community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Quantum
Section: Abstract

Question: Describe a quantum.

In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction.
Behind this, one finds the fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized," referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization".
This means that the magnitude can take on only certain discrete values.
A photon is a single quantum of light, and is referred to as a "light quantum".
The energy of an electron bound to an atom is quantized, which results in the stability of atoms, and hence of matter in general.
As incorporated into the theory of quantum mechanics, this is regarded by physicists as part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing nature at the smallest length-scales.
Article: Some Nights
Section: Composition

Question: What 70's band has Some Nights been compared to?

The album and the band's music has received several comparisons to Queen.
"Rolling Stones"'s Jody Rosen, called the album a mix of "close harmony chorales, showy key changes, a dash of Queen here, a dollop of Les Miz there".
In an interview with "Fuse", producer Jeff Bhasker also stated that the album's lead single "We Are Young" "had a Queen/Freddie Mercury vibe to it".
Marcus Glimer of "The A.V.
Club" wrote that the album featured "more synthetic elements and drum machines" than their debut album "Aim and Ignite" and compared the beat to "All Alone" to a hip-hop track.
NPR columnist Daoud Tyler-Ameen commented that the album might be the start of a new phase of music, in which musicians would infuse the "sounds and rhythms once associated with hip-hop" with their pop music.
The album's lyrics have been called "plaintive", for dealing with themes of loneliness, self-worth, introspection, paranoia and existentialism, contrasting with the album's "anthemic" music.
Tyler-Ameen considered the album "remarkable for its sheer optimism", despite the sad and mournful lyrics, Rosen wrote that "Ruess' knack for the anthemic is matched by Gen-Y humor – emo self-deprecation that leavens the bombast".
while Marcus Gilmer praised Ruess' "prose-style lyrics", similar to his work in his previous band, The Format.
Ruess later commented on the importance of lyrics to him, saying that he took "great pride", after he finished writing them.
He also considered most lyrics written by current musicians to be "dumbed down", partially causing "rock music's current woes".
Article: Machu Picchu
Section: Layout

Question: What section of the city was probably residential?

The site is roughly divided into an urban sector and an agricultural sector, as well as the upper town and the lower town.
The temples are part of the upper town, the warehouses the lower.
The architecture is adapted to the natural form of the mountains.
Approximately 200 buildings are arranged on wide parallel terraces around a vast central square that is oriented east-west.
The various "kanchas" or compounds are long and narrow in order to exploit the terrain.
Extensive terraces were used for agriculture and sophisticated channeling systems provided irrigation for the fields.
Numerous stone stairways set in the walls allowed access to the different levels across the site.
The eastern section of the city was probably residential.
The western, separated by the square, was for religious and ceremonial purposes.
This section contains the Torreón, the massive tower which may have been used as an observatory.
Located in the first zone are the primary archaeological treasures: the "Intihuatana", the "Temple of the Sun" and the "Room of the Three Windows".
These were dedicated to "Inti", their sun god and greatest deity.
The Popular District, or Residential District, is the place where the lower-class people lived.
It includes storage buildings and simple houses.
The royalty area, a sector for the nobility, is a group of houses located in rows over a slope; the residence of the Amautas (wise persons) was characterized by its reddish walls, and the zone of the "Ñustas" (princesses) had trapezoid-shaped rooms.
The Monumental Mausoleum is a carved statue with a vaulted interior and carved drawings.
It was used for rites or sacrifices.
The Guardhouse is a three-sided building, with one of its long sides opening onto the Terrace of the Ceremonial Rock.
The three-sided style of Inca architecture is known as the "wayrona" style.
Article: Jackson Pollock
Section: Early life

Question: Who encouraged Pollock to create art?

Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming, in 1912, the youngest of five sons.
His parents, Stella May (née McClure) and LeRoy Pollock, were born and grew up in Tingley, Iowa and were educated at Tingley High School.
Pollock's mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa.
His father had been born with the surname McCoy but took the surname of his adoptive parents, neighbors who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other.
Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively.
LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs.
Jackson grew up in Arizona and Chico, California.
While living in Echo Park, California, he enrolled at Los Angeles' Manual Arts High School, from which he was expelled.
He already had been expelled in 1928 from another high school.
During his early life, Pollock explored Native American culture while on surveying trips with his father.
In 1930, following his older brother Charles Pollock, he moved to New York City, where they both studied under Thomas Hart Benton at the Art Students League.
Benton's rural American subject matter had little influence on Pollock's work, but his rhythmic use of paint and his fierce independence were more lasting.
From 1938 to 1942, during the Great Depression, Pollock worked for the WPA Federal Art Project.
Trying to deal with his established alcoholism, from 1938 through 1941 Pollock underwent Jungian psychotherapy with Dr. Joseph Henderson and later with Dr. Violet Staub de Laszlo in 1941-1942.
Henderson engaged him through his art, encouraging Pollock to make drawings.
Jungian concepts and archetypes were expressed in his paintings.
Recently historians have hypothesized that Pollock might have had bipolar disorder.
Article: David (Michelangelo)
Section: Later history

Question: Why was the statue of David removed from the piazza?

In 1873 the statue of David was removed from the piazza, to protect it from damage, and displayed in the Accademia Gallery, Florence, where it attracts many visitors.
A replica was placed in the Piazza della Signoria in 1910.
In 1991, a man attacked the statue with a hammer he had concealed beneath his jacket, in the process damaging the toes of the left foot, before being restrained.
On 12 November 2010, a fiberglass replica of the "David" was installed on the roofline of Florence Cathedral, for one day only.
Photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the "Operai" who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen.
In 2010, a dispute over the ownership of David arose when, based on a legal review of historical documents, the Italian Culture Ministry claimed ownership of the statue in opposition to the city of Florence, where it has always been located.
Florence disputes the state claim.
Article: The Good Wife
Section: Season 4

Question: What political office does Peter Florrick run for in the Good Wife

Season 4 focuses on Lockhart & Gardner's efforts to come out from bankruptcy after rival lawyers Louis Canning and Patti Nyholm team up to take them down.
A trustee, Clarke Hayden, is appointed to watch over the firm, but Will and Diane are not happy once he starts getting in their way.
Trying to gain money, the firm offers partnership to some associates, because they need their initial payment.
When the debt is cleared, only Alicia is made partner and the other offers are delayed.
Feeling angry, Cary teams up with the other four-years to start a new firm.
Meanwhile, Peter Florrick runs for Governor.
Eli is once again leading his campaign, although things get complicated when he finds out he is being investigated.
Alicia befriends Maddi Haylord, who sponsors her husband's campaign, but ultimetely it turns out she is running up against him and Mike Kresteva.
In a B plot Kalinda's past comes to haunt her in the form of her husband Nick.
Once he starts threatening people in her life, she needs to get rid of him.
The firm also hires a new investigator to help her at work - Robyn Burdine.
On top of all, Alicia is back with Peter, but having a hard time supressing her feelings for Will.
Article: Golden Gate Park
Section: Music Concourse Area

Question: How many fountains are located in the Golden Gate Park

Major features.
Music Concourse Area.
The Music Concourse is a sunken, oval-shaped open-air plaza originally excavated for the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894.
Its focal point is the Spreckels Temple of Music, also called the "Bandshell," where numerous music performances have been staged.
It includes a number of statues of various historic figures, four fountains, and a regular grid array of heavily pollarded trees.
Since 2003, the Music Concourse has undergone a series of improvements to include an underground 800-car parking garage and pedestrianization of the plaza itself.
It is surrounded by various cultural attractions, including:
Article: Aurora
Section: Solar wind and the magnetosphere

Question: What is the width of the mangetosphere of the Earth?

The Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a rarefied flow of hot plasma (gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree heat of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona.
The solar wind usually reaches Earth with a velocity around 400 km/s, density around 5 ions/cm3 and magnetic field intensity around 2–5 nT (nanoteslas; Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT).
These are typical values.
During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger.
The IMF originates on the Sun, related to the field of sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind.
That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun skews them (at Earth) by about 45 degrees, so that field lines passing Earth may actually start near the western edge ("limb") of the visible Sun.
Earth's magnetosphere is formed by the impact of the solar wind on the Earth's magnetic field.
It forms an obstacle to the solar wind, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re), forming a bow shock 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream.
The width of the magnetosphere abreast of Earth, is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long "magnetotail" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re).
The magnetosphere is full of trapped plasma as the solar wind passes the Earth.
The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with increases in solar wind density and speed, with increase in the southward component of the IMF and with increases in turbulence in the solar wind flow.
The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is from the magnetotail toward the Earth, around the Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side.
In addition to moving perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travel down along the Earth's magnetic field lines and lose energy to the atmosphere in the auroral zones.
Magnetospheric electrons accelerated downward by field-aligned electric fields cause the bright aurora features.
The un-accelerated electrons and ions cause the dim glow of the diffuse aurora.
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics

Question: When was "Conclusions from the capillarity phenoma" published.

Albert Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to "Annalen der Physik" was on capillary attraction.
It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena".
Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view.
These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist.
His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.
Article: Luge
Section: Training

Question: A luger must have strength in what body parts?

The sport of luge requires an athlete to balance mental and physical fitness.
To become an elite luger, a competitor must begin training at an early age and spend decades honing their skills.
Physically, a luger must have strong neck, upper body, abdominal, and thigh muscles.
Strength training is essential to withstand the extreme G-forces of tight turns at high speeds.
Since lugers have very little protection other than a visor and helmet, they must be able to endure the physical pounding administered by the track when mistakes are made.
Mentally a luger must maintain total focus as they steer their sled through more than a kilometer of curves and straights at high speed.
Dozens of subtle movements and weight shifts are required to find the perfect line down the track.
Consistency is essential for success.
Sled maintenance is also an important element for success.
Serious lugers spend hours meticulously sanding their "steels," and making other important adjustments and repairs to their sleds.
No luger can possibly achieve elite status without working closely with an experienced coaching staff, implementing suggestions and fine tuning technique.
Other lugers will often give tips that can improve a slider's ability to find the "sweet spot" on the track.
Though luge is a winter sport, it requires daily, year-round training.
Article: How I Met Your Mother
Section: Season 3

Question: On what holiday is Barney slapped for the third time?

Barney begins the season with the word, "-dary!"
Robin returns from a trip to Argentina with her new boyfriend, Gael (Enrique Iglesias), and Ted must adjust to life as just her friend, while watching Robin and Gael fawning over each other.
Marshall and Lily decide to move out on their own, falling in love with a place they cannot afford.
Robin learns of Lily's bad credit rating due to her compulsive shopping for designer brands, and forces Lily to tell Marshall.
Despite this, they are able to finally secure their dream apartment, only to discover it's in a bad location and more poorly constructed than they thought (the floor is tilted).
Barney is slapped for the third time on Thanksgiving, which Marshall dubs "Slapsgiving.
"Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella.
He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party where his future wife was, although they did not meet.
Ted attempts to woo Stella (Sarah Chalke), a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo.
This culminates in a memorable "two-minute date," which incorporates small talk, dinner, a movie, coffee, two cab rides, and a goodnight kiss, all within two minutes.
Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break-up with a past Canadian love; Ted is infuriated, and decides to stop being friends with Barney.
Meanwhile, an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney's attempts to hook up.
His saboteur is revealed to be Abby (Britney Spears), Stella's receptionist, with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex.
In the season finale, Ted gets into a car accident and ends up in hospital, Subsequently Barney gets hit by a bus on the way to visit him and ends up receiving treatment in the same hospital.
Ted realizes Barney really cares about him and they renew their friendship.
It is revealed Barney has true feelings for Robin, while Ted proposes to Stella in an arcade.
Article: Salad
Section: History

Question: In 1699, who attempted to encourage his countrymen to eat salads?

The Romans and ancient Greeks ate mixed greens with dressing.
In his 1699 book, "Acetaria: A Discourse on Sallets", John Evelyn attempted with little success to encourage his fellow Britons to eat fresh salad greens.
Mary, Queen of Scots, ate boiled celery root over greens covered with creamy mustard dressing, truffles, chervil, and slices of hard-boiled eggs.
The United States popularized mixed greens salads in the late 19th century; other regions of the world adopted them throughout the second half of the 20th century.
From Europe and the Americas to China, Japan, and Australia, salads are sold in supermarkets, at restaurants and at fast food chains.
In the US market, restaurants will often have a "Salad Bar" laid out with salad-making ingredients, which the customers will use to put together their salad.
Article: Kebab
Section: In China

Question: What meats are traditionally used to make Chuanr?

Chuanr (), often referred to as "chua'r" in Pekingese and throughout the North, or kawap (كاۋاپ) in Uyghur, is a variation of kebab originating from the Uyghurs in the Western province of Xinjiang and a popular dish in Chinese Islamic cuisine.
The dish has since spread across the rest of the country and become a popular street food.
Although the most traditional form of chuanr uses lamb or mutton, other types of meat, such as chicken, beef, pork, and seafood, may be used as well.
Small pieces of meat are skewered and either roasted or deep-fried.
Common spices and condiments include cumin called "ziran", pepper, sesame, and sesame oil.
During Chinese New Year, it is common to find fruit kebabs candied and covered with a hard candy sugar coating.
At the famous Wángfǔjǐng in Beijing, it is very common to find many kinds of fruit kebabs of everything from bananas, strawberries, and seasonal Chinese fruits, as well as scorpions, squids, and various Japanese-flavored kebabs all year long.
Article: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Section: Drawings and prints

Question: Who donated a broad range of material to the Metropolitan Museum of Art including many prints by Albrecht Dürer?

Though other departments contain significant numbers of drawings and prints, the Drawings and Prints department specifically concentrates on North American pieces and western European works produced after the Middle Ages.
The first Old Master drawings, comprising 670 sheets, were presented as a single group in 1880 by Cornelius Vanderbilt II and in effect launched the department, though it was not formally constituted as a department until later.
Other early donors to the department include Junius Spencer Morgan II who presented a broad range of material, but mainly dated from the sixteenth century, including 2 woodblocks and many prints by Albrecht Dürer in 1919.
Currently, the Drawings and Prints collection contains more than 17,000 drawings, 1.5 million prints, and twelve thousand illustrated books.
The great masters of European painting, who produced many more sketches and drawings than actual paintings, are extensively represented in the Drawing and Prints collection.
The department's holdings contain major drawings by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Rembrandt, as well as prints and etchings by Van Dyck, Dürer, and Degas among many others.
Article: Archery
Section: A modern sport

Question: What year saw the first attempts at turning the recreation into a modern sport?

The 1840s saw the first attempts at turning the recreation into a modern sport.
The first Grand National Archery Society meeting was held in York in 1844 and over the next decade the extravagant and festive practices of the past were gradually whittled away and the rules were standardised as the 'York Round' - a series of shoots at 60, 80, and 100 yards.
Horace A. Ford helped to improve archery standards and pioneered new archery techniques.
He won the Grand National 11 times in a row and published a highly influential guide to the sport in 1856.
Towards the end of the 19th century, the sport experienced declining participation as alternative sports such as croquet and tennis became more popular among the middle class.
By 1889, just 50 archery clubs were left in Britain, but it was still included as a sport at the 1900 Paris Olympics.
In the United States, primitive archery was revived in the early 20th century.
The last of the Yahi Indian tribe, a native known as Ishi, came out of hiding in California in 1911.
His doctor, Saxton Pope, learned many of Ishi's traditional archery skills, and popularized them.
The Pope and Young Club, founded in 1961 and named in honor of Pope and his friend, Arthur Young, became one of North America's leading bowhunting and conservation organizations.
Founded as a nonprofit scientific organization, the Club was patterned after the prestigious Boone and Crockett Club and advocated responsible bowhunting by promoting quality, fair chase hunting, and sound conservation practices.
From the 1920s, professional engineers took an interest in archery, previously the exclusive field of traditional craft experts.
They led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern recurve and compound bow.
These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery; traditional bows are in a minority.
In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding.
Much of this expertise is available in the "Traditional Bowyer's Bibles" (see Additional reading).
Modern game archery owes much of its success to Fred Bear, an American bow hunter and bow manufacturer.
Article: Sailing
Section: Knots and line handling

Question: What is a clove hitch?

The tying and untying of knots and hitches as well as the general handling of ropes and lines are fundamental to the art of sailing.
The RYA basic 'Start Yachting' syllabus lists the following knots and hitches:
figure-eight knot — stopper knot
round turn and two half hitches — secure the end of a rope to a fixed object
bowline — used to form a fixed loop at the end of a rope
It also lists securing a line around a cleat and the use of winches and jamming cleats.
The RYA Competent Crew syllabus adds the following to the list above, as well as knowledge of the correct use of each: 
clove hitch — securing lines running along a series of posts
rolling hitch — rigging a stopper to relax the tension on a sheet
reef knot — joining two ends of a single line to bind around an object
single and double sheet bend — joining two ropes of different diameters
In addition it requires competent crewmembers to understand 'taking a turn' around a cleat and to be able to make cleated lines secure.
Lines and halyards need to be coiled neatly for stowage and reuse.
Dock lines need to be thrown and handled safely and correctly when coming alongside, up to a buoy, and when anchoring, as well as when casting off and getting under way.
Article: Microscope
Section: Scanning probe microscopy

Question: Who invented the atomic force microscope?

The 1980s saw the development of the first scanning probe microscopes.
The first was the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981, developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.
This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the atomic force microscope.