community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Scuba diving
Section: Rebreather

Question: Rebreathers are more complex and expensive opposed to what?

Less common are closed circuit (CCR) and semi-closed (SCR) rebreathers, which unlike open-circuit sets that vent off all exhaled gases, process all or part of each exhaled breath for re-use by removing the carbon dioxide and replacing the oxygen used by the diver.
Rebreathers release little or no gas bubbles into the water, and use much less stored gas volume, for an equivalent depth and time because exhaled oxygen is recovered; this has advantages for research, military, photography, and other applications.
Rebreathers are more complex and more expensive than open-circuit scuba, and special training and correct maintenance are required for them to be safely used, due to the larger variety of potential failure modes.
In a closed-circuit rebreather the oxygen partial pressure in the rebreather is controlled, so it can be maintained at a safe continuous maximum, which reduces the inert gas (nitrogen and/or helium) partial pressure in the breathing loop.
Minimising the inert gas loading of the diver's tissues for a given dive profile reduces the decompression obligation.
This requires continuous monitoring of actual partial pressures with time and for maximum effectiveness requires real-time computer processing by the diver's decompression computer.
Decompression can be much reduced compared to fixed ratio gas mixes used in other scuba systems and, as a result, divers can stay down longer or require less time to decompress.
A semi-closed circuit rebreather injects a constant mass flow of a fixed breathing gas mixture into the breathing loop, or replaces a specific percentage of the respired volume, so the partial pressure of oxygen at any time during the dive depends on the diver's oxygen consumption and/or breathing rate.
Planning decompression requirements requires a more conservative approach for a SCR than for a CCR, but decompression computers with a real time oxygen partial pressure input can optimise decompression for these systems.
Because rebreathers produce very few bubbles, they do not disturb marine life or make a diver’s presence known at the surface; this is useful for underwater photography, and for covert work.
Article: Starships (song)
Section: Reception and contest

Question: How many winners does the contest allow?

MTV's John Mitchell criticized the video's postponed release, finding it strange that the video for the album's third single, "Beez in the Trap", was released before that of "Starships".
On May 28, 2012, a "Starships" video campaign was announced on Minaj's official website.
It asked fans to record a video of themselves performing "Starships" by singing, dancing or with a musical instrument.
Minaj will then select 5 winners.
The contest winners won tickets and passes to meet Minaj on her Pink Friday Tour.
The song won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video in September 2012.
Article: Grey's Anatomy
Section: U.S. television ratings

Question: Does Greys Anatomy have a larger viewership?

"Greys Anatomy" has received high viewership and ratings since its debut.
The first four seasons of the program each ranked in the top ten among all viewers, reaching its peak Nielsen ratings in the second season, attracting an average of 19.44 million viewers per episode, and ranking at fifth place overall.
Following the show's time-slot being relocated, overall rankings steadily declined, dropping below the top ten in its fifth season.
"Grey's Anatomy" made its greatest fall from its sixth to seventh season, slipping from seventeenth place to thirty-first.
The series is on a steady decline in terms of overall viewership and rankings, yet "Grey's Anatomy" still holds value in charts when numbers are pulled from the digital video recorder (DVR).
It was the most recorded show between 2007 and 2011, based on cumulative totals, and has been for several years in a row.
The most-watched episode of the series is "It's the End of the World", with 37.88 million viewers, aided by a lead-in from Super Bowl XL.
In contrast, the least-watched episode is "The Lion Sleeps Tonight", which garnered 8.19 million viewers—a 30% decrease from "It's the End of the World".
In 2011, "Grey's Anatomy" was named the fourth-highest revenue earning show of the year, with US$2.67 million per half hour, behind "Desperate Housewives", "Two and a Half Men", and "American Idol" at the top.
In 2012, the show was the fifth-highest revenue earning show of the year, with US$2.75 million per half hour, behind "Glee", "Two and a Half Men", "The X Factor (U.S.)" and "American Idol".
While "Grey's Anatomy" is no longer ranked in the top numbers for overall ratings, the show's ranking in the key 18–49 demographic has remained high.
As of season eight, the series is the highest-rated drama on television in the target demographic.
Below is a table of "Grey's Anatomy"s seasonal rankings in the U.S. television market, based on average total viewers per episode.
Each U.S. network television season starts in September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps.
Article: Tennis
Section: Grand Slam tournaments

Question: What year did the international tournament start?

The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world.
They are held annually and comprise, in chronological order, the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open.
Apart from the Olympic Games, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, and Hopman Cup, they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).
The ITF's national associations, Tennis Australia (Australian Open), the Fédération Française de Tennis (French Open), the Lawn Tennis Association (Wimbledon) and the United States Tennis Association (US Open) are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.
Aside from the historical significance of these events, they also carry larger prize funds than any other tour event and are worth double the number of ranking points to the champion than in the next echelon of tournaments, the Masters 1000 (men) and Premier events (women).
Another distinguishing feature is the number of players in the singles draw.
There are 128, more than any other professional tennis tournament.
This draw is composed of 32 seeded players, other players ranked in the world's top 100, qualifiers, and players who receive invitations through wild cards.
Grand Slam men's tournaments have best-of-five set matches while the women play best-of-three.
Grand Slam tournaments are among the small number of events that last two weeks, the others being the Indian Wells Masters and the Miami Masters.
Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are the only tour events that have mixed doubles contests.
Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and junior tennis competitions.
These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies.
For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white.
Andre Agassi chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its "predominantly white" dress code.
Wimbledon has its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets.
 The international tournament began in 1925
Article: World War II
Section: Home fronts and production

Question: What gave the Allies the advantage during World War 2?

In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics.
In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis (Germany and Italy); if colonies are included, it then gives the Allies more than a 5:1 advantage in population and nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP.
In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan, but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included.
Though the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies, as the war largely settled into one of attrition.
While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force, Allied strategic bombing, and Germany's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly.
Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and were not equipped to do so.
To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers; Germany used about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, while Japan pressed more than 18 million people in Far East Asia.
Article: Vietnam
Section: Administrative subdivisions

Question: How many provinces make up Vietnam?

Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces (Vietnamese: "tỉnh", from the Chinese 省, "shěng").
There are also five municipalities ("thành phố trực thuộc trung ương"), which are administratively on the same level as provinces.
The provinces are subdivided into provincial municipalities ("thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh"), townships ("thị xã") and counties ("huyện"), which are in turn subdivided into towns ("thị trấn") or communes ("xã").
The centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into districts ("quận") and counties, which are further subdivided into wards ("phường").
Article: Iran
Section: Popular culture and cinema

Question: What culture is the music of Persia related to?

The musical culture of Persia, while distinct, is closely related to other musical systems of the West and Central Asia.
It has also affinities to the music cultures of the Indian subcontinent, to a certain degree even to those of Africa, and, in the period after 1850 particularly, to that of Europe.
Its history can be traced to some extent through these relationships.
Like that of most of the world’s cultures, the music of Persia has depended on oral/aural transmission and learning.
Iranian cinema has thrived in modern Iran, and many Iranian directors have garnered worldwide recognition for their work.
Iranian movies have won over three hundred awards in the past twenty-five years including Oscars.
One of the best-known directors is Abbas Kiarostami.
Article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Section: Shot dead

Question: Where was Archduke Franz first hit when he was assassinated?

After learning that the first assassination attempt had been unsuccessful, Princip thought about a position to assassinate the archduke on his return journey, and decided to move to a position in front of a nearby food shop (Schiller's delicatessen), near the Latin Bridge.
When Franz Ferdinand's car approached on its return journey, Princip stepped forward and fired two shots from a distance of about one and a half metres (5 feet) using a Belgian-made 9×17mm (.380 ACP) Fabrique Nationale model 1910 semi-automatic pistol.
Pistol serial numbers 19074, 19075, 19120 and 19126 were supplied to the assassins; Princip used #19074.
According to Albertini, "the first bullet wounded the Archduke in the jugular vein, the second inflicted an abdominal wound on the Duchess."
Princip was immediately arrested.
At his sentencing, Princip stated that his intention had been to kill Governor Potiorek, rather than Sophie.
Both victims remained seated upright, but dying while being driven to the Governor's residence for medical treatment.
As reported by Count Harrach, Franz Ferdinand's last words were "Sophie, Sophie!
Don't die!
Live for our children!"
followed by six or seven utterances of "It is nothing."
in response to Harrach's inquiry as to Franz Ferdinand's injury.
These utterances were followed by a long death rattle.
Sophie was dead on arrival at the Governor's residence.
Franz Ferdinand died 10 minutes later.
Article: American Revolution
Section: Role of women

Question: In what year were 180 women in Middletown, Massachusetts wove of cloth after the women of Boston produced 40,000 skeins of yarn?

Women contributed to the American Revolution in many ways, and were involved on both sides.
While formal Revolutionary politics did not include women, ordinary domestic behaviors became charged with political significance as Patriot women confronted a war that permeated all aspects of political, civil, and domestic life.
They participated by boycotting British goods, spying on the British, following armies as they marched, washing, cooking, and tending for soldiers, delivering secret messages, and in a few cases like Deborah Samson, fighting disguised as men.
Also, Mercy Otis Warren held meetings in her house and cleverly attacked Loyalists with her creative plays and histories.
Above all, they continued the agricultural work at home to feed their families and the armies.
They maintained their families during their husbands' absences and sometimes after their deaths.
American women were integral to the success of the boycott of British goods, as the boycotted items were largely household items such as tea and cloth.
Women had to return to knitting goods, and to spinning and weaving their own cloth — skills that had fallen into disuse.
In 1769, the women of Boston produced 40,000 skeins of yarn, and 180 women in Middletown, Massachusetts wove of cloth.
A crisis of political loyalties could disrupt the fabric of colonial America women's social worlds: whether a man did or did not renounce his allegiance to the King could dissolve ties of class, family, and friendship, isolating women from former connections.
A woman's loyalty to her husband, once a private commitment, could become a political act, especially for women in America committed to men who remained loyal to the King.
Legal divorce, usually rare, was granted to Patriot women whose husbands supported the King.
Article: Yosemite National Park
Section: Abstract

Question: Who is the manager of Yosemite National Park?

Yosemite National Park ( ) is a United States National Park spanning eastern portions of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in the central eastern portion of the U.S. state of California.
The park, which is managed by the National Park Service, covers an area of and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain chain.
Over 3.7 million people visit Yosemite each year: most spend their time in the seven square miles (18 km2) of Yosemite Valley.
Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its spectacular granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, Giant Sequoia groves, and biological diversity.
Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness.
Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea.
First, Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development, ultimately leading to President Abraham Lincoln's signing the Yosemite Grant in 1864.
Later, John Muir led a successful movement to establish a larger national park encompassing not just the valley, but surrounding mountains and forests as well - paving the way for the United States national park system.
Yosemite is one of the largest and least fragmented habitat blocks in the Sierra Nevada, and the park supports a diversity of plants and animals.
The park has an elevation range from and contains five major vegetation zones: chaparral/oak woodland, lower montane forest, upper montane forest, subalpine zone, and alpine.
Of California's 7,000 plant species, about 50% occur in the Sierra Nevada and more than 20% within Yosemite.
There is suitable habitat or documentation for more than 160 rare plants in the park, with rare local geologic formations and unique soils characterizing the restricted ranges many of these plants occupy.
The geology of the Yosemite area is characterized by granitic rocks and remnants of older rock.
About 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and then tilted to form its relatively gentle western slopes and the more dramatic eastern slopes.
The uplift increased the steepness of stream and river beds, resulting in formation of deep, narrow canyons.
About 1 million years ago, snow and ice accumulated, forming glaciers at the higher alpine meadows that moved down the river valleys.
Ice thickness in Yosemite Valley may have reached during the early glacial episode.
The downslope movement of the ice masses cut and sculpted the U-shaped valley that attracts so many visitors to its scenic vistas today.
Article: Tunisia
Section: Literature

Question: In Tunisian literature, what percentage of books are published for children?

Tunisian literature exists in two forms: Arabic and French.
Arabic literature dates back to the 7th century with the arrival of Arab civilization in the region.
It is more important in both volume and value than French literature, introduced during the French protectorate from 1881.
Among the literary figures include Ali Douagi, who has produced more than 150 radio stories, over 500 poems and folk songs and nearly 15 plays, Khraief Bashir, an Arabic novelist who published many notable books in the 1930s and which caused a scandal because the dialogues were written in Tunisian dialect, and others such as Moncef Ghachem, Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad or Mahmoud Messaadi.
As for poetry, Tunisian poetry typically opts for nonconformity and innovation with poets such as Aboul-Qacem Echebbi.
As for literature in French, it is characterized by its critical approach.
Contrary to the pessimism of Albert Memmi, who predicted that literature Tunisian was sentenced to die young, a high number of Tunisian writers are abroad including Abdelwahab Meddeb, Bakri Tahar, Mustapha Tlili, Hele Beji or Mellah Fawzi.
The themes of wandering, exile and heartbreak are the focus of their creative writing.
The national bibliography lists 1249 non-school books published in 2002 in Tunisia, with 885 titles in Arabic.
In 2006 this figure had increased to 1,500 and 1,700 in 2007.
Nearly a third of the books are published for children.
Article: Sien (Van Gogh series)
Section: Estrangement from family

Question: In 1881, with who did Van Gogh fall in love?

In the summer of 1881, van Gogh fell in love with his recently widowed cousin, Kee Vos Stricker.
He proposed marriage, but was rebuffed with an adamant "no, nay, never" (""nooit, neen, nimmer"").
Undeterred, he nevertheless continued to press his attentions despite the increasing dismay and disapproval of his family which eventually led to his leaving the family home for a while to study drawing at The Hague with his cousin-in-law Anton Mauve.
Mauve was a successful and noted artist, a leading member of the Hague School and a master colorist whose paintings found a ready market both home and abroad.
He had married van Gogh's cousin, Ariëtte (Jet) Carbentus, in 1874 while she was still very young and he was already established and successful, and as such was lionised by the van Gogh family.
At the time, he was busy with his massive "Fishing Boat on the Beach" that he was preparing for the next year's Salon, but he nevertheless found time for van Gogh to advise him on his drawings, inviting him to return in a few months time to review progress.
After a last, humiliating, effort to win Kee over, an episode that put an end to his religious faith for ever, Van Gogh returned to his parents' home in Etten in late 1881.
On Christmas Day that year he refused to attend church, provoking a violent quarrel with his father, a pastor, which resulted in his leaving home the very same day.
He returned to The Hague and studied further under Mauve.
Mauve helped him to establish a modest studio on the Schenkweg on the outer fringes of The Hague, lending him money to purchase furniture, and introduced him to the Pulchri Studio, The Hague's most important art society in which he himself played a major role.
He also introduced Van Gogh to painting, first in oils and then with watercolor.
Article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Section: Funeral

Question: Where was Kennedy's coffin buried?

The state funeral took place in Washington, DC during the three days that followed the assassination.
The body of President Kennedy was brought back to Washington, D.C. and placed in the East Room of the White House for 24 hours.
On the Sunday after the assassination, his coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the U.S. Capitol to lie in state.
Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket.
Representatives from over 90 countries attended the state funeral on Monday, November 25.
After the Requiem Mass at St. Matthew's Cathedral, the late President was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.
Article: Blow Me (One Last Kiss)
Section: Track listing

Question: Who created the radio edit of "Blow Me"?

 Digital download
 "Blow Me (One Last Kiss)" — 4:16
"Blow Me (One Last Kiss) (Fred Falke Radio Edit)
 CD/Digital single
 "Blow Me (One Last Kiss)" — 4:16
 "The King Is Dead but the Queen Is Alive" (Pink, Billy Mann, Butch Walker, Niklas "Nikey" Olovson, Robin Lynch) — 3:44
Article: Astrology
Section: Mediaeval objections

Question: What are the differences in natural astrology and judicial astrology?

In the seventh century, Isidore of Seville argued in his "Etymologiae" that astronomy described the movements of the heavens, while astrology had two parts: one was scientific, describing the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars, while the other, making predictions, was theologically erroneous.
In contrast, John Gower in the fourteenth century defined astrology as essentially limited to the making of predictions.
The influence of the stars was in turn divided into natural astrology, with for example effects on tides and the growth of plants, and judicial astrology, with supposedly predictable effects on people.
The fourteenth century skeptic Nicole Oresme however included astronomy as a part of astrology in his "Livre de divinacions".
Oresme argued that current approaches to prediction of events such as plagues, wars, and weather were inappropriate, but that such prediction was a valid field of inquiry.
However, he attacked the use of astrology to choose the timing of actions (so-called interrogation and election) as wholly false, and rejected the determination of human action by the stars on grounds of free will.
The friar Laurens Pignon (c. 1368–1449) similarly rejected all forms of divination and determinism, including by the stars, in his 1411 "Contre les Devineurs".
This was in opposition to the tradition carried by the Arab astronomer Albumasar (787-886) whose "Introductorium in Astronomiam" and "De Magnis Coniunctionibus" argued the view that both individual actions and larger scale history are determined by the stars.
Article: Orange Is the New Black
Section: Plot

Question: Piper lived in which city?

The series revolves around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in a women's federal prison for transporting a suitcase full of drug money to her former girlfriend, Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), who is an international drug smuggler.
The offense occurred ten years prior to the start of the series, and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law-abiding life among New York's upper middle class.
While in prison, Piper is reunited with Alex, and they re-examine their relationship and deal with the tough inmates.