community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Magic Kingdom
Section: Enchanted Forest

Question: When did the Enchanted Forest open?

With the completion of Storybook Circus and Enchanted Forest, Magic Kingdom Park now covers 133 acres.
Recent conceptual artwork shows several new additions and changes that will make up the New Fantasyland.
Included is a new , themed to Disney's 1989 film "The Little Mermaid", that originally opened at Disney California Adventure.
There is also an area, themed to Disney's 1991 film "Beauty and the Beast", featuring the Beast's Castle with a new dining experience, Gaston's Tavern, and Belle's cottage.
Snow White's Scary Adventures was removed to build Princess Fairytale Hall, a meet-n-greet.
This portion of the New Fantasyland officially opened on December 6, 2012.
Opening on March 3rd, 2014 will be another part of the New Fantasyland featuring an attraction themed to "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", which will feature Snow White's cottage and The Seven Dwarfs Mine Train roller coaster ride, the first roller coaster to move in a wobbling motion on track, which should open in the Spring.
Article: Johannes Vermeer
Section: Theories of mechanical aid

Question: Who was the Hockney-Falco thesis named after?

Vermeer's painting techniques have long been a source of debate, given their almost photorealistic attention to detail, despite Vermeer having had no formal training, and despite only limited evidence that Vermeer had created any preparatory sketches or traces for his paintings.
In 2001, British artist David Hockney published the book "Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters", in which he argued that Vermeer - among other Renaissance artists including Hans Holbein and Diego Velázquez - used optics, and specifically some combination of curved mirrors, camera obscura and camera lucida, to achieve precise positioning in their compositions.
This became known as the Hockney–Falco thesis, named after Hockney and Charles M. Falco, another proponent of the theory.
Working independently, in 2001 British architecture professor Philip Steadman published the book "Vermeer's Camera: Uncovering the Truth behind the Masterpieces", which specifically claimed that Vermeer had used a camera obscura to create his paintings.
Noting that many of Vermeer's paintings had been painted in the same room, Steadman found six of his paintings that are precisely the right size if they had been painted from inside a camera obscura in the room's back wall.
Supporters of these theories have pointed to evidence in some of Vermeer's paintings, such as the often-discussed sparkling pearly highlights in Vermeer's paintings, which they argue are the result of the primitive lens of a camera obscura producing halation.
It was also postulated that a camera obscura was the mechanical cause of the "exaggerated" perspective seen in "Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman" (London, Royal Collection).
In 2008, American entrepreneur and inventor Tim Jenison developed the theory that Vermeer had used a camera obscura along with a "comparator mirror", which is similar in concept to a camera lucida but much simpler, and allows for easily matching color values.
He later modified the theory to simply involve a concave mirror and a comparator mirror.
He spent the next five years testing his theory by attempting to re-create "The Music Lesson" himself using these tools, a process captured in the 2013 documentary film "Tim's Vermeer".
This theory remains disputed.
Aside from the accurately observed mirror reflection above the lady at the virginals, there is no historical evidence regarding Vermeer's interest in optics.
The detailed inventory of the artist's belongings drawn up after his death does not include a camera obscura or any similar device.
Article: Tunisia
Section: Climate

Question: Which point is the lowest?

Tunisia's climate is temperate in the north, with mild rainy winters and hot, dry summers.
The south of the country is desert.
The terrain in the north is mountainous, which, moving south, gives way to a hot, dry central plain.
The south is semiarid, and merges into the Sahara.
A series of salt lakes, known as "chotts" or "shatts", lie in an east-west line at the northern edge of the Sahara, extending from the Gulf of Gabes into Algeria.
The lowest point is Shatt al Gharsah, at below sea level and the highest is Jebel ech Chambi, at .
Article: Human swimming
Section: Lessons

Question: By what grade do all children in Sweden need to learn to swim?

Children generally do not swim independently until 4 years of age.
In Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Finland, the curriculum for the fifth grade (fourth grade in Estonia) states that all children should learn how to swim as well as how to handle emergencies near water.
Most commonly, children are expected to be able to swim – of which at least on their back – after first falling into deep water and getting their head under water.
Even though about 95 percent of Swedish school children know how to swim, drowning remains the third most common cause of death among children.
In both the Netherlands and Belgium swimming lessons under school time ("schoolzwemmen", school swimming) are supported by the government.
Most schools provide swimming lessons.
There is a long tradition of swimming lessons in the Netherlands and Belgium, the Dutch translation for the breaststroke swimming style is even "schoolslag" (schoolstroke).
The children learn a variant of the breaststroke, which is technically not entirely correct.
In France, swimming is a compulsory part of the curriculum for primary schools.
Children usually spend one semester per year learning swimming during CE1/CE2/CM1 (2nd, 3rd and 4th grade).
In many places, swimming lessons are provided by local swimming pools, both those run by the local authority and by private leisure companies.
Many schools also include swimming lessons into their Physical Education curricula, provided either in the schools' own pool, or in the nearest public pool.
In the UK, the "Top-ups scheme" calls for school children who cannot swim by the age of 11 to receive intensive daily lessons.
These children who have not reached Great Britain's National Curriculum standard of swimming 25 metres by the time they leave primary school will be given a half-hour lesson every day for two weeks during term-time.
In Canada and Mexico there has been a call for swimming to be included in the public school curriculum.
In USA there is the Infant Swimming Resource (ISR) initiative that provides lessons for infant children, to cope with emergency situation when they have fallen into water.
They are learned how to roll-back-to-float (hold their breath underwater, to roll onto their back, to float unassisted, rest and breathe until help arrives).
Article: Nanking Massacre
Section: Assault and capture of Nanking

Question: Which division entered via the Guanghua Gate?

The Japanese awaited an answer to their demand for surrender but no response was received from the Chinese by the deadline on December 10.
General Matsui Iwane waited another hour before issuing the command to take Nanking by force.
The Japanese army mounted its assault on the Nanking walls from multiple directions; the SEF’s 16th Division attacked three gates on the eastern side, the 6th Division of the 10A launched its offensive on the western walls, and the SEF’s 9th Division advanced into the area in-between.
On December 12, under heavy artillery fire and aerial bombardment, General Tang Sheng-chi ordered his men to retreat.
What followed was nothing short of chaos.
Some Chinese soldiers stripped civilians of their clothing in a desperate attempt to blend in, and many others were shot by the Chinese supervisory unit as they tried to flee.
On 13 December, the 6th and the 116th Divisions of the Japanese Army were the first to enter the city, facing little military resistance.
Simultaneously, the 9th Division entered nearby Guanghua Gate, and the 16th Division entered the Zhongshan and Taiping gates.
That same afternoon, two small Japanese Navy fleets arrived on both sides of the Yangtze River.
Article: What Makes You Beautiful
Section: Background and release

Question: Who wrote "What Makes You Beautiful?

After being formed and finishing third in the seventh series of "The X Factor" in 2010, One Direction were signed to Syco Music, a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment.
"What Makes You Beautiful" was written by Rami Yacoub, Carl Falk and Savan Kotecha, and was produced by Yacoub and Falk.
Instrumentation was completed by Falk and Yacoub.
Serban Ghenea handled the audio mixing, Tom Coyne the audio mastering, and John Hanes the mix engineering, for which Phil Seaford served as the assistant.
After recording the song at Cosmos Studios and Kinglet Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, the band felt relieved to have a song that they were happy to release as their debut single.
Band member Liam Payne called the song "perfect", and Harry Styles said, "When we were recording in the studio we knew instantly that we wanted this track to be our first single."
Styles spoke to MTV News, "I think for us we wanted to release something that wasn't cheesy but it was fun.
It kind of represented us, I think it took us a while to find it but I think we found the right song."
Payne added, "We always wanted single to be something that people didn't expect and then when we heard it, it wasn't what we expected either so it kind of fitted perfectly."
"What Makes You Beautiful" premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 10 August 2011, and was released by Syco Music in Europe, Australia and New Zealand via digital download on 11 September 2011.
A CD single was released in the United Kingdom on 12 September 2011, and followed in Australia and Germany on 25 November 2011 and 2 December 2011, respectively.
For the North American release of "Up All Night" on 13 March 2012, Columbia Records executives used social media to shape its marketing campaign.
Columbia Records co-chairman Steve Barnett and his team decided to reverse the usual pattern of releasing a single on radio.
Instead the label mounted a four-month marketing campaign aimed at building a fan base through social media before a single was ever released or played on the radio.
The social media campaign asked fans to sign petitions and to enter video competitions to win a concert in their town.
The campaign was a success as One Direction's Facebook followers in the United States rose from 40,000 to 400,000.
As a result, "What Makes You Beautiful" sold more than 131,000 copies in its first week, even though it had yet to be played on the radio.
Radio programmers were flooded with calls from fans.
Johnny Wright, who managed New Kids on the Block, Backstreet Boys and 'N Sync, said: "Now they are calling the radio station, and the radio station is scratching its head, saying, "We don't even have that record yet".
It's almost like the return of The Beatles.
I call it hype, but it's positive hype because it's all real.
It's not manufactured.
No one paid these kids."
The single was released in Canada via digital download on 31 January 2012.
"What Makes You Beautiful" was released 14 February 2012 in the United States and was sent by Columbia Records to US contemporary hit radio (CHR) playlists on 28 February 2012.
Article: Scuba diving
Section: Diver propulsion

Question: How is the depth controlled when scuba diving using propulsion?

Personal mobility is enhanced by fins and optionally diver propulsion vehicles.
Fins have a large blade area and use the more powerful leg muscles, so are much more efficient for propulsion and manoeuvring thrust than arm and hand movements, but require skill to provide fine control.
Streamlining dive gear will reduce drag and improve mobility.
Balanced trim which allows the diver to align in any desired direction also improves streamlining by presenting the smallest section area to the direction of movement and allows propulsion thrust to be used more efficiently.
Occasionally a diver may be towed using a "sled", an unpowered device towed behind a surface vessel which conserves the diver's energy and allows more distance to be covered for a given air consumption and bottom time.
The depth is usually controlled by the diver by using diving planes or by tilting the whole sled.
Some sleds are faired to reduce drag on the diver.
Article: Virus
Section: Vaccines

Question: How many viral infections can vaccines prevent?

Vaccination is a cheap and effective way of preventing infections by viruses.
Vaccines were used to prevent viral infections long before the discovery of the actual viruses.
Their use has resulted in a dramatic decline in morbidity (illness) and mortality (death) associated with viral infections such as polio, measles, mumps and rubella.
Smallpox infections have been eradicated.
Vaccines are available to prevent over thirteen viral infections of humans, and more are used to prevent viral infections of animals.
Vaccines can consist of live-attenuated or killed viruses, or viral proteins (antigens).
Live vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus, which do not cause the disease but, nonetheless, confer immunity.
Such viruses are called attenuated.
Live vaccines can be dangerous when given to people with a weak immunity, (who are described as immunocompromised), because in these people, the weakened virus can cause the original disease.
Biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques are used to produce subunit vaccines.
These vaccines use only the capsid proteins of the virus.
Hepatitis B vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine.
Subunit vaccines are safe for immunocompromised patients because they cannot cause the disease.
The yellow fever virus vaccine, a live-attenuated strain called 17D, is probably the safest and most effective vaccine ever generated.
Article: Notre Dame de Paris
Section: Timeline of construction

Question: What year did Bishop Eudes de Sully die?

 1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris), orders the original cathedral demolished.
 1163 Cornerstone laid for Notre-Dame de Paris, construction begins.
 1182 Apse and choir completed.
 1196 Bishop Maurice de Sully dies.
 c.1200 Work begins on western facade.
 1208 Bishop Eudes de Sully dies.
Nave vaults nearing completion.
 1225 Western facade completed.
 1250 Western towers and north rose window completed.
 c.1245–1260s Transepts remodelled in the Rayonnant style by Jean de Chelles then Pierre de Montreuil
 1250–1345 Remaining elements completed
Article: Rules of Engagement (TV series)
Section: DVD releases

Question: Who has the license to put out the DVD of Rules of Engagement in Region 1?

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment owns the rights to release DVDs in Region 1.
The fifth season of the series was made available beginning February 7, 2012, exclusively as a made-on-demand release from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, in conjunction with amazon.com.
Similarly, the sixth season received a MOD release from online retailers, on October 2, 2012.
Paramount Pictures, in conjunction with CBS Home Entertainment, will start releasing the series on DVD internationally in 2011.
Season One was released in the UK (Region 2 DVD) on April 4, 2011.
Note: Following the events of Charlie Sheen’s departure from "Two and a Half Men", CBS ordered an additional two episodes for "Rules of Engagement"’s fifth season, bringing the total number of episodes to 26 from the initial 24 ordered.
Despite the episodes, "Scavenger Hunt" and "Cheating," airing during the sixth season, they were originally produced for the fifth season, and are included in the fifth season collection.
Therefore, the sixth season’s DVD release features the 13 episodes produced over that time period, versus the 15 that were broadcast by CBS.
Article: Croissant
Section: Origin

Question: Where did Kipferl orginate?

The Kipferl, ancestor of the croissant, has been documented in Austria going back at least as far as the 13th century, in various shapes.
The Kipferl can be made plain or with nut or other fillings (some consider the rugelach a form of Kipferl).
The "birth" of the croissant itself – that is, its adaptation from the plainer form of Kipferl, before the invention of Viennoiserie – can be dated with some precision to at latest 1839 (some say 1838), when an Austrian artillery officer, August Zang, founded a Viennese bakery ("Boulangerie Viennoise") at 92, rue de Richelieu in Paris.
This bakery, which served Viennese specialities including the Kipferl and the Vienna loaf, quickly became popular and inspired French imitators (and the concept, if not the term, viennoiserie, a 20th-century term for supposedly Vienna-style pastries).
The French version of the Kipferl was named for its crescent ("croissant") shape and has become a identifiable shape across the world.
Alan Davidson, editor of the "Oxford Companion to Food", found no printed recipe for the present-day croissant in any French recipe book before the early 20th century; the earliest French reference to a croissant he found was among the "fantasy or luxury breads" in Payen's "Des substances alimentaires", 1853.
However, early recipes for non-laminated croissants can be found in the nineteenth century and at least one reference to croissants as an established French bread appeared as early as 1850.
Zang himself returned to Austria in 1848 to become a press magnate, but the bakery remained popular for some time after, and was mentioned in several works of the time: "This same M. Zank ...founded around 1830 , in Paris, the famous Boulangerie viennoise".
Several sources praise this bakery's products: "Paris is of exquisite delicacy; and, in particular, the succulent products of the Boulangerie Viennoise"; "which seemed to us as fine as if it came from the Viennese bakery on the rue de Richelieu".
By 1869, the croissant was well established enough to be mentioned as a breakfast staple, and in 1872, Charles Dickens wrote (in his periodical "All the Year Round") of: the workman's pain de ménage and the soldier's pain de munition, to the dainty croissant on the boudoir tableThe puff pastry technique which now characterizes the croissant was already mentioned in the late 17th century, when La Varenne's "Le Cuisinier françois" gave a recipe for it in the 1680 – and possibly earlier – editions.
It was typically used, not on its own, but for shells holding other ingredients (as in a vol-au-vent).
But it does not appear to be mentioned in relation to the croissant until the twentieth century.
Article: Curry
Section: Curry in the West Indies

Question: Curry dishes at Caribbean restaurants use what type of ingredients?

 in the West Indies.
In the West Indies, curry is a very popular dish.
The Indian indentured servants that were brought over from India by different European powers, brought this dish, as well as their culture, to the West Indies.
In Jamaica and Trinidad, curried goat is prominently featured.
Curry can be found at both inexpensive and upscale Caribbean restaurants, and ingredients can range from chicken or vegetables to shellfish such as shrimp and scallops.
Examples of curries in the West Indies include:
 Jamaica: Especially curried chicken, goat, fish and shrimp.
 Trinidad and Tobago: Most notably curried chicken, duck, goat, beef (eaten by Muslims and Christians) shrimp, and curry aloo, along with various curried wild meats.
 Guyana: Chicken curry, goat curry, duck curry, shrimp curry, beef curry (eaten by Muslims and Christians), aloo curry (potato), fish (different varieties) curry, etc.
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: Coating

Question: Is metal on metal deposition a reasonable way to prevent corrosion?

Metals can be coated with paint or other less conductive metals ("passivation").
This prevents the metal surface from being exposed to electrolytes.
Scratches exposing the metal substrate will result in corrosion.
The region under the coating adjacent to the scratch acts as the anode of the reaction.
See Anodizing
Article: High Renaissance
Section: Overview

Question: According to the experts, what number of years did the High Renaissance occur?

Since the late eighteenth century, the High Renaissance has been taken to refer to a short (c. 30-year) period of exceptional artistic production in the Italian states, principally Rome, capital of the Papal States, under Pope Julius II.
Assertions about where and when the period begins and ends vary, but in general the best-known exponents of painting of the High Renaissance, include Leonardo da Vinci, early Michelangelo and Raphael.
Extending the general rubric of Renaissance culture, the visual arts of the High Renaissance were marked by a renewed emphasis upon the classical tradition, the expansion of networks of patronage, and a gradual attenuation of figural forms into the style later termed Mannerism.
The paintings in the Vatican by Michelangelo and Raphael are said by some scholars such as Stephen Freedberg to represent the culmination of High Renaissance style in painting, because of the ambitious scale of these works, coupled with the complexity of their composition, closely observed human figures, and pointed iconographic and decorative references to classical antiquity, can be viewed as emblematic of the High Renaissance.
In more recent years, art historians have characterised the High Renaissance as a movement as opposed to a period, one amongst several different experimental attitudes towards art in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century.
This movement is variously characterised as conservative; as reflecting new attitudes towards beauty; a deliberate process of synthesising eclectic models, linked to fashions in literary culture; and reflecting new preoccupations with interpretation and meaning .
Article: Jackson Pollock
Section: Authenticity issues

Question: What proves the authenticity of a Pollock painting?

In 2003, twenty-four Pollock-esque paintings and drawings were found in a locker in Wainscott, New York.
An inconclusive debate continues about whether or not these works are Pollock originals.
Physicists have argued over whether fractals can be used to authenticate the paintings.
This would require an analysis of geometric consistency of the paint splatters in Pollock's work at a microscopic level, and would be measured against the finding that patterns in Pollock's paintings increased in complexity with time.
Analysis of the synthetic pigments shows that some were not patented until the 1980s, and therefore that it is highly improbable that Pollock could have used such paints.
In 2006 a documentary, "Who the *$&% Is Jackson Pollock?"
was made concerning Teri Horton, a truck driver who in 1992 bought an abstract painting for five dollars at a thrift store in California.
This work may be a lost Pollock painting but its authenticity is debated.
Article: The Bachelor (U.S. TV series)
Section: Plot

Question: What does the bachelor do with the winning candidate?

As the show is designed, the series revolves around a single bachelor (deemed eligible) who starts with a pool of romantic interests (typically 25) from whom the bachelor is expected to select a wife.
During the course of the season, the bachelor eliminates candidates (see The elimination process), with the bachelor proposing marriage to his final selection.
The participants travel to romantic and exotic locations for their adventures, and the conflicts in the series, both internal and external, stem from the elimination-style format of the show.
The above description is a general guideline.
In practice, the show does not always follow its designed structure, and those variations are often a source of drama and conflict.
 A candidate who was eliminated returns to the show to plead her case to the bachelor.
 A bachelor distributes more roses or fewer roses than planned.
 A bachelor eliminates both women in a two-on-one date.
 A bachelor eliminates a woman outside of a rose ceremony.
 The bachelor chooses to pursue a relationship with his final selection rather than propose marriage.
The two most notable cases where the bachelor violated the premise of the show are Brad Womack, who selected neither of his final two women, and Jason Mesnick, who in the "After the Final Rose" episode broke off his engagement and proposed to the first runner-up.
(The two are now married.)