community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: World War I
Section: Trench warfare begins

Question: When did the Germans begin using chlorine gas on the Western Front?

Western Front.
Trench warfare begins.
Military tactics before World War I had failed to keep pace with advances in technology.
These advances allowed for impressive defence systems, which out-of-date military tactics could not break through for most of the war.
Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances.
Artillery, vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground extremely difficult.
Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties.
In time, however, technology began to produce new offensive weapons, such as gas warfare and the tank.
Just after the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September 1914), both Entente and German forces each continually sought to outflank the other by manoeuvering to the north: this series of manoeuvres became known as the "Race to the Sea".
When these outflanking efforts failed, Britain and France soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched German forces from Lorraine to Belgium's coast.
Britain and France sought to take the offensive, while Germany defended the occupied territories.
Consequently, German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy; Anglo-French trenches were only intended to be "temporary" before their forces broke through German defences.
Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances.
On 22 April 1915, at the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans (violating the Hague Convention) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front.
Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides, and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, poison gas became one of the most-feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.
Tanks were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers-Courcelette (part of the wider Somme offensive) on 15 September 1916, with only partial success.
However, their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed; the Germans employed only very small numbers of their own design, supplemented by captured Allied tanks.
Article: Bacon
Section: Nutrients

Question: How much cholesterol is there in an ounce of bacon?

One rasher of cooked streaky bacon contains of fat, and of protein.
Four pieces of bacon can also contain up to 800 mg of sodium, which is roughly equivalent to 1.92 grams of salt.
The fat and protein content varies depending on the cut and cooking method.68% of bacon's calories come from fat, almost half of which are saturated.
Each ounce of bacon contains 30 milligrams of cholesterol.
Article: Payphone (song)
Section: Abstract

Question: Who wrote the song Payphone?

Payphone (song)"Payphone" is a song performed by the American pop rock band Maroon 5 featuring American rapper Wiz Khalifa.
The song was released on April 17, 2012, as the lead single from their fourth studio album, "Overexposed" (2012).
The song was written by Adam Levine, Benny Blanco, Ammar Malik, Robopop, Shellback and Khalifa and produced by Blanco and Shellback.
The song is a pop ballad and it talks about a romance that is no more.
The song has received favorable reviews from music critics, who praised the catchy melody and named it "a radio success", but some others dismissed Khalifa's appearance and its title.
The official music video, directed by Samuel Bayer, finds Levine taking down some bank robbers and attempting to become the "hero" in a hail of bullets as he makes his escape, steals a gun from a robber and then gets mistaken for one.
Because of this, he must escape from a fleet of policemen, which he does with ease.
The video was positively received from critics, who considered it an enjoyable mini-action movie.
The video was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video, but lost out to "What Makes You Beautiful" by One Direction.
On the "Billboard" Hot 100, the song debuted at the number three spot before peaking at number two.
The song sold 493,000 copies in its first week, becoming the best sales week for a digital song by a group and also the eleventh-best sales week overall.
It also reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and stayed at the top for eight consecutive weeks.
It also topped the UK Singles Chart, making it the band's first ever single to do so.
"Payphone" was the world's fifth best-selling single of 2012 with 9.5 million copies sold.
Article: Italy
Section: Architecture

Question: Is Inigo Jones British?

Italy has a very broad and diverse architectural style, which cannot be simply classified by period, but also by region, because of Italy's division into several regional states until 1861.
This has created a highly diverse and eclectic range in architectural designs.
Italy is known for its considerable architectural achievements, such as the construction of arches, domes and similar structures during ancient Rome, the founding of the Renaissance architectural movement in the late-14th to 16th centuries, and being the homeland of Palladianism, a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of Neoclassical architecture, and influenced the designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the UK, Australia and the US during the late 17th to early 20th centuries.
Several of the finest works in Western architecture, such as the Colosseum, the Milan Cathedral and Florence cathedral, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and the building designs of Venice are found in Italy.
Italian architecture has also widely influenced the architecture of the world.
British architect Inigo Jones, inspired by the designs of Italian buildings and cities, brought back the ideas of Italian Renaissance architecture to 17th-century England, being inspired by Andrea Palladio.
Additionally, Italianate architecture, popular abroad since the 19th century, was used to describe foreign architecture which was built in an Italian style, especially modelled on Renaissance architecture.
Article: South Korea
Section: Environment

Question: How much faster then broadband will the next-gen network be?

During the first 20 years of South Korea's growth surge, little effort was made to preserve the environment.
Unchecked industrialization and urban development have resulted in deforestation and the ongoing destruction of wetlands such as the Songdo Tidal Flat.
However, there have been recent efforts to balance these problems, including a government run five-year green growth project that aims to boost energy efficiency and green technology.
The green-based economic strategy is a comprehensive overhaul of South Korea's economy, utilizing nearly two percent of the national GDP.
The greening initiative includes such efforts as a nationwide bike network, solar and wind energy, lowering oil dependent vehicles, backing daylight savings and extensive usage of environmentally friendly technologies such as LEDs in electronics and lighting.
The country – already the world's most wired – plans to build a nationwide next-generation network which will be 10 times faster than broadband facilities in order to reduce energy usage.
The renewable portfolio standard program with renewable energy certificates runs from 2012 to 2022.
Quota systems favor large, vertically integrated generators and multinational electric utilities, if only because certificates are generally denominated in units of one megawatt-hour.
They are also more difficult to design and implement than an a Feed-in tariff.
Lauber, V. (2004).
"REFIT and RPS: Options for a harmonized Community framework," Energy Policy, Vol.
32, Issue 12, pp.1405–1414.
Lauber, V. (2008).
"Certificate Trading – Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem?
"Ljubljana Conference on the Future of GHG Emissions Trading in the EU, March 2008.
Salzburg, Austria: University of Salzburg.
Retrieved 16 March 2009 at: www.uni-salzburg.at/politikwissenschaft/lauber</ref> Around 350 residential micro combined heat and power units where installed in 2012.
Seoul's tap water recently became safe to drink, with city officials branding it "Arisu" in a bid to convince the public.
Efforts have also been made with afforestation projects.
Another multi-billion dollar project was the restoration of Cheonggyecheon, a stream running through downtown Seoul that had earlier been paved over by a motorway.
One major challenge is air quality, with acid rain, sulfur oxides, and annual yellow dust storms being particular problems.
It is acknowledged that many of these difficulties are a result of South Korea's proximity to China, which is a major air polluter.
South Korea is a member of the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity Treaty, Kyoto Protocol (forming the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG), regarding UNFCCC, with Mexico and Switzerland), Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (not into force), Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, and Whaling.
Article: Solar System
Section: Earth

Question: What is the natural satellite of earth?

 Earth (1 AU from the Sun) is the largest and densest of the inner planets, the only one known to have current geological activity, and the only place where life is known to exist.
Its liquid hydrosphere is unique among the terrestrial planets, and it is the only planet where plate tectonics has been observed.
Earth's atmosphere is radically different from those of the other planets, having been altered by the presence of life to contain 21% free oxygen.
It has one natural satellite, the Moon, the only large satellite of a terrestrial planet in the Solar System.
Article: Astrology
Section: Scientific analysis and criticism

Question: What two creations of confirmation bias are under study with respect to astrological belief?

Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe.
Scientific testing of astrology has been conducted, and no evidence has been found to support any of the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions.
There is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.
The majority of professional astrologers rely on performing astrology-based personality tests and making relevant predictions about the remunerator's future.
Those who continue to have faith in astrology have been characterized as doing so "in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific basis for their beliefs, and indeed that there is strong evidence to the contrary".
It has also been shown that confirmation bias is a psychological factor that contributes to belief in astrology.
Confirmation bias is a form of cognitive bias.
From the literature, Astrology believers often tend to selectively remember those predictions which have turned out to be true, and do not remember those predictions which happen to be false.
Another, separate, form of confirmation bias also plays a role, where believers often fail to distinguish between messages that demonstrate special ability and those which do not.
Thus there are two distinct forms of confirmation bias that are under study with respect to astrological belief.
Article: Despicable Me
Section: Abstract

Question: How many Despicable Me movies are there?

Despicable Me is a 2010 American computer-animated 3D comedy film from Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment that was released on July 9, 2010 in the United States.
It is Illumination Entertainment's first film.
It was directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud, based on an original story by Sergio Pablos.
The film stars the voice of Steve Carell as Gru, a super-villain who adopts three girls (voiced by Miranda Cosgrove, Dana Gaier, and Elsie Fisher) from an orphanage; and the voice of Jason Segel as Vector, a rival of Gru who steals the Great Pyramid of Giza.
When Gru learns of Vector's heist, he plans an even greater heist: to shrink and steal the Earth's moon.
It was entirely animated by the French animation studio Mac Guff, which was later acquired by Illumination Entertainment.
The film earned positive reviews from critics, and grossed over $543 million worldwide, against a budget of $69 million.
It launched a franchise with a series of films, including a sequel in 2013, followed by a 2015 spin-off film featuring Gru's Minions as the main characters, and "Despicable Me 3" in 2017.
Article: Indonesia
Section: Etymology

Question: The name "Indonesia" originates from where?

The name "Indonesia" derives from the Greek words "Indós" and "nèsos", which means "island".
The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.
In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms "Indunesians" — and, his preference, "Malayunesians" — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".
In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used "Indonesia" as a synonym for "Indian Archipelago".
However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use "Indonesia".
Instead, they used the terms "Malay Archipelago" ("Maleische Archipel"); the "Netherlands East Indies" ("Nederlandsch Oost Indië"), popularly "Indië"; "the East" ("de Oost"); and "Insulinde".
After 1900, the name "Indonesia" became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.
Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book "Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894".
The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name "Indonesisch Pers-bureau" in 1913.
Article: Henry Moore
Section: Beginnings as a sculptor

Question: When did the serviceman Henry Moore enroll at the Leeds School of Art?

After the war Moore received an ex-serviceman's grant to continue his education and in 1919 he became a student at the Leeds School of Art (now Leeds College of Art), which set up a sculpture studio especially for him.
At the college, he met Barbara Hepworth, a fellow student who would also become a well-known British sculptor, and began a friendship and gentle professional rivalry that lasted for many years.
In Leeds, Moore also had access to the modernist works in the collection of Sir Michael Sadler, the University Vice-Chancellor, which had a pronounced effect on his development.
In 1921, Moore won a scholarship to study at the Royal College of Art in London, along with Hepworth and other Yorkshire contemporaries.
While in London, Moore extended his knowledge of primitive art and sculpture, studying the ethnographic collections at the Victoria and Albert Museum and the British Museum.
The student sculptures of both Moore and Hepworth followed the standard romantic Victorian style, and included natural forms, landscapes and figurative modelling of animals.
Moore later became uncomfortable with classically derived ideals; his later familiarity with primitivism and the influence of sculptors such as Constantin Brâncuși, Jacob Epstein, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska and Frank Dobson led him to the method of direct carving, in which imperfections in the material and marks left by tools became part of the finished sculpture.
Having adopted this technique, Moore was in conflict with academic tutors who did not appreciate such a modern approach.
During one exercise set by Derwent Wood (the professor of sculpture at the Royal College), Moore was asked to reproduce a marble relief of Domenico Rosselli's "The Virgin and Child" by first modelling the relief in plaster, then reproducing it in marble using the mechanical technique of "pointing".
Instead, he carved the relief directly, even marking the surface to simulate the prick marks that would have been left by the pointing machine.
In 1924, Moore won a six-month travelling scholarship which he spent in Northern Italy studying the great works of Michelangelo, Giotto di Bondone, Giovanni Pisano and several other Old Masters.
During this period he also visited Paris, took advantage of the timed-sketching classes at the Académie Colarossi, and viewed, in the Trocadero, a plaster cast of a Toltec-Maya sculptural form, the Chac Mool, previously seen in book illustrations.
The reclining figure was to have a profound effect upon Moore's work, becoming the primary motif of his sculpture.
Article: How to Survive a Plague
Section: Subjects

Question: In the movie "How to Survive a Plague", was Ray Navarro an actor?

People featured in the film include:
Bill Bahlman
David Barr
Gregg Bordowitz
George H. W. Bush (archive footage)
Bill Clinton (archive footage)
Spencer Cox
Jim Eigo
Mark Harrington
Jesse Helms (archive footage)
Garance Franke-Ruta
Larry Kramer
Mathilde Krim
Ed Koch
Iris Long
Ray Navarro
Bob Rafsky
Peter Staley
Article: Disney California Adventure
Section: Live entertainment

Question: What characters were removed from the parade?

Many Disney characters are found throughout the park, greeting visitors and posing for photos.
Some have specific areas where they are scheduled to appear, but can be found wandering as well.
"World of Color" is a nighttime show, designed by Walt Disney Creative Entertainment.
It has more than 1200 fountains and includes lasers, lights, and fire with high-definition projections on mist screens similar to the ones used in "Fantasmic!"
at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World.
Mad T Party is an interactive nighttime dance party inspired by Tim Burton's "Alice in Wonderland" film and is located in the Hollywood Land district.
It is considered a similar experience to Glow Fest, which was staged in the same area in summer 2010, and ElecTRONica, a similar event themed to Disney's "Tron" franchise that ended on April 15, 2012.
Mad T Party features lights, music, projections, and merchandise kiosk stands, a lounge and an interactive game area.
The event started on June 15, 2012.
Pixar Play Parade is a parade featuring floats and characters based on the Disney·Pixar films "Monsters Inc.", "The Incredibles", "Finding Nemo", "A Bug's Life", "Toy Story" and "Cars".
The parade originally had an additional section featuring characters from "Ratatouille" but was removed.
The floats feature small water jets that shoot water into the crowd of spectators.
The music used in the parade is derived from Hong Kong Disneyland's Mickey's WaterWorks Parade, sharing the same tunes.
Due to the massive construction in the park, the parade was on hiatus since January 2011 and returned in June 2012.
The Red Car News Boys musical group is found at Carthay Circle.
They appear via Red Car Trolley and inform guests about local news happenings in-song.
A Hollywood newcomer, Mickey Mouse, arrives and is motivated by the newsgroup to pursue his dream of seeking a career in Los Angeles.
The performance is partly inspired by the 1992 film, "Newsies".
The Five & Dime swing band consists of five male musicians and one female singer.
They perform in the cross-hairs of Buena Vista Street and Hollywood Land.
Article: Taco
Section: Crispy tacos

Question: What is the name the cheese used in a tacos?

A mostly California variation where the (sometimes over-sized) corn tortilla is fried or deep-fried in oil (originally, lard).
The meat can be anything, such as ground beef, steak, shredded beef, chicken or pork (carnitas).
Ground beef is generally diluted with refried bean paste and/or potato, and heavily seasoned.
Steak will usually be heavily chili-marinated, diced beef tip ("asada").
The meat is generally topped with jack and/or cheddar cheese, lettuce and tomato (and sometimes avocado and/or sour cream), with salsa on top.
Article: Das Boot
Section: Criticism by novelist Buchheim

Question: How long is the Director's Cut of "Das Boot"?

Even though impressed by the technological accuracy of the film's set-design and port construction buildings, novelist Lothar-Günter Buchheim expressed great disappointment with Petersen's adaptation in a film review published in 1981, especially with Petersen's aesthetic vision for the film and the way the plot and the effects are, according to him, overdone and clichéd by the adaptation.
He also criticised the hysterical overacting of the cast, which he called highly unrealistic, while acknowledging the cast's acting talent in general.
Buchheim, after several attempts for an American adaptation had failed, had provided a script detailing his own narrative, cinematographical and photographical ideas as soon as Petersen was chosen as new director.
It would have amounted in full to a complete six-hour epic; however, Petersen turned him down because at the time the producers were aiming for a 90-minute feature for international release.
However, today's Director's Cut of "Das Boot" amounts to over 200 minutes, and the complete TV version of the film is 282 minutes long.
Buchheim, himself a U-boat correspondent, attacked specifically what he called Petersen's sacrificing of both realism and suspense in dialogue, narration, and photography for the sake of cheap dramatic thrills and action effects (for example, in reality one single exploding bolt of the boat's pressure hull would have been enough for the whole crew to worry about the U-boat being crushed by water pressure, while Petersen has several bolts loosening in various scenes).
Buchheim also criticized depictions of the crew's loud behaviour during patrols as unrealistic and celebrations after achieving a torpedo hit or surviving a bombing as unprofessional.
Furthermore, an officer—even an outsider like Lt. Werner—would have commanded special respect and that throwing an oil-drenched towel into his face would not have been tolerated.
Uttering concerns about the end result, Buchheim felt that unlike his clearly anti-war novel the adaptation was "another re-glorification and re-mystification" of the German World War II U-boat war, German heroism and nationalism.
He called the film a cross between a "cheap, shallow American action flick" and a "contemporary German propaganda newsreel from World War II".