community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Wrestling
Section: History

Question: How far do the origins of wrestling go back?

Wrestling represents one of the oldest forms of combat.
Literary references to it occur as early as in the Iliad, in which Homer recounts the Trojan War of the 13th or 12th century BC.
The origins of wrestling go back 15,000 years through cave drawings in France.
Babylonian and Egyptian reliefs show wrestlers using most of the holds known in the present-day sport.
In ancient Greece wrestling occupied a prominent place in legend and literature; wrestling competition, brutal in many aspects, served as the focal sport of the ancient Olympic Games.
The ancient Romans borrowed heavily from Greek wrestling, but eliminated much of its brutality.
During the Middle Ages (fifth century to fifteenth century) wrestling remained popular and enjoyed the patronage of many royal families, including those of France, Japan and England.
Early European settlers in America brought a strong wrestling tradition with them if they came from England.
The settlers also found wrestling to be popular among Native Americans.
Amateur wrestling flourished throughout the early years of the North American colonies and served as a popular activity at country fairs, holiday celebrations, and in military exercises.
The first organized national wrestling tournament took place in New York City in 1888, and wrestling has been an event at every modern Olympic Games since the 1904 games in Saint Louis, Missouri (a demonstration had been performed at the first modern Olympics).
The International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA) originated in 1912 in Antwerp, Belgium.
The 1st NCAA Wrestling Championships were also held in 1912, in Ames, Iowa.
USA Wrestling, located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, became the national governing body of amateur wrestling in 1983.
It conducts competitions for all age-levels.
Article: South Korea
Section: Environment

Question: How fast will the next generation of broadand be in South Korea?

During the first 20 years of South Korea's growth surge, little effort was made to preserve the environment.
Unchecked industrialization and urban development have resulted in deforestation and the ongoing destruction of wetlands such as the Songdo Tidal Flat.
However, there have been recent efforts to balance these problems, including a government run five-year green growth project that aims to boost energy efficiency and green technology.
The green-based economic strategy is a comprehensive overhaul of South Korea's economy, utilizing nearly two percent of the national GDP.
The greening initiative includes such efforts as a nationwide bike network, solar and wind energy, lowering oil dependent vehicles, backing daylight savings and extensive usage of environmentally friendly technologies such as LEDs in electronics and lighting.
The country – already the world's most wired – plans to build a nationwide next-generation network which will be 10 times faster than broadband facilities in order to reduce energy usage.
The renewable portfolio standard program with renewable energy certificates runs from 2012 to 2022.
Quota systems favor large, vertically integrated generators and multinational electric utilities, if only because certificates are generally denominated in units of one megawatt-hour.
They are also more difficult to design and implement than an a Feed-in tariff.
Lauber, V. (2004).
"REFIT and RPS: Options for a harmonized Community framework," Energy Policy, Vol.
32, Issue 12, pp.1405–1414.
Lauber, V. (2008).
"Certificate Trading – Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem?
"Ljubljana Conference on the Future of GHG Emissions Trading in the EU, March 2008.
Salzburg, Austria: University of Salzburg.
Retrieved 16 March 2009 at: www.uni-salzburg.at/politikwissenschaft/lauber</ref> Around 350 residential micro combined heat and power units where installed in 2012.
Seoul's tap water recently became safe to drink, with city officials branding it "Arisu" in a bid to convince the public.
Efforts have also been made with afforestation projects.
Another multi-billion dollar project was the restoration of Cheonggyecheon, a stream running through downtown Seoul that had earlier been paved over by a motorway.
One major challenge is air quality, with acid rain, sulfur oxides, and annual yellow dust storms being particular problems.
It is acknowledged that many of these difficulties are a result of South Korea's proximity to China, which is a major air polluter.
South Korea is a member of the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity Treaty, Kyoto Protocol (forming the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG), regarding UNFCCC, with Mexico and Switzerland), Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (not into force), Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, and Whaling.
Article: Lincoln Memorial
Section: Interior

Question: In what year was the Lincoln Memorial elevator installed?

The area where the statue stands is 60 feet wide, 74 feet long, and 60 feet high.
The interior of the Memorial is divided into three chambers by two rows of Ionic columns.
These columns, four in each row, are tall and in diameter at their base.
The north and south side chambers contain carved inscriptions of Lincoln's second inaugural address and his Gettysburg Address.
Bordering these inscriptions are pilasters ornamented with fasces, eagles, and wreaths.
The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation were done by Evelyn Beatrice Longman.
The Memorial is filled with symbolism: the 36 columns represent the states in the union at the time of Lincoln's death, the 48 stone festoons on the attic above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922.
Above each of the inscriptions is a mural painted by Jules Guerin graphically portraying governing principles evident in Lincoln's life.
On the south wall mural, Freedom, Liberty, Immortality, Justice, and the Law are pictured, while the north wall portrays Unity, Fraternity, and Charity.
Both scenes contain a background of cypress trees, the emblem of Eternity.
The murals were crafted with a special mixture of paint which included elements of kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture conditions.
The ceiling of the Memorial, above the floor, is composed of bronze girders, ornamented with laurel and oak leaves.
Between the girders are panels of Alabama marble, saturated with paraffin to increase their translucency.
Despite the increased light from this device, Bacon and French felt the statue required even more light.
They decided upon an artificial lighting system in which a louvered lighting panel would be set in the ceiling with metal slats to conceal the great floodlights.
Custodians could adjust the lights from a control room, varying them according to the outside light.
Funds for this expensive system were appropriated by Congress in 1926, and in 1929, seven years after the dedication, the statue was properly lighted.
Since that time, only one major alteration has taken place in the Memorial's design.
This was the addition of an elevator within the structure to aid handicapped visitors, which was installed in the mid-1970s.
Article: Gangnam Style
Section: South Korea

Question: What was the surplus for Korea's services account in the first nine months of this year?

In 2012, the South Korean government announced that "Gangnam Style" had brought in $13.4 million to the country’s audio sector, and it subsequently launched a campaign to further expand the K-Pop music industry overseas.
According to the Bank of Korea, the country's services account recorded a surplus of USD 2.3 billion in the first nine months of this year, compared to a deficit of USD 4.5 billion last year.
This was mainly due to the growing influence and popularity of K-pop songs such as "Gangnam Style".
However, the American journalist John Seabrook noted that by "satirizing standard K-pop tropes in Gangnam Style", Psy may have subverted the music genre's chances of making it big in the West.
Article: Evolution
Section: Applications

Question: During its evolution, what did the Mexican Tetra lose?

Concepts and models used in evolutionary biology, such as natural selection, have many applications.
Artificial selection is the intentional selection of traits in a population of organisms.
This has been used for thousands of years in the domestication of plants and animals.
More recently, such selection has become a vital part of genetic engineering, with selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance genes being used to manipulate DNA.
Proteins with valuable properties have evolved by repeated rounds of mutation and selection (for example modified enzymes and new antibodies) in a process called directed evolution.
Understanding the changes that have occurred during organism's evolution can reveal the genes needed to construct parts of the body, genes which may be involved in human genetic disorders.
For example, the mexican tetra is an albino cavefish that lost its eyesight during evolution.
Breeding together different populations of this blind fish produced some offspring with functional eyes, since different mutations had occurred in the isolated populations that had evolved in different caves.
This helped identify genes required for vision and pigmentation.
Many human diseases are not static phenomena, but capable of evolution.
Viruses, bacteria, fungi and cancers evolve to be resistant to host immune defences, as well as pharmaceutical drugs.
These same problems occur in agriculture with pesticide and herbicide resistance.
It is possible that we are facing the end of the effective life of most of available antibiotics and predicting the evolution and evolvability of our pathogens and devising strategies to slow or circumvent it is requiring deeper knowledge of the complex forces driving evolution at the molecular level.
In computer science, simulations of evolution using evolutionary algorithms and artificial life started in the 1960s and was extended with simulation of artificial selection.
Artificial evolution became a widely recognised optimisation method as a result of the work of Ingo Rechenberg in the 1960s.
He used evolution strategies to solve complex engineering problems.
Genetic algorithms in particular became popular through the writing of John Holland.
Practical applications also include automatic evolution of computer programmes.
Evolutionary algorithms are now used to solve multi-dimensional problems more efficiently than software produced by human designers and also to optimise the design of systems.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Spin-off

Question: when did AMC become interested in the spinoff?

In April 2013, it was revealed that AMC and Sony were interested in a spin-off series that would focus on Saul Goodman (Bob Odenkirk), with Gilligan and series writer Peter Gould developing the project.
Gilligan had previously hinted at a possible spin-off series focused on Saul Goodman in July 2012.
In September 2013, AMC and Sony Pictures Television officially ordered "Better Call Saul" to series, and it will be a prequel.
Article: Viva la Vida
Section: Other recorded cover versions

Question: Who covered Viva la Vida?

 2Cellos performed an instrumental cover of "Viva la Vida" in their debut album "2Cellos".
 Weezer included their cover version of the song on the deluxe edition of their 2010 album "Hurley.
"
 Electropop artist Joy Electric covered the song on the 2009 album "Favorites at Play".
Article: Navy Pier
Section: Plans

Question: What year did the authority annouse plans to carry out the first elements of the concept?

On January 13, 2006, the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority released plans for a major renovation of the Pier, which would include a monorail, a spokeless Ferris wheel, a roller coaster, floating hotel, and an water park with a Great Lakes theme.
The plan would include nearly double the current parking and a replacement theater with a greater capacity.
At the time of the announcement, a price tag of $2 billion was announced.
No concrete progress was made on those proposals, as the financial condition of the Pier suffered with the recession.
Following the reorganization of the agency that runs Navy Pier and McCormick Place, a new study was commissioned to reinvigorate the upgrade process.
The new study, by the Urban Land Institute, was released on November 11, 2010, and recommended a more modest set of enhancements aimed at retaining the Pier's role as a public space, rather than turning it into a theme park.
Suggested elements include a concert venue, an enlarged Chicago Shakespeare Theater space, new restaurants, a renovated commercial area around the Pier's entrance, and additional park-like features to bring people closer to the lake.
More grandiose possibilities, including the enlarged Ferris wheel and a hotel, are mentioned as more remote possibilities.
In March 2012 a competition led to selection of a design concept presented by a team led by James Corner of James Corner Field Operations that focuses on the Pier's role as a waterfront promenade.
In 2013 the Authority announced plans to carry out the first elements of a streamlined version of that concept, with reworked streetscape and a wider pedestrian space, moving tour-boat moorings to improve the view from a new central stairway centered on the Ferris wheel.
Work began during the winter of 2013-2014, with completion expected by Summer 2015.
Article: Golden Gate Park
Section: Bison paddock

Question: How long have Bison been kept at Golden Gate Park?

Bison ("Bison bison") have been kept in Golden Gate Park since 1891, when a small herd was purchased by the park commission.
At the time, the animal's population in North America had dwindled to an all-time low, and San Francisco made a successful effort to breed them in captivity.
In 1899, the paddock in the western section of the park was created.
At its peak and through a successful captive breeding program, more than 100 calves were produced at Golden Gate Park, helping preserve the iconic bison population numbers in North America, which has been critical to the culture and livelihood of Native Americans.
In 1984, Mayor Dianne Feinstein's husband, Richard C. Blum, purchased a new herd as a birthday present for his wife.
The older bison in the paddock today are descendants of those animals.
In December 2011, after the number of bison in the paddock had dwindled to three, Assemblywoman Fiona Ma’s office led another preservation effort.
With donations from the Theodore Rosen Charitable Foundation, Richard C. Blum, and the Garen Wimer Ranch, Assemblywoman Ma’s office worked with the San Francisco Zoo and SF Recreation and Parks to add seven new bison to the existing herd.
The Paddock is currently open to the public for viewing.
Article: Body of Proof
Section: Critical response

Question: Where is it written that "Murphey and the writers will have to do a lot of heavy lifting for "Body of Proof"?

Critical response.
The show was met with mixed reviews: Metacritic summarizes the opinions of 21 critics in giving the show's first season a score of 56 out of 100.
"Entertainment Weekly" included the show in the 10 TV events to look forward to in 2011.
Critic David Hinckley from the New York "Daily News" gave the show a positive review, noting it "would be interesting enough if it were just "Quincy" with better legs.
Add the other elements and you have something worth checking out at 10 o'clock".
Other reviews were more negative, commenting on the clichéd plot and character development.
"Las Vegas Weekly" critic Josh Bell commented that "The problem is that Megan’s personal issues are as clichéd and clumsily presented as her boilerplate murder cases, and the show makes strained connections between the two that don’t really hold together."
"The Detroit News" called it "Saggy, predictable and preachy, the series debut was delayed for months and still doesn't have what it takes to impress viewers.
What a poor replacement for "Detroit 1-8-7" ("Detroit 1–8–7" was canceled and "Body of Proof" was renewed)."
The "Los Angeles Times" said "Murphey and the writers will have to do a lot of heavy lifting for "Body of Proof" to transcend its immediate predictability.
There's only so much Delany can do with a cardboard show.
God may be in the details, but the walls still have to hold."
Article: Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Section: Natural features

Question: How many animal and plant species live in the park?

Elevations in the park range from at the mouth of Abrams Creek to at the summit of Clingmans Dome.
Within the park a total of sixteen mountains reach higher than 6,000 feet (1829 m).
The wide range of elevations mimics the latitudinal changes found throughout the entire eastern United States.
Indeed, ascending the mountains is comparable to a trip from Tennessee to Canada.
Plants and animals common in the country's Northeast have found suitable ecological niches in the park's higher elevations, while southern species find homes in the balmier lower reaches.
During the most recent ice age, the northeast-to-southwest orientation of the Appalachian mountains allowed species to migrate southward along the slopes rather than finding the mountains to be a barrier.
As climate warms, many northern species are now retreating upward along the slopes and withdrawing northward, while southern species are expanding.
The park normally has very high humidity and precipitation, averaging from 55 inches (1,400 mm) per year in the valleys to 85 inches (2,200 mm) per year on the peaks.
This is more annual rainfall than anywhere in the United States outside the Pacific Northwest and parts of Alaska and Hawaii.
It is also generally cooler than the lower elevations below, and most of the park has a humid continental climate more comparable to locations much farther north, as opposed to the humid subtropical climate in the lowlands.
The park is almost 95 percent forested, and almost 36 percent of it, , is estimated by the Park Service to be old growth forest with many trees that predate European settlement of the area.
It is one of the largest blocks of deciduous, temperate, old growth forest in North America.
The variety of elevations, the abundant rainfall, and the presence of old growth forests give the park an unusual richness of biota.
About 10,000 species of plants and animals are known to live in the park, and estimates as high as an additional 90,000 undocumented species may also be present.
Park officials count more than 200 species of birds, 66 species of mammals, 50 species of fish, 39 species of reptiles, and 43 species of amphibians, including many lungless salamanders.
The park has a noteworthy black bear population, numbering about 1,500.
An experimental re-introduction of elk (wapiti) into the park began in 2001.
Over 100 species of trees grow in the park.
The lower region forests are dominated by deciduous leafy trees.
At higher altitudes, deciduous forests give way to coniferous trees like Fraser Fir.
In addition, the park has over 1,400 flowering plant species and over 4,000 species of non-flowering plants.
Article: Botany
Section: Epigenetics

Question: What is the single fertilized egg cell called in botany?

Epigenetics is the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in the underlying DNA sequence but cause the organism's genes to behave (or "express themselves") differently.
One example of epigenetic change is the marking of the genes by DNA methylation which determines whether they will be expressed or not.
Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed.
Epigenetic marks may be added or removed from the DNA during programmed stages of development of the plant, and are responsible, for example, for the differences between anthers, petals and normal leaves, despite the fact that they all have the same underlying genetic code.
Epigenetic changes may be temporary or may remain through successive cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life.
Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be heritable, while others are reset in the germ cells.
Epigenetic changes in eukaryotic biology serve to regulate the process of cellular differentiation.
During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells.
A single fertilized egg cell, the zygote, gives rise to the many different plant cell types including parenchyma, xylem vessel elements, phloem sieve tubes, guard cells of the epidermis, etc.
as it continues to divide.
The process results from the epigenetic activation of some genes and inhibition of others.
Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the parenchyma, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant.
Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei.
While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as chromatin remodeling, an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate.
Article: Set Fire to the Rain
Section: Track listing

Question: It is a digital EP that contains remixes.

;Digital EP — remixes
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Thomas Gold Remix) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Thomas Gold Dub) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Moto Blanco Remix) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Moto Blanco Edit) –
Article: Turn Me On (David Guetta song)
Section: Background

Question: Which artist is featured in "Turn me On"?

"Turn Me On" is an uptempo club song, with heavy beats and features Minaj on vocals.
It is the second track from ‘Nothing but the Beat’ that features Minaj, along with the single ‘Where Them Girls At.
Minaj sings, “Doctor doctor, need you back, call me babe / Doctor doctor, where you at, give me something / I need your love, I need your love, I need your loving / You got that kind of medicine to keep me comin.’” She raps for 10 seconds near the end of the track: “D-D-D-D-Don’t let me die young / I just want you to father my young / I just want you to be my doctor / We ‘gon get it crackin,’ chiropractor.” The song is written in the key of C minor, with a simple chord sequence of C minor-Bb major-Ab major.
It is written in common time with a moderate dance groove of 128 beats per minute.
Nicki Minaj's vocals span from G3 to E5 in the song.