community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Stem cell
Section: Identification

Question: What could cause a stem cell to become isolated?

In practice, stem cells are identified by whether they can regenerate tissue.
For example, the defining test for bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is the ability to transplant the cells and save an individual without HSCs.
This demonstrates that the cells can produce new blood cells over a long term.
It should also be possible to isolate stem cells from the transplanted individual, which can themselves be transplanted into another individual without HSCs, demonstrating that the stem cell was able to self-renew.
Properties of stem cells can be illustrated "in vitro", using methods such as clonogenic assays, in which single cells are assessed for their ability to differentiate and self-renew.
Stem cells can also be isolated by their possession of a distinctive set of cell surface markers.
However, "in vitro" culture conditions can alter the behavior of cells, making it unclear whether the cells will behave in a similar manner "in vivo".
There is considerable debate as to whether some proposed adult cell populations are truly stem cells.
Article: Badminton
Section: Doubles

Question: Why is there more interest in men's doubles badminton?

Both pairs will try to gain and maintain the attack, smashing downwards when possible.
Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an ideal attacking formation with one player hitting down from the rearcourt, and his partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the lift.
If the rearcourt attacker plays a dropshot, his partner will move into the forecourt to threaten the net reply.
If a pair cannot hit downwards, they will use flat strokes in an attempt to gain the attack.
If a pair is forced to lift or clear the shuttlecock, then they must defend: they will adopt a side-by-side position in the rear midcourt, to cover the full width of their court against the opponents' smashes.
In doubles, players generally smash to the middle ground between two players in order to take advantage of confusion and clashes.
At high levels of play, the backhand serve has become popular to the extent that forehand serves have become fairly rare at a high level of play.
The straight low serve is used most frequently, in an attempt to prevent the opponents gaining the attack immediately.
Flick serves are used to prevent the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.
At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast.
Men's doubles is the most aggressive form of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes and very quick reflex exchanges.
Because of this, spectator interest is sometimes greater for men's doubles than for singles.
Article: Before Midnight (film)
Section: Critical reception

Question: What was Rotten Tomatoes' score for Before Midnight?

Like its two predecessors, "Before Midnight" received widespread critical acclaim.
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 98% based on reviews from 172 critics, with an average rating of 8.7/10.
The site's consensus is: "Building on the first two installments in Richard Linklater's well-crafted Before trilogy, "Before Midnight" offers intelligent, powerfully acted perspectives on love, marriage, and long-term commitment."
Metacritic gives the film a score of 94 based on reviews from 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".
It was listed as the third best film of the year after "12 Years a Slave" and "Gravity".
It was the second best reviewed film of 2013 according to Rotten Tomatoes, after Alfonso Cuarón's "Gravity".
According to Total Film's Philip Kemp, "As with its two predecessors—and with the films of French New Wave director Éric Rohmer, presiding deity of this kind of cinema—"Midnight"'s essentially a film about people talking.
But when the talk's this good, this absorbing and revealing and witty and true, who's going to complain?"
Kemp gave the film five out of five stars and called it a "more-than-worthy, expectations-exceeding chapter in one of modern cinema's finest love stories.
As honest, convincing, funny, intimate and natural as its predecessors.
"Perry Seibert of AllMovie also praised the film, writing: "The screenwriting trio fill the movie with long, discursive conversations (there are only two scenes in the first 20 minutes) that feel utterly improvised when they are performed, but are far too deftly structured to be anything other than the work of consummate artists."
Eric Kohn, from "Indiewire", gave the film rave reviews, adding it to his list of Top 10 Films of 2013.
He wrote that "With "Before Midnight", Richard Linklater has completed one of the finest movie trilogies of all time."
Article: Take Care (album)
Section: Critical reception

Question: What artist created the album "Take Care"

"Take Care" received generally positive reviews from music critics.
At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, based on 34 reviews.
John McDonnell of "NME" dubbed it "an affecting masterpiece" and commended its "delicate, mellifluous sound and unashamedly candid, emotive lyrics."
Pitchfork Media's Ryan Dombal found Drake's "technical abilities" to be improved and stated, "Just as his thematic concerns have become richer, so has the music backing them up."
Andy Hutchins of "The Village Voice" called it "a carefully crafted bundle of contradictory sentiments from a conflicted rapper who explores his own neuroses in as compelling a manner as anyone not named Kanye West."
"Chicago Tribune" writer Greg Kot complimented the depth of Drake's "moral psychodramas" and stated, "the best of it affirms that Drake is shaping a pop persona with staying power.
"Nitsuh Abebe of "New York" wrote that the album "is full of gorgeous tones ... And the lyrics surrounding them can be rich with meaning".
Evan Rytlewski of "The A.V.
Club" found it "plenty downbeat, but gorgeous, an immersive headphone masterwork that's tender and intimate like little else in contemporary rap and R&B."
Ann Powers of NPR felt that "the artfulness of this music allows me an in to that experience.
I can make that leap and identify with Drake, or at least be intrigued by multiple characters in the little dramas he designs."
Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" called it "an album of eccentric black pop that takes" hip hop and R&B "as starting points, asks what they can do but haven’t been doing, then attempts those things.
In the future an album like this will be commonplace; today, it’s radical."
With "Take Care", he named Drake "hip-hop's current center of gravity".
In a mixed review, Kyle Anderson of "Entertainment Weekly" panned its content as "one overlong woozy monologue" and called the album a "total downer", adding that "Drake half-bakes his woozy rap-croon and glazes it with sluggish keyboard hums, ­stalling the album’s momentum".
Alex Macpherson of "The Guardian" found his singing "insipid", his rapping "inert", and his lyrics "hollow", writing that "he doesn't seem to realise that introspection is only worth a damn if you're an interesting person."
"The Globe and Mail"s Robert Everett-Green criticized Drake's lyrics as "drawling patter" and found the songs to "noodle around [...] aimlessly".
Article: Yosemite National Park
Section: Uplift and erosion

Question: What caused the abrupt uplift of the Sierra?

Starting 10 million years ago, vertical movement along the Sierra fault started to uplift the Sierra Nevada.
Subsequent tilting of the Sierra block and the resulting accelerated uplift of the Sierra Nevada increased the gradient of western-flowing streams.
The streams consequently ran faster and thus cut their valleys more quickly.
Additional uplift occurred when major faults developed to the east, especially the creation of Owens Valley from Basin and Range-associated extensional forces.
Uplift of the Sierra accelerated again about two million years ago during the Pleistocene.
The uplifting and increased erosion exposed granitic rocks in the area to surface pressures, resulting in exfoliation (responsible for the rounded shape of the many domes in the park) and mass wasting following the numerous fracture joint planes (cracks; especially vertical ones) in the now solidified plutons.
Pleistocene glaciers further accelerated this process and the larger ones transported the resulting talus and till from valley floors.
Numerous vertical joint planes controlled where and how fast erosion took place.
Most of these long, linear and very deep cracks trend northeast or northwest and form parallel, often regularly spaced sets.
They were created by uplift-associated pressure release and by the unloading of overlying rock via erosion.
Article: Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Section: Etching

Question: Who has Portrait of Dr. Gachet by Van Gogh?

Van Gogh, introduced to etching by Gachet, made the etching "Portrait of Doctor Gachet" in 1890.
Gachet and Van Gogh discussed creating a series of southern France themes but that never happened.
This was the one and only etching, also known as "L'homme à la pipe" (Man with a pipe), that Van Gogh ever made.
Van Gogh's brother, Theo, who received an impression of the etching, called it "a true painter's etching.
No refinement in the execution, but a drawing on metal."
It is a different pose than that in Van Gogh's "Portrait of Dr. Gachet", owned by Musée d'Orsay.
The National Gallery of Canada finds that "The undulating flow of the line is typical of the expressive quality of Van Gogh's late style."
The impression owned by the National Gallery is from one of the 60 printings following Van Gogh's death by Dr. Gachet's son, Paul Gachet Jr. Gachet's collector's stamp appears on the bottom edge of the print.
Article: Sydney Opera House
Section: Opening

Question: Who opened the Sydney Opera House?

The Opera House was formally opened by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, on 20 October 1973.
A large crowd attended.
Utzon was not invited to the ceremony, nor was his name mentioned.
The opening was televised and included fireworks and a performance of Beethoven's Symphony No.
9.
Article: Squash (sport)
Section: Types of shots played

Question: What is a trickle boast?

There are many types of shots played that lead to interesting games and strategy.
 Straight drive: The ball is hit parallel and close to a side wall to travel deep to the back of the court (the 'basic' squash shot).
Often referred to as a 'good length' shot.
 Boast: The ball is played off a side wall at an angle, or the back wall, before hitting the front wall.
 Volley: The ball is hit 'on the full' (before it touches the floor), usually directly to the front wall
 Drop shot: The ball is hit gently against the front wall, to fall softly to the floor in the front corner.
 Lob: The ball is hit softly and high on the front wall and with a high arc, so that it falls in a back corner of the court.
 Cross Court: The ball is hit to the front wall from the right side to the left (or vice versa).
 Kill: The ball is hit hard and low on the front wall so that it travels no farther than half court.
 Trickle boast: A 'short' boast where the ball is hit to the side wall at the front of the court (often disguised as a drive or drop shot).
 Squeeze boast: A more difficult shot which is hit from the front of the court when the ball is very close to the side wall.
Has the same effect as the trickle boast but is more deceptive because of its difficulty.
 Nick shot: the ball is 'volleyed' or hit off a bounce to strike the front wall then the junction of the side wall and floor (the 'nick') giving the ball little or no bounce.
 Rolling nick shot: When the nick shot is hit extremely well, the ball will roll along the floor (this is a more advanced shot that is a variation of the kill shot).
 Back wall boast: the ball is hit moderately hard and high off the back wall, so that it goes the length of the room and hits (usually low) off the front wall.
 Philadelphia (or corkscrew): A shot played diagonally upwards into the front corner hitting the front wall first and then the side wall.
The ball then lobs over the court with significant spin.
Ideally it hits the opposite side wall at the back and travels parallel to the rear wall making a return very difficult.
This shot is a favourite in exhibition squash but is susceptible to being volleyed.
 Skid boast: A shot played from the back corners of the court where the ball is hit high along the sidewall with a small angle so that it hits the sidewall first, then hits high in the middle of the front wall continuing to cross the court while high in the air ideally hitting the opposite sidewall and landing close to the backwall to go past the opponent.
As with the Philadelphia it is suceptible to being volleyed.
 Mizuki: This shot is hit as a volley.
Unlike a normal volley, the Mizuki shot is hit with the other side of the racquet by turning the wrist which deceives the direction of the ball.
 Reverse angle: a boast where the opposite sidewall is hit first.
Article: It Will Rain
Section: Writing and production

Question: When did the soundtrack hit stores?

"It Will Rain" is a love ballad co-written and produced by Bruno Mars and his songwriting and production team, The Smeezingtons.
The soundtrack disc hit stores on November 8, 2011.
Bruno described the new song as "think of the darker side of love".
the song was highly popular and successful.
Mars and his label Elektra Records celebrated the singer’s fourth #1 single on the "Billboard" Top 40 chart with this song.
"It Will Rain" is featured in the end credits of "".
Mars said the tune was halfway done before he viewed an early cut of the film and, inspired by its characters, put together the finishing touches.
Alexandra Patsavas, music supervisor for the "Twilight" films, said she picked Mars because the latest film centered on a wedding and, "Who more appropriate than Bruno Mars to write a timeless, classic wedding song?
"The singer recalls having to literally turn off the radio when hearing his song "It Will Rain" (written for 2011's "Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 1") because of his displeasure with the track's final mix.
"I felt like I was a mosquito singing," Mars says with noticeable agitation.
"I don't want that to happen again."
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Shooting in Aurora, Colorado

Question: Who was the suspect in the Dark Knight Rises Shooting?

On July 20, 2012, during a midnight showing of the film at the Century 16 cinema in Aurora, Colorado, a gunman wearing a gas mask opened fire inside the theater, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others.
Police responding to the shooting apprehended a suspect, later identified as 24-year-old James Eagan Holmes, shortly after arriving on the scene.
At the time of his arrest, Holmes allegedly identified himself as the Joker to police.
Warner Bros. stated that it was deeply saddened by the shooting, and announced the cancellation of the Paris, Mexico, and Japan premieres of "The Dark Knight Rises", and suspended the marketing campaign for the film in Finland.
Several broadcast networks also suspended television ads for the film in the United States because of the tragedy.
The trailer for "Gangster Squad", another Warner Bros. movie which was included in the screening of "The Dark Knight Rises", has been removed as it contains a scene which shows gangsters shooting submachine guns at moviegoers through the screen, similar to the shooting in Aurora.
Director Christopher Nolan released a public statement calling the shooting "unbearably savage".
Other stars of the film released statements expressing their condolences, with star Christian Bale paying a personal visit to the survivors and the memorial in Aurora.
Article: Sistine Chapel ceiling
Section: Treatment

Question: What are the types of emotions shown in Michelangelo's Jesse Tree?

Michelangelo's depiction of the Genealogy of Jesus departs from an artistic tradition for this topic that was common in medieval times, especially in stained-glass windows.
This so-called Jesse Tree shows Jesse lying prone and a tree growing from his side with the ancestors on each branch, in a visual treatment of a biblical verse.
The figures in the lunettes appear to be families, but in every case they are families that are divided.
The figures in them are physically divided by the name tablet but they are also divided by a range of human emotions that turn them outward or in on themselves and sometimes towards their partner with jealousy, suspicion, rage or simply boredom.
In them Michelangelo has portrayed the anger and unhappiness of the human condition, painting "the daily round of merely domestic life as if it were a curse".
In their constraining niches, the ancestors "sit, squat and wait".
Of the fourteen lunettes, the two that were probably painted first, the families of Eleazar and Mathan and of Jacob and Joseph are the most detailed.
They become progressively broader towards the altar end, one of the last being painted in only two days.
The Eleazar and Mathan picture contains two figures with a wealth of costume detail that is not present in any other lunette.
Prior to restoration, of all the paintings in the Sistine Chapel, the lunettes and spandrels were the dirtiest.
Added to this, there has always been a problem of poor daytime visibility of the panels nearest the windows because of "halination".
Consequently, they were the least well known of all Michelangelo's publicly accessible works.
The recent restoration has made these masterly studies of human nature and inventive depiction of the human form known once more.
Section References
Article: Ketchup
Section: Later innovations

Question: In what year did Heinz introduce the "Dip and Squeeze" packet?

In fast food outlets, ketchup is often dispensed in small packets.
Diners tear the side or top and squeeze the ketchup out of the ketchup packets.
In 2011, Heinz began offering a new measured-portion package, called the "Dip and Squeeze" packet, which allowed the consumer to either tear the top off the package and squeeze the contents out, as with the traditional packet, or, in the alternative, tear the "front" off the package and use the package as a dip cup of the type often supplied with certain entreés.
Previously fast food outlets dispensed ketchup from pumps into paper cups.
This method has made a resurgence in the first decade of the 21st century with cost and environmental concerns increasing of individual packets.
In October 2000, Heinz introduced colored ketchup products called EZ Squirt, which eventually included green, purple, pink, orange, teal, and blue.
These products were made by adding food coloring to the traditional ketchup.
these products have been discontinued.
Article: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)
Section: Cast

Question: What person narrates Hell's Kitchen?

Gordon Ramsay is the head chef.
The narrator is Jason Thompson.
Jean-Philippe Susilovic, a Belgian maître d' comes from Petrus, one of Ramsay's London restaurants and appeared in the first seven seasons and later returned for the 11th season.
Susilovic was also the maître d' for the first series of the original British version.
James Lukanik replaced Susilovic for the eighth-tenth seasons.
Each team also has the services of one of two sous-chefs.
The sous-chefs are Andrea "Andi" Van Willigan (from season 7 onwards) and James Avery (from season 11 onwards).
Previous sous-chefs were Mary Ann Salcedo, Gloria Felix, Season 2 winner Heather West, and Scott Leibfried.
Head Chefs
 Gordon Ramsay
Sous Chefs
;Blue Team
 Scott Leibfried (Seasons 1 – 10)
 James Avery (Seasons 11 – present)
;Red Team
 Mary-Ann Salcedo (Seasons 1 – 3)
 Gloria Felix (Seasons 4 – 5)
 Heather West (Season 6)
 Andi Van Willigan (Seasons 7 – present)
Maître d's
 Jean-Philippe Susilovic (Seasons 1 – 7, 11 – present)
 James Lukanik (Seasons 8 – 10)
Article: Vincent van Gogh
Section: Flowering Orchards

Question: When was The Cherry Tree written and how many orchards did Vincent have?

The series of "Flowering Orchards", sometimes referred to as the "Orchards in Blossom" paintings, were among the first groups of work that Van Gogh completed after his arrival in Arles, Provence in February 1888.
The 14 paintings in this group are optimistic, joyous and visually expressive of the burgeoning Springtime.
They are delicately sensitive, silent, quiet and unpopulated.
About "The Cherry Tree" Vincent wrote to Theo on 21 April 1888 and said he had 10 orchards and: "one big (painting) of a cherry tree, which I've spoiled".
The following spring he painted another smaller group of orchards, including "View of Arles, Flowering Orchards".
Van Gogh was taken by the landscape and vegetation of the South of France, and often visited the farm gardens near Arles.
Because of the vivid light supplied by the Mediterranean climate his palette significantly brightened.
From his arrival, he was interested in capturing the effect of the seasons on the surrounding landscape and plant life.
Article: Human swimming
Section: Accessories

Question: What keeps the body streamlined and protect the hair from chlorinated water?

 Ear plugs can prevent water from getting in the ears.
 Noseclips can prevent water from getting in the nose.
However, this is generally only used for synchronised swimming.
Using noseclips in competitive swimming can cause a disadvantage to most swimmers.
It is for this reason that noseclips are only used for synchronised swimming and recreational swimming.
 Goggles protect the eyes from chlorinated water, and can improve underwater visibility.
Tinted goggles protect the eyes from sunlight that reflects from the bottom of the pool.
 Swim caps keep the body streamlined and protect the hair from chlorinated water.
 Kickboards are used to keep the upper body afloat while exercising the lower body.
Pull buoys are used to keep the lower body afloat while exercising the upper body.
 Swimfins are used to elongate the kick and improve technique and speed.
Fins also build upper calf muscles.
 Safety fencing and equipment is mandatory at public pools and a zoning requirement at most residential pools in the United States.
Article: Cheese
Section: Ancient Greece and Rome

Question: Who does Ancient Greek mythology credit with the discovery of cheese?

Ancient Greek mythology credited Aristaeus with the discovery of cheese.
Homer's "Odyssey" (8th century BCE) describes the Cyclops making and storing sheep's and goats' milk cheese.
From Samuel Butler's translation:By Roman times, cheese was an everyday food and cheesemaking a mature art.
Columella's "De Re Rustica" (circa 65 CE) details a cheesemaking process involving rennet coagulation, pressing of the curd, salting, and aging.
Pliny's "Natural History" (77 CE) devotes a chapter (XI, 97) to describing the diversity of cheeses enjoyed by Romans of the early Empire.
He stated that the best cheeses came from the villages near Nîmes, but did not keep long and had to be eaten fresh.
Cheeses of the Alps and Apennines were as remarkable for their variety then as now.
A Ligurian cheese was noted for being made mostly from sheep's milk, and some cheeses produced nearby were stated to weigh as much as a thousand pounds each.
Goats' milk cheese was a recent taste in Rome, improved over the "medicinal taste" of Gaul's similar cheeses by smoking.
Of cheeses from overseas, Pliny preferred those of Bithynia in Asia Minor.
Article: Pathology
Section: France

Question: How long do residencies last for Anatomical pathology and Clinical pathology?

In France, Pathology is separate in two distinct specialties, Anatomical pathology and Clinical pathology.
Residencies both lasts four years.
Residency in anatomical pathology is open to physicians only, while clinical pathology is open to both physicians and pharmacists.
Anatomical pathology in France is integrated in the internal medicine specialty track.
At the end of the second year of clinical pathology residency, residents can choose between general Clinical pathology and a specialization in one of the disciplines, but they can not practise Anatomical pathology.
And conversely, Anatomical pathology residents can not practise Clinical pathology.