community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Drive By (song)
Section: Critical reception

Question: Which two songwriters make up the duo Espionage?

"Billboard" gave the song a positive review stating:If at first you succeed -- why not try again?
For the first single from its forthcoming "California 37," Train returns to the Espionage, the Norwegian songwriting and production duo of Espen Lind and Amund Bjorklund that helped the group put together its 2010 comeback smash "Hey Soul Sister."
"Drive By" starts with a staccato guitar strum and a percussive thump that certainly recalls its predecessor, with a slight ethnic flavor that makes it recall a Bar Mitzvah reception.
Frontman Pat Monahan semi-speaks the in tuneful, rap-like cadence, then turns to smooth pop singing for the choruses.
The lyric, however, is a bit darker, with Monahan's protagonist trying to convince a one-night-stand that he really wants to "get down to the more-than-friends" at last.
We bet she's heard that from all the pop singers, but Monahan pleads with enough joyful exuberance that she -- and we -- might just buy it.
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: Pre-colonial history

Question: Who is the British artist who created some of the earliest painting of Victoria Falls?

Archaeological sites around the falls have yielded "Homo habilis" stone artifacts from 3 million years ago, 50,000-year-old Middle Stone Age tools and Late Stone Age (10,000 and 2,000 years ago) weapons, adornments and digging tools.
Iron-using Khoisan hunter-gatherers displaced these Stone Age people and in turn were displaced by Bantu tribes such as the southern Tonga people known as the Batoka/Tokalea, who called the falls "Shungu na mutitima".
The Matabele, later arrivals, named them "aManz' aThunqayo", and the Batswana and Makololo (whose language is used by the Lozi people) call them "Mosi-o-Tunya".
All these names mean essentially "the smoke that thunders".
A map from c.1750 drawn by Jacques Nicolas Bellin for Abbé Antoine François Prevost d'Exiles marks the falls as "cataractes" and notes a settlement to the north of the Zambezi as being friendly with the Portuguese at the time.
Earlier still Nicolas de Fer's 1715 map of southern Africa has the fall clearly marked in the correct position.
It also has dotted lines denoting trade routes that David Livingstone followed 140 years later.
The first European to see the falls was David Livingstone on 17 November 1855, during his 1852–56 journey from the upper Zambezi to the mouth of the river.
The falls were well known to local tribes, and Voortrekker hunters may have known of them, as may the Arabs under a name equivalent to "the end of the world".
Europeans were sceptical of their reports, perhaps thinking that the lack of mountains and valleys on the plateau made a large falls unlikely.
Livingstone had been told about the falls before he reached them from upriver and was paddled across to a small island that now bears the name Livingstone Island in Zambia.
Livingstone had previously been impressed by the Ngonye Falls further upstream, but found the new falls much more impressive, and gave them their English name in honour of Queen Victoria.
He wrote of the falls, "No one can imagine the beauty of the view from anything witnessed in England.
It had never been seen before by European eyes; but scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight.
"In 1860, Livingstone returned to the area and made a detailed study of the falls with John Kirk.
Other early European visitors included Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto, Czech explorer Emil Holub, who made the first detailed plan of the falls and its surroundings in 1875 (published in 1880), and British artist Thomas Baines, who executed some of the earliest paintings of the falls.
Until the area was opened up by the building of the railway in 1905, though, the falls were seldom visited by other Europeans.
Article: Luge
Section: Training

Question: In which season is Luge played?

The sport of luge requires an athlete to balance mental and physical fitness.
To become an elite luger, a competitor must begin training at an early age and spend decades honing their skills.
Physically, a luger must have strong neck, upper body, abdominal, and thigh muscles.
Strength training is essential to withstand the extreme G-forces of tight turns at high speeds.
Since lugers have very little protection other than a visor and helmet, they must be able to endure the physical pounding administered by the track when mistakes are made.
Mentally a luger must maintain total focus as they steer their sled through more than a kilometer of curves and straights at high speed.
Dozens of subtle movements and weight shifts are required to find the perfect line down the track.
Consistency is essential for success.
Sled maintenance is also an important element for success.
Serious lugers spend hours meticulously sanding their "steels," and making other important adjustments and repairs to their sleds.
No luger can possibly achieve elite status without working closely with an experienced coaching staff, implementing suggestions and fine tuning technique.
Other lugers will often give tips that can improve a slider's ability to find the "sweet spot" on the track.
Though luge is a winter sport, it requires daily, year-round training.
Article: Rembrandt
Section: Name and signature

Question: Rebrandnt's practice of singinig his work with his first name was inspired by what artists?

"Rembrandt" is a modification of the spelling of the artist's first name that he introduced in 1633.
Roughly speaking, his earliest signatures (ca.
1625) consisted of an initial "R", or the monogram "RH" (for Rembrant Harmenszoon; i.e.
"Rembrant, the son of Harmen"), and starting in 1629, "RHL" (the "L" stood, presumably, for Leiden).
In 1632, he used this monogram early in the year, then added his patronymic to it, "RHL-van Rijn", but replaced this form in that same year and began using his first name alone with its original spelling, "Rembrant".
In 1633 he added a "d", and maintained this form consistently from then on, proving that this minor change had a meaning for him (whatever it might have been).
This change is purely visual; it does not change the way his name is pronounced.
Curiously enough, despite the large number of paintings and etchings signed with this modified first name, most of their documents that mentioned him during his lifetime retained the original "Rembrant" spelling.
(Note: the rough chronology of signature forms above applies to the paintings, and to a lesser degree to the etchings; from 1632, presumably, there is only one etching signed "RHL-v. Rijn," the large-format "Raising of Lazarus," B 73).
His practice of signing his work with his first name, later followed by Vincent van Gogh, was probably inspired by Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo who, then as now, were referred to by their first names alone.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Slopestyle

Question: A snowboard course has what kind of obstacles?

Competitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features.
The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs (includes anything the board or rider can slide across).
Slope-style contests consists of choosing your own line in a terrain park using a variety of boxes, jibs and jumps.
To win a slope-style contest one must pick the best and most difficult line in the terrain park and have a smooth flowing line of tricks performed on the obstacles.
Overall impression is also a huge factor in winning a slope-style contest.
The rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easy
Article: Universal Studios Florida
Section: Hollywood

Question: Where is the Radio Broadcast Center building located at?

The Hollywood section of the park greets guests with recreations of some of Hollywood's greatest monuments, such as Schwab's Drug Store and Mel's Drive-In.
These recreations are accompanied by two shows and a walkthrough exhibit.
Hollywood is also home to the world famous state of the art Radio Broadcast Center.
The studios are on the corner between Schwab's and The Brown Derby.
The Radio Broadcast Center hosts radio stations from all over the world.
Lucy: A Tribute is a walk-through museum featuring the best of "America's favorite redhead", Lucille Ball.
"Universal's Horror Make-Up Show" is a live stage show that shows guests how horror film special effects are created.
Before the main show guests experience a pre-show walk-through of set pieces and props used in various horror movies.
The pre-show currently houses a character appearance by Hellboy from "".
In August 2008, a section of the pre-show lobby was included to contain material from Halloween Horror Nights which includes some concept art, and a timeline of park map covers dating from its debut year in 1991 as Fright Nights.
Both of these attractions opened in 1990.
The final attraction is .
The show is a live, 3D experience that combines a 3-D film with an actual stage show based on the film "Terminator 2".
Hollywood's two dining outlets are recreations of actual Hollywood outlets.
"Schwab's Pharmacy" and "Mel's Drive-In" offer guests a variety of food and beverage options.
A third outlet, named "Cafe La Bamba", operates seasonally.
Guests can purchase Terminator merchandise from "Cyber Image" and magic-related items from "Theatre Magic".
Article: Germany
Section: Constituent states

Question: How many states are in Germany?

Germany comprises sixteen states which are collectively referred to as "Länder".
</ref>Each state has its own state constitution and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation.
Because of differences in size and population the subdivisions of these states vary, especially as between city states ("Stadtstaaten") and states with larger territories ("Flächenländer").
For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of 22 Government Districts ("Regierungsbezirke").
Germany is divided into 403 districts ("Kreise") at a municipal level; these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts.
Article: Biology
Section: Ecological and environmental

Question: who started modern ethology?

Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment.
The habitat of an organism can be described as the local abiotic factors such as climate and ecology, in addition to the other organisms and biotic factors that share its environment.
One reason that biological systems can be difficult to study is that so many different interactions with other organisms and the environment are possible, even on small scales.
A microscopic bacterium in a local sugar gradient is responding to its environment as much as a lion searching for food in the African savanna.
For any species, behaviors can be co-operative, competitive, parasitic, or symbiotic.
Matters become more complex when two or more species interact in an ecosystem.
Ecological systems are studied at several different levels, from individuals and populations to ecosystems and the biosphere.
The term population biology is often used interchangeably with population ecology, although "population biology" is more frequently used when studying diseases, viruses, and microbes, while population ecology is more commonly used when studying plants and animals.
Ecology draws on many subdisciplines.
Ethology studies animal behavior (particularly that of social animals such as primates and canids), and is sometimes considered a branch of zoology.
Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection.
In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals," influenced many ethologists to come.
Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the Earth, focusing on topics like plate tectonics, climate change, dispersal and migration, and cladistics.
Article: Microscope
Section: Optical

Question: What is the most common type of microscope?

The most common type of microscope (and the first invented) is the optical microscope.
This is an optical instrument containing one or more lenses producing an enlarged image of a sample placed in the focal plane.
Optical microscopes have refractive glass and occasionally of plastic or quartz, to focus light into the eye or another light detector.
Mirror-based optical microscopes operate in the same manner.
Typical magnification of a light microscope, assuming visible range light, is up to 1250x with a theoretical resolution limit of around 0.250 micrometres or 250 nanometres.
This limits the practical magnification limit to ~1500x.
Specialized techniques (e.g., scanning confocal microscopy, Vertico SMI) may exceed this magnification but the resolution is diffraction limited.
The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet, is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices such as the near-field scanning optical microscope.
Sarfus, a recent optical technique increases the sensitivity of standard optical microscope to a point it becomes possible to directly visualize nanometric films (down to 0.3 nanometre) and isolated nano-objects (down to 2 nm-diameter).
The technique is based on the use of non-reflecting substrates for cross-polarized reflected light microscopy.
Ultraviolet light enables the resolution of microscopic features, as well as to image samples that are transparent to the eye.
Near infrared light can be used to visualize circuitry embedded in bonded silicon devices, since silicon is transparent in this region of wavelengths.
In fluorescence microscopy, many wavelengths of light, ranging from the ultraviolet to the visible can be used to cause samples to fluoresce to allow viewing by eye or with the use of specifically sensitive cameras.
Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique in which small phase shifts in the light passing through a transparent specimen are converted into amplitude or contrast changes in the image.
The use of phase contrast does not require staining to view the slide.
This microscope technique made it possible to study the cell cycle in live cells.
The traditional optical microscope has more recently evolved into the digital microscope.
In addition to, or instead of, directly viewing the object through the eyepieces, a type of sensor similar to those used in a digital camera is used to obtain an image, which is then displayed on a computer monitor.
These sensors may use CMOS or charge-coupled device (CCD) technology, depending on the application.
Article: Louisiana Purchase
Section: Financing

Question: How much was America's down payment on the Louisiana Purchase?

The American government used $3 million in gold as a down payment, and issued bonds for the balance to pay France for the purchase.
Earlier that year, Francis Baring and Company of London had become the U.S. government's official banking agent in London.
Because of this favored position, the US asked the Baring firm to handle the transaction.
Francis Baring's son Alexander was in Paris at the time and helped in the negotiations.
Another Baring advantage was a close relationship with Hope and Company of Amsterdam.
The two banking houses worked together to facilitate and underwrite the Purchase.
Because Napoleon wanted to receive his money as quickly as possible, the two firms received the American bonds and paid cash to France.
Article: Cheese
Section: Dental health

Question: What components of cheese helps prevent tooth decy?

Some studies claim that cheddar, mozzarella, Swiss and American cheeses can help to prevent tooth decay.
Several mechanisms for this protection have been proposed:
 The calcium, protein, and phosphorus in cheese may act to protect tooth enamel.
 Cheese increases saliva flow, washing away acids and sugars.
Article: Wright Brothers flights of 1909
Section: Abstract

Question: When did the Wright brothers make the famous flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina?

Airplane inventors Wilbur and Orville Wright are famed for making the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flights on 17 December 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Lesser-known are other flights of theirs which played an important role at the dawn of aviation history.
In 1909 Wilbur was invited by the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Committee to make paid exhibition flights to help mark 300 years of New York history, including Henry Hudson discovering Manhattan and Robert Fulton starting a successful commercial steamboat service on the Hudson River.
The committee wanted the Wrights to demonstrate flights over the water around New York City.
Orville was making flights for customers in Germany, so Wilbur, who had just finished training U.S. Army pilots, accepted the job.
Article: Family Guy
Section: Early history and cancellation

Question: What did the "Family Guy" episode that debuted to 22 million viewers air after?

"Family Guy" officially premiered after Fox's broadcast of Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31, 1999, with "Death Has a Shadow".
The show debuted to 22 million viewers, and immediately generated controversy regarding its adult content.
The show returned on April 11, 1999, with "I Never Met the Dead Man".
"Family Guy" garnered decent ratings in Fox's 8:30 pm slot on Sunday, scheduled between "The Simpsons" and "The X-Files".
At the end of its first season, the show was No.
33 in the Nielsen ratings, with 12.8 million households tuning in.
The show launched its second season in a new time slot, Thursday at 9 pm, on September 23, 1999.
"Family Guy" was pitted against NBC's "Frasier", and the series' ratings declined sharply.
Fox removed "Family Guy" from the network's permanent schedule, and began airing episodes irregularly.
The show returned on March 7, 2000, at 8:30 pm on Tuesdays, but was constantly beaten in the ratings by the new breakout hit "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire", coming in at No.
114 in the Nielsen Ratings with 6.320 million households tuning in.
Fox announced that the show had been canceled in 2000, at the end of the second season.
However, following a last-minute reprieve, Fox announced on July 24, 2000, its intention to order 13 additional episodes of "Family Guy" to form a third season.
The show returned November 8, 2001, once again in a tough time slot: Thursday nights at 8:00 pm ET.
This slot brought it into competition with "Survivor" and "Friends".
(This situation was later referenced in "").
During its second- and third-season runs, Fox frequently moved the show around to different days and time slots with little or no notice and, consequently, the show's ratings suffered.
Upon Fox's annual unveiling of its 2002 fall line-up on May 15, 2002, "Family Guy" was absent.
Fox announced that the show had been officially canceled shortly thereafter.
Article: Batman Begins
Section: Abstract

Question: How much money did Batman Begins amount on it's opening weekend?

Batman Begins is a 2005 British-American superhero film based on the fictional DC Comics character Batman, co-written and directed by Christopher Nolan.
It stars Christian Bale as Batman along with Michael Caine, Liam Neeson, Katie Holmes, Gary Oldman, and Morgan Freeman.
The film reboots the "Batman" film series, telling the origin story of the character from Bruce Wayne's initial fear of bats, the death of his parents, his journey to become Batman, and his fight against Ra's al Ghul's plot to destroy Gotham City.
It draws inspiration from classic comic book storylines such as "The Man Who Falls", ', and '.
After a series of unsuccessful projects to resurrect Batman on screen following the 1997 critical failure of "Batman & Robin", Nolan and David S. Goyer began to work on the film in early 2003 and aimed for a darker and more realistic tone, with humanity and realism being the basis of the film.
The goal was to get the audience to care for both Batman and Bruce Wayne.
The film, which was primarily shot in Iceland and Chicago, relied on traditional stunts and miniatures – computer-generated imagery was used minimally.
"Batman Begins" was both critically and commercially successful.
The film opened on June 17, 2005, in the United States and Canada in 3,858 theaters.
It grossed $48 million in its opening weekend in North America, eventually grossing over $372 million worldwide.
The film received critical acclaim and has been considered by many as one of the best superhero films ever made.
Critics noted that fear was a common motif throughout the film, and remarked that it had a darker tone compared with previous "Batman" films.
The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography and three BAFTA awards.
The film is followed by "The Dark Knight" (2008) and "The Dark Knight Rises" (2012) in a continual story-arc, which has later been referred to as "The Dark Knight" trilogy.
Article: Payphone (song)
Section: Covers

Question: When did singing sisters Cimorelli post their Youtube cover of Payphone?

On 7 May 2012, singing sisters Cimorelli posted a cover on YouTube, which has been watched over 15 million times but Dani and Lauren changed up the rap.
Tanner Patrick, Dave Days, Megan Nicole, Tiffany Alvord and Avery also posted cover versions of "Payphone".
In July 2012, Canadian indie group Walk off the Earth released a cover on YouTube where many of the instruments being played are looped live, allowing one member to effectively play six instruments over the course of the song, with the recorded loops all playing at once.
The same month, the band Boyce Avenue also released a cover of the song.
American post-hardcore group Crown The Empire has done a heavy cover of the song as well for Fearless Records' compilation album "Punk Goes Pop 5".
Comedy rapper Rucka Rucka Ali recorded a parody, "Dago", on his 2012 album "Rucka's World".
In October 2012, Daniel Evans, a finalist on season 5 of The X Factor (UK) published and subsequently released an acoustic piano ballad version on his YouTube channel.