community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Great Depression
Section: Monetarist

Question: What do Monetarists argue caused the Great Depression?

Monetarists, including Milton Friedman, argue that the Great Depression was mainly caused by monetary contraction, the consequence of poor policy-making by the American Federal Reserve System and continued crisis in the banking system.
In this view, the Federal Reserve, by not acting, allowed the money supply as measured by the M2 to shrink by one-third from 1929–1933, thereby transforming a normal recession into the Great Depression.
Friedman argued that the downward turn in the economy, starting with the stock market crash, would have been just another recession.
The Federal Reserve allowed some large public bank failures – particularly that of the New York Bank of the United States – which produced panic and widespread runs on local banks, and the Federal Reserve sat idly by while banks collapsed.
He claimed that, if the Fed had provided emergency lending to these key banks, or simply bought government bonds on the open market to provide liquidity and increase the quantity of money after the key banks fell, all the rest of the banks would not have fallen after the large ones did, and the money supply would not have fallen as far and as fast as it did.
With significantly less money to go around, businessmen could not get new loans and could not even get their old loans renewed, forcing many to stop investing.
This interpretation blames the Federal Reserve for inaction, especially the New York branch.
One reason why the Federal Reserve did not act to limit the decline of the money supply was regulation.
At that time, the amount of credit the Federal Reserve could issue was limited by the Federal Reserve Act, which required 40% gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes issued.
By the late 1920s, the Federal Reserve had almost hit the limit of allowable credit that could be backed by the gold in its possession.
This credit was in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes.
A "promise of gold" is not as good as "gold in the hand", particularly when they only had enough gold to cover 40% of the Federal Reserve Notes outstanding.
During the bank panics a portion of those demand notes were redeemed for Federal Reserve gold.
Since the Federal Reserve had hit its limit on allowable credit, any reduction in gold in its vaults had to be accompanied by a greater reduction in credit.
On April 5, 1933, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6102 making the private ownership of gold certificates, coins and bullion illegal, reducing the pressure on Federal Reserve gold.
Article: Parks and Recreation
Section: Season 4

Question: Can you give the name of the ex-boyfriend of Leaslie?

With Ben's encouragement, Leslie decides to run for city council, and the two end their relationship.
Leslie hires Andy as her assistant.
Patricia Clarkson appears as Ron's first ex-wife, "Tammy One", who uses her power as an IRS employee to trick Ron into thinking he's being audited and temporarily takes complete control over his life.
Tom and Jean-Ralphio's company, Entertainment 720, quickly blows through massive amounts of promotional funding while performing little actual work; the company goes out of business and Tom returns to his old job.
After struggling to move on both personally and professionally, Ben and Leslie get back together, and Ben sacrifices his job to save Leslie from losing hers.
The scandal leads her political advisors to abandon Leslie's campaign, and the Parks Department volunteers to become her new campaign staff.
Ben agrees to be Leslie's campaign manager.
Leslie's ex-boyfriend Dave (Louis C.K.)
reappears and unsuccessfully attempts to win Leslie back.
Leslie's campaign faces myriad setbacks against her main opponent, Bobby Newport (Paul Rudd), and his famous campaign manager Jennifer Barkley (Kathryn Hahn).
Ann and Tom begin an extremely rocky romantic relationship.
April takes on more responsibility in the department, shouldering much of Leslie's usual work.
In the season finale, Jennifer offers Ben a job in Washington, which he reluctantly accepts, and after the race is initially called for Newport, Leslie wins the position in a recount.
Article: The Vampire Diaries
Section: Spin-off

Question: Who was responsible for the Vampire Diaries spin-off attempt?

Former president of entertainment at The CW, Dawn Ostroff, mentioned a spin-off idea in 2010 that she said could happen in a few years.
A spin-off was in development for the 2011 fall line-up but, due to Kevin Williamson's commitment to "The Secret Circle", it was put on hold indefinitely.
On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a back-door pilot focused on the Originals, starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus titled "The Originals" would air on 25 April for a potential series pick-up for the 2013–2014 season.
This second spin-off attempt was carried out by Julie Plec with no involvement by Kevin Williamson.
On April 26, 2013, The CW announced that "The Originals" had been ordered to series to premiere in the 2013–14 television season.
"The Originals" premiered on October 3, 2013.
Daniel Gillies as Elijah, Claire Holt as Rebekah and Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley will also continue to play their characters, originally from "The Vampire Diaries", in the new spin-off series.
Article: Electron
Section: Particle accelerators

Question: When did physicists develop the particle accelerator?

With the development of the particle accelerator during the first half of the twentieth century, physicists began to delve deeper into the properties of subatomic particles.
The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst.
His initial betatron reached energies of 2.3 MeV, while subsequent betatrons achieved 300 MeV.
In 1947, synchrotron radiation was discovered with a 70 MeV electron synchrotron at General Electric.
This radiation was caused by the acceleration of electrons, moving near the speed of light, through a magnetic field.
With a beam energy of 1.5 GeV, the first high-energyparticle collider was ADONE, which began operations in 1968.
This device accelerated electrons and positrons in opposite directions, effectively doubling the energy of their collision when compared to striking a static target with an electron.
The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN, which was operational from 1989 to 2000, achieved collision energies of 209 GeV and made important measurements for the Standard Model of particle physics.
Article: Pablo Picasso
Section: Cubism

Question: Who developed Analytic Cubism?

Analytic cubism (1909–1912) is a style of painting Picasso developed with Georges Braque using monochrome brownish and neutral colours.
Both artists took apart objects and "analyzed" them in terms of their shapes.
Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time share many similarities.
Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) was a further development of the genre, in which cut paper fragments – often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages – were pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art.
In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton, poet Guillaume Apollinaire, writer Alfred Jarry, and Gertrude Stein.
Apollinaire was arrested on suspicion of stealing the "Mona Lisa" from the Louvre in 1911.
Apollinaire pointed to his friend Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning, but both were later exonerated.
Article: Jackson Pollock
Section: From naming to numbering

Question: Why did Pollock not name his paintings?

Continuing to evade the viewer's search for figurative elements in his paintings, Pollock abandoned titles and started numbering his works.
He said about this: "...look passively and try to receive what the painting has to offer and not bring a subject matter or preconceived idea of what they are to be looking for".
Pollock's wife, Lee Krasner, said Pollock "used to give his pictures conventional titles... but now he simply numbers them.
Numbers are neutral.
They make people look at a picture for what it is—pure painting."
Article: China
Section: Internationalization of the renminbi

Question: What year did Russia begin using Chinese renminbi in it's transcations?

In November 2010, Russia began using the Chinese renminbi in its bilateral trade with China.
This was soon followed by Japan, Australia, Singapore, and the United Kingdom.
As a result of the rapid internationalization of the renminbi, it became the eighth-most-traded currency in the world in 2013.
Article: Vietnam War
Section: Casualties

Question: How many people were killed during the Vietnam War?

Estimates of the number of casualties vary, with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths.195,000–430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war.
50,000–65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war.
The Army of the Republic of Vietnam lost between 171,331 and 220,357 men during the war.
The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974.
Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent.
In addition, Guenter Lewy assumes that one-third of the reported "enemy" killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000.
A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000–1,141,000 war-related deaths for all of Vietnam.
Between 200,000 and 300,000 Cambodians died during the war.
About 60,000 Laotians also died, and 58,220 U.S. service members were killed.
Article: Curry
Section: Curries of Punjab

Question: What should the spice level be?

Punjab is a rich agricultural land, where fresh vegetables and fruits have always been accessible.
A typical Punjabi meal consists of some form of bread or rice with a "salan" (curry).
Most preparations start with the frying of a masala which is a concoction of ginger, garlic, onions and tomatoes with some dried spices.
This is followed by the addition of other ingredients.
Spice level varies greatly depending on the sub-region as well as the household itself.
A popular cooking fat is pure desi ghee, and some dishes are often enriched with liberal amounts of butter and cream.
There are certain dishes that are exclusive to Punjab, such as maash di dal and saron da saag (sarson ka saag).
Article: Set Fire to the Rain
Section: Background and release

Question: Who helped write the song with Adele, Set fire to Rain.

"Set Fire to the Rain" was written by Adele and Fraser T Smith while the production was handled by Smith.
On 28 October, during an interview with "Billboard", Columbia Records revealed that "Rumour Has It" would be released as the third single from the album and serviced to pop and adult contemporary radio.
However, the release of the song was scrapped and "Set Fire to the Rain" was released as the third US-single on 21 November 2011.
A spokesperson for Columbia, Pete Cosenza stated: "Our research found more programmer preference for 'Set Fire to the Rain'.
[...] Both 'Rumour' and 'Fire' came back strong, but 'Fire' was a bit stronger.
[...] It's a better plan to go with 'Fire' over 'Rumour' at pop and adult radio.
[...] Everyone, from radio to the buying public, seems to be on board."
Article: Ice cream
Section: Specialty Job

Question: On beaches, how is ice cream sold?

Today, jobs specialize in the selling of ice cream.
The title of a person who works in this speciality is often called an 'ice cream man', however women also specialize in the selling of ice cream.
People in this line of work often sell ice cream on beaches.
On beaches, ice cream is either sold by a person who carries a box full of ice cream and is called over by people who want the purchase ice cream, or by a person who drives up to the top of the beach and rings a bell.
In the second method, people go up to the top of the beach and purchase ice cream straight from the ice cream seller, who is often in an ice cream van.
In Turkey and Australia, ice cream is sometimes sold to beach-goers from small powerboats equipped with chest freezers.
Some ice cream distributors sell ice cream products from traveling refrigerated vans or carts (commonly referred to in the US as "ice cream trucks"), sometimes equipped with speakers playing children's music.
The driver of an ice cream van drives throughout neighborhoods and stops every so often, usually every block.
The ice cream van is usually playing a jingle called "Ice Cream" by Andre Nickatina.
The seller on the ice cream van sells the ice cream through a large window; this window is also where the customer asks for ice cream and pays.
Ice cream vans in the United Kingdom make a music box noise rather than actual music.
Article: Take Care (album)
Section: Release and promotion

Question: When was "Free Spirit" released?

The first track Drake released was "Dreams Money Can Buy" on May 20, 2011 through his October's Very Own blog.
Drake mentioned this song was "A Story of Dreams, mixed with reality," and that this was not his first single off the album but that it would be included on "Take Care".
On June 9, 2011, a second track titled "Marvins Room" was released via his blog.
Drake initially stated that the song would not be featured on "Take Care", but because of the song's unexpected success, prompting it was released as a digital and radio single on July 22, 2011 and will be on "Take Care".
"Trust Issues" was then released shortly after on his blog, but is confirmed not to be on the album via Drake's Twitter.
He explained that the song was an idea he had from I'm On One and made it "just for fun."
However, in an interview, Drake stated that Trust Issues, along with Dreams Money Can Buy, will be included in the Birthday Edition of the album.
On September 10, 2011, Drake released a new song titled "Club Paradise" on his October's Very Own blog.
"Dropping this for our boy Avery...this was his favorite sh*t during the recording process.
2 more songs coming tonight as well.
ovoxo," he wrote on his blog.
On September 11, 2011, Drake released another track entitled "Free Spirit" featuring Rick Ross and blogged that another was to be released that night, as well.
Later that night he released a remix of Waka Flocka Flame's "Round of Applause".
On September 23, 2011, Drake released the official album cover to "Take Care".
On October 20, 2011, an unfinished version of "The Real Her" featuring only Lil Wayne was leaked online.
On October 8, 2011, Drake announced on his OVO blog that "Take Care" would be pushed back until November 15 because of three sample clearances (Take Care, Cameras, & Practice).
It was originally to be released on his 25th birthday, October 24, 2011.
The Club Paradise Tour was revealed to start in November on Twitter.
However, It was revealed that the tour was delayed until after Christmas/New Year break so Drake could perform at more schools.
A “chopped and screwed” version of the album remixed by OG Ron C titled "Chop Care" was released on November 29, 2011, and received over 1 million downloads in the first 48 hours.
It was featured on a variety of media blogs, magazines, and newspapers.
It was included on year-end lists by several publications, including The New York Times which gave major praise.
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Setting and access

Question: When did the Stonehenge visitors' center open to the public?

When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones, but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion.
Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones, but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away.
English Heritage does, however, permit access during the summer and winter solstice, and the spring and autumn equinox.
Additionally, visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year.
The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism, highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey.
In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites, 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations, declaring it to be "in moderate trouble".
As motorised traffic increased, the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side – the A344 to Shrewton on the north side, and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south.
Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site.
However, the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions.
On 6 December 2007, it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors' centre had been cancelled.
On 13 May 2009, the government gave approval for a £25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors' centre and close the A344, although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent.
On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available, supported by a £10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.
On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and grassing it over.
The centre, designed by Denton Corker Marshall, opened to the public on 18 December 2013.
Article: Periodic table
Section: Metallic character

Question: What factors contribute to an increase in metallic character in an element?

The lower the values of ionization energy, electronegativity and electron affinity, the more metallic character the element has.
Conversely, nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties.
Given the periodic trends of these three properties, metallic character tends to decrease going across a period (or row) and, with some irregularities (mostly) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons, and relativistic effects, tends to increase going down a group (or column or family).
Thus, the most metallic elements (such as caesium and francium) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements (oxygen, fluorine, chlorine) at the top right.
The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair-shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables, and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line, or elements adjacent to those elements, as metalloids.
Article: General relativity
Section: Gravitational time dilation and frequency shift

Question: What becomes of light that that is projected into a gravity well?

Assuming that the equivalence principle holds, gravity influences the passage of time.
Light sent down into a gravity well is blueshifted, whereas light sent in the opposite direction (i.e., climbing out of the gravity well) is redshifted; collectively, these two effects are known as the gravitational frequency shift.
More generally, processes close to a massive body run more slowly when compared with processes taking place farther away; this effect is known as gravitational time dilation.
Gravitational redshift has been measured in the laboratory and using astronomical observations.
Gravitational time dilation in the Earth's gravitational field has been measured numerous times using atomic clocks, while ongoing validation is provided as a side effect of the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS).
Tests in stronger gravitational fields are provided by the observation of binary pulsars.
All results are in agreement with general relativity.
However, at the current level of accuracy, these observations cannot distinguish between general relativity and other theories in which the equivalence principle is valid.
Article: Tug of war
Section: Origins

Question: What is the legend of tug of war?

The origins of tug of war are uncertain, but it is beyond dispute that this once royal sport was practised in ancient Egypt, Greece and China, where it was held in legend that the Sun and Moon played Tug of War over the light and darkness.
It is also widely believed the sport was made popular in Great Britain by Lord Elliott Simpson, in the 16th Century.
Simpson was a keen tugger.
According to a Tang dynasty book, The Notes of Feng, tug of war, under the name "hook pulling"(牵钩), was used by the military commander of the State of Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period (8th century BC to 5th century BC) to train warriors.
During the Tang dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang promoted large-scale tug of war games, using ropes of up to 167 meters or (547.9 feet) with shorter ropes attached and more than 500 people on each end of the rope.
Each side also had its own team of drummers to encourage the participants.
In ancient Greece the sport was called "helkustinda" (Greek: ἑλκυστίνδα), "efelkustinda" (ἐφελκυστίνδα) and "dielkustinda" (διελκυστίνδα), which derives from "dielkō" (διέλκω), meaning amongst others "I pull through", all deriving from the verb "helkō" (ἕλκω), "I draw, I pull".
"Helkustinda" and "efelkustinda" seem to have been ordinary versions of tug of war, while "dielkustinda" had no rope, according to Julius Pollux.
It is possible that the teams held hands when pulling, which would have increased difficulty, since handgrips are more difficult to sustain than a grip of a rope.
Tug of war games in ancient Greece were among the most popular games used for strength and would help build strength needed for battle in full armor.
Archeological evidence shows that tug of war was also popular in India in 12th century AD:Tug of war stories about heroic champions from Scandinavia and Germany circulate Western Europe where Viking warriors pull animal skins over open pits of fire in tests of strength and endurance in preparation for battle and plunder.1500 and 1600 – tug of war is popularised during tournaments in French châteaux gardens and later in Great Britain1800 – tug of war begins a new tradition among seafaring men who were required to tug on lines to adjust sails while ships were under way and even in battle.
The Mohave Indians occasionally used tug-of-war matches as means of settling disputes.
The "Oxford English Dictionary" says that the phrase "tug of war" originally meant "the decisive contest; the real struggle or tussle; a severe contest for supremacy".
Only in the 19th century was it used as a term for an athletic contest between two teams who haul at the opposite ends of a rope.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Slopestyle

Question: What kinds of obstacles are on a snowboard course?

Competitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features.
The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs (includes anything the board or rider can slide across).
Slope-style contests consists of choosing your own line in a terrain park using a variety of boxes, jibs and jumps.
To win a slope-style contest one must pick the best and most difficult line in the terrain park and have a smooth flowing line of tricks performed on the obstacles.
Overall impression is also a huge factor in winning a slope-style contest.
The rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easy