community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Tennis
Section: Grand Slam tournaments

Question: When did the international tournament at Wimbledon begin?

The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world.
They are held annually and comprise, in chronological order, the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open.
Apart from the Olympic Games, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, and Hopman Cup, they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).
The ITF's national associations, Tennis Australia (Australian Open), the Fédération Française de Tennis (French Open), the Lawn Tennis Association (Wimbledon) and the United States Tennis Association (US Open) are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.
Aside from the historical significance of these events, they also carry larger prize funds than any other tour event and are worth double the number of ranking points to the champion than in the next echelon of tournaments, the Masters 1000 (men) and Premier events (women).
Another distinguishing feature is the number of players in the singles draw.
There are 128, more than any other professional tennis tournament.
This draw is composed of 32 seeded players, other players ranked in the world's top 100, qualifiers, and players who receive invitations through wild cards.
Grand Slam men's tournaments have best-of-five set matches while the women play best-of-three.
Grand Slam tournaments are among the small number of events that last two weeks, the others being the Indian Wells Masters and the Miami Masters.
Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have mixed doubles contests.
Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and junior tennis competitions.
These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies.
For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white.
Andre Agassi chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its "predominantly white" dress code.
Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets.
 The international tournament began in 1925
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: First law

Question: What had Faraday concluded based on his electrochemical experiments?

Faraday concluded after several experiments on electrical current in non-spontaneous process, the mass of the products yielded on the electrodes was proportional to the value of current supplied to the cell, the length of time the current existed, and the molar mass of the substance analyzed.
In other words, the amount of a substance deposited on each electrode of an electrolytic cell is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the cell.
Below is a simplified equation of Faraday's first law:
formula_7
Where
"m" is the mass of the substance produced at the electrode (in grams),
"Q" is the total electric charge that passed through the solution (in coulombs),
"n" is the valence number of the substance as an ion in solution (electrons per ion),
"M" is the molar mass of the substance (in grams per mole).
Article: Santa Claus Is Coming to Town
Section: Recordings

Question: Who had the first measurable hit in 1951?

The earliest known recorded version of the song was by banjoist Harry Reser and his band on October 24, 1934 (Decca 264A) featuring Tom Stacks on vocal, the version shown in the Variety charts of December 1934.
The song was a sheet music hit, reaching #1.
The song was also recorded on September 26, 1935, by Tommy Dorsey & His Orchestra.
The song is a traditional standard at Christmas time, and has been covered by numerous recording artists.
The 1951 version by Perry Como was the first measurable hit, and in 1963 the Four Seasons version charted at #23 on Billboard.
In 1970 Rankin-Bass produced an hour-long animated television special based on the song, with narrator Fred Astaire telling the original story of Santa Claus.
Many contemporary artists have recorded and performed various versions of the song, including a rock and roll version by Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band.
The song was recorded in a 1975 live version and eventually released in 1985 as a B-side to "My Hometown", a single from the "Born in the U.S.A." album.
Luis Miguel recorded the song in Spanish as "Santa Claus Llegó a La Ciudad" for his Christmas album "Navidades" (2006).
His version of the song peaked at #26 on the "Billboard" Latin Pop Songs chart.
Other well-known versions of this song include Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters (1943), Frank Sinatra (1948), the Ray Conniff Singers (1959), Alvin and the Chipmunks (1961), The Crystals (1963), The Beach Boys (1964), The Jackson 5 (1970), The Carpenters (1978), The Pointer Sisters (1987), Neil Diamond (1992), Mariah Carey (1994), George Strait (1996), Faith Hill (2008), Miley Cyrus (2008), Andrea Bocelli (2009), Love Händel from "Phineas and Ferb" (2010), Justin Bieber (2011), Michael Bublé (2011), Mark Salling and Cory Monteith on "Glee" (2011), Colbie Caillat (2012), Rod Stewart (2012) and Dannii Minogue (2013).
Article: Atomic number
Section: Abstract

Question: After what year was the "Z" number known as a physical characteristic of atoms?

In chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.
It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z.
The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element.
In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.
The atomic number, "Z", should not be confused with the mass number, "A", which is the number of nucleons, the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
The number of neutrons, "N", is known as the neutron number of the atom; thus, "A" = "Z" + "N" (these quantities are always whole numbers).
Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in unified atomic mass units (making a quantity called the "relative isotopic mass,") is roughly (to within 1%) equal to the whole number "A".
Atoms with the same atomic number "Z" but different neutron numbers "N", and hence different atomic masses, are known as isotopes.
A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight.
Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century.
The conventional symbol "Z" comes from the German word meaning number/numeral/figure, which, prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order is approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights.
Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this "Z" number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word (and its English equivalent "atomic number") come into common use in this context.
Article: Glee (TV series)
Section: Merchandise

Question: "Glee-The Complete First Season" was first available when?

Three soundtrack albums were released to accompany "Glee" first season: ', ' and '.
Two extended plays (EP) accompanied the episodes "The Power of Madonna" and "Journey to Regionals": ' and ' respectively.
"Glee: The Music, The Complete Season One", a compilation album featuring all 100 studio recordings from the first season, was released exclusively to the iTunes Store.
Five soundtrack albums were released to accompany "Glee" second season: ', featuring Christmas-themed songs, and ', were both released in November 2010; ', ', and ' were 2011 releases, in March, April, and May, respectively.
An EP entitled "" was released to accompany the Halloween episode, "The Rocky Horror Glee Show".
Two EPs were released exclusively at the Target discount chain: "Glee: The Music, Love Songs" in the last week of 2010, and "Glee: The Music, Dance Party" in early September 2011.
"Glee" has been released on several DVD and Blu-ray box-sets.
"Glee – Pilot Episode: Director's Cut" features the pilot episode and a preview of the second episode, "Showmance".
"Glee – Volume 1: Road to Sectionals" contains the first thirteen episodes of season one, and "Glee – Volume 2: Road to Regionals" contains the final nine episodes of the first season.
"Glee – The Complete First Season" was released on September 13, 2010.
Three boxed sets were released for the second season: "Glee Season 2: Volume 1" containing the first ten episodes on January 25, 2011, and both "Glee Season 2: Volume 2" with the final twelve episode and "Glee: The Complete Second Season" with all twenty-two on September 13, 2011.
All three were released on DVD; only the complete season is available on Blu-ray.
Little, Brown Books is in the process of publishing five "Glee"–related young adult novels, which are being developed in collaboration with the show's producers and writers.
The first three novels have been written by Sophia Lowell; the first, "Glee: The Beginning", was released in August 2010 and serves as a prequel to the events of the television series.
Subsequent novels include "Glee: Foreign Exchange", released in February 2011, and "Glee: Summer Break", released in July 2011.
Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products have plans for a line of "Glee"–related merchandise including games, electrical products, greeting cards, apparel and stationery.
Macy's carry a line of "Glee"–related clothing, and Claire's stock accessories.
Article: Napoleonic Wars
Section: Abstract

Question: As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire rose in power, beginning the historical period known as what?

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of wars between Napoleon's French Empire and opposing coalitions led by Great Britain.
As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly owing to the application of modern mass conscription.
French power rose quickly as Napoleon's armies conquered much of Europe but collapsed rapidly after France's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812.
Napoleon was defeated in 1814; he returned and was finally defeated in 1815 at Waterloo, and all France's gains were taken away by the victors.
Before a final victory against Napoleon, five of seven coalitions saw defeat at the hands of France.
France defeated the first and second coalitions during the French Revolutionary Wars, the third (notably at Austerlitz), the fourth (notably at Jena, Eylau, and Friedland) and the fifth coalition (notably at Wagram) under the leadership of Napoleon.
These great victories gave the French Army a sense of invulnerability, especially when it approached Moscow.
But after the retreat from Russia, in spite of incomplete victories, France was defeated by the sixth coalition at Leipzig, in the Peninsular War at Vitoria and at the hands of the seventh coalition at Waterloo.
The wars resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and sowed the seeds of nascent nationalism in Germany and Italy that would lead to the two nations' respective consolidations later in the century.
Meanwhile, the global Spanish Empire began to unravel as French occupation of Spain weakened Spain's hold over its colonies, providing an opening for nationalist revolutions in Spanish America.
As a direct result of the Napoleonic wars, the British Empire became the foremost world power for the next century, thus beginning "Pax Britannica".
No consensus exists about when the French Revolutionary Wars ended and the Napoleonic Wars began.
An early candidate is 9 November 1799, the date of Bonaparte's coup seizing power in France.
However, the most common date is 18 May 1803, when renewed war broke out between Britain and France, ending the one-year-old Peace of Amiens, the only period of general peace in Europe between 1792 and 1814.
Most actual fighting ceased following Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815, although skirmishing continued as late as 3 July 1815 at the Battle of Issy.
The Second Treaty of Paris officially ended the wars on 20 November 1815.
Article: Peking duck
Section: Raising the duck

Question: How do I get a duck to make Peking Duck?

Raising the duck.
The ducks used to prepare Peking Duck originated in Nanjing.
They were small, had black feathers, and lived in the canals around the city linking major waterways.
With the relocation of the Chinese capital to Beijing, supply barge traffic increased in the area.
Often these barges would spill grain into the canals, providing food for the ducks.
By the Five Dynasties, the new species of duck had been domesticated by Chinese farmers.
Nowadays, Peking Duck is prepared from the Pekin duck ("Anas platyrhynchos domestica").
Newborn ducks are raised in a free range environment for the first 45 days of their lives, and force fed 4 times a day for the next 15–20 days, resulting in ducks that weigh 5–7 kg (11–15 lbs).
The force feeding of the ducks led to an alternate name for the dish, Peking Stuffed Duck ().
Article: Tokyo Disneyland
Section: History

Question: What amount was the ultimate cost of Disneyland Tokyo?

In April 1979, the first basic contract for the construction of Disneyland in Tokyo was signed.
Japanese engineers and architects flocked to California to tour Disneyland and prepare to construct the new operating dreamland in Tokyo.
Just one year later, construction of the park began and was covered by hundreds of media reporters as an indication of the high expectations for the park in the future.
Though successful in the building process, the final cost of Disneyland Tokyo almost doubled the estimated budget costing 180 billion yen rather than the projected 100 billion yen.
Despite this discrepancy, Disneyland Tokyo has been a constant source of pride since opening day over 30 years ago.
Article: Bacteria
Section: DNA transfer

Question: How many ways can some bacteria be transfered between cells?

Some bacteria also transfer genetic material between cells.
This can occur in three main ways.
First, bacteria can take up exogenous DNA from their environment, in a process called transformation.
Genes can also be transferred by the process of transduction, when the integration of a bacteriophage introduces foreign DNA into the chromosome.
The third method of gene transfer is conjugation, whereby DNA is transferred through direct cell contact.
Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation.
Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plasmid from one bacterial host to another.
It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium.
Plasmid-mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.
Transformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer.
In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state termed competence (see Natural competence).
In "Bacillus subtilis" about 40 genes are required for the development of competence.
The length of DNA transferred during "B. subtilis" transformation can be between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome.
Transformation appears to be common among bacterial species, and thus far at least 60 species are known to have the natural ability to become competent for transformation.
The development of competence in nature is usually associated with stressful environmental conditions, and seems to be an adaptation for facilitating repair of DNA damage in recipient cells.
In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance.
In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions.
Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.
Article: Ramen
Section: Noodles

Question: What is the origin of the kansui name?

Most noodles are made from four basic ingredients: wheat flour, salt, water, and "kansui", which is essentially a type of alkaline mineral water, containing sodium carbonate and usually potassium carbonate, as well as sometimes a small amount of phosphoric acid.
Originally, "kansui" was named after the water from Inner Mongolia's Lake Kan which contained large amounts of these minerals and was said to be perfect for making these noodles.
Making noodles with "kansui" lends them a yellowish hue as well as a firm texture.
Eggs may also be substituted for "kansui".
Some noodles are made with neither eggs nor "kansui" and should only be used for yakisoba.
Ramen comes in various shapes and lengths.
It may be thick, thin, or even ribbon-like, as well as straight or wrinkled.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Geology

Question: Where is Mount Rushmore located?

Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite.
The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Harney Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore.
The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, roughly 1.6 billion years ago.
Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Harney Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents.
The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian.
Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago.
The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome.
Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist.
Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington.
The tallest mountain in the region is Harney Peak ().
Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons.
The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite.
The durable granite erodes only every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure.
The mountain's height of above sea level made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day.
Article: 30 Rock
Section: Season 4

Question: In 30 Rock, why are Jenna and Tracy consistently in fear of losing their spotlight?

The fourth season of "30 Rock" premiered on October 15, 2009.
Like the previous season 3, it also consisted of 22 episodes.
A recurring story arc early in the season revolved around Jack's request that Liz cast a new actor for "TGS", and Liz's subsequent search for the perfect comedian, much to the dismay of Jenna and Tracy, who fear losing their spotlight.
The later half of the season focused on two complementary story arcs: Jack's inability to choose between his two girlfriends, and Liz's inability to find a boyfriend to live up to her expectations and Jenna's relationship with a Jenna Maroney impersonator.
The season has also featured such guest stars as Julianne Moore, Jon Bon Jovi, Cheyenne Jackson, Sherri Shepherd, Will Forte, Elizabeth Banks, Michael Sheen, Matt Damon, and James Franco.
Article: Somebody That I Used to Know
Section: Accolades

Question: What was nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for "Choice Rock Song?"

On 15 July 2011, the song finished third in the 2011 Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition, with the winning song, "Cameo Lover", by Kimbra.
Earlier that year, Gotye had first noticed Kimbra when both were short-listed as finalists for the competition.
At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011, "Somebody That I Used To Know" won Single of the Year, Best Pop Release, Best Video (for Natasha Pincus), Engineer of the Year (for François Tétaz) and Producer of the Year (for Gotye).
Gotye also won Best Male Artist for the song while Kimbra won Best Female Artist for her previous single, "Cameo Lover".
At the APRA Music Awards of 2012, "Somebody That I Used To Know" won Most Played Australian Work and Song of the Year and Gotye won Songwriter of the Year.
It is also nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for "Choice Rock Song" and "Choice Break-Up Song".
The song was nominated at the 55th Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, winning both awards.
Article: United Arab Emirates
Section: Health

Question: What is the life expectancy in the UAE?

The life expectancy at birth in the UAE is at 78.5 years.
Cardiovascular disease is the principal cause of death in the UAE, constituting 28% of total deaths; other major causes are accidents and injuries, malignancies, and congenital anomalies.
In February 2008, the Ministry of Health unveiled a five-year health strategy for the public health sector in the northern emirates, which fall under its purview and which, unlike Abu Dhabi and Dubai, do not have separate healthcare authorities.
The strategy focuses on unifyinghealthcare policy and improving access to healthcare services at reasonable cost, at the same time reducing dependence on overseas treatment.
The ministry plans to add three hospitals to the current 14, and 29 primary healthcare centres to the current 86.
Nine were scheduled to open in 2008.
The introduction of mandatory health insurance in Abu Dhabi for expatriates and their dependants was a major driver in reform of healthcare policy.
Abu Dhabi nationals were brought under the scheme from 1 June 2008 and Dubai followed for its government employees.
Eventually, under federal law, every Emirati and expatriate in the country will be covered by compulsory health insurance under a unified mandatory scheme.
Recently the country has been benefiting from medical tourists from all over the GCC.
The UAE currently attracts medical tourists seeking plastic surgery and advanced procedures, cardiac and spinal surgery, and dental treatment, as health services have higher standards than other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.