community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Chemistry
Section: Atom

Question: What is the basic unit of chemistry?

The atom is the basic unit of chemistry.
It consists of a dense core called the atomic nucleus surrounded by a space called the electron cloud.
The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons (together called nucleons), while the electron cloud consists of negatively-charged electrons which orbit the nucleus.
In a neutral atom, the negatively-charged electrons balance out the positive charge of the protons.
The nucleus is dense; the mass of a nucleon is 1,836 times that of an electron, yet the radius of an atom is about 10,000 times that of its nucleus.
The atom is also the smallest entity that can be envisaged to retain the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization potential, preferred oxidation state(s), coordination number, and preferred types of bonds to form (e.g., metallic, ionic, covalent).
Article: Fruit
Section: Safety

Question: What kinds of foods should fruits and vegetables be kept separate from?

For food safety, the CDC recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of food contamination and foodborne illness.
Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected.
At the store, they should not be damaged or bruised and pre-cut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice.
All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating.
This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten.
It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage.
Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as utensils that have come in contact with raw foods.
Fruits and vegetables, if they are not going to be cooked, should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood or eggs.
All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours.
After a certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness.
Article: Seafood
Section: Abstract

Question: Give the definition of Seafood.

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans.
Seafood prominently includes fish and shellfish.
Shellfish include various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms.
Historically, sea mammals such as whales and dolphins have been consumed as food, though that happens to a lesser extent these days.
Edible sea plants, such as some seaweeds and microalgae, are widely eaten as seafood around the world, especially in Asia (see the category of sea vegetables).
In North America, although not generally in the United Kingdom, the term "seafood" is extended to fresh water organisms eaten by humans, so all edible aquatic life may be referred to as seafood.
For the sake of completeness, this article includes all edible aquatic life.
The harvesting of wild seafood is known as fishing and the cultivation and farming of seafood is known as aquaculture, mariculture, or in the case of fish, fish farming.
Seafood is often distinguished from meat, although it is still animal and is excluded in a strict vegetarian diet.
Seafood is an important source of protein in many diets around the world, especially in coastal areas.
Most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans, but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animal.
Some seafoods (kelp) are used as food for other plants (fertilizer).
In these ways, seafoods are indirectly used to produce further food for human consumption.
Products, such as fish oil and spirulina tablets are also extracted from seafoods.
Some seafood is feed to aquarium fish, or used to feed domestic pets, such as cats, and a small proportion is used in medicine, or is used industrially for non-food purposes (leather).
Article: Marzipan
Section: Etymology

Question: Were the coins stored in Ornate boxes?

The German name has largely ousted the original English name "marchpane" with the same apparent derivation: "March bread."
(The word "marchpane" occurs in Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", Act 1, Scene 5, Line 9.)
"Marzapane" is documented earlier in Italian than in any other language, and the sense "bread" for "pan" is Romance.
The origin could be from the Latin term "martius panis", which means "bread of March".
However, the ultimate etymology is unclear; for example, the Italian word derives from the Latin words "Massa" (itself from Greek Μάζα "Maza") meaning pastry and "Pan" meaning bread, this can be particularly seen in the Provençal "massapan", the Portuguese "maçapão" (where 'ç' is an alternative form for the phoneme 'ss') and old Spanish "mazapán" - the change from 'ss' to 'z' in Latin words was common in old Spanish and the 'r' appeared later.
Though, it could also be derived from martis pan, bread of March.
Among the other possible etymologies set forth in the Oxford English Dictionary, one theory proposes that the word "marzipan" may be a corruption of Martaban, a Burmese city famous for its jars.
The Real Academia Española suggests the idea of the Spanish word mazapán to be derived from the Hispanic Arabic بسمة pičmáṭ, which is derived from the Greek παξαμάδιον.
Another source could be from Arabic موثابان "mawthābān" "king who sits still."
The Arabic, Latinized as "matapanus", was used to describe a Venetian coin depicting an enthroned Christ the King.
These coins were stored in ornate boxes.
From about the fifteenth century, when the coins were no longer in circulation, the boxes became decorative containers for storing and serving luxury sweetmeats.
One such luxury that crept into the box in the sixteenth century is the now-famous almond-flavored marzipan, named (at least proximately) after the box in which it was stored.
However, if marzipan has its origin in Persia, it is not unlikely that the name may come from Marzban (in Persian: مرزبان, derived from the words Marz مرز meaning "border" or "boundary" and the suffix -bān بان meaning guardian), a class of margraves or military commanders in charge of border provinces of the Sassanid Empire of Persia (Iran) between 3rd and 7th centuries CE.
It is also a possibility that the origin of this dessert and the origin of the term come from different geographical places.
Article: Batman Begins
Section: Accolades

Question: Who received the only Academy Award nomination for Batman Begins?

Wally Pfister was nominated for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards, receiving the film's only Academy Award nomination.
The film received three nominations at the 59th British Academy Film Awards.
Just months after its release, "Batman Begins" was voted by "Empire" readers as the 36th greatest film of all time.
In 2006, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored James Newton Howard, Hans Zimmer, and Ramin Djawadi with an ASCAP award for composing a film that became one of the top grossing films of 2005.
The film was awarded three Saturn Awards in 2006 as well: Best Fantasy Film, Best Actor for Christian Bale, and Best Writing for Nolan and Goyer.
Christian Bale would go on to win an MTV Movie Award for Best Hero.
However, Katie Holmes's performance was not well received, and she was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress.
"Batman Begins" won the fan-based "Total Film" award for Best Film.
In November 2008, "Empire" ranked "Batman Begins" 81 in its 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list.
Article: Dallas Buyers Club
Section: Critical response

Question: For his roles, what are some of the awards Leto has won?

Upon its premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, "Dallas Buyers Club" received universal acclaim by critics and audiences, who greatly praised the film for its acting (particularly for McConaughey and Leto), screenplay and direction.
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 93% based on reviews from 177 critics, with an average score of 7.7 out of 10, with the site's consensus stating, ""Dallas Buyers Club" rests squarely on Matthew McConaughey's scrawny shoulders, and he carries the burden gracefully with what might be a career-best performance."
On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film has a rating score of 84 based on 45 reviews, indicating universal acclaim.
Richard Corliss of "Time" magazine considered McConaughey's portrayal to be a "bold, drastic and utterly persuasive inhabiting of a doomed fighter", remarking that "if the camera occasionally suffers a fashionable case of the jitters, the movie transcends its agitated verismo to impart dramatic and behavioral truth".
Leto's portrayal of Rayon, a drug-addicted trans woman with AIDS who befriends McConaughey's character Ron Woodroof, received critical acclaim.
The writers created Rayon, to show "Woodroof’s gradual acceptance of a subculture he had dismissed."
"Time"'s Richard Corliss noted, "Leto captures the sweet intensity and almost saintly good humor of a glamorous, poignant and downright divoon creature — a blithe Camille who may surrender her health but never her panache."
Leto was awarded a Golden Globe, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a variety of film critics' circle awards, including his first Academy Award.
After the Academy award, the casting of a non-transgender actor, as opposed to a transgender actor, was widely critiqued as a missed opportunity, with some LGBT activists criticizing the choice as misogynistic.
The "L.A. Times" compared the issue to white actors appropriating, and exploiting, people of color roles of East Asians, and Africans in the past; and "The Guardian" noted transgender actors are often relegated to roles such as prostitutes, corpses and "freaks."
Article: Nigeria
Section: Democratization (1999-)

Question: For how long was Nigeria ruled by military control?

Democratization (1999-).
Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria ending almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999) excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998.
Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.
Ethnic violence over the oil producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the issues in the country.
Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) came into power in the general election of 2007 – an election that was witnessed and condemned by the international community as being severely flawed.
Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010.
Dr. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010, becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State, while his vice, a former Kaduna State governor, Namadi Sambo, an architect, was chosen on 18 May 2010, by the National Assembly following President Goodluck Jonathan's nomination for Sambo to be his Vice-President.
Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted.
Goodluck Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election by a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast.
The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud in contrast to previous elections.
Article: How to Save a Life
Section: Release

Question: What was the 2nd single from How to Save a Life?

The album was released on September 13, 2005 by Epic Records.
While the album did not make a splash commercially or critically initially, the success of "Over My Head (Cable Car)" propelled the album from the Top Heatseekers chart to the top 20 of The "Billboard" 200 chart.
The release of the second single, "How to Save a Life", a world-wide smash, helped the album enter the top 5 in several charts across the world, and brought The Fray mainstream popularity.
The song remains the band's best known and most successful song to date.
Article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Section: Planning direct action

Question: When did Apis and his fellow military conspirators dominate the Black hand.

Planning direct action.
Danilo Ilić was a Bosnian Orthodox Serb.
He had worked as a school teacher and as a bank worker but in 1913 and 1914 he lived with, and outwardly off, his mother, who operated a small boarding house in Sarajevo.
Secretly, Ilić was leader of the Serbian-irredentist Black Hand cell in Sarajevo.
In late 1913, Danilo Ilić came to the Serbian listening post at Užice to speak to the officer in charge, Serbian Colonel C. A. Popović, who was a captain at the time and a member of the Black Hand.
Ilić recommended an end to the period of revolutionary organization building and a move to direct action against Austria-Hungary.
Popović passed Danilo Ilić on to Belgrade to discuss this matter with Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, known more commonly as Apis.
By 1913, Apis and his fellow military conspirators (drawn heavily from the ranks of the May 1903 coup) had come to dominate what was left of the Black Hand.
There are no reports as to what took place between Ilić and Apis, but soon after their meeting, Apis's righthand man and fellow Black Hander, Serbian Major Vojislav Tankosić, who by this time was in charge of guerrilla training, called a Serbian irredentist planning meeting in Toulouse, France.
Amongst those summoned to the Toulouse meeting was Muhamed Mehmedbašić, a carpenter by trade and son of an impoverished Muslim noble from Herzegovina.
He too was a member of the Black Hand, having been sworn into the organization by Black Hand Provincial Director for Bosnia-Herzegovina Vladimir Gacinović and Danilo Ilić.
Mehmedbašić was (here quoting Albertini paraphrasing Mehmedbašić) "eager to carry out an act of terrorism to revive the revolutionary spirit of Bosnia."
During this January 1914 meeting, various possible Austro-Hungarian targets for assassination were discussed, including Franz Ferdinand.
However, the participants decided only to dispatch Mehmed Mehmedbašić to Sarajevo, to kill the Governor of Bosnia, Oskar Potiorek.
On his way to Bosnia-Herzegovina from France, police searched Mehmedbašić's train for a thief.
Thinking the police might be after him, he threw his weapons (a dagger and a bottle of poison) out the train window.
Once he arrived in Bosnia-Herzegovina he had to set about looking for replacement weapons.
Article: Nordic combined
Section: Ski jumping equipment

Question: Are bindings mounted parallel or perpendicular to run-direction?

 Bindings
 The binding must be mounted parallel to the run-direction.
The binding must be placed in such a way that a maximum 57% of the entire ski length is used as the front part.
 Boots
 High-backed, flexible yet firm boots with a low cut at the front.
They are designed to allow the skier to lean forward during flight.
 Connection cord
 Part of the binding; a cord that attaches the ski to the boot and prevents the wobbling of skis during flight.
 Ski jumping suit
 All portions of the ski jumping suit must be made of the same material and must show a certain air permeability.
The size of the suit must conform to the body shape in an upright position with certain tolerances.
 Jumping skis
 Jumping skis are manufactured especially for use on ski jumping hills.
Skis with a length of a maximum 146% of the total body height of the competitor may be used.
The curvature and shape of the skis is restricted by certain geometric features.
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics

Question: When did Albert Einstein submit his first paper?

Albert Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to "Annalen der Physik" was on capillary attraction.
It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena".
Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view.
These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist.
His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.
Article: Vietnam War
Section: Vietnamese women

Question: WAFC is short for what?

Unlike the American women who went to Vietnam, North Vietnamese women were enlisted and fought in the combat zone as well as provided manual labor to keep the Ho Chi Minh trail open, cook for the troops, and some served as "comfort women" for male communist fighters.
They also worked in the rice fields in North Vietnam and Viet Cong-held farming areas in South Vietnam's Mekong Delta region to provide food for their families and the war effort.
Women were enlisted in both the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and the Viet Cong guerrilla insurgent force in South Vietnam.
Some women also served for the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong intelligence services.
In South Vietnam, many women voluntarily serve in the ARVN's Women's Armed Force Corps (WAFC) and various other Women's corps in the military.
Some, like in the WAFC, fought in combat with other soldiers.
Others have served as nurses and doctors in the battlefield and in military hospitals, or served in South Vietnam or America's intelligence agencies.
During Diệm's presidency, Madame Nhu was the commander of the WAFC.
Article: Family Guy
Section: Humor

Question: Who oftes repeats "Freakin' sweet" on the "Family Guy" series?

"Family Guy" uses the filmmaking technique of cutaways, which occur in the majority of "Family Guy" episodes.
Emphasis is often placed on gags which make reference to current events and/or modern cultural icons.
Early episodes based much of their comedy on Stewie's "super villain" antics, such as his constant plans for total world domination, his evil experiments, plans and inventions to get rid of things he dislikes, and his constant attempts at matricide.
As the series progressed, the writers and MacFarlane agreed that his personality and the jokes were starting to feel dated, so they began writing him with a different personality.
"Family Guy" often includes self-referential humor.
The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting, and occasions where the characters break the fourth wall by addressing the audience.
For example, in "North by North Quahog", the first episode that aired after the show's revival, included Peter telling the family that they had been cancelled because Fox had to make room in their schedule for shows like "Dark Angel", "Titus", "Undeclared", "Action", "That '80s Show", "Wonderfalls", "Fastlane", "Andy Richter Controls the Universe", "Skin", "Girls Club", "Cracking Up", "The Pitts", "Firefly", "Get Real", "Freakylinks", "Wanda at Large", "Costello", "The Lone Gunmen", "A Minute with Stan Hooper", "Normal, Ohio", "Pasadena", "Harsh Realm", "Keen Eddie", "The $treet", "The American Embassy", "Cedric the Entertainer Presents", "The Tick", "Luis", and "Greg the Bunny".
Lois asks whether there is any hope, to which Peter replies that if all these shows are canceled they might have a chance; the shows were indeed canceled during "Family Guy"s hiatus.
The show uses catchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have them.
Notable expressions include Quagmire's "Giggity giggity goo", Peter's "Freakin' sweet", and Joe's "Bring it on!"
The use of many of these catchphrases declined in later seasons.
The episode "Big Man on Hippocampus" mocks catchphrase-based humor: when Peter, who has forgotten everything about his life, is introduced to Meg, he exclaims "D'oh!
", to which Lois replies, "No, Peter, that's not your catchphrase."
Article: Person of interest
Section: Abstract

Question: Legal scholars say the term reflects what?

"Person of interest" is a term used by U.S. law enforcement when identifying someone involved in a criminal investigation who has not been arrested or formally accused of a crime.
It has no legal meaning, but refers to someone in whom the police are "interested", either because the person is cooperating with the investigation, may have information that would assist the investigation, or possesses certain characteristics that merit further attention.
While terms such as "suspect", "target", and "material witness" have clear and sometimes formal definitions, "person of interest" remains undefined by the U.S. Department of Justice.
"Unsub" is a similar term which is short for "unknown subject" (used often, for example, in the TV show "Criminal Minds").
Person of interest is sometimes used as a euphemism for "suspect", and its careless use may encourage trials by media.
With respect to terrorism investigations, Eric Lichtblau wrote in the "New York Times": "Law enforcement officials say that the term simply reflects the new tactics required to fight terrorism.
But some legal scholars say officials are trying to create a more benign public image, even as their power expands."
Article: Ski jumping
Section: Female

Question: Which female athlete came in 19th place for Ski jumping?

 Sarah Hendrickson
 Sara Takanashi
 Anette Sagen
 Eva Ganster
 Lindsey Van
 Jessica Jerome
 Daniela Iraschko
 Elena Runggaldier
 Evelyn Insam
 Lisa Demetz
 Coline Mattel
 Anna Hafele
 Magdalena Schnurr
 Ulrike Grässler
 Line Jahr
 Jacqueline Seifriedsberger
 Juliane Seyfarth
 Eva Logar
 Maja Vtič
 Anja Tepeš
 Špela Rogelj
 Katja Požun
 Urša Bogataj
Article: Bourbon Street
Section: Issues

Question: In what year was an ordnance passed banning music in the French Quarter between 8 and 9 in the evening?

Historically noise violations were the responsibility of the party making the noise.
This changed in 1996 with "Yokum v. 615 Bourbon Street".
The case ruled that the property owner, not the noise-maker is responsible for noise violations.
A 2010 city ordinance stipulates that no music may be played in the French Quarter between 8 pm and 9 am.
Enforcement has been inconsistent and critics claim its goals are vague.
Some even state that is unconstitutional.
Besides being difficult to enforce, music aficionados claim that noise ordinances threaten the city's music culture.
Local jazz bands, such as the To Be Continued Brass Band, who play in the streets would be prohibited from doing so under such ordinances.
Aggressive solicitation bans are a newer issue on Bourbon Street.
In 2011, an ordinance was passed that banned individuals and groups from "disseminating any social, political or religious message" at night.
The ordinance does not explain the justification for this ban.
On September 21, 2012, the ACLU of Louisiana won a temporary restraining order against the ban on behalf of Kelsey McCauley, a woman who converted to Christianity through a religious group's activities on Bourbon Street which had several of its members arrested, and some of which were cited, on September 14, 2012 for violating the ordinance.
A hearing was set for October 1, 2012.
On July 25, 2013, the New Orleans City Council voted 6-0 to amend the law to remove the Bourbon Street ban, with language that was acceptable to attorneys on all opposing sides.