community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Industrial Revolution
Section: Continental Europe

Question: Why was part of the Ruhr Valley called "Miniature England"

Industrialisation beyond Great Britain.
Continental Europe.
The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain.
In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places.
Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities.
By 1809 part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England.
The German, Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries.
In some cases (such as iron), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted.
Article: Mongolia
Section: Cuisine

Question: Mongolian cuisine has been influenced by which two countries?

Mongolian cuisine refers to the local culinary traditions of Mongolia and Mongolian styled dishes.
The extreme continental climate has affected the traditional diet, so the Mongolian cuisine primarily consists of dairy products, meat, and animal fats.
Use of vegetables and spices is limited.
Due to geographic proximity and deep historic ties, Mongolian cuisine is also influenced by Chinese and Russian cuisine.
In fact, one of the most popular dishes is called "buuz", which is a steamed dumpling.
Many people mistake it for being one of the national dishes, when in fact it is of Chinese origin.
Another popular dish is called "lapsha", a simple noodle dish.
The word is actually Russian for noodles.
Article: Ice hockey
Section: Head injuries

Question: In Ice hockey, how can you describe the action of a check to the head?

According to the Hughston Health Alert, "Lacerations to the head, scalp, and face are the most frequent types of injury hockey."
(Schmidt 6) Even a shallow cut to the head results in a loss of a large amount of blood.
Most concussions occur during player to player contact (49%) rather than when a player is checked into the boards (35%).
Not only are lacerations common, “it is estimated that direct trauma accounts for 80% of all injuries.
Most of these injuries are caused by player contact, falls and contact with a puck, high stick and occasionally, a skate blade.” (Schmidt 3) One of the causes of head injury is checking from behind.
Due to the danger of delivering a check from behind, many leagues, including the NHL have made this a major and gross misconduct penalty (called "boarding").
Another type of check that accounts for many of the player to player contact concussions is a check to the head.
A check to the head can be defined as delivering a hit while the receiving player’s head is down and their waist is bent and the aggressor is targeting the receiving player's head.
Checks to the head have accounted for nearly 50% of concussions that players in the National Hockey League have suffered.
Concussions that players suffer may go unreported because there are no obvious physical signs if a player is not knocked unconscious.
This can prove to be dangerous if a player decides to return to play without receiving proper medical attention.
In recent years there has been debate over whether or not a check to head should be deemed an acceptable hit in hockey.
In March 2011, the NHL instituted a new concussion testing protocol to help improve detection of concussions during gameplay
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: Literature

Question: Who wrong a poem called "Niagra"?

The Niagara Falls area features as the base camp for a German aerial invasion of the United States in the H. G. Wells novel "The War in the Air".
Many poets have been inspired to write about the falls.
Among them is the Cuban poet Jose Maria Heredia who wrote the poem ""Niagara"".
There are commemorative plaques on both sides of the falls recognising the poem.
Article: Tunisia
Section: Education

Question: How much of GNP does education represent?

Science and technology.
The adult literacy rate in 2008 was 78%.
Education is given a high priority and accounts for 6% of GNP.
A basic education for children between the ages of 6 and 16 has been compulsory since 1991.
Tunisia ranked 17th in the category of "quality of the educational system" and 21st in the category of "quality of primary education" in The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-9, released by The World Economic Forum.
While children generally acquire Tunisian Arabic at home, when they enter school at age 6, they are taught to read and write in Standard Arabic.
From the age of 8, they are taught French while English is introduced at the age of 12.
The four years of secondary education are open to all holders of Diplôme de Fin d’Etudes de l’Enseignement de Base where the students focus on entering university level or join the workforce after completion.
The Enseignement secondaire is divided into two stages: general academic and specialized.
The higher education system in Tunisia has experienced a rapid expansion and the number of students has more than tripled over the past 10 years from approximately 102,000 in 1995 to 365,000 in 2005.
The gross enrollment rate at the tertiary level in 2007 was 31 percent, with gender parity index of GER of 1.5.
Article: Operation Barbarossa
Section: Phase 2: Battle for Smolensk (3 July – 5 August 1941)

Question: On what date did the Soviets attack the 3rd Panzer Army with 700 tanks?

Phase 2: Battle for Smolensk (3 July – 5 August 1941).
On 3 July, Hitler finally gave the go-ahead for the Panzers to resume their drive east after the infantry divisions had caught up.
However, a rainstorm typical of Russian summers slowed their progress and Russian defenses stiffened.
The delays gave the Soviets time to organize a massive counterattack against Army Group Center.
Its ultimate objective was Smolensk, which commanded the road to Moscow.
Facing the Germans was an old Soviet defensive line held by six armies.
On 6 July, the Soviets attacked the 3rd Panzer Army with 700 tanks.
The Germans defeated this counterattack with overwhelming air superiority.
The 2nd Panzer Army crossed the River Dnieper and closed on Smolensk from the south while the 3rd Panzer Army, after defeating the Soviet counterattack, closed on Smolensk from the north.
Trapped between their pincers were three Soviet armies.
On 18 July, the Panzer Groups came to within sixteen kilometres of closing the gap but the trap would not snap shut until 26 July.
When the Panzer Groups finally closed the gap, 300,000 Red Army soldiers were captured; but liquidating the pocket took another ten days in which time 100,000 Red Army soldiers escaped to stand between the Germans and Moscow.
Four weeks into the campaign, the Germans realized they had grossly underestimated Soviet strength.
The German troops had used their initial supplies without attaining the expected strategic freedom of movement.
Operations were now slowed down to allow for resupply; the delay was to be used to adapt strategy to the new situation.
Hitler had lost faith in encirclement as large numbers of Soviet soldiers had escaped the pincers.
Hitler now believed he could defeat the Soviets by economic damage, depriving them of the industrial capacity to continue the war.
That meant seizing the industrial center of Kharkov, the Donets Basin and the oil fields of the Caucasus in the south and the speedy capture of Leningrad, a major center of military production, in the north.
He also wanted to link up with the Finns to the north.
Fedor von Bock and almost all the German generals involved in Operation "Barbarossa", vehemently argued in favor of continuing the all-out drive toward Moscow.
Besides the psychological importance of capturing the enemy's capital, the generals pointed out that Moscow was a major center of arms production and the center of the Soviet communications and transportation system.
More importantly, intelligence reports indicated that the bulk of the Red Army was deployed near Moscow under Semyon Timoshenko for an all-out defense of the capital.
But Hitler was adamant, and issued a direct order to Heinz Guderian, bypassing his commanding officer von Bock, to send Army Group Centre's tanks to the north and south, temporarily halting the drive to Moscow.
Article: Germany
Section: Constituent states

Question: How many states compromise Germany?

Germany comprises sixteen states which are collectively referred to as "Länder".
</ref>Each state has its own state constitution and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation.
Because of differences in size and population the subdivisions of these states vary, especially as between city states ("Stadtstaaten") and states with larger territories ("Flächenländer").
For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of 22 Government Districts ("Regierungsbezirke").
Germany is divided into 403 districts ("Kreise") at a municipal level; these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts.
Article: Balkan Wars
Section: Reaction in the Balkan States

Question: When was the annexation of Bosnia finally approved by Serbia?

Serbia was frustrated in the north by Austria-Hungary's incorporation of Bosnia.
In March 1909, Serbia was forced to accept the annexation and restrain anti-Habsburg agitation by Serbian nationalists.
Instead, the Serbian government looked to formerly Serb territories in the south, notably "Old Serbia" (the Sanjak of Novi Pazar and the province of Kosovo).
On 15 August 1909 the Military League, a group of Greek officers, took action against the government to reform their country's national government and reorganize the army.
The League found itself unable to create a new political system, until the league summoned the Cretan politician Eleutherios Venizelos to Athens as its political adviser.
Venizelos persuaded the king to revise the constitution and asked the League to disband in favor of a National Assembly.
In March 1910 the Military League dissolved itself.
Bulgaria, which had secured Ottoman recognition of her independence in April 1909 and enjoyed the friendship of Russia, also looked to districts of Ottoman Thrace and Macedonia.
In August 1910 Montenegro followed Bulgaria's precedent by becoming a kingdom.
Article: Golf
Section: Penalties

Question: What penalty is a golfer given after hitting a golfer's ball during a putt?

Penalties are incurred in certain situations.
They are counted towards a player's score as if there were extra swing(s) at the ball.
Strokes are added for rule infractions or for hitting one's ball into an unplayable situation.
A lost ball or a ball hit out of bounds result in a penalty of one stroke and distance (Rule 27–1).
A one-stroke penalty is assessed if a player's equipment causes the ball to move or the removal of a loose impediment causes the ball to move (Rule 18–2).
If a golfer makes a stroke at the wrong ball (Rule 19–2) or hits a fellow golfer's ball with a putt (Rule 19–5), the player incurs a two-stroke penalty.
Most rule infractions lead to stroke penalties but also can lead to disqualification.
Disqualification could be from cheating, signing for a lower score, or from rule infractions that lead to improper play.
Article: Ski jumping
Section: Female

Question: Who is ranked 19th in Ski Jumping?

 Sarah Hendrickson
 Sara Takanashi
 Anette Sagen
 Eva Ganster
 Lindsey Van
 Jessica Jerome
 Daniela Iraschko
 Elena Runggaldier
 Evelyn Insam
 Lisa Demetz
 Coline Mattel
 Anna Hafele
 Magdalena Schnurr
 Ulrike Grässler
 Line Jahr
 Jacqueline Seifriedsberger
 Juliane Seyfarth
 Eva Logar
 Maja Vtič
 Anja Tepeš
 Špela Rogelj
 Katja Požun
 Urša Bogataj
Article: Association football
Section: Governing bodies

Question: What does CONCACAF stand for?

The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is FIFA.
The FIFA headquarters are located in Zurich.
Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:
 Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
 Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
 Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
 North/Central America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)
 Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
 South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol/Confederação Sul-americana de Futebol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)
National associations oversee football within individual countries.
These are generally synonymous with sovereign states, (for example: the Fédération Camerounaise de Football in Cameroon) but also include a smaller number of associations responsible for sub-national entities or autonomous regions (for example the Scottish Football Association in Scotland).
208 national associations are affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations.
While FIFA is responsible for arranging competitions and most rules related to international competition, the actual Laws of the Game are set by the International Football Association Board, where each of the UK Associations has one vote, while FIFA collectively has four votes.
Article: Prison Break
Section: Season 2

Question: Which agent is tasked with traking down and capturing the eight fugitives?

The second season begins eight hours after the escape, focusing mainly on the eight escapees.
Series creator Paul Scheuring describes the second season as ""The Fugitive" times eight" and likens it to the "second half of "The Great Escape"."
The fugitives split up and journey to locations across the country with the authorities close behind them as they each pursue their individual goals.
Brad Bellick (Wade Williams) gets fired from the prison where he worked as the main guard and chases after the inmates himself for the reward money.
Several of the escapees reunite in search of a large cache of money buried long ago by another Fox River inmate, Charles Westmoreland (Muse Watson).
Federal agent Alexander Mahone (William Fichtner) is assigned to track down and capture the eight fugitives, but is revealed to be working for The Company, which wants all eight men dead.
When Sara discovers her father, Governor Frank Tancredi (John Heard), has been killed, she meets with Michael, remaining with him as the brothers try to bring down now-President Reynolds, a Company member.
To ensure the brothers' safety, Sara allows herself to be arrested and faces trial.
During the trial, the testimony of former Secret Service agent Paul Kellerman (Paul Adelstein), who used to work for the Company-controlled President, exonerates Lincoln and Sara.
Half of the escapees are killed or recaptured, but the brothers make it to Panama.
Michael, T-Bag, Mahone, and Bellick are arrested by the Panamanian authorities and imprisoned at the Penitenciaría Federal de Sona.
Article: Kebab
Section: In China

Question: What other names does the Chuanr go by?

Chuanr (), often referred to as "chua'r" in Pekingese and throughout the North, or kawap (كاۋاپ) in Uyghur, is a variation of kebab originating from the Uyghurs in the Western province of Xinjiang and a popular dish in Chinese Islamic cuisine.
The dish has since spread across the rest of the country and become a popular street food.
Although the most traditional form of chuanr uses lamb or mutton, other types of meat, such as chicken, beef, pork, and seafood, may be used as well.
Small pieces of meat are skewered and either roasted or deep-fried.
Common spices and condiments include cumin called "ziran", pepper, sesame, and sesame oil.
During Chinese New Year, it is common to find fruit kebabs candied and covered with a hard candy sugar coating.
At the famous Wángfǔjǐng in Beijing, it is very common to find many kinds of fruit kebabs of everything from bananas, strawberries, and seasonal Chinese fruits, as well as scorpions, squids, and various Japanese-flavored kebabs all year long.
Article: Singapore
Section: Demographics

Question: About how many Singapore residents own a car?

, the population of Singapore is 5.312 million people, of whom 3.285 million (62%) are citizens while the rest (38%) are permanent residents or foreign workers/students.
Twenty-three percent of Singaporean citizens were born outside Singapore (i.e.
foreign born citizens).
There are half a million permanent residents in Singapore in 2012.
The resident population does not take into account the 11 million transient visitors who visit Singapore annually.
The median age of Singaporeans is 37 years old and the average household size is 3.5 persons.
Due to scarcity of land, four out of five Singaporeans live in subsidised, high-rise, public housing apartments known as Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats, after the board responsible for public housing in the country.
Live-in domestic helpers are quite common in Singapore and there are nearly 200,000 domestic helpers there.
In 2010, three quarters of Singaporean residents live in properties that are equal to or larger than a four-room HDB flat or in private housing.
Home ownership rate is at 87.2%.
Mobile phone penetration rate is extremely high at 1,400 mobile phone subscribers per 1000 people.
Around 1 in 10 residents owns a car.
The total fertility rate is estimated to be .79 children per woman in 2013, the lowest in the world and well below the 2.1 needed to replace the population.
To overcome this problem, the Singapore government has been encouraging foreigners to immigrate to Singapore for the past few decades.
The large number of immigrants has kept Singapore's population from declining.
Singapore traditionally has one of the lowest unemployment rates among developed countries.
The Singaporean unemployment rate has not exceeded 4% in the past decade, hitting a high of 3% during the 2009 global financial crisis and falling to 1.9% in 2011., about 40% of Singapore's residents were foreigners, one of the highest percentage in the world.
The government is considering capping these workers, although it has been recognised that they are crucial to the country's economy, as foreign workers make up 80% of the construction industry and up to 50% of the service industry.
In 2009, the government census reports that 74.2% of residents were of Chinese, 13.4% of Malay, and 9.2% of Indian descent, while Eurasians and other groups form 3.2%.
Prior to 2010, each person could register as a member of only one race, by default that of his or her father, therefore, mixed-race persons were solely grouped under their father's race in government censuses.
From 2010 onward, people may register using a "double-barrelled" classification, in which they may choose one primary race and one secondary race, but no more than two.
Article: Great Depression
Section: Inequality

Question: What, according to the economists, caused the Great Depression in the 1920's?

Two economists of the 1920s, Waddill Catchings and William Trufant Foster, popularized a theory that influenced many policy makers, including Herbert Hoover, Henry A. Wallace, Paul Douglas, and Marriner Eccles.
It held the economy produced more than it consumed, because the consumers did not have enough income.
Thus the unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s caused the Great Depression.
According to this view, the root cause of the Great Depression was a global over-investment in heavy industry capacity compared to wages and earnings from independent businesses, such as farms.
The solution was the government must pump money into consumers' pockets.
That is, it must redistribute purchasing power, maintain the industrial base, but re-inflate prices and wages to force as much of the inflationary increase in purchasing power into consumer spending.
The economy was overbuilt, and new factories were not needed.
Foster and Catchings recommended federal and state governments start large construction projects, a program followed by Hoover and Roosevelt.
Article: The Terminator
Section: Release

Question: What did Orion pictures terrorized about 'The Terminator?'

Orion Pictures did not have faith in "The Terminator" performing well at the box office and feared a negative critical reception.
At an early screening of the film, the actors' agents insisted to the producers that the film should be screened for critics.
Orion only held one press screening for the film.
The film was premiered on October 26, 1984.
On its opening week, "The Terminator" played at 1,005 theaters and grossed $4,020,663 making it number one in the box office.
The film remained at number one in its second week.
It lost its number one spot in the third week to "Oh, God!
You Devil".
Cameron noted that "The Terminator" was a hit "relative to its market, which is between the summer and the Christmas blockbusters.
But it's better to be a big fish in a small pond than the other way around.
"Writer Harlan Ellison stated that he "loved the movie, was just blown away by it", but believed that the screenplay was based on an episode of "The Outer Limits" he had written, titled "Soldier".
Orion gave Ellison an undisclosed amount of money and an acknowledgment credit in later prints of the film.
Some accounts of the settlement state that "Demon with a Glass Hand", another "Outer Limits" episode written by Ellison, was also claimed to have been plagiarized by the film, but Ellison has explicitly stated that "The Terminator" "was a ripoff" of "Soldier" rather than "Demon with a Glass Hand".
Cameron was against Orion's decision and was told that if he did not agree with the settlement, they would have Cameron pay for any damages if Orion lost Ellison's suit.
Cameron replied that he "had no choice but to agree with the settlement.
Of course there was a gag order as well, so I couldn't tell this story, but now I frankly don't care.
It's the truth.
Harlan Ellison is a parasite who can kiss my ass."
Article: The Selfish Giant (2013 film)
Section: Plot

Question: What happens with Arbor in the final scene?

The film follows the lives of Arbor and Swifty, teenage boys growing up in an impoverished area of Bradford, northern England.
Arbor suffers from hyperactivity disorder, which often gets him into trouble even when it is not his intention.
When the boys are suspended from school after a fight, they decide to earn money collecting and selling scrap metal.
They quickly realize that stealing copper from telecom, railway, and power utilities proves quite lucrative.
They sell their scrap to a local scrap dealer, Kitten.
Kitten owns a horse and competes in amateur harness racing.
Kitten allows Swifty to work with the horse, once he realizes Swifty's surprising affection for and natural talent with horses.
Kitten also lets the boys borrow the horse and a cart to collect scrap metal.
Arbor is jealous of Kitten's kindness toward Swifty.
Arbor decides to steal a piece of scrap from Kitten and sell it, along with some other scrap, to a dealer in Huddersfield.
The plan ends up backfiring, Arbor is refused at the other dealer and unsuccessfully makes a deal with some men who offer to sell the scrap for him.
Kitten finds out and physically intimidates Arbor into stealing a specific piece of high voltage electric power transmission wire to make up for his loss.
The boys are not fully aware of the dangers of high voltage wire, and when Swifty goes to cut the wire, he is electrocuted and killed.
Arbor is devastated and Kitten is arrested, telling the police he is responsible and allowing Arbor to escape blame.
He sits resolutely outside Swifty's mother's house until, after several rejections, she allows him to hug her and share their pain.
In a final scene, Arbor takes care of the horse Swifty loved.