community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Manhattan Project
Section: Ore

Question: Which raw ingredient was most important Manhattan Project?

The key raw material for the project was uranium, which was used as fuel for the reactors, as feed that was transformed into plutonium, and, in its enriched form, in the atomic bomb itself.
There were four known major deposits of uranium in 1940: in Colorado, in northern Canada, in Joachimstal in Czechoslovakia, and in the Belgian Congo.
All but Joachimstal were in allied hands.
A November 1942 survey determined that sufficient quantities of uranium were available to satisfy the project's requirements.
Nichols arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated for the purchase of of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island and the remaining stocks of mined ore stored in the Congo.
He negotiated with Eldorado Gold Mines for the purchase of ore from its mine in Port Hope, Ontario, and its shipment in 100-ton lots.
The Canadian government subsequently bought up the company's stock until it acquired a controlling interest.
While these purchases assured a sufficient supply to meet wartime needs, the American and British leaders concluded that it was in their countries' interest to gain control of as much of the world's uranium deposits as possible.
The richest source of ore was the Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo, but it was flooded and closed.
Nichols unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate its reopening and the sale of the entire future output to the United States with Edgar Sengier, the director of the company that owned the mine, Union Minière du Haut Katanga.
The matter was then taken up by the Combined Policy Committee.
As 30 percent of Union Minière's stock was controlled by British interests, the British took the lead in negotiations.
Sir John Anderson and Ambassador John Winant hammered out a deal with Sengier and the Belgian government in May 1944 for the mine to be reopened and of ore to be purchased at $1.45 a pound.
To avoid dependence on the British and Canadians for ore, Groves also arranged for the purchase of US Vanadium Corporation's stockpile in Uravan, Colorado.
Uranium mining in Colorado yielded about of ore. Mallinckrodt Incorporated in St. Louis, Missouri, took the raw ore and dissolved it in nitric acid to produce uranyl nitrate.
Ether was then added in a liquid–liquid extraction process to separate the impurities from the uranyl nitrate.
This was then heated to form uranium trioxide, which was reduced to highly pure uranium dioxide.
By July 1942, Mallinckrodt was producing a ton of highly pure oxide a day, but turning this into uranium metal initially proved more difficult for contractors Westinghouse and Metal Hydrides.
Production was too slow and quality was unacceptably low.
A special branch of the Metallurgical Laboratory was established at Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa, under Frank Spedding to investigate alternatives, and its Ames process became available in 1943.
Article: Photoelectric effect
Section: Three-step model

Question: Where do Electrons escape from?

In the X-ray regime, the photoelectric effect in crystalline material is often decomposed into three steps:
 Inner photoelectric effect (see photodiode below).
The hole left behind can give rise to auger effect, which is visible even when the electron does not leave the material.
In molecular solids phonons are excited in this step and may be visible as lines in the final electron energy.
The inner photoeffect has to be dipole allowed.
The transition rules for atoms translate via the tight-binding model onto the crystal.
They are similar in geometry to plasma oscillations in that they have to be transversal.
 Ballistic transport of half of the electrons to the surface.
Some electrons are scattered.
 Electrons escape from the material at the surface.
In the three-step model, an electron can take multiple paths through these three steps.
All paths can interfere in the sense of the path integral formulation.
For surface states and molecules the three-step model does still make some sense as even most atoms have multiple electrons which can scatter the one electron leaving.
Article: Universal Studios Florida
Section: Hollywood

Question: Where is the Radio Broadcast Center located?

The Hollywood section of the park greets guests with recreations of some of Hollywood's greatest monuments, such as Schwab's Drug Store and Mel's Drive-In.
These recreations are accompanied by two shows and a walkthrough exhibit.
Hollywood is also home to the world famous state of the art Radio Broadcast Center.
The studios are on the corner between Schwab's and The Brown Derby.
The Radio Broadcast Center hosts radio stations from all over the world.
Lucy: A Tribute is a walk-through museum featuring the best of "America's favorite redhead", Lucille Ball.
"Universal's Horror Make-Up Show" is a live stage show that shows guests how horror film special effects are created.
Before the main show guests experience a pre-show walk-through of set pieces and props used in various horror movies.
The pre-show currently houses a character appearance by Hellboy from "".
In August 2008, a section of the pre-show lobby was included to contain material from Halloween Horror Nights which includes some concept art, and a timeline of park map covers dating from its debut year in 1991 as Fright Nights.
Both of these attractions opened in 1990.
The final attraction is .
The show is a live, 3D experience that combines a 3-D film with an actual stage show based on the film "Terminator 2".
Hollywood's two dining outlets are recreations of actual Hollywood outlets.
"Schwab's Pharmacy" and "Mel's Drive-In" offer guests a variety of food and beverage options.
A third outlet, named "Cafe La Bamba", operates seasonally.
Guests can purchase Terminator merchandise from "Cyber Image" and magic-related items from "Theatre Magic".
Article: Drive By (song)
Section: Credits and personnel

Question: Where was the song, Drive By, recorded?

Recording
 Recorded at Integrated Studios, New York City and at Ruby Red Studios, Venice, Los Angeles
Personnel
 Patrick Monahan – songwriter, producer, vocals
 Espen Lind – songwriter, producer, engineer, additional guitars, bass, keyboards and backing vocals, programming
 Amund Bjørklund – songwriter, producer, programming
 Butch Walker – producer
 Mark Endert – mixing
 Francis Murray – engineer
 Jake Sinclair – engineer
 Jimmy Stafford – guitar
 Scott Underwood – drums
 Jerry Becker – keyboards
 Hector Maldonado – bass
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from "Drive By" CD single liner notes.
Article: Set Fire to the Rain
Section: Track listing

Question: How many remixes are listed for Set Fire to the Rain?

;Digital EP — remixes
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Thomas Gold Remix) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Thomas Gold Dub) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Moto Blanco Remix) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Moto Blanco Edit) –
Article: Inside Llewyn Davis
Section: Production

Question: What inspired this film named "Inside Llewyn Davis"?

Set in 1961, "Inside Llewyn Davis" was inspired by the cultural disconnection within a New York–based music scene where the songs seemed to come from all parts of the United States except New York, but whose performers included Brooklyn-born Dave Van Ronk and Ramblin' Jack Elliott.
Well before writing the script, the Coens began with a single premise: suppose Van Ronk got beat up outside of Gerde's Folk City in the Village.
The filmmakers employed that idea in the opening scenes, then periodically returned to the project over the next couple of years to expand the story around a fictional character.
One source for the film was Van Ronk's posthumously published (2005) memoir, "The Mayor of MacDougal Street."
According to the book's co-author, Elijah Wald, the Coens mined the work "for local color and a few scenes."
The character is a composite of Van Ronk, Elliot, and other performers from the New York boroughs who performed in the Village at that time.
Joel Coen remarked that "the film doesn't really have a plot.
That concerned us at one point; that's why we threw the cat in.
"Shooting was complicated by an early New York spring, which interfered with the bleak winter atmosphere that prevails throughout the film, and by the difficulty of filming several cats, who, unlike dogs, ignore the desires of filmmakers.
On the advice of an animal trainer, the Coens put out a casting call for an orange tabby cat, which is sufficiently common that several cats would be available to play one part.
Individual cats were then selected for each scene based on what they were predisposed to do on their own.
Producer Scott Rudin, who worked with the Coens on "True Grit" and "No Country for Old Men", collaborated on the project.
StudioCanal helped finance it without an American distributor in place.
"After shooting in New York City and elsewhere last year...the brothers finished the movie at their own pace", wrote Michael Cieply in a January 2013 "The New York Times" interview with Joel Coen ahead of a private, pre-Grammys screening in Los Angeles.
"They could have rushed it into the Oscar season but didn’t."
On February 19, CBS Films announced it had picked up the U.S. domestic distribution rights for about $4 million.
StudioCanal has rights to international distribution and foreign sales.
Article: Finland
Section: Biodiversity

Question: How many breeding bird species can be found in Finland?

Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom.
According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.
Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland.
On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region.
In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common.
Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna.
There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over seventy fish species and eleven reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago.
Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear (the national animal), gray wolf, wolverine and elk.
Three of the more striking birds are the Whooper Swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the European Eagle-owl.
The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.
The most common breeding birds are the Willow Warbler, Common Chaffinch and Redwing.
Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch and others are plentiful.
Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts.
The endangered Saimaa Ringed Seal, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 300 seals today.
It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.
Article: Badminton
Section: Doubles

Question: How can there is a large interest in men's badminton?

Both pairs will try to gain and maintain the attack, smashing downwards when possible.
Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an ideal attacking formation with one player hitting down from the rearcourt, and his partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the lift.
If the rearcourt attacker plays a dropshot, his partner will move into the forecourt to threaten the net reply.
If a pair cannot hit downwards, they will use flat strokes in an attempt to gain the attack.
If a pair is forced to lift or clear the shuttlecock, then they must defend: they will adopt a side-by-side position in the rear midcourt, to cover the full width of their court against the opponents' smashes.
In doubles, players generally smash to the middle ground between two players in order to take advantage of confusion and clashes.
At high levels of play, the backhand serve has become popular to the extent that forehand serves have become fairly rare at a high level of play.
The straight low serve is used most frequently, in an attempt to prevent the opponents gaining the attack immediately.
Flick serves are used to prevent the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.
At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast.
Men's doubles is the most aggressive form of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes and very quick reflex exchanges.
Because of this, spectator interest is sometimes greater for men's doubles than for singles.
Article: The Shawshank Redemption
Section: Critical response

Question: The Shawshank Redemption got what kind of approval rating?

"Entertainment Weekly" reviewer Owen Gleiberman praised the choice of scenery, writing that the "moss-dark, saturated images have a redolent sensuality" that makes the film very realistic.
While praising Morgan Freeman's acting and oratory skills as making Red appear real, Gleiberman felt that with the "laconic-good-guy, neo-Gary Cooper role, Tim Robbins is unable to make Andy connect with the audience.
"The film garnered a 90% approval rating from 63 critics—an average rating of 8.2 out of 10—on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes.
Metacritic provides a score of 80 out of 100 from 19 critics, which indicates "generally favorable" reviews.
Article: General relativity
Section: Quantum gravity

Question: What is space represented by in the theory of general relativity?

The demand for consistency between a quantum description of matter and a geometric description of spacetime, as well as the appearance of singularities (where curvature length scales become microscopic), indicate the need for a full theory of quantum gravity: for an adequate description of the interior of black holes, and of the very early universe, a theory is required in which gravity and the associated geometry of spacetime are described in the language of quantum physics.
Despite major efforts, no complete and consistent theory of quantum gravity is currently known, even though a number of promising candidates exist.
Attempts to generalize ordinary quantum field theories, used in elementary particle physics to describe fundamental interactions, so as to include gravity have led to serious problems.
At low energies, this approach proves successful, in that it results in an acceptable effective (quantum) field theory of gravity.
At very high energies, however, the result are models devoid of all predictive power ("non-renormalizability").
One attempt to overcome these limitations is string theory, a quantum theory not of point particles, but of minute one-dimensional extended objects.
The theory promises to be a unified description of all particles and interactions, including gravity; the price to pay is unusual features such as six extra dimensions of space in addition to the usual three.
In what is called the second superstring revolution, it was conjectured that both string theory and a unification of general relativity and supersymmetry known as supergravity form part of a hypothesized eleven-dimensional model known as M-theory, which would constitute a uniquely defined and consistent theory of quantum gravity.
Another approach starts with the canonical quantization procedures of quantum theory.
Using the initial-value-formulation of general relativity (cf.
evolution equations above), the result is the Wheeler–deWitt equation (an analogue of the Schrödinger equation) which, regrettably, turns out to be ill-defined.
However, with the introduction of what are now known as Ashtekar variables, this leads to a promising model known as loop quantum gravity.
Space is represented by a web-like structure called a spin network, evolving over time in discrete steps.
Depending on which features of general relativity and quantum theory are accepted unchanged, and on what level changes are introduced, there are numerous other attempts to arrive at a viable theory of quantum gravity, some examples being dynamical triangulations, causal sets, twistor models or the path-integral based models of quantum cosmology.
All candidate theories still have major formal and conceptual problems to overcome.
They also face the common problem that, as yet, there is no way to put quantum gravity predictions to experimental tests (and thus to decide between the candidates where their predictions vary), although there is hope for this to change as future data from cosmological observations and particle physics experiments becomes available.
Article: Russia
Section: Architecture

Question: When did the "fiery stye" flourish in Moscow?

Since the Christianization of Kievan Rus' for several ages Russian architecture was influenced predominantly by the Byzantine architecture.
Apart from fortifications (kremlins), the main stone buildings of ancient Rus' were Orthodox churches with their many domes, often gilded or brightly painted.
Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia since the late 15th century, while the 16th century saw the development of unique tent-like churches culminating in Saint Basil's Cathedral.
By that time the onion dome design was also fully developed.
In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s.
After the reforms of Peter the Great the change of architectural styles in Russia generally followed that in the Western Europe.
The 18th-century taste for rococo architecture led to the ornate works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers.
The reigns of Catherine the Great and her grandson Alexander I saw the flourishing of Neoclassical architecture, most notably in the capital city of Saint Petersburg.
The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the Neo-Byzantine and Russian Revival styles.
Prevalent styles of the 20th century were the Art Nouveau, Constructivism, and the Stalin Empire style.
In 1955, a new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, condemned the "excesses" of the former academic architecture, and the late Soviet era was dominated by plain functionalism in architecture.
This helped somewhat to resolve the housing problem, but created a large quantity of buildings of low architectural quality, much in contrast with the previous bright styles.
The situation improved in the recent two decades.
Many temples demolished in Soviet times were rebuilt, and this process continues along with the restoration of various historical buildings destroyed in World War II.
A total of 23,000 Orthodox churches have been rebuilt between 1991 and 2010, which effectively quadrapled the number of operating churches in Russia.
Article: Greece
Section: Maritime industry

Question: What industry is important to Greek economic activity

The shipping industry is a key element of Greek economic activity dating back to ancient times.
Today, shipping is one of the country's most important industries.
It accounts for 4.5% of GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit.
During the 1960s, the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled, primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates, Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.
The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold to them by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s.
According to a United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report in 2011, the Greek merchant navy is the largest in the world at 16.2% of the world's total capacity, up from 15.96% in 2010.
This is a drop from the equivalent number in 2006, which was 18.2%.
The total tonnage of the country's merchant fleet is 202 million dwt, ranked 1st in the world.
In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports).
In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships.
However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.
Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).
Article: Yellowstone National Park
Section: Geysers and the hydrothermal system

Question: How many dead bison did biologists discovered on March 10, 2004?

The most famous geyser in the park, and perhaps the world, is Old Faithful Geyser, located in Upper Geyser Basin.
Castle Geyser, Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin.
The park contains the largest active geyser in the world—Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin.
A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone.
Of these, an average of 465 are active in a given year.
Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether.
Half the geothermal features and two-thirds of the world's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone.
In May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, Yellowstone National Park, and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), a partnership for long-term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region.
In 2003, changes at the Norris Geyser Basin resulted in the temporary closure of some trails in the basin.
New fumaroles were observed, and several geysers showed enhanced activity and increasing water temperatures.
Several geysers became so hot that they were transformed into purely steaming features; the water had become superheated and they could no longer erupt normally.
This coincided with the release of reports of a multiple year United States Geological Survey research project which mapped the bottom of Yellowstone Lake and identified a structural dome that had uplifted at some time in the past.
Research indicated that these uplifts posed no immediate threat of a volcanic eruption, since they may have developed long ago, and there had been no temperature increase found near the uplifts.
On March 10, 2004, a biologist discovered 5 dead bison which apparently had inhaled toxic geothermal gases trapped in the Norris Geyser Basin by a seasonal atmospheric inversion.
This was closely followed by an upsurge of earthquake activity in April 2004.
In 2006, it was reported that the Mallard Lake Dome and the Sour Creek Dome— areas that have long been known to show significant changes in their ground movement— had risen at a rate of per year from mid–2004 through 2006.
As of late 2007, the uplift has continued at a reduced rate.
These events inspired a great deal of media attention and speculation about the geologic future of the region.
Experts responded to the conjecture by informing the public that there was no increased risk of a volcanic eruption in the near future.
However, these changes demonstrate the dynamic nature of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system.