community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Bacteria
Section: Pathogens

Question: What are characteristics of organisms that can cause disease, but live on us everyday without typically giving us disease?

If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens.
Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis.
A pathogenic cause for a known medical disease may only be discovered many years after, as was the case with "Helicobacter pylori" and peptic ulcer disease.
Bacterial diseases are also important in agriculture, with bacteria causing leaf spot, fire blight and wilts in plants, as well as Johne's disease, mastitis, salmonella and anthrax in farm animals.
Each species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts.
Some organisms, such as "Staphylococcus" or "Streptococcus", can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and death.
Yet these organisms are also part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease at all.
Other organisms invariably cause disease in humans, such as the Rickettsia, which are obligate intracellular parasites able to grow and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms.
One species of Rickettsia causes typhus, while another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
"Chlamydia", another phylum of obligate intracellular parasites, contains species that can cause pneumonia, or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease.
Finally, some species such as "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "Burkholderia cenocepacia", and "Mycobacterium avium" are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people suffering from immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis.
Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth.
There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host.
An example of how antibiotics produce selective toxicity are chloramphenicol and puromycin, which inhibit the bacterial ribosome, but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome.
Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth, where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations.
Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters.
Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent contamination by bacteria.
Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection.
Article: Jackson Pollock
Section: In pop culture and media

Question: Who's 1960 album featured a Pollock painting as its cover artwork?

In 1960, Ornette Coleman's album "" featured a Pollock painting as its cover artwork.
The British indie band The Stone Roses were heavily influenced by Pollock; they have cover artwork made of pastiches of his work.
In the early 1990s, three groups of movie makers were developing Pollock biographical projects, each based on a different source.
The project that at first seemed most advanced was a joint venture between Barbra Streisand's Barwood Films and Robert De Niro's TriBeCa Productions (De Niro's parents were friends of Krasner and Pollock).
The script, by Christopher Cleveland, was to be based on Jeffrey Potter's 1985 oral biography, "To a Violent Grave," a collection of reminiscences by Pollock's friends.
Streisand was to play the role of Lee Krasner, and De Niro was to portray Pollock.
A second was to be based on "Love Affair" (1974), a memoir by Ruth Kligman, who was Pollock's lover in the six months before his death.
This was to be directed by Harold Becker, with Al Pacino playing Pollock.
In 2000, the biographical film "Pollock", based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, "Jackson Pollock: An American Saga", was released.
Marcia Gay Harden won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Lee Krasner.
The movie was the project of Ed Harris, who portrayed Pollock and directed it.
He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.
The Pollock-Krasner Foundation did not authorize or collaborate with any production.
In September 2009, the art historian Henry Adams claimed in "Smithsonian Magazine" that Pollock had written his name in his famous painting "Mural" (1943).
The painting is now insured for $140 million.
In 2011, the Republican Iowa State Representative Scott Raecker introduced a bill to force the sale of the artwork, held by The University of Iowa, in order to fund scholarships, but his bill created such controversy that it was quickly withdrawn.
Article: Despicable Me
Section: Music

Question: Which artists appear on the Despicable Me soundtrack?

"Despicable Me: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" is the soundtrack to the film of the same name, and it was released on July 6, 2010.
It featured new songs from the film written and performed by Pharrell Williams, and performances by Destinee & Paris, The Sylvers, Robin Thicke and The Bee Gees.
Article: Johannes Vermeer
Section: Theories of mechanical aid

Question: What is the Hockney-Falco thesis?

Vermeer's painting techniques have long been a source of debate, given their almost photorealistic attention to detail, despite Vermeer having had no formal training, and despite only limited evidence that Vermeer had created any preparatory sketches or traces for his paintings.
In 2001, British artist David Hockney published the book "Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters", in which he argued that Vermeer - among other Renaissance artists including Hans Holbein and Diego Velázquez - used optics, and specifically some combination of curved mirrors, camera obscura and camera lucida, to achieve precise positioning in their compositions.
This became known as the Hockney–Falco thesis, named after Hockney and Charles M. Falco, another proponent of the theory.
Working independently, in 2001 British architecture professor Philip Steadman published the book "Vermeer's Camera: Uncovering the Truth behind the Masterpieces", which specifically claimed that Vermeer had used a camera obscura to create his paintings.
Noting that many of Vermeer's paintings had been painted in the same room, Steadman found six of his paintings that are precisely the right size if they had been painted from inside a camera obscura in the room's back wall.
Supporters of these theories have pointed to evidence in some of Vermeer's paintings, such as the often-discussed sparkling pearly highlights in Vermeer's paintings, which they argue are the result of the primitive lens of a camera obscura producing halation.
It was also postulated that a camera obscura was the mechanical cause of the "exaggerated" perspective seen in "Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman" (London, Royal Collection).
In 2008, American entrepreneur and inventor Tim Jenison developed the theory that Vermeer had used a camera obscura along with a "comparator mirror", which is similar in concept to a camera lucida but much simpler, and allows for easily matching color values.
He later modified the theory to simply involve a concave mirror and a comparator mirror.
He spent the next five years testing his theory by attempting to re-create "The Music Lesson" himself using these tools, a process captured in the 2013 documentary film "Tim's Vermeer".
This theory remains disputed.
Aside from the accurately observed mirror reflection above the lady at the virginals, there is no historical evidence regarding Vermeer's interest in optics.
The detailed inventory of the artist's belongings drawn up after his death does not include a camera obscura or any similar device.
Article: Kung Fu Panda
Section: Critical response

Question: How many stars did Peter Howell award Kung Fu Panda?

Critical response.
"Kung Fu Panda" has received positive reviews from critics.
Rotten Tomatoes reported that 88% of 164 critics gave the film a positive review.
The film has an approval rating of 76% from a select group of critics and an approval rating of 83% from users of the site.
Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 73 out of 100, based on 33 reviews.
Richard Corliss of "Time Magazine" gave "Kung Fu Panda" a positive review, stating the picture "provides a master course in cunning visual art and ultra-satisfying entertainment".
"The New York Times" said, "At once fuzzy-wuzzy and industrial strength, the tacky-sounding "Kung Fu Panda" is high concept with a heart," and the review called the film "consistently diverting" and "visually arresting".
Chris Barsanti of "Filmcritic.com" commented, "Blazing across the screen with eye-popping, sublime artwork, "Kung Fu Panda" sets itself apart from the modern domestic animation trend with its sheer beauty [...] the film enters instant classic status as some of the most gorgeous animation Hollywood has produced since the golden age of Disney."
Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" called the film "one of the few comedies of 2008 in any style or genre that knows what it’s doing".
However, Tom Charity of CNN criticized the action for " to blur into a whirlwind of slapstick chaos" and considered the character of Po similar to others played by Black.
Peter Howell of "The Toronto Star" awarded the film two and a half stars, considering it to have a "lack of story" that "frequently manages to amuse, if not entirely to delight".
Article: Radiation therapy
Section: Stereotactic radiation

Question: How long do traditional radiation treatments for cancer last?

Stereotactic radiation is a specialized type of external beam radiation therapy.
It uses focused radiation beams targeting a well-defined tumor using extremely detailed imaging scans.
Radiation oncologists perform stereotactic treatments, often with the help of a neurosurgeon for tumors in the brain or spine.
There are two types of stereotactic radiation.
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is when doctors use a single or several stereotactic radiation treatments of the brain or spine.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) refers to one or several stereotactic radiation treatments with the body, such as the lungs.
Some doctors say an advantage to stereotactic treatments are they deliver the right amount of radiation to the cancer in a shorter amount of time than traditional treatments, which can often take six to 11 weeks.
Plus treatments are given with extreme accuracy, which should limit the effect of the radiation on healthy tissues.
One problem with stereotactic treatments is that they are only suitable for certain small tumors.
Stereotactic treatments can be confusing because many hospitals call the treatments by the name of the manufacturer rather than calling it SRS or SBRT.
Brand names for these treatments include Axesse, Cyberknife, Gamma Knife, Novalis, Primatom, Synergy, X-Knife, TomoTherapy, Trilogy and Truebeam.
This list changes as equipment manufacturers continue to develop new, specialized technologies to treat cancers.
Article: Disney's Hollywood Studios
Section: Production history

Question: When did  Disney's Hollywood Studios open?

The Walt Disney Company's original concept of the Disney-MGM Studios was to operate it as a full fledged television and motion picture production facility, not just a theme park.
In 1988, among the first feature-length movies filmed at the facility, prior to its completion and opening as a theme park, were "Ernest Saves Christmas" and "Newsies".
When the park opened in 1989, the studio/production facilities housed two major components, the first of which was Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida, where Disney produced a number of projects, including "Mulan", "Lilo & Stitch", "Brother Bear", and sequences from other 1990s-early 2000s Disney animated features.
The second, larger component was Walt Disney Studios Florida, which consisted of three sound stages used for various Disney projects including The Disney Channel's "Mickey Mouse Club", "Teen Win, Lose or Draw" and "Adventures in Wonderland".
Several third party productions also used the Studios, including "Superboy" (first season only, from 1988–1989), "Thunder in Paradise", a revival of "Let's Make a Deal", special broadcasts of "Wheel of Fortune" and airplane interior sequences for the feature film "Passenger 57".
In addition, a number of music videos and several tapings for World Championship Wrestling (as well as live broadcasts of WCW Monday Nitro) were also shot there.
Even The Post Group had a Florida-based post-production facility located on the Studio lot throughout the 1990s.
All these production and post-production facilities were constructed to be an integral part of the theme park's Backstage Studio Tour as well.
During the closing credits of the "Mickey Mouse Club" (later, "MMC" in its final seasons) and "Adventures in Wonderland", the lit Disney-MGM water tower appeared on the screen and one of the cast said, "(insert show title here) was taped at the Disney-MGM Studios at the Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, Florida."
Disney management (including CEO Michael Eisner) decided to downsize Disney's Florida operations by closing the animation studio, laying-off personnel and then moving the operations to the main animation studio in Burbank, California.
A radio studio is also located on the lot, appropriately behind "Sounds Dangerous".
It originally housed the first children's radio network Radio Aahs which rented the studio.
Later, Disney founded Radio Disney and essentially drove Radio Aahs out of business.
Radio Disney decided it was no longer profitable to operate in Florida so they moved all of their shows from the Disney-MGM Studios to the Radio Disney headquarters in Dallas, Texas and the once bustling Disney Studios Florida radio studios are now used as remote studios for radio shows that are visiting Disney or the Orlando area and need a broadcast facility.
Article: Golf
Section: Rules and regulations

Question: If a golfer earns money on the sport, what are they prohibited from doing?

The rules of golf are internationally standardised and are jointly governed by The R&A, spun off in 2004 from The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (founded 1754), and the United States Golf Association (USGA).
The underlying principle of the rules is fairness.
As stated on the back cover of the official rule book:
"Play the ball as it lies, play the course as you find it, and if you cannot do either, do what is fair.
"
There are strict regulations regarding the amateur status of golfers.
Essentially, anybody who has ever received payment or compensation for giving instruction, or played golf for money, is not considered an amateur and may not participate in competitions limited solely to amateurs.
However, amateur golfers may receive expenses that comply with strict guidelines and they may accept non-cash prizes within the limits established by the Rules of Amateur Status.
In addition to the officially printed rules, golfers also abide by a set of guidelines called golf etiquette.
Etiquette guidelines cover matters such as safety, fairness, pace of play, and a player's obligation to contribute to the care of the course.
Though there are no penalties for breach of etiquette rules, players generally follow the rules of golf etiquette in an effort to improve everyone's playing experience.
Article: Grey's Anatomy
Section: U.S. television ratings

Question: Does Greys Anatomy have a high amount of viewers?

"Greys Anatomy" has received high viewership and ratings since its debut.
The first four seasons of the program each ranked in the top ten among all viewers, reaching its peak Nielsen ratings in the second season, attracting an average of 19.44 million viewers per episode, and ranking at fifth place overall.
Following the show's time-slot being relocated, overall rankings steadily declined, dropping below the top ten in its fifth season.
"Grey's Anatomy" made its greatest fall from its sixth to seventh season, slipping from seventeenth place to thirty-first.
The series is on a steady decline in terms of overall viewership and rankings, yet "Grey's Anatomy" still holds value in charts when numbers are pulled from the digital video recorder (DVR).
It was the most recorded show between 2007 and 2011, based on cumulative totals, and has been for several years in a row.
The most-watched episode of the series is "It's the End of the World", with 37.88 million viewers, aided by a lead-in from Super Bowl XL.
In contrast, the least-watched episode is "The Lion Sleeps Tonight", which garnered 8.19 million viewers—a 30% decrease from "It's the End of the World".
In 2011, "Grey's Anatomy" was named the fourth-highest revenue earning show of the year, with US$2.67 million per half hour, behind "Desperate Housewives", "Two and a Half Men", and "American Idol" at the top.
In 2012, the show was the fifth-highest revenue earning show of the year, with US$2.75 million per half hour, behind "Glee", "Two and a Half Men", "The X Factor (U.S.)" and "American Idol".
While "Grey's Anatomy" is no longer ranked in the top numbers for overall ratings, the show's ranking in the key 18–49 demographic has remained high.
As of season eight, the series is the highest-rated drama on television in the target demographic.
Below is a table of "Grey's Anatomy"s seasonal rankings in the U.S. television market, based on average total viewers per episode.
Each U.S. network television season starts in September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Marketing

Question: What was Lots-O Huggin Bear called in Japan?

The film's first teaser trailer was released with "Up" in Disney Digital 3-D, on May 29, 2009.
On October 2, 2009, "Toy Story" and "Toy Story 2" were re-released as a double feature in Disney Digital 3-D.
The first full-length trailer was attached as an exclusive sneak peek and a first footage to the "Toy Story" double feature, on October 12, 2009.
A second teaser was released on February 10, 2010, followed by a second full-length trailer on February 11, and appeared in 3D showings of "Alice in Wonderland" and "How to Train Your Dragon".
On March 23, 2010, "Toy Story" was released on Blu-ray/DVD combo pack, which included a small feature of "The Story of "Toy Story 3"".
In addition, "Toy Story 2" was released on the same day in the same format, which had a small feature on the "Characters of "Toy Story 3"".
Mattel, Thinkway Toys, and Lego are among companies who produced toys to promote the film.
Fisher Price, a Mattel Company, has released "Toy Story 3" with twenty-one 3D images for viewing with the View-Master viewer.
Disney Interactive Studios also produced a video game based on the film, "", which was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and PSP on June 15, 2010.
A PlayStation 2 version was released on October 30, 2010, as part of a PS2 bundle and separately on November 2, 2010 (the same day "Toy Story 3" was released on DVD and Blu-ray).
It was also the last Disney/Pixar game to be released on PlayStation 2.
"Toy Story 3" was featured in Apple's iPhone OS 4 Event on April 8, 2010, with Steve Jobs demonstrating a "Toy Story 3" themed iAd written in HTML5.
Pixar designed a commercial for the toy, Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear, and formatted it to appear as if it came from an old VCR recording.
The recording was altered with distorted sound, noise along the bottom of the screen, and flickering video, all designed to make it look like a converted recording from around 1983.
A Japanese version of the commercial was also released online, with the name "Lots-O'-Huggin Bear" replaced with "Little Hug-Hug Bear" (Japanese:ハグハグベアちゃん/"Hagu Hagu Beya-Chan").
On "Dancing with the Stars" May 11, 2010, episode, the Gipsy Kings performed a Spanish-language version of the song "You've Got a Friend in Me," which featured a paso doble dance choreographed by Cheryl Burke and Tony Dovolani.
Both the song and dance are featured in the film.
"Toy Story 3" was promoted with airings of the first and second film on several channels in the weeks preceding the film's release, including Disney Channel, Disney XD, and ABC Family.
Sneak peeks of "Toy Story 3" were also revealed, primarily on Disney Channel.
Article: Pudding
Section: Terminology

Question: In UK countries, what is known as pudding?

In the United Kingdom and most Commonwealth countries, "pudding" can be used to describe both sweet and savory dishes.
However, unless qualified, the term in everyday usage typically denotes a dessert; in the UK, "pudding" is used as synonym for a dessert course.
Dessert puddings are rich, fairly homogeneous starch- or dairy-based desserts such as rice pudding, steamed cake mixtures such as Treacle sponge pudding with or without the addition of ingredients such as dried fruits such as Christmas pudding.
Savory dishes include things such as Yorkshire pudding, black pudding, suet pudding and steak and kidney pudding.
In the United States and Canada, "pudding" characteristically denotes a sweet milk-based dessert similar in consistency to egg-based custards, instant custards or a mousse, often commercially set using gelatin or similar collagen agent such as the Jello brand line of products.
In Commonwealth countries these puddings are called custards (often shortened to curd) if they are egg-thickened, blancmange if starch-thickened, and jelly if gelatin based.
Pudding may also refer to other dishes such as bread and rice pudding, although typically these names derive from the origin as British dishes.
Article: Water polo
Section: Water polo equipment

Question: What equipment is necessary for water polo?

 equipment.
Little player equipment is needed to play water polo.
Items required in water polo include:
Ball: A water polo ball is constructed of waterproof material to allow it to float on the water.
The cover is textured to give players additional grip.
The size of the ball is different for men's, women's and junior games.
Caps: A water polo cap is used to protect the players' heads and ears, and to make them identifiable from afar.
Home team field players wear numbered white caps; Visiting team field players wear numbered dark-colored or black caps.
Both starting goalkeepers wear red caps (sometimes quartered), numbered "1" (substitute goalies' caps are numbered either "13" for FINA international play or "15" for NCAA play) Caps are fitted with ear protectors.
Goals: Two goals are needed in order to play water polo.
These can either be put on the side of the pool, or in the pool using floaters.
Mouthguard: A mouthguard is not mandatory in most tournaments, but is recommended.
Swimwear: Male water polo players wear either swim briefs or jammers (thigh-length trunks).
Female players must wear a one-piece swimsuit.
Suit-grabbing fouls are common, so players often wear tight-fitting suits, and may layer on several suits at a time for additional security.
Many swimwear labels also sell specialized water polo suits that feature reinforced stitching and tougher fabric.
Female water polo suits are generally one-piece outfits which do not have open backs, but zip securely up the back so as to not have straps that can be easily grabbed.