community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Stem cell
Section: Adult

Question: Which gender has more bone marrow stem cells during reproductive years?

Adult stem cells, also called somatic (from Greek Σωματικóς, "of the body") stem cells, are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
They can be found in children, as well as adults.
Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number, but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and other tissues.
Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells, which have been used in treating several conditions including spinal cord injury, liver cirrhosis, chronic limb ischemia and endstage heart failure.
The quantity of bone marrow stem cells declines with age and is greater in males than females during reproductive years.
Much adult stem cell research to date has aimed to characterize their potency and self-renewal capabilities.
In mice, pluripotent stem cells are directly generated from adult fibroblast cultures.
However, mice do not live long with stem cell organs.
Most adult stem cells are lineage-restricted (multipotent) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (mesenchymal stem cell, adipose-derived stem cell, endothelial stem cell, dental pulp stem cell, etc.
Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants.
Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses.
The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as controversial as the use of embryonic stem cells, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an embryo.
Additionally, in instances where adult stem cells are obtained from the intended recipient (an autograft), the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent.
Consequently, more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research.
Article: Friends
Section: "Joey"

Question: What was the name of the Friends Spin-Off starring Matt Le Blanc?

Spin-offs.
After the series finale in 2004, LeBlanc signed on for the spin-off series, "Joey", following Joey's move to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career.
Kauffman and Crane were not interested in the spin-off, although Bright agreed to executive produce the series with Scott Silveri and Shana Goldberg-Meehan.
NBC heavily promoted "Joey" and gave it "Friends"' Thursday 8:00 pm timeslot.
The pilot was watched by 18.60 million American viewers, but ratings continually decreased throughout the series' two seasons, averaging 10.20 million viewers in the first season and 7.10 million in the second.
The final broadcast episode on March 7, 2006 was watched by 7.09 million viewers; NBC cancelled the series on May 15, 2006 after two seasons.
Bright blamed the collaboration between NBC executives, the studio and other producers for quickly ruining the series:
Article: Great Depression
Section: Other "great depressions"

Question: What is an economic downturn often called?

Other economic downturns have been called a "great depression", but none had been as widespread, or lasted for so long.
Various nations have experienced brief or extended periods of economic downturns, which were referred to as "depressions", but none have had such a widespread global impact.
The collapse of the Soviet Union, and the breakdown of economic ties which followed, led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in the standards of living in the 1990s in post-Soviet states and the former Eastern Bloc, which was even worse than the Great Depression.
Even before Russia's financial crisis of 1998, Russia's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s, and some populations are still poorer than they were in 1989, including Ukraine, Moldova, Central Asia, and the Caucasus.
Article: Nanking Massacre
Section: Japan

Question: Do Japanese citizens acknowledge that Japanese soldiers committed atrocities at Nanking?

In Japan, the Nanking Massacre touches upon national identity and notions of "pride, honor and shame."
Yoshida argues that "Nanking crystallizes a much larger conflict over what should constitute the ideal perception of the nation: Japan, as a nation, acknowledges its past and apologizes for its wartime wrongdoings; or .
.
.
stands firm against foreign pressures and teaches Japanese youth about the benevolent and courageous martyrs who fought a just war to save Asia from Western aggression."
Recognizing the Nanking Massacre as such can be viewed in some circles in Japan as "Japan bashing" (in the case of foreigners) or "self-flagellation" (in the case of Japanese).
The majority of Japanese acknowledge that Japanese troops committed atrocities during the Nanking Massacre.
Some Japanese officials and writers have openly denied the incident, claiming it to be propaganda designed to spark an anti-Japan movement.
In many ways, how "atrocious" the massacre was is the touchstone of left/right divide in Japan; i.e., leftists feel this is a defining moment of the Imperial Japanese Army; rightists believe Perry's opening of Japan and the atomic bombings are far more significant events.
Article: David (Michelangelo)
Section: Later history

Question: Where is the David replica located?

In 1873 the statue of David was removed from the piazza, to protect it from damage, and displayed in the Accademia Gallery, Florence, where it attracts many visitors.
A replica was placed in the Piazza della Signoria in 1910.
In 1991, a man attacked the statue with a hammer he had concealed beneath his jacket, in the process damaging the toes of the left foot, before being restrained.
On 12 November 2010, a fiberglass replica of the "David" was installed on the roofline of Florence Cathedral, for one day only.
Photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the "Operai" who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen.
In 2010, a dispute over the ownership of David arose when, based on a legal review of historical documents, the Italian Culture Ministry claimed ownership of the statue in opposition to the city of Florence, where it has always been located.
Florence disputes the state claim.
Article: Up Series
Section: Creation

Question: What is the title of the UP series' first film?

The first film in the series, "Seven Up!
", was directed by Paul Almond and commissioned by Granada Television as a programme in the "World in Action" series broadcast in 1964.
From "7 Plus Seven" onward the films have been directed by Michael Apted, who had been a researcher on "Seven Up!"
and chose the original children with Gordon McDougall.
The premise of the film was taken from the Jesuit motto "Give me a child until he is seven and I will give you the man", which is based on a quotation by Francis Xavier.
The 1998 programme was commissioned by BBC One, although still produced for them by Granada Television.
Article: Field hockey
Section: Penalty corner

Question: Provide three instances where a penalty corner might be awarded.

The short or penalty corner is awarded: 
 for an offence by a defender in the circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of a goal
 for an intentional offence in the circle by a defender against an opponent who does not have possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball
 for an intentional offence by a defender outside the circle but within the 23-metre area they are defending
 for intentionally playing the ball over the back-line by a defender
 when the ball becomes lodged in a player's clothing or equipment while in the circle they are defending
Short corners begin with five defenders (usually including the keeper) positioned behind the back line and at least 5 m from the 'insert' position of the ball.
All other players in the defending team must be beyond the centre line, that is not in their 'own' half of the pitch, until the ball is in play.
Attacking players begin the play standing outside the scoring circle, except for one attacker who starts the corner by playing the ball from a mark 10 m either side of the goal (the circle has a 14.63 m radius).
This player puts the ball into play by pushing or hitting the ball to the other attackers outside the circle; the ball must pass outside the circle and then put back into the circle before the attackers may make a shot at the goal from which a goal can be scored.
FIH rules do not forbid a shot at goal before the ball leaves the circle after being 'inserted', nor is a shot at the goal from outside the circle prohibited, but a goal cannot be scored at all if the ball has not gone out of the circle and cannot be scored from a shot from outside the circle if it is not again played by an attacking player before it enters the goal.
For safety reasons, the first shot of a penalty corner must not exceed 460 mm high (the height of the "backboard" of the goal) at the point it crosses the goal line if it is hit.
However, if the ball is deemed to be below backboard height, the ball can be subsequently deflected above this height by another player (defender or attacker), providing that this deflection does not lead to danger.
Note that the "Slap" stroke (a sweeping motion towards the ball, where the stick is kept on or close to the ground when striking the ball) is classed as a hit, and so the first shot at goal must be below backboard height for this type of shot also.
If the first shot at goal in a short corner situation is a push, flick or scoop, in particular the "drag flick" (which has become popular at international and national league standards), the shot is permitted to rise above the height of the backboard, as long as the shot is not deemed dangerous to any opponent.
This form of shooting was developed because it is not height restricted in the same way as the first hit shot at the goal and players with good technique are able to drag-flick with as much power as many others can hit a ball.
Article: Battle of Austerlitz
Section: Rewards

Question: The higher officers were given how many francs?

Napoleon's words to his troops after the battle were full of praise: "Soldats!
Je suis content de vous" ().
The Emperor provided two million golden francs to the higher officers and 200 francs to each soldier, with large pensions for the widows of the fallen.
Orphaned children were adopted by Napoleon personally and were allowed to add "Napoleon" to their baptismal and family names.
This battle is one of four that Napoleon never awarded a victory title, the others being Marengo, Jena and Friedland.
Article: Everybody Talks
Section: Music video

Question: Who was the lead singer in Everybody Talks?

An animated music video to accompany the release of "Everybody Talks" was first released onto YouTube on January 14, 2012 at a total length of three minutes and forty-two seconds.
The real music video for "Everybody Talks" was released on VEVO and YouTube on March 8, 2012.
It features the band at a 1950s-esque drive-in watching a movie called "Zombie Bikers From Hell."
In the film, band members are playing music to the song inside a cabin when they're attacked by a group of zombies who are leather-clad motorcycle riders.
Tyler (the lead singer) is the only one to escape, while the other band members are slaughtered by the zombies, offscreen, to the horror of the audience members at the drive-in.
Meanwhile, in "real life" (the drive-in) a girl wearing red sunglasses starts seducing various male patrons.
Once she and the men are alone in a secluded area, she reveals herself to be a fire-breathing vampire and eats them.
In the film, Tyler hitches a ride from a girl in red-sunglasses.
As they drive off in awhite van, Tyler's fate remains unknown.
However, Tyler, and the girl are present at the drive-in.
The girl who drove up in the van at the end of the movie is the same girl who the band drove up to the cabin in.
Article: Shabu-shabu
Section: Preparation

Question: What is Shabu-shabu made from?

The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef , but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster.
Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common.
A more expensive meat, such as "wagyū", may also be used.
It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, "nori" (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms.
In some places, "udon", "mochi" or "harusame" noodles may also be served.
The dish is prepared by submerging a thin slice of meat or a piece of vegetable in a pot of boiling water or "dashi" (broth) made with "konbu" (kelp) and stirring it.
Cooked meat and vegetables are usually dipped in "ponzu" or "goma" (sesame seed) sauce before eating, and served with a bowl of steamed white rice.
Once the meat and vegetables have been eaten, leftover broth from the pot is customarily combined with the remaining rice, and the resulting soup is usually eaten last.
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: National parks

Question: What police group was formed in 2004 to patrol main tourist areas?

Natural environment.
National parks.
The two national parks at the falls are relatively small—Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park is and Victoria Falls National Park is .
However, next to the latter on the southern bank is the Zambezi National Park, extending west along the river.
Animals can move between the two Zimbabwean parks and can also reach Matetsi Safari Area, Kazuma Pan National Park and Hwange National Park to the south.
On the Zambian side, fences and the outskirts of Livingstone tend to confine most animals to the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park.
In addition fences put up by lodges in response to crime restrict animal movement.
In 2004 a separate group of police called the Tourism Police was started.
They are commonly seen around the main tourist areas, and can be identified by their uniforms with yellow reflective bibs.
Article: Racquetball
Section: Ball Colors

Question: Why are there different color balls in racquetball?

Racquetballs are manufactured in a variety of colors such as blue, green, purple, black, red, and pink, and some are for specific purposes (e.g., outdoor play and indoor play), but the differences are unlikely to make much difference for recreational play.
Beginners are recommended to use a blue ball by Penn, Ektelon, or Wilson.
The blue ball is the most commonly used and it is the most neutral ball for average speed and accuracy of contact.
Green balls are similar to blue balls.
In the USA the main choices of ball are blue and green for tournament play.
In some cases the International Pro Racquetball Tour (IRT) will use a purple Penn HD ball as the official ball.
A black ball is often used in tournaments for senior players because the ball is designed to be slower moving and allows for longer rallies.
The red ball is the fastest in production and they are known as Red Ektelon Fireballs.
This ball is heavier and allows for a quicker pace.
The pink ball tends to be the favorite of most recreational players and even some pro level players.
This pink ball allows for the highest level of visibility due to the bright pink color.
Also, the speed and durability of the ball is very close to that of the blue and green.
Finally, the pink ball was created to support breast cancer research and the manufacturers of the ball Wilson, donate $1.00 to the breast cancer awareness association every time a package is sold.
Balls do break occasionally, and will lose their bounce over time even without breaking.
To keep balls around for a long time it is best to keep them in a room temperature setting and keep them out of extreme cold or heat because this will cause the balls to become less effective and lose their bounce.
Article: Tug of war
Section: As a sport

Question: Are there tug of war clubs?

There are tug of war clubs in many countries, and both men and women participate.
The sport was part of the Olympic Games from 1900 until 1920, but has not been included since.
The sport is contested in the World Games.
The Tug of War International Federation (TWIF), organises World Championships for nation teams biannually, for both indoor and outdoor contests, and a similar competition for club teams.
In England the sport is catered for by the Tug of War Association (formed in 1958), and the Tug of War Federation of Great Britain (formed in 1984).
In Scotland, the Scottish Tug of War Association was formed in 1980.
The sport also features in Highland Games there.
Between 1976 and 1988 Tug of War was a regular event during the television series Battle of The Networks Stars.
Teams of celebrities representing each major network competed in different sporting events culminating into the final event, the Tug of War.
Lou Ferrigno's epic tug-o'-war performance in May 1979 is considered the greatest feat in 'Battle' history.
Article: The Bachelor (U.S. TV series)
Section: Plot

Question: Why does so much fighting happen on "The Bachelor"?

As the show is designed, the series revolves around a single bachelor (deemed eligible) who starts with a pool of romantic interests (typically 25) from whom the bachelor is expected to select a wife.
During the course of the season, the bachelor eliminates candidates (see The elimination process), with the bachelor proposing marriage to his final selection.
The participants travel to romantic and exotic locations for their adventures, and the conflicts in the series, both internal and external, stem from the elimination-style format of the show.
The above description is a general guideline.
In practice, the show does not always follow its designed structure, and those variations are often a source of drama and conflict.
 A candidate who was eliminated returns to the show to plead her case to the bachelor.
 A bachelor distributes more roses or fewer roses than planned.
 A bachelor eliminates both women in a two-on-one date.
 A bachelor eliminates a woman outside of a rose ceremony.
 The bachelor chooses to pursue a relationship with his final selection rather than propose marriage.
The two most notable cases where the bachelor violated the premise of the show are Brad Womack, who selected neither of his final two women, and Jason Mesnick, who in the "After the Final Rose" episode broke off his engagement and proposed to the first runner-up.
(The two are now married.)
Article: Glee (TV series)
Section: Merchandise

Question: How many episodes were in the 1st season of Glee?

Three soundtrack albums were released to accompany "Glee" first season: ', ' and '.
Two extended plays (EP) accompanied the episodes "The Power of Madonna" and "Journey to Regionals": ' and ' respectively.
"Glee: The Music, The Complete Season One", a compilation album featuring all 100 studio recordings from the first season, was released exclusively to the iTunes Store.
Five soundtrack albums were released to accompany "Glee" second season: ', featuring Christmas-themed songs, and ', were both released in November 2010; ', ', and ' were 2011 releases, in March, April, and May, respectively.
An EP entitled "" was released to accompany the Halloween episode, "The Rocky Horror Glee Show".
Two EPs were released exclusively at the Target discount chain: "Glee: The Music, Love Songs" in the last week of 2010, and "Glee: The Music, Dance Party" in early September 2011.
"Glee" has been released on several DVD and Blu-ray box-sets.
"Glee – Pilot Episode: Director's Cut" features the pilot episode and a preview of the second episode, "Showmance".
"Glee – Volume 1: Road to Sectionals" contains the first thirteen episodes of season one, and "Glee – Volume 2: Road to Regionals" contains the final nine episodes of the first season.
"Glee – The Complete First Season" was released on September 13, 2010.
Three boxed sets were released for the second season: "Glee Season 2: Volume 1" containing the first ten episodes on January 25, 2011, and both "Glee Season 2: Volume 2" with the final twelve episode and "Glee: The Complete Second Season" with all twenty-two on September 13, 2011.
All three were released on DVD; only the complete season is available on Blu-ray.
Little, Brown Books is in the process of publishing five "Glee"–related young adult novels, which are being developed in collaboration with the show's producers and writers.
The first three novels have been written by Sophia Lowell; the first, "Glee: The Beginning", was released in August 2010 and serves as a prequel to the events of the television series.
Subsequent novels include "Glee: Foreign Exchange", released in February 2011, and "Glee: Summer Break", released in July 2011.
Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products have plans for a line of "Glee"–related merchandise including games, electrical products, greeting cards, apparel and stationery.
Macy's carry a line of "Glee"–related clothing, and Claire's stock accessories.
Article: Rendang
Section: Cultural significance

Question: What is symbolized by the "meat"

Rendang is revered in Minangkabau culture as an embodiment of the philosophy of "musyawarah", discussion and consultation with elders.
It has been claimed that the four main ingredients represent Minangkabau society as a whole :
 The meat ("dagiang") symbolizes the "Niniak Mamak", the traditional clan leaders, such as the datuk, the nobles, royalty and revered elders.
 The coconut milk ("karambia") symbolizes the "Cadiak Pandai", intellectuals, teachers, poets and writers.
 The chili ("lado") symbolizes the "Alim Ulama", clerics, "ulama" and religious leaders.
The hotness of the chili symbolizes sharia.
 The spice mixture ("pemasak") symbolizes the rest of Minangkabau society.
In Minangkabau tradition, rendang is a requisite dish for special occasions in traditional Minang ceremonies, from birth ceremonies to circumcision, marriage, Qur'an recitals and religious festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha.
Article: Person of interest
Section: Abstract

Question: What do legal scholars say the term reflects?

"Person of interest" is a term used by U.S. law enforcement when identifying someone involved in a criminal investigation who has not been arrested or formally accused of a crime.
It has no legal meaning, but refers to someone in whom the police are "interested", either because the person is cooperating with the investigation, may have information that would assist the investigation, or possesses certain characteristics that merit further attention.
While terms such as "suspect", "target", and "material witness" have clear and sometimes formal definitions, "person of interest" remains undefined by the U.S. Department of Justice.
"Unsub" is a similar term which is short for "unknown subject" (used often, for example, in the TV show "Criminal Minds").
Person of interest is sometimes used as a euphemism for "suspect", and its careless use may encourage trials by media.
With respect to terrorism investigations, Eric Lichtblau wrote in the "New York Times": "Law enforcement officials say that the term simply reflects the new tactics required to fight terrorism.
But some legal scholars say officials are trying to create a more benign public image, even as their power expands."