community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Microscope
Section: Rise of modern light microscopy

Question: When was micro-organisms discovered?

The first detailed account of the interior construction of living tissue based on the use of a microscope did not appear until 1644, in Giambattista Odierna's "L'occhio della mosca", or "The Fly's Eye".
It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, The Netherlands and England.
Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs.
Robert Hooke's "Micrographia" had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations.
The greatest contribution came from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who discovered red blood cells and spermatozoa and helped popularise microscopy as a technique.
On 9 October 1676, Van Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms.
In 1893 August Köhler developed a key technique for sample illumination, Köhler illumination, which is central to modern light microscopy.
This method of sample illumination gives rise to extremely even lighting and overcomes many limitations of older techniques of sample illumination.
Further developments in sample illumination came from Frits Zernike in 1953 for inventing Phase Contrast, and Georges Nomarski 1955 for his development of differential interference contrast illumination; both of which allow imaging of unstained, transparent samples.
Article: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)
Section: Cardio dance DVDs

Question: When was the second workout DVD released?

Cardio dance DVDs.
A DVD titled "Dancing With The Stars: Cardio Dance" was released on April 3, 2007 featuring Kym Johnson, Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Ashly DelGrosso.
The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from Cha-cha, paso doble, samba, and jive dance routines.
A second DVD "Dancing with the Stars: Latin Cardio Dance" was released on September 13, 2008 featuring Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Cheryl Burke.
The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from Cha-cha, Merengue, Samba and Mambo dance routines.
A third and fourth DVD was released featuring Kym Johnson, Dmitry Chaplin, and Lacey Schwimmer.
One DVD is called "Dance off the Pounds" and features three dances: the jive, the quickstep, and swing.
The other is "Dance Body Tone" and features a Latin dance mix, the tango, and freestyle dance mix.
Julianne Hough, two time "DWTS" winner, has also released her own workout DVD called "Dance with Julianne: Cardio Ballroom".
It includes the Paso Doble, the Cha-Cha, and the Jive.
It was released on December 15, 2009.
Julianne Hough, released her second workout DVD called "Dance With Julianne: Just Dance".
It includes Jazz, Hip Hop, Box Step, Three Step and Dance Classics.
It was released on November 9, 2010.
Article: Botany
Section: Epigenetics

Question: What is Epigentics the study of?

Epigenetics is the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in the underlying DNA sequence but cause the organism's genes to behave (or "express themselves") differently.
One example of epigenetic change is the marking of the genes by DNA methylation which determines whether they will be expressed or not.
Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed.
Epigenetic marks may be added or removed from the DNA during programmed stages of development of the plant, and are responsible, for example, for the differences between anthers, petals and normal leaves, despite the fact that they all have the same underlying genetic code.
Epigenetic changes may be temporary or may remain through successive cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life.
Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be heritable, while others are reset in the germ cells.
Epigenetic changes in eukaryotic biology serve to regulate the process of cellular differentiation.
During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells.
A single fertilized egg cell, the zygote, gives rise to the many different plant cell types including parenchyma, xylem vessel elements, phloem sieve tubes, guard cells of the epidermis, etc.
as it continues to divide.
The process results from the epigenetic activation of some genes and inhibition of others.
Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the parenchyma, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant.
Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei.
While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as chromatin remodeling, an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate.
Article: Israel
Section: Religion

Question: Why is Jerusalem important to Jews, Muslims, and Christians?

Israel and the Palestinian territories comprise the major part of the Holy Land, a region of significant importances to all Abrahamic religions – Jews, Christians, Muslims and Baha'is.
The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely: a social survey for those over the age of 20 indicates that 55% say they are "traditional", while 20% consider themselves "secular Jews", 17% define themselves as "Religious Zionists"; 8% define themselves as "Haredi Jews".
While the ultra-Orthodox, or Haredim, represented only 5% of Israel's population in 1990, they are expected to represent more than one-fifth of Israel's Jewish population by 2028.
Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority.
About 2% of the population are Christian and 1.5% are Druze.
The Christian population primarily comprises Palestinian Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants and the Foreign Laborers of multinational origins and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity.
Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers.
Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate.
The city of Jerusalem is of special importance to Jews, Muslims and Christians as it is the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such as the Israeli-controlled Old City that incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Other locations of religious importance in Israel are Nazareth (holy in Christianity as the site of the Annunciation of Mary), Tiberias and Safed (two of the Four Holy Cities in Judaism), the White Mosque in Ramla (holy in Islam as the shrine of the prophet Saleh), and the Church of Saint George in Lod (holy in Christianity and Islam as the tomb of Saint George or Al Khidr).
A number of other religious landmarks are located in the West Bank, among them Joseph's tomb in Shechem, the birthplace of Jesus and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem, and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron.
The administrative center of the Bahá'í Faith and the Shrine of the Báb are located at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa and the leader of the faith is buried in Acre.
Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Bahá'í community in Israel, although it is a destination for pilgrimages.
Bahá'í staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict policy.
Article: The Christmas Song
Section: Parodies

Question: What was the name of "The Simpsons" episode that sung the parody Christmas song?

The title of "The Simpsons" episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" is a parody of the song.
Bob Rivers parodied the song with his 2000 album, and the title track from said album, "Chipmunks Roasting On an Open Fire".
Christy Darlington did a "punk rock" style arrangement of the song for his "All the wrong moves" album.
Stan Freberg's "Green Chri$tma$" includes several snippets of holiday songs.
One segment begins with a sincere-sounding "Chestnuts roasting..." and quickly segués into a mock 1950s radio or TV ad, for a brand of chestnuts, being described as if they were toothpaste or cigarettes.
Ariana Grande and Elizabeth Gillies parodied the song in 2011.
Taylor Schlicht parodied the song in 2012.
Article: Hey Jude
Section: Personnel

Question: Who was the backing vocal and acoustic guitar?

Paul McCartney – lead vocal, piano, bass
John Lennon – backing vocal, acoustic guitar
George Harrison – backing vocal, electric guitar
Ringo Starr – backing vocal, drums, tambourine
Uncredited – 10 violins, three violas, three cellos, two double basses, two flutes, two clarinets, one bass clarinet, one bassoon, one contrabassoon, four trumpets, two horns, four trombones, and one percussion instrument.
EMI archives do not record the names of the studio musicians, but it has been established that one of the cellists was Bobby Kok, and two of the flautists were Bill Jackman and Brian Warren.
Personnel per Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn.
Article: Universal Studios Hollywood
Section: Public transportation

Question: What times does the shuttle run?

Universal Studios Hollywood can easily be accessed by public transportation.
The Metro Red line subway train runs between Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles, Westlake, Koreatown, Los Angeles, East Hollywood, and Hollywood.
The subway line runs daily between the hours of 4:55 a.m. and 12:35 a.m.
The last Metro Red Line train to Downtown Los Angeles departs the Universal City station at 12:58 a.m. on Mondays-Thursdays and Sunday/Holidays.
On Fridays and Saturdays, the last Metro Red Line train to Downtown Los Angeles departs the station at 2:00 a.m.
Passengers can also arrive at the entrance of the theme park entrance by several Metro bus routes.
Metro Local lines: 150, 155, 224,240, and Metro Rapid line: 750 stop at Lankershim Blvd & Universal Center Drive (front entrance).
Metro local line: 165 and Metro Shuttle Line: 656 Owl stop farther away from the entrance at Ventura Blvd.
& Lankershim blvd.
Passengers will need to walk north on Lankershim blvd and turn right on Universal Center drive.
There is an additional stop further south at Cahuenga / Universal Studios Blvd served both by these lines.
This stop is leads directly towards citywalk and the entrance to the theme park.
At the front entrance (Universal Center Dr. & Lankershim Blvd), there is a free shuttle tram which directly takes the passengers directly towards the theme park entrance.
The shuttle time varies between days but it typically runs between: 7:00 a.m.-7:00 p.m. and later on Fridays and Saturdays.
Article: Navy Pier
Section: First use: commercial pier and entertainment

Question: How many people were estimated to have visited the pier during the 1920s?

Even as Chicago Municipal Pier was being built, mass-produced automobiles and trucks were beginning to wreak havoc on the package freight and passenger steamboat industries of Lake Michigan.
The Pier proved to be much more successful as a public gathering place.
In the 1920s, the Pier expanded to have its own streetcar line, a theater, and an emergency room.
It gained wide recognition in 1922 by hosting the "Pageant of Progress."
In 1927 the Pier was officially named Navy Pier in honor of the Naval personnel that served there during WWI.
In this period, the Pier was described as a summer playground, with recreational facilities that included picnicking areas, dining pavilions, a dance hall, auditorium, and children's playground.
A radio station.
WCFL, operated from the north tower of the auditorium.
During the 1920s, it is estimated that an average of 3.2 million visitors frequented the Pier annually.
This decade is sometimes called the Pier's "Golden Age".
The advent of the Great Depression in the early 1930s, as well as the increased use of trucks and automobiles, resulted in the decline of freight and passenger ship activity; however, cultural and recreational use of the Pier continued.
In 1933, the Century of Progress Exposition (World's Fair) on the lakefront also drew many conventions and visitors to the Pier.
During the 1930s, the Pier also housed various New Deal agencies.
Article: How I Met Your Mother
Section: Season 3

Question: How does season 3 of How I Met Your Mother start?

Barney begins the season with the word, "-dary!"
Robin returns from a trip to Argentina with her new boyfriend, Gael (Enrique Iglesias), and Ted must adjust to life as just her friend, while watching Robin and Gael fawning over each other.
Marshall and Lily decide to move out on their own, falling in love with a place they cannot afford.
Robin learns of Lily's bad credit rating due to her compulsive shopping for designer brands, and forces Lily to tell Marshall.
Despite this, they are able to finally secure their dream apartment, only to discover it's in a bad location and more poorly constructed than they thought (the floor is tilted).
Barney is slapped for the third time on Thanksgiving, which Marshall dubs "Slapsgiving.
"Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella.
He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party where his future wife was, although they did not meet.
Ted attempts to woo Stella (Sarah Chalke), a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo.
This culminates in a memorable "two-minute date," which incorporates small talk, dinner, a movie, coffee, two cab rides, and a goodnight kiss, all within two minutes.
Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break-up with a past Canadian love; Ted is infuriated, and decides to stop being friends with Barney.
Meanwhile, an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney's attempts to hook up.
His saboteur is revealed to be Abby (Britney Spears), Stella's receptionist, with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex.
In the season finale, Ted gets into a car accident and ends up in hospital, Subsequently Barney gets hit by a bus on the way to visit him and ends up receiving treatment in the same hospital.
Ted realizes Barney really cares about him and they renew their friendship.
It is revealed Barney has true feelings for Robin, while Ted proposes to Stella in an arcade.
Article: NASA
Section: Project Apollo (1961–72)

Question: What was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another body?

Project Apollo (1961–72).
The U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in putting the first man in space, motivated President John F. Kennedy to ask the Congress on May 25, 1961 to commit the federal government to a program to land a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which effectively launched the Apollo program.
Apollo was one of the most expensive American scientific programs ever.
It is estimated to have cost $ in present-day US dollars.
(In comparison, the Manhattan Project cost roughly $, accounting for inflation.
)It used the Saturn rockets as launch vehicles, which were far bigger than the rockets built for previous projects.
The spacecraft was also bigger; it had two main parts, the combined command and service module (CSM) and the lunar landing module (LM).
The LM was to be left on the Moon and only the command module (CM) containing the three astronauts would eventually return to Earth.
The second manned mission, Apollo 8, brought astronauts for the first time in a flight around the Moon in December 1968.
Shortly before, the Soviets had sent an unmanned spacecraft around the Moon.
On the next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the Moon landing were practiced and then finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.
The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was followed by Buzz Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above.
Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972.
Throughout these six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon.
These missions returned a wealth of scientific data and of lunar samples.
Topics covered by experiments performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind.
The Moon landing marked the end of the space race and as a gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon.
Apollo set major milestones in human spaceflight.
It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit, and landing humans on another celestial body.
Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while Apollo 17 marked the last moonwalk and the last manned mission beyond low Earth orbit.
The program spurred advances in many areas of technology peripheral to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.
Apollo sparked interest in many fields of engineering and left many physical facilities and machines developed for the program as landmarks.
Many objects and artifacts from the program are on display at various locations throughout the world, notably at the Smithsonian's Air and Space Museums.
Article: Great Depression
Section: Causes

Question: Why do scholars study the causes of the Great Depression?

There were multiple causes for the first downturn in 1929.
These include the structural weaknesses and specific events that turned it into a major depression and the manner in which the downturn spread from country to country.
In relation to the 1929 downturn, historians emphasize structural factors like major bank failures and the stock market crash.
In contrast, monetarist economists (such as Barry Eichengreen, Milton Friedman and Peter Temin) point to monetary factors such as actions by the US Federal Reserve that contracted the money supply, as well as Britain's decision to return to the gold standard at pre–World War I parities (US$4.86:£1).
Recessions and business cycles are thought to be a normal part of living in a world of inexact balances between supply and demand.
What turns a normal recession or 'ordinary' business cycle into a depression is a subject of much debate and concern.
Scholars have not agreed on the exact causes and their relative importance.
The search for causes is closely connected to the issue of avoiding future depressions.
A related question is whether the Great Depression was primarily a failure on the part of free markets or a failure of government efforts to regulate interest rates, curtail widespread bank failures, and control the money supply.
Current theories may be broadly classified into two main points of view and several heterodox points of view.
There are demand-driven theories, most importantly Keynesian economics, but also including those who point to the breakdown of international trade, and Institutional economists who point to underconsumption and over-investment (causing an economic bubble), malfeasance by bankers and industrialists, or incompetence by government officials.
The consensus among demand-driven theories is that a large-scale loss of confidence led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending.
Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets.
Holding money became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand.
There are the monetarists, who believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but that significant policy mistakes by monetary authorities (especially the Federal Reserve), caused a shrinking of the money supply which greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression.
Related to this explanation are those who point to debt deflation causing those who borrow to owe ever more in real terms.
There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists.
For example, some new classical macroeconomists have argued that various labor market policies imposed at the start caused the length and severity of the Great Depression.
The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply, and how central banking decisions can lead to over-investment (economic bubble).
Article: Private Practice (TV series)
Section: Casting

Question: What reason did ABC give for the change in actor?q

On , it was announced by ABC that Merrin Dungey, who played the role of Naomi Bennett, would be replaced by four time Tony winner Audra McDonald.
ABC gave no reason for this change.
On , it was announced that a new character, played by KaDee Strickland, had been added to the main cast.
Tony Award Winner Idina Menzel appeared in two episodes during the second season.
Menzel was married to "Private Practice" star Taye Diggs.
David Sutcliffe, Jayne Brook, and Josh Hopkins also appeared in "Private Practice".
Article: Austria
Section: History

Question: Who occupied Austria during pre-Roman times?

Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes.
The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province.
Present day Petronell-Carnuntum in Eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province.
Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years.
After the fall of the Roman Empire the area was invaded by Bavarians, Slavs and Avars.
Charlemagne conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonisation and introduced Christianity.
As part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg.
The area was known as the "marchia Orientalis" and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976.
The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as "Ostarrîchi", referring to the territory of the Babenberg March.
In 1156 the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy.
In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria.
With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished.
As a result Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia.
His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278.
Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.
Article: The Thinker
Section: Abstract

Question: Who is the famous sculpture "The Thinker" done by?

The Thinker ("") is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin, usually placed on a stone pedestal.
The work shows a nude male figure of over life-size sitting on a rock with his chin resting on one hand as though deep in thought, and is often used as an image to represent philosophy.
There are about 28 full size castings, in which the figure is about high, though not all were made during Rodin's lifetime and under his supervision, as well as various other versions, several in plaster, studies, and posthumous castings, in a range of sizes.
Rodin first conceived the figure as part of another work in 1880, but the first of the familiar monumental bronze castings did not appear until 1904.