community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: The Lord of the Rings
Section: Reception

Question: How was Lord of the Rings initially received?

While early reviews for The Lord of the Rings were mixed, reviews in various media have been, on the whole, highly positive and acknowledge Tolkien's literary achievement as a significant one.
On its initial review the "Sunday Telegraph" felt it was "among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century."
The "Sunday Times" seemed to echo these sentiments when in its review it was stated that "the English-speaking world is divided into those who have read "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Hobbit" and those who are going to read them."
The "New York Herald Tribune" also seemed to have an idea of how popular the books would become, writing in its review that they were "destined to outlast our time."
W. H. Auden, an admirer of Tolkien's writings, regarded "The Lord of the Rings" as a "masterpiece", further stating that in some cases it outdid the achievement of John Milton's "Paradise Lost".
"New York Times" reviewer Judith Shulevitz criticized the "pedantry" of Tolkien's literary style, saying that he "formulated a high-minded belief in the importance of his mission as a literary preservationist, which turns out to be death to literature itself."
Critic Richard Jenkyns, writing in "The New Republic", criticized the work for a lack of psychological depth.
Both the characters and the work itself are, according to Jenkyns, "anemic, and lacking in fibre."
Even within Tolkien's literary group, The Inklings, reviews were mixed.
Hugo Dyson complained loudly at its readings.
However, another Inkling, C. S. Lewis, had very different feelings, writing, "here are beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron.
Here is a book which will break your heart."
Despite these reviews and its lack of paperback printing until the 1960s, "The Lord of the Rings" initially sold well in hardback.
In 1957, "The Lord of the Rings" was awarded the International Fantasy Award.
Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped "The Lord of the Rings" become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s.
The book has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys.
In the 2003 "Big Read" survey conducted in Britain by the BBC, "The Lord of the Rings" was found to be the "Nation's best-loved book."
In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found "The Lord of the Rings" to be their favourite book.
In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, "The Lord of the Rings" was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium."
"The Lord of the Rings" was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009.
Article: Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas
Section: "The Victors"

Question: Which director utilized Frank Sinatra's version of the song?

Frank Sinatra's version was controversially used by director Carl Foreman in his 1963 anti-war film "The Victors" as the soundtrack backdrop (along with the carol "Hark!
The Herald Angels Sing") to the execution by firing squad of a G.I.
deserter in a bleak, snowy field on Christmas Eve - a scene inspired by the real-life execution of Pvt.
Eddie Slovik in 1945.
The "New York Times" film reviewer, while recognising the power of the scene, complained that "the device itself is almost as specious and sentimental as what is trying to mock."
Article: Chemistry
Section: Chemical structure

Question: Who developed the theory  of chemical bonds and molecular orbitals?

[[File:Rutherford gold foil experiment results.svg|right|upright|thumb|"Top:" Expected results: alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom undisturbed.<br>"Bottom:" Observed results: a small portion of the particles were deflected, indicating a small, concentrated charge.
]]At the turn of the twentieth century the theoretical underpinnings of chemistry were finally understood due to a series of remarkable discoveries that succeeded in probing and discovering the very nature of the internal structure of atoms.
In 1897, J. J. Thomson of Cambridge University discovered the electron and soon after the French scientist Becquerel as well as the couple Pierre and Marie Curie investigated the phenomenon of radioactivity.
In a series of pioneering scattering experiments Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester discovered the internal structure of the atom and the existence of the proton, classified and explained the different types of radioactivity and successfully transmuted the first element by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles.
His work on atomic structure was improved on by his students, the Danish physicist Niels Bohr and Henry Moseley.
The electronic theory of chemical bonds and molecular orbitals was developed by the American scientists Linus Pauling and Gilbert N. Lewis.
The year 2011 was declared by the United Nations as the International Year of Chemistry.
It was an initiative of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and involves chemical societies, academics, and institutions worldwide and relied on individual initiatives to organize local and regional activities.
Article: Lebanon
Section: Tourism

Question: How much of Lebanon's GDP is earned from the tourism industry?

The tourism industry accounts for about 10% of GDP.
Lebanon managed to attract around 1,333,000 tourists in 2008, thus placing it as rank 79 out of 191 countries.
In 2009, the New York Times ranked Beirut the No.
1 travel destination worldwide due to its Unique Nightlife and Hospitality.
In January 2010, the Ministry of Tourism announced that 1,851,081 tourists had visited Lebanon in 2009, a 39% increase from 2008.
In 2009, Lebanon hosted the largest number of tourists to date, eclipsing the previous record set before the Lebanese Civil War.
Tourist arrivals reached 2 million in 2010, but fell by 37% for the first 10 months of 2012, a decline caused by the war in neighbouring Syria.
Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Japan are the three most popular origin countries of foreign tourists to Lebanon.
The recent influx of Japanese tourists is probably the reason for the recent rise in popularity of Japanese Cuisine in Lebanon.
Article: Fruit
Section: Berries

Question: What differences do Pepo and Hesperidium berries have?

Berries are another type of fleshy fruit; they are simple fruit created from a single ovary.
The ovary may be compound, with several carpels.
Type include (examples follow in the table below):
 Pepo – Berries where the skin is hardened, cucurbits
 Hesperidium – Berries with a rind and a juicy interior, like most citrus fruit
Article: Silver Linings Playbook
Section: Release

Question: When was the film Silver Linings Playbook first released?

The film premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2012, where it won the People's Choice Award.
It received a limited release in the United States on November 16, 2012, opening wider later that week.
It also opened at the 2012 Mumbai Film Festival on October 18, 2012.
The Weinstein Company initially planned an unusually wide release for "Silver Linings Playbook", going nationwide on an estimated 2,000 screens.
They were encouraged by positive reviews and hoping to capitalize on Thanksgiving to do more business.
Instead, they took a more slow-burn approach, opening in fewer theaters, expanding gradually, in a strategy to build up word-of-mouth support.
Continuing the slow release the film expanded to 700 theaters on December 25.
Article: South Korea
Section: Religion

Question: Who was the earliest religion practiced

As of 2005, just under half of the South Korean population expressed no religious preference.
Of the rest, most are Buddhist or Christian.
According to the 2007 census, 29.2% of the population at that time was Christian (18.3% identified themselves as Protestants, 10.9% as Roman Catholics), and 22.8% were Buddhist.
Other religions include Islam and various new religious movements such as Jeungsanism, Cheondoism and Wonbuddhism.
The earliest religion practiced was Korean shamanism.
Today, freedom of religion is guaranteed by the constitution, and there is no state religion.
Christianity is South Korea's largest religion, accounting for more than half of all South Korean religious adherents.
There are approximately 13.7 million Christians in South Korea today, about 63% of Christians belong to Protestant churches, while about 37% belong to the Roman Catholic Church.
The number of Protestant Christians have slowly decreased since 1990s, while the number of Roman Catholics has rapidly increased since 1980s.
Presbyterian denominations are the biggest Christian denominations in South Korea.
About 9 million people belongs to the 100 different Presbyterian churches, among the biggest denominations are the Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong), Presbyterian Church in Korea (TongHap), the Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin).
For more information see Presbyterianism in South Korea.
South Korea is also the second-largest missionary-sending nation, after the United States.
Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the year 372.
According to the national census as of 2005, South Korea has over Buddhists.
Today, about 90% of Korean Buddhists belong to Jogye Order.
Most of the National Treasures of South Korea are Buddhist artifacts.
Buddhism became the state religion in some of Korean kingdoms since the Three Kingdoms Period, when Goguryeo adopted it as the state religion in 372, followed by Baekche (528).
Buddhism had been the state religion of Unified Korea from North South States Period (not to be confused with the modern division of Korea) to Goryeo before suppression under the Joseon Dynasty in favor of Neo-Confucianism.
Fewer than 30,000 South Koreans are thought to be Muslims, but the country has some 100,000 resident foreign workers from Muslim countries, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Korean shamanism, today known as Muism (religion of the mu ) or Sinism (religion of the gods) encompasses a variety of indigenous religious beliefs and practices of the Korean people and the Korean sphere.
In contemporary South Korea, the most used term is "Muism" and a shaman is known as a "mudang" (, ) or Tangol (당골).
Since the early 2000s, this religion has regained popularity among Koreans.
Article: Great Depression
Section: Japan

Question: Why wasn't Japan strongly affected by the Great Depression?

The Great Depression did not strongly affect Japan.
The Japanese economy shrank by 8% during 1929–31.
Japan's Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo was the first to implement what have come to be identified as Keynesian economic policies: first, by large fiscal stimulus involving deficit spending; and second, by devaluing the currency.
Takahashi used the Bank of Japan to sterilize the deficit spending and minimize resulting inflationary pressures.
Econometric studies have identified the fiscal stimulus as especially effective.
The devaluation of the currency had an immediate effect.
Japanese textiles began to displace British textiles in export markets.
The deficit spending proved to be most profound.
The deficit spending went into the purchase of munitions for the armed forces.
By 1933, Japan was already out of the depression.
By 1934, Takahashi realized that the economy was in danger of overheating, and to avoid inflation, moved to reduce the deficit spending that went towards armaments and munitions.
This resulted in a strong and swift negative reaction from nationalists, especially those in the army, culminating in his assassination in the course of the February 26 Incident.
This had a chilling effect on all civilian bureaucrats in the Japanese government.
From 1934, the military's dominance of the government continued to grow.
Instead of reducing deficit spending, the government introduced price controls and rationing schemes that reduced, but did not eliminate inflation, which would remain a problem until the end of World War II.
The deficit spending had a transformative effect on Japan.
Japan's industrial production doubled during the 1930s.
Further, in 1929 the list of the largest firms in Japan was dominated by light industries, especially textile companies (many of Japan's automakers, like Toyota, have their roots in the textile industry).
By 1940 light industry had been displaced by heavy industry as the largest firms inside the Japanese economy.
Article: Assassination of William McKinley
Section: Background

Question: Where did Leon Czolgosz work in a factory?

In September 1901, William McKinley was at the height of his power as president.
Elected in 1896, during the serious economic depression resulting from the Panic of 1893, he had defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan.
McKinley led the nation both to a return to prosperity and to victory in the Spanish-American War in 1898, taking possession of such Spanish colonies as Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
Re-elected handily in a rematch against Bryan in 1900, according to historical writer Eric Rauchway, "it looked as if the McKinley Administration would continue peaceably unbroken for another four years, a government devoted to prosperity".
McKinley's original vice president, Garret Hobart, had died in 1899, and McKinley left the choice of a running mate to the 1900 Republican National Convention.
In advance of the convention, New York's Republican political boss, Senator Thomas C. Platt, saw an opportunity to politically sideline his state's governor, former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, by pushing for his nomination as vice president.
Roosevelt accepted the nomination and was elected on McKinley's ticket.
Leon Czolgosz was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1873, the son of Polish immigrants.
The Czolgosz family moved a number of times as Paul Czolgosz, Leon's father, sought work throughout the Midwest.
As an adult, Leon Czolgosz worked in a Cleveland factory until he lost his job in a labor dispute in 1893.
Thereafter, he worked irregularly and attended political and religious meetings, trying to understand the reasons for the economic turmoil of the Panic of 1893.
In so doing, he became interested in anarchism.
By 1901, this movement was feared in the United States—New York's highest court had ruled that the act of identifying oneself as an anarchist in front of an audience was a breach of the peace.
Anarchists had taken a toll in Europe of a half-dozen officials and members of royal houses, and had been blamed for the 1886 Haymarket bombing in Chicago.
Two American presidents had been assassinated in the 19th century—Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James Garfield in 1881.
John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin, had been embittered by the Confederate defeat in the American Civil War; Charles Guiteau, the assassin of Garfield, was an eccentric (possibly insane) man motivated by personal political and religious views who had unsuccessfully sought office in Garfield's administration.
Although two presidents had been struck down by assassins, McKinley did not like security personnel to come between him and the people.
When in his hometown, Canton, Ohio, he often walked to church or the business district without protection, and in Washington went on drives with his wife without any guard in the carriage.
Article: Grand Bazaar, Istanbul
Section: Architecture

Question: Does each bay have a brick dome around it?

The Iç Bedesten has a rectangular plan (43.30 m x 29.50 m).
Two rows of stone piers, four in each row, sustain three rows of bays, five in each row.
Each bay is surmounted by a brick dome with blind drum.
In the inner and in the outer walls have been built 44 cellars (), vaulted rooms without external openings.
The sunlight in Bedesten comes from rectangular windows placed right under the roof: they can be accessed through a wooden ambulatory.
Due to the scarce illumination, the edifice was kept open only some hours each day, and was devoted to the trade of luxury goods, above all textiles.
Moreover, the Bedesten's Mahzen were also used as safes.
The building can be accessed through four gates: 
 “Second-hand Book Sellers’ Gate” () in the north, 
 “Skullcap Sellers’ Gate” () in the south,
 “Jewellers’ Gate” () in the east, and;
 “Women’s Clothiers’ Gate” () in the west.
The Sandal Bedesten has also a rectangular plan (40.20 m × 42.20 m), with 12 stone piers bearing 20 bays surmounted by brick domes with blind drum.
In this case shops are carved only in the outer walls.
In both edifices, each bay is tied to the others through brick arches tied by juniper beams, and masonry is made with rubble.
Both buildings were closed by Iron gates.
Aside the Bedesten, originally the Grand Bazaar structures were built with wood, and only after the 1700 fire, they were rebuilt in stone and brickwork, and covered.
All the bazaar edifices, except the fur dealers market (), a later addition which is two-story, are one story.
The roofs are mainly covered with tiles, while the part burnt in 1954 uses now tarmac.
In the bazaar no artificial light was foreseen, also to prevent fires, and smoking was strictly prohibited.
The roads outside the inner Bedesten are roughly parallel to it.
Anyway, the damages caused by the many fires and quakes along the centuries, together with the repairs done without a general plan, gave to the market - especially in its western part - a picturesque appearance, with its maze of roads and lanes crossing each other at various angles.
Article: Marathon
Section: Modern Olympics marathon

Question: Who created the idea of a marathon race for the modern Olympic Games?

When the modern Olympics began in 1896, the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, recalling the ancient glory of Greece.
The idea of a marathon race came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens.
This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as by the Greeks.
The Greeks staged a selection race for the Olympic marathon on 10 March 1896 that was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes (with the future winner of the introductory Olympic Games marathon coming in fifth).
The winner of the first Olympic Marathon, on 10 April 1896 (a male-only race), was Spyridon "Spyros" Louis, a Greek water-carrier, in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds.
The women's marathon was introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles, USA) and was won by Joan Benoit of the United States with a time of 2 hours 24 minutes and 52 seconds.
Since the modern games were founded, it has become a tradition for the men's Olympic marathon to be the last event of the athletics calendar, with a finish inside the Olympic stadium, often within hours of, or even incorporated into, the closing ceremonies.
The marathon of the 2004 Summer Olympics revived the traditional route from Marathon to Athens, ending at Panathinaiko Stadium, the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics.
The Olympic men's record is 2:06:32, set at the 2008 Summer Olympics by Samuel Kamau Wanjiru of Kenya (average speed about 20.01 km/hr).
The Olympic women's record is 2:23:07, set at the 2012 Summer Olympics by Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia.
The men's London 2012 Summer Olympic marathon winner was Stephen Kiprotich of Uganda (2:08:01).
Per capita, the Great Rift Valley, Kenya has produced a large number of elite marathon runners, helped by the high altitude.
Article: Cheese
Section: Origins

Question: Where did cheesemaking originate?

Cheese is an ancient food whose origins predate recorded history.
There is no conclusive evidence indicating where cheesemaking originated, either in Europe, Central Asia or the Middle East, but the practice had spread within Europe prior to Roman times and, according to Pliny the Elder, had become a sophisticated enterprise by the time the Roman Empire came into being.
The earliest evidence of cheese-making in the archaeological record dates back to 5,500 BCE, in what is now Kujawy, Poland, where strainers with milk fats molecules have been found.
Earliest proposed dates for the origin of cheesemaking range from around 8000 BCE, when sheep were first domesticated.
Since animal skins and inflated internal organs have, since ancient times, provided storage vessels for a range of foodstuffs, it is probable that the process of cheese making was discovered accidentally by storing milk in a container made from the stomach of an animal, resulting in the milk being turned to curd and whey by the rennet from the stomach.
There is a legend – with variations – about the discovery of cheese by an Arab trader who used this method of storing milk.
Cheesemaking may have begun independently of this by the pressing and salting of curdled milk to preserve it.
Observation that the effect of making milk in an animal stomach gave more solid and better-textured curds may have led to the deliberate addition of rennet.
Early archeological evidence of Egyptian cheese has been found in Egyptian tomb murals, dating to about 2000 BCE.
The earliest cheeses were likely to have been quite sour and salty, similar in texture to rustic cottage cheese or feta, a crumbly, flavorful Greek cheese.
Cheese produced in Europe, where climates are cooler than the Middle East, required less salt for preservation.
With less salt and acidity, the cheese became a suitable environment for useful microbes and molds, giving aged cheeses their respective flavors.
Article: Anatomy
Section: Research and practice

Question: What is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body?

Human anatomy.
Research and practice.
Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy and histology, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.
It differs from physiology in that anatomy is about the morphology of biological structures, while physiology is the way those structures actually work.
Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, prosthetists and orthotists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials, and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers.
The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope.
Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school.
Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format, in line with modern teaching methods.
A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by physicians, especially surgeons and doctors working in some diagnostic specialties, such as histopathology and radiology.
Academic human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools or teaching hospitals.
They are often involved in teaching anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells.
Article: Venezuela
Section: Demographics

Question: Is Venezuela an urban country?

Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas, which is also the largest city.
About 93% of the population lives in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than from the coastline.
Though almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there.
The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is Ciudad Guayana, which is the sixth most populous conurbation.
Other major cities include Barquisimeto, Valencia, Maracay, Maracaibo, Mérida, San Cristóbal and Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz.