community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Union Station (Washington, D.C.)
Section: Architecture

Question: Which architectural influence of Union Station pays homage to a feature occurring within the last 200 years.

Architect Daniel H. Burnham, assisted by Pierce Anderson, was inspired by a number of different architectural styles.
Classical elements included the Arch of Constantine (exterior, main façade) and the great vaulted spaces of the Baths of Diocletian (interior); prominent siting at the intersection of two of Pierre L'Enfant's avenues, with an orientation that faced the United States Capitol just five blocks away; a massive scale, including a façade stretching more than 600 feet and a waiting room ceiling 96 feet above the floor; stone inscriptions and allegorical sculpture in the Beaux-Arts style; expensive materials such as marble, gold leaf, and white granite from a previously unused quarry.
In the Attic block, above the main cornice of the central block, stand six colossal statues (modeled on the Dacian prisoners of the Arch of Constantine) created by Louis St. Gaudens.
These are entitled "The Progress of Railroading" and their iconography expresses the confident enthusiasm of the American Renaissance movement: Prometheus (for Fire), Thales (for Electricity), Themis (for Freedom and Justice), Apollo (for Imagination and Inspiration), Ceres (for Agriculture) and Archimedes (for Mechanics).
The substitution of Agriculture for Commerce in a railroad station iconography vividly conveys the power of a specifically American lobbying bloc.
St. Gaudens also created the 26 centurions for the station's main hall.
Burnham drew upon a tradition, launched with the 1837 Euston railway station in London, of treating the entrance to a major terminal as a triumphal arch.
He linked the monumental end pavilions with long arcades enclosing loggias in a long series of bays that were vaulted with the lightweight fireproof Guastavino tiles favored by American Beaux-Arts architects.
The final aspect owed much to the Court of Heroes at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, where Burnham had been coordinating architect.
The setting of Union Station’s façade at the focus of converging avenues in a park-like green setting is one of the few executed achievements of the City Beautiful movement: elite city planning that was based on the "goosefoot" ("patte d'oie") of formal garden plans made by Baroque designers such as André Le Nôtre.
The station held a full range of dining rooms and other services, including barber shops and a mortuary.
Union Station was equipped with a presidential suite which is now occupied by a restaurant.
Article: Korean War
Section: Division of Korea (1954–present)

Question: When did North Korea declare it 'is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression.'?

Division of Korea (1954–present).
The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission.
Since 1953, the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC), composed of members from the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces, has been stationed near the DMZ.
In April 1975, South Vietnam's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army.
Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina, Kim Il-sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South.
Kim visited China in April of that year, and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid.
Despite Pyongyang's expectations, however, Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea.
Since the armistice, there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea.
In 1976, the axe murder incident was widely publicized.
Since 1974, four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered.
In 2010, a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS "Cheonan", resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors.
Again in 2010, North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island, killing two military personnel and two civilians.
After a new wave of U.N. sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice.
On 13 March 2013, North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea "is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression."
On 30 March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered a "state of war" with South Korea and declared that "The long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over."
Speaking on 4 April 2013, the United States Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, informed the press that Pyongyang had "formally informed" the Pentagon that it had "ratified" the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the United States of America, including Guam and Hawaii.
Hagel also stated that the US would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam, due to a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea.
Article: Forrest Gump
Section: Feather

Question: What did visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston compare the feather to?

Various interpretations have been suggested for the feather present at the opening and conclusion of the film.
Sarah Lyall of "The New York Times" noted several opinions that were made about the feather: "Does the white feather symbolize the unbearable lightness of being?
Forrest Gump's impaired intellect?
The randomness of experience?"
Hanks interpreted the feather as: "Our destiny is only defined by how we deal with the chance elements to our life and that's kind of the embodiment of the feather as it comes in.
Here is this thing that can land anywhere and that it lands at your feet.
It has theological implications that are really huge."
Sally Field compared the feather to fate, saying: "It blows in the wind and just touches down here or there.
Was it planned or was it just perchance?"
Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston compared the feather to an abstract painting: "It can mean so many things to so many different people.
"The feather is stored in a book titled "Curious George", Forrest's favorite book, which his mother read to him, connecting the scene's present time with his childhood in the 1940s.
The placement of the feather in the book is directly on a picture of the monkey walking on a tightrope.
Whether that was intentional or not, it is very symbolic.
The feather also has a correlation with Jenny's constant obsession with "becoming a bird and flying far far away" due to the abuse (sexual and physical) she endured from her father.
She goes as far in the film as to ask Forrest "if jumped off the bridge, could [she fly?"
Article: Gymnastics
Section: Rhythmic gymnastics

Question: Do men or women compete in rhythmic gymnastics?

Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics although there is a new version of this discipline for men being pioneered in Japan (see Men's rhythmic gymnastics).
This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation.
The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic.
There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice.
Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution.
International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and Seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth.
Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties.
The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, European Championships, World Cup and Grand-Prix Series.
Article: Battle of Midway
Section: Background

Question: Which island was attacked by bombers?

Japan had attained its initial strategic goals quickly, taking the Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia); the latter, with its vital oil resources, was particularly important to Japan.
Because of this, preliminary planning for a second phase of operations commenced as early as January 1942.
However, there were strategic disagreements between the Imperial Army and Imperial Navy, and infighting between the Navy's GHQ and Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's Combined Fleet, such that a follow-up strategy was not formed until April 1942.
Admiral Yamamoto finally succeeded in winning the bureaucratic struggle with a thinly veiled threat to resign, after which his plan for the Central Pacific was adopted.
Yamamoto's primary strategic goal was the elimination of America's carrier forces, which he perceived as the principal threat to the overall Pacific campaign.
This concern was acutely heightened by the Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942, in which 16 US Army Air Forces B-25 Mitchell bombers launched from bombed targets in Tokyo and several other Japanese cities.
The raid, while militarily insignificant, was a severe psychological shock to the Japanese and showed the existence of a gap in the defenses around the Japanese home islands as well as the accessibility of Japanese territory to American bombers.
This, and other successful hit-and-run raids by American carriers in the South Pacific, showed that they were still a threat, although seemingly reluctant to be drawn into an all-out battle.
Yamamoto reasoned that another attack on the main U.S Naval base at Pearl Harbor would induce all of the American fleet to sail out to fight, including the carriers.
However, due to the strength of American land-based air power on the Hawaiian Islands, he judged that it was too risky to attack Pearl Harbor directly.
Instead, Yamamoto selected Midway, a tiny atoll at the extreme northwest end of the Hawaiian Island chain, approximately from Oahu.
Midway was not especially important in the larger scheme of Japan's intentions, but the Japanese felt the Americans would consider Midway a vital outpost of Pearl Harbor and would therefore be compelled to defend it vigorously.
The U.S. did consider Midway vital; after the battle, establishment of a U.S. submarine base on Midway allowed submarines operating from Pearl Harbor to refuel and reprovision, extending their radius of operations by .
In addition to serving as a seaplane base, Midway's airstrips also served as a forward staging point for bomber attacks on Wake Island.
Article: Prison Break
Section: Awards and nominations

Question: Which award was Prison Break's first nomination?

Following a successful airing of the series' first thirteen episodes, "Prison Break" was nominated for its first award, the 2005 People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama.
The series won the award in January 2006, beating other nominees in the same category, "Commander in Chief" and "Criminal Minds".
In January 2006, the show had two nominations at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards, which were Best Drama Television Series and Best Actor in a Drama Television Series for Wentworth Miller's performance.
The show's lead actor, Wentworth Miller, received another nomination for his performance in the first season at the 2005 Saturn Awards for Best Actor on Television.
Likewise, the series was nominated for 2005 Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series.
At the 2006 Television Critics Association Awards, the show was nominated for Best New Drama Series.
Nominations for technical awards include the 2006 Eddie Award for Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television (Mark Helfrich for the pilot episode), and the 2006 Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music (Ramin Djawadi).
In December 2006, Robert Knepper was nominated for the 2006 Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television.
Article: Salad
Section: Abstract

Question: What distinguishes a Main course salad from an Appetizer salad?

Salad is a popular ready-to-eat dish often containing leafy vegetables, usually served chilled or at a moderate temperature and often served with a sauce or dressing.
Salads may also contain ingredients such as fruit, grain, meat, seafood and sweets.
Though many salads use raw ingredients, some use cooked ingredients.
Most salads are served cold, although some, such as south German potato salad, are served warm.
Some consider the warmth of a dish a factor that excludes it from the salad category calling the warm mixture a casserole, a sandwich topping or more specifically, name it for the ingredients which comprise it.
Leafy vegetable salads are generally served with a dressing, as well as various garnishes such as nuts or croutons, and sometimes with meat, fish, pasta, cheese, eggs, or whole grains.
Salads may be served at any point during a meal, such as:
Appetizer salads, light salads to stimulate the appetite as the first course of the meal.
Side salads, to accompany the main course as a side dish.
Main course salads, usually containing a portion of heartier fare, such as chicken breast or slices of beef.
Palate-cleansing salads, to settle the stomach after the main course.
Dessert salads, sweet versions often containing fruit, gelatin and/or whipped cream.
Article: Henri Matisse
Section: Gertrude Stein, Académie Matisse, and the Cone sisters

Question: Matisse and Picasso often painted which gender in their younger years?

Around April 1906 he met Pablo Picasso, who was 11 years younger than Matisse.
The two became lifelong friends as well as rivals and are often compared; one key difference between them is that Matisse drew and painted from nature, while Picasso was much more inclined to work from imagination.
The subjects painted most frequently by both artists were women and still life, with Matisse more likely to place his figures in fully realised interiors.
Matisse and Picasso were first brought together at the Paris salon of Gertrude Stein and her companion Alice B. Toklas.
During the first decade of the twentieth century, the Americans in Paris— Gertrude Stein, her brothers Leo Stein, Michael Stein and Michael's wife Sarah—were important collectors and supporters of Matisse's paintings.
In addition Gertrude Stein's two American friends from Baltimore, the Cone sisters Claribel and Etta, became major patrons of Matisse and Picasso, collecting hundreds of their paintings and drawings.
The Cone collection is now exhibited in the Baltimore Museum of Art.
While numerous artists visited the Stein salon, many of these artists were not represented among the paintings on the walls at 27 rue de Fleurus.
Where Renoir, Cézanne, Matisse, and Picasso's works dominated Leo and Gertrude Stein's collection, Sarah Stein's collection particularly emphasised Matisse.
Contemporaries of Leo and Gertrude Stein, Matisse and Picasso became part of their social circle and routinely joined the gatherings that took place on Saturday evenings at 27 rue de Fleurus.
Gertrude attributed the beginnings of the Saturday evening salons to Matisse, remarking:"More and more frequently, people began visiting to see the Matisse paintings—and the Cézannes: Matisse brought people, everybody brought somebody, and they came at any time and it began to be a nuisance, and it was in this way that Saturday evenings began.
"'Among Pablo Picasso's acquaintances who also frequented the Saturday evenings were: Fernande Olivier (Picasso's mistress), Georges Braque, André Derain, the poets Max Jacob and Guillaume Apollinaire, Marie Laurencin (Apollinaire's mistress and an artist in her own right), and Henri Rousseau.
His friends organised and financed the "Académie Matisse" in Paris, a private and non-commercial school in which Matisse instructed young artists.
It operated from 1907 until 1911.
Hans Purrmann and Sarah Stein were amongst several of his most loyal students.
Matisse spent seven months in Morocco from 1912 to 1913, producing about 24 paintings and numerous drawings.
His frequent orientalist topics of later paintings, such as odalisques, can be traced to this period.
Article: Atomic number
Section: The periodic table and a natural number for each element

Question: What did Mendeleev claim about the first periodic table?

The periodic table and a natural number for each element.
Loosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order.
Dmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables in order of atomic weight ("Atomgewicht").
However, in consideration of the elements' observed chemical properties, he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium (atomic weight 127.6) ahead of iodine (atomic weight 126.9).
This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, "Z", but that number was not known or suspected at the time.
A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory, however.
Besides the case of iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties.
However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whoise atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onwards (hafnium was not known at this time).
[[File:Henry Moseley.jpg|140px|thumb|Henry Moseley helped develop the concept of atomic number by showing experimentally (1913) that Van den Broek's 1911 hypothesis combined with the Bohr model nearly correctly predicted atomic X-ray emissions.]]
Article: Periodic table
Section: Categories

Question: Into what three major categories can the elements be classified into?

The elements can be conveniently classified according to their shared physical and chemical properties into the major categories of metals, metalloids and nonmetals.
Metals are generally located to the left and bottom of the periodic table.
They are ordinarily shiny, highly conducting solids which form alloys with one another and salt-like ionic compounds with nonmetals.
Nonmetals are located to the right and top.
They are mostly coloured or colourless insulating gases that form covalent compounds with one another.
In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids, which have intermediate or mixed properties.
Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into similar subcategories that show a left to right gradation in metallic to non-metallic properties.
The metals are divided into the highly reactive alkali metals, through the less reactive alkaline earth metals, lanthanides and actinides, via the archetypal transition metals, and ending in the physically and chemically weak other metals.
The nonmetals are simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals which, being nearest the metalloids, show some incipient metallic character; the diatomic nonmetals, which are essentially nonmetallic; and the monatomic noble gases, which are almost completely inert and nonmetallic.
Specialized groupings such as the refractory metals and the noble metals, which are subsets (in this example) of the transition metals, are also known and occasionally denoted.
Placing the elements into categories and subcategories based on shared properties is imperfect.
There is a spectrum of properties within each category and it is not hard to find overlaps at the boundaries, as is the case with most classification schemes.
Beryllium, for example, is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or other metal.
Radon is classified as a nonmetal and a noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that is more characteristic of a metal.
Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories, or crystalline structures.
Categorising the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be drawn on the periodic table to show elements having like properties, such as the metals and the nonmetals, or the gaseous elements.
Article: The Act of Killing
Section: Production

Question: When was the Indonesian murders?

In 2001, while conducting interviews for their 2003 film "The Globalisation Tapes", Oppenheimer and Cynn began delving into the Indonesian killings of 1965–66.
After moving up the ranks of those involved with the killings, Oppenheimer's interviews led him to meet Anwar Congo in 2005.
The film was shot mostly in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, between 2005 and 2011.
After seeing an early preview of "The Act of Killing", filmmakers Werner Herzog and Errol Morris signed on as executive producers.
The name "Anonymous" appears 49 times under 27 different crew positions in the credits.
These crew members still fear revenge from the death-squad killers.
Article: The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)
Section: Self-portrait

Question: Who did Michelangelo depict himself as in "The Last Judgement"?

Some have hypothesized that Michelangelo depicted himself in the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew (see below) based on feelings of contempt Michelangelo may have had for being commissioned to paint "The Last Judgment."
Michelangelo often drew himself in a way where he had lost all his power and might.
He questioned over thoughts of dying and the Day of Judgement, which is seen as a reference to this work.
Michelangelo was in his late sixties when he finished this painting, and it has been argued that the peeling of Bartholomew signifies the peeling of the flesh awaiting a new rebirth.
The bearded figure of St. Bartholomew holding the skin was theorized to depict the satirist and erotic writer Pietro Aretino, who had tried to extort a valuable drawing from Michelangelo; this theory has been conclusively refuted because the conflict between Michelangelo and zed Aretino did not occur until 1545, seven years after the fresco's completion.
Article: Chocolate brownie
Section: Myths about creation

Question: How many different myths are there about the brownie's origin?

There are three main myths about the creation of the brownie.
The first, that a chef accidentally added melted chocolate to biscuit dough.
The second, a cook forgot to add flour to the batter.
And thirdly, the most popular belief, that a housewife did not have baking powder and improvised with this new treat.
It was said that she was baking for guests and decided to serve these flattened cakes to them.
All three myths have gained popularity throughout the years.