to Beijing to savor Peking Duck.
Peking Duck, at the Quanjude in particular, has also been a favorite dish for various political leaders ranging from Cuban revolutionary Fidel Castro to former German chancellor Helmut Kohl.
Article: Kebab
Section: In Norway

Question: What is the average cost of a kebab in Bergen?

In Norway, the kebab was introduced by Pakistani and Turkish immigrants during the 1980s.
The kebab has become a symbol of immigration from the Muslim world, and speaking Norwegian with an Arab accent or with a lot of words and expressions borrowed from the Pakistani, Turkish, Arabic, and Persian languages is sometimes referred to as "Kebabnorsk" (Kebab Norwegian).
The kebabs in Norway are served in a variety of ways, commonly in fast-food shops selling both hamburgers and kebabs.
The kebab roll has become increasingly popular, with the kebab not served in pita bread, but rather wrapped in pizza dough (making it look like a spring roll) for easy consumption.
The most "Norwegian" kebab to date is probably the whalemeat kebab sold at the Inferno Metal Festival.
As of 2008, the average price of the kebab in Norway lies around 65 kroner, or about €8.
In Bergen the average price of a kebab is around 50 kr.
In Bergen kebab is most commonly served in the dürüm variety, with two types of sauces, one standard and one optional hot chili variety.
The Norwegian Food Safety Authority in 2007 issued a warning about cheap kebabs.
According to "Verdens Gang" they estimated that more than 80% of kebab shops in Oslo use illegally produced meat.
It was warned that such meat could be dangerous to eat because it could contain salmonella or other bacteria, and that it could be connected to organised crime.
Article: Las Vegas Strip
Section: Boundaries

Question: Interstate 15 and Las Vegas Boulevard run parallel to each other in which direction?

Historically, the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were restricted to outside of the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard.
In 1959 the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly outside of the city limits.
The sign is today about south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay (the southernmost casino).
In the strictest sense, "the Strip" refers only to the stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard that is roughly between Sahara Avenue and Russell Road, a distance of .
However, the term is often used to refer not only to the road but also to the various casinos and resorts that line the road, and even to properties which are not on the road but in proximity.
Phrases such as "Strip Area", "Resort Corridor" or "Resort District" are sometimes used to indicate a larger geographical area, including properties or more away from Las Vegas Boulevard, such as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino.
The traditional definition considers the Strip's northern terminus as the now-defunct Sahara Casino, though travel guides typically extend it to include the Stratosphere, to the north.
At one time, the southern end of the Strip was Tropicana Avenue, but continuing construction has extended this boundary to Russell Road.
Mandalay Bay is located just north of Russell Road and is the southernmost resort considered to be on the Strip.
Because of the number and size of the resorts, the Resort Corridor can be quite wide.
Interstate 15 runs roughly parallel and to the west of Las Vegas Boulevard for the entire length of the Strip.
Paradise Road runs to the east in a similar fashion, and ends at St. Louis Avenue.
The eastern side of the Strip is bounded by McCarran International Airport south of Tropicana Avenue.
North of this point, the Resort Corridor can be considered to extend as far east as Paradise Road, although some consider Koval Lane as a less inclusive boundary.
Interstate 15 is sometimes considered the western edge of the Resort Corridor from Interstate 215 to Spring Mountain Road.
North of this point, Industrial Road serves as the western edge.
The famous Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign is located in the median just south of Russell Road, across from the now-demolished Klondike Hotel & Casino; another similar sign is in the median at the north end of the Strip near the intersection of East St. Louis and South Main Streets.
Newer resorts such as South Point and the M Resort are on Las Vegas Boulevard South as distant as 8 miles south of the Welcome to Las Vegas sign.
Marketing for these casinos usually states that they are on southern Las Vegas Boulevard and not "Strip" properties.
Article: Treaty of Versailles
Section: World War I

Question: Where was the location of WWI fought?

World War I.
The First World War (1914–1918) was fought across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia.
Countries beyond the war zones were also affected by the disruption of international trade, finance and diplomatic pressures from the belligerents.
In 1917, two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire, which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin.
Article: Bacteria
Section: Movement

Question: Swimming bacteria can travel how many body lengths per second?

Many bacteria can move using a variety of mechanisms: flagella are used for swimming through fluids; bacterial gliding and twitching motility move bacteria across surfaces; and changes of buoyancy allow vertical motion.
Swimming bacteria frequently move near 10 body lengths per second and a few as fast as 100.
This makes them at least as fast as fish, on a relative scale.
In bacterial gliding and twitching motility, bacteria use their type IV pili as a grappling hook, repeatedly extending it, anchoring it and then retracting it with remarkable force (>80 pN).
Flagella are semi-rigid cylindrical structures that are rotated and function much like the propeller on a ship.
Objects as small as bacteria operate a low Reynolds number and cylindrical forms are more efficient than the flat, paddle-like, forms appropriate at human-size scale.
Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell (peritrichous).
The bacterial flagella is the best-understood motility structure in any organism and is made of about 20 proteins, with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly.
The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power.
This motor drives the motion of the filament, which acts as a propeller.
Many bacteria (such as "E. coli") have two distinct modes of movement: forward movement (swimming) and tumbling.
The tumbling allows them to reorient and makes their movement a three-dimensional random walk.
(See external links below for link to videos.)
The flagella of a unique group of bacteria, the spirochaetes, are found between two membranes in the periplasmic space.
They have a distinctive helical body that twists about as it moves.
Motile bacteria are attracted or repelled by certain stimuli in behaviors called taxes: these include chemotaxis, phototaxis, energy taxis, and magnetotaxis.
In one peculiar group, the myxobacteria, individual bacteria move together to form waves of cells that then differentiate to form fruiting bodies containing spores.
The myxobacteria move only when on solid surfaces, unlike "E. coli", which is motile in liquid or solid media.
Several "Listeria" and "Shigella" species move inside host cells by usurping the cytoskeleton, which is normally used to move organelles inside the cell.
By promoting actin polymerization at one pole of their cells, they can form a kind of tail that pushes them through the host cell's cytoplasm.
Article: Last Supper
Section: Institution of the Eucharist

Question: What is the significance of Jesus's action in sharing bread and wine?

The Eucharist, which "is recorded as celebrated by the early Christian community at Jerusalem and by St. Paul on his visit to Troas", is held to have been instituted by Christ.
The institution of the Lord's Supper is recorded in the three Synoptic Gospels and in Paul's first epistle to the Corinthians.
The words of institution differ slightly in each account, reflecting a Marcan tradition (upon which Matthew is based) and a Pauline tradition (upon which Luke is based).
In addition, is a disputed text which does not appear in some of the early manuscripts of Luke.
Some scholars, therefore, believe that it is an interpolation, while others have argued that it is original.
A comparison of the accounts given in the Gospels and 1 Corinthians is shown in the table below, with text from the ASV.
The disputed text from Luke 22:19b-20 is in italics.
Jesus' actions in sharing the bread and wine have been linked with which refers to a blood sacrifice that, as recounted in , Moses offered in order to seal a covenant with God.
Scholars often interpret the description of Jesus' action as asking his disciples to consider themselves part of a sacrifice, where Jesus is the one due to physically undergo it.
Although the Gospel of John does not include a description of the bread and wine ritual during the Last Supper, most scholars agree that (the Bread of Life Discourse) has a Eucharistic nature and resonates with the "words of institution" used in the Synoptic Gospels and the Pauline writings on the Last Supper.
Article: Space Race
Section: Soviet Moon program

Question: How many people were on board the "Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl"?

The Soviet Union had planned to divide their lunar program into two separate manned programs: circumlunar flights in 1967 and lunar landings from 1968.
The circumlunar missions were to be launched by a UR-500 rocket, later known as the Proton.
The cosmonauts would be flown to the Moon in the Soyuz 7K-L1 (Zond), which made four unsuccessful unmanned flights between 1967 and 1970.
One flight of the Zond was, however, successful and returned its non-human passengers (tortoises) to Earth; had it been used for a manned circumlunar mission, the flight would have carried two cosmonauts.
The Soviet lunar landing missions would use spacecraft derived from the Soyuz 7K-L1.
The orbital module (Soyuz 7K-L3), the ""Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl"" (LOK), had a crew of two.
The LOK and a separate lunar lander, the ""Lunniy Korabl"" (LK), had 40% of the mass of the Apollo CSM/LM due to the launch vehicle's capabilities.
The launch vehicle would have been the N1 rocket, which was roughly the same height and takeoff mass as the American Saturn V, exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28%, and yet had roughly half the TLI payload capability.
The N1 was unsuccessfully tested four times, exploding each time due to problems with the first stage's thirty engines.
The Soviet leadership cancelled the program in 1970 after the first two successful American Moon landings.
Article: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Section: Drawings and prints

Question: Who donated lots of art by Albrecht Durer to the Metropolitan Museum of Art?

Though other departments contain significant numbers of drawings and prints, the Drawings and Prints department specifically concentrates on North American pieces and western European works produced after the Middle Ages.
The first Old Master drawings, comprising 670 sheets, were presented as a single group in 1880 by Cornelius Vanderbilt II and in effect launched the department, though it was not formally constituted as a department until later.
Other early donors to the department include Junius Spencer Morgan II who presented a broad range of material, but mainly dated from the sixteenth century, including 2 woodblocks and many prints by Albrecht Dürer in 1919.
Currently, the Drawings and Prints collection contains more than 17,000 drawings, 1.5 million prints, and twelve thousand illustrated books.
The great masters of European painting, who produced many more sketches and drawings than actual paintings, are extensively represented in the Drawing and Prints collection.
The department's holdings contain major drawings by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Rembrandt, as well as prints and etchings by Van Dyck, Dürer, and Degas among many others.
Article: Chicken parmigiana
Section: Abstract

Question: How is Chicken parmigiana served?

Chicken parmigiana (also referred to as a "parmi" or "parma") is a chicken dish based on the Italian Parmigiana, and is regularly served in Australian pubs.
The meal consists of a breaded chicken breast, or chicken schnitzel, covered with a tomato-based neapolitan sauce and cheese.
In Australia the addition of a slice of ham or bacon makes up the parmigiana.
The dish is typically served with a side of chips and salad, although there is some dispute as to whether the chips should be served under or next to the chicken.
Size is considered to be a major part of the chicken parmigiana, and increased competition has led to a greater focus on the size of the meal.
Some restaurants hold competitions with prizes for people who successfully finish a large chicken parmigiana, such as the "Parmageddon" which was held in an Adelaide Hills pub.
The popularity of the chicken parmigiana led to a specialised chicken parmigiana restaurant opening in Melbourne, and the chicken parmigiana is the subject of reviews on dedicated websites which compare the dish as purchased from various pubs within a region.
Other meals have also taken on the chicken parmigiana theme, including pies and Subway sandwiches.
Article: Machu Picchu
Section: Cultural artifacts: Dispute between Peru and Yale University

Question: Who is the owner of La Casa Concha?

In 1912 and 1914–15, Bingham excavated treasures from Machu Picchu—ceramic vessels, silver statues, jewelry, and human bones—and took them from Peru to Yale University in the United States for further study, supposedly for a period of 18 months.
Yale has retained the artifacts until now, under the argument that Peru did not have the infrastructure or proper conditions to take care of the pieces.
Eliane Karp, an anthropologist who is married to the former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo, accused Yale of profiting from Peru's cultural heritage by claiming title to thousands of pieces removed by Bingham.
Many have been on display at Yale's Peabody Museum since their removal.
Yale returned some of the artifacts to Peru, but the university kept the remainder, claiming its position was supported by federal case law involving Peruvian antiquities.
On 19 September 2007, the "Courant" reported that Peru and Yale had reached an agreement regarding the requested return of the artifacts.
The agreement includes sponsorship of a joint traveling exhibition and construction of a new museum and research center in Cusco about which Yale will advise Peruvian officials.
Yale acknowledges Peru's title to all the excavated objects from Machu Picchu, but Yale will share rights with Peru in the research collection, part of which will remain at Yale as an object of continuing study.
On 19 June 2008, National Geographic Society's vice-president Terry Garcia was quoted by the daily publication, "La República".
"We were part of this agreement.
National Geographic was there, we know what was said, the objects were lent and should be returned.
"On 21 November 2010, Yale University agreed in principle to the return of the controversial artifacts to their original home in Peru.
As of November 2012, the third and final batch of thousands of artifacts were delivered.
La Casa Concha (The Shell House) located close to Cusco's colonial center will be the permanent site where the Yale University artifacts will be exhibited.
Owned by the National University of San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, La Casa Concha will also feature a study area for local and foreign students.