community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Nigeria
Section: Civil war (1967-1970)

Question: When did the 30 month war end?

Civil war (1967-1970).
The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led in 1966 to several back-to-back military coups.
The first was in January and led by a collection of young leftists under Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu.
It was partially successful; the coup plotters murdered Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region.
Despite this, they could not set up a central government.
President Nwafor Orizu was then pressured to hand over government to the Nigeria Army, under the command of General JTU Aguyi-Ironsi.
The coup was counter-acted by another successful plot, supported primarily by Northern military officers and Northerners who favoured the NPC, it was engineered by Northern officers, which allowed Lt Colonel Yakubu Gowon to become head of state.
This sequence of events led to an increase in ethnic tension and violence.
The Northern coup, motivated by ethnic and religious reasons, resulted in the deaths of many military officers and civilians, especially those of Igbo descent.
The violence against the Igbo increased their desire for autonomy.
By May 1967, the Eastern Region voted to declare independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt Colonel Emeka Ojukwu.
The Nigerian Civil War began as the Nigerian (Western and Northern) side attacked Biafra (South-eastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem.
The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970.
Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war .
France, Egypt, Soviet Union, Britain and others were deeply involved in the civil war behind the scenes.
Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government while France and others helped the Biafrans.
Nigeria also used Egyptian pilots for their air force.
Article: American Revolution
Section: The end of the war

Question: Which King wanted to continue fighting?

Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain, where many sympathized with the rebels, but now it reached a new low.
Although King George III personally wanted to fight on, his supporters lost control of Parliament, and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater.
Washington could not know that after Yorktown the British would not reopen hostilities.
They still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City, Charleston and Savannah, together with a powerful fleet.
The French army and navy departed, so the Americans were on their own in 1782–83.
The treasury was empty, and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive, almost to the point of mutiny or possible "coup d'état".
The unrest among officers of the Newburgh Conspiracy was personally dispelled by Washington in 1783, and Congress subsequently created the promise of a five years bonus for all officers.
Article: Thailand
Section: Sports

Question: When did Thailand host the international 80kg welterweight rugby tournament?

Muay Thai (Thai: มวยไทย, RTGS: Muai Thai, , lit.
"Thai boxing") is a native form of kickboxing and Thailand's national sport.
It incorporates kicks, punches, knees and elbow strikes in a ring with gloves similar to those used in Western boxing and this has led to Thailand gaining medals at the Olympic Games in boxing.
Takraw (Thai: ตะกร้อ) is a sport native to Thailand, which the players hit a rattan ball and only be allowed to use their feet, knees, chest and head to touch the ball.
Sepak takraw is a form of this sport which appears in volleyball style, the players must volley a ball over a net and force it to hit the ground on opponent's side.
It is a popular in other countries in Southeast Asia also.
A rather similar game but played only with the feet is Buka ball.
Rugby is also a growing sport in Thailand with the Thailand national rugby union team rising to be ranked 61st in the world.
Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 kg welterweight rugby tournament in 2005.
The national domestic Thailand Rugby Union (TRU) competition includes several universities and services teams such as Chulalongkorn University, Mahasarakham University, Kasetsart University, Prince of Songkla University, Thammasat University, Rangsit University, the Thai Police, the Thai Army, the Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Air Force.
Local sports clubs which also compete in the TRU include the British Club of Bangkok, the Southerners Sports Club (Bangkok) and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club.
Thailand has been called the Golf Capital of Asia as it is a popular destination for golf.
The country attracts a large number of golfers from Japan, Korea, Singapore, South Africa and Western countries who come to play golf in Thailand every year.
The growing popularity of golf, especially among the middle classes and expats, is evident since there are more than 200 world-class golf courses nationwide, and some of them are chosen to host PGA and LPGA tournaments, such as Amata Spring Country Club, Alpine Golf & Sports Club, Thai Country Club and Black Mountain Golf Club.
Basketball is also a growing sport in Thailand, especially on the professional sports club level.
The Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 Asean Basketball League Championship.
The Thailand national basketball team had its most successful year at the 1966 Asian Games where it won the silver medal.
Other sports in Thailand are slowly growing as the country develops its sporting infrastructure.
The success in sports like weightlifting and Taekwondo at the last two Summer Olympic Games has demonstrated that boxing is no longer the only medal chance for Thailand.
Article: Biology
Section: Homeostasis

Question: How does a biological system normally respond a perturbation?

Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms.
All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis.
To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain functions, a system must detect and respond to perturbations.
After the detection of a perturbation, a biological system normally responds through negative feedback.
This means stabilizing conditions by either reducing or increasing the activity of an organ or system.
One example is the release of glucagon when sugar levels are too low.
Article: Thermodynamics
Section: Commonly considered thermodynamic processes

Question: At what sort of pressure does an isobaric process occur?

It is often convenient to study a thermodynamic process in which a single variable, such as temperature, pressure, or volume, etc., is held fixed.
Furthermore, it is useful to group these processes into pairs, in which each variable held constant is one member of a conjugate pair.
Several commonly studied thermodynamic processes are:
Isobaric process: occurs at constant pressure
Isochoric process: occurs at constant volume (also called isometric/isovolumetric)
Isothermal process: occurs at a constant temperature
Adiabatic process: occurs without loss or gain of energy as heat
Isentropic process: a reversible adiabatic process occurs at a constant entropy, but is a fictional idealization.
Conceptually it is possible to actually physically conduct a process that keeps the entropy of the system constant, allowing systematically controlled removal of heat, by conduction to a cooler body, to compensate for entropy produced within the system by irreversible work done on the system.
Such isentropic conduct of a process seems called for when the entropy of the system is considered as an independent variable, as for example when the internal energy is considered as a function of the entropy and volume of the system, the natural variables of the internal energy as studied by Gibbs.
Isenthalpic process: occurs at a constant enthalpy
Isolated process: no matter or energy (neither as work nor as heat) is transferred into or out of the system
It is sometimes of interest to study a process in which several variables are controlled, subject to some specified constraint.
In a system in which a chemical reaction can occur, for example, in which the pressure and temperature can affect the equilibrium composition, a process might occur in which temperature is held constant but pressure is slowly altered, just so that chemical equilibrium is maintained all the way.
There is a corresponding process at constant temperature in which the final pressure is the same but is reached by a rapid jump.
Then it can be shown that the volume change resulting from the rapid jump process is smaller than that from the slow equilibrium process.
The work transferred differs between the two processes.
Article: Bathsheba
Section: In rabbinical literature

Question: Bathsheba's grandfather was who?

Bathsheba was the granddaughter of Ahithophel, David's famous counselor.
The Haggadah states that Ahithophel, was misled by his knowledge of astrology into believing himself destined to become king of Israel.
He therefore induced Absalom to commit an unpardonable crime (II Sam.
xvi.
21), which sooner or later would have brought with it, according to Jewish law, the penalty of death; the motive for this advice being to remove Absalom, and thus to make a way for himself to the throne.
His astrological information had been, however, misunderstood by him; for in reality it only predicted that his granddaughter, Bathsheba, the daughter of his son Eliam, would become queen (Sanh.
101b, YalḲ.
Sam.
§ 150).
The Midrash portrays the influence of Satan bringing about the sinful relation of David and Bathsheba as follows: Bathsheba was bathing, perhaps behind a screen of wickerwork.
Satan is depicted as coming in the disguise of a bird.
David, shooting at the bird, strikes the screen, splitting it; thus Bathsheba is revealed in her beauty to David (Sanhedrin 107a).
Article: Wide Awake (Katy Perry song)
Section: Lyric video

Question: Who from AOL music spoke about the video?

A lyric video of the track was released on May 20, 2012, when Perry was set to premiere the song at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards.
The video implemented the use of the Facebook timeline and displayed a range of posts about the release of the album "Teenage Dream", the seven singles from "California Gurls" to "Part of Me", and the various achievements for the singles and the album.
The lyric video received positive reviews from critics with many praising Perry's different approach to lyric videos on YouTube.
Contessa Gayles from AOL Music commented that the video "is practically a music video in itself".
Jenna Rubenstein from MTV Buzzworthty stated, "it's a clever and emotional way to recall her past successes and offer fans some closure on this chapter of the Katy Perry journey."
Article: Fencing
Section: Universities and schools

Question: how long has fencing been around?

Fencing has a long history with universities and schools for at least 500 years.
At least one style of fencing, Mensur in Germany, is practiced only within universities.
University students compete internationally at the World University Games.
The United States holds two national level university tournaments including the NCAA championship and the USACFC National Championships tournaments in the USA and the BUCS fencing championships in the United Kingdom.
Equipment costs and the relatively small scale of the sport limits university fencing to a small number of schools.
National fencing organizations have set up programs to encourage more students to fence.
Examples include the Regional Youth Circuit program in the USA and the Leon Paul Youth Development series in the UK.
In recent years, attempts have been made to introduce fencing to a wider and younger audience, by using foam and plastic swords, which require much less protective equipment.
This makes it much less expensive to provide classes, and makes it easier to take fencing to a wider range of schools than traditionally has been the case.
There is even a competition series in Scotland – the Plastic-and-Foam Fencing FunLeague – specifically for Primary and early Secondary school-age children using this equipment.
The UK hosts two national competitions in which schools compete against each other directly: the Public Schools Fencing Championship, a competition only open to Independent Schools, and the Scottish Secondary Schools Championships, open to all secondary schools in Scotland.
It contains both teams and individual events and is highly anticipated.
Schools organise matches directly against one another and school age pupils can compete individually in the British Youth Championships.
Many universities in Ontario, Canada have fencing teams that participate in an annual inter-university competition called the OUA Finals.
Article: Bulgogi
Section: Preparation and serving

Question: When cooking bulgogi, when should the meat be marinated?

"Bulgogi" is made from thin slices of sirloin or other prime cuts of beef.
Before cooking, the meat is marinated to enhance its flavour and tenderness with a mixture of soy sauce, sugar, sesame oil, garlic, pepper and other ingredients such as scallions, ginger, onions or mushrooms, especially white button mushrooms or "matsutake".
Sometimes, cellophane noodles are added to the dish, which varies by the region and specific recipe.
"Bulgogi" is traditionally grilled, but pan-cooking has become popular as well.
Whole cloves of garlic, sliced onions and chopped green peppers are often grilled or fried with the meat.
This dish is sometimes served with a side of lettuce or other leafy vegetable, which is used to wrap a slice of cooked meat, often along with a dab of "ssamjang", or other side dishes, and then eaten together.
Article: Six Flags
Section: Licensing with other brands and companies

Question: What company did Six Flags partner with to make their video game?

Six Flags has licensed its name and its theme park creations to other companies, who have used these assets to create licensed products.
One such example is the theme park simulation game Roller Coaster Tycoon 2, which featured recreations of Six Flags parks and rides that could be expanded and operated at the player's discretion.
Six Flags has also partnered with Brash Entertainment to create a video game called Six Flags Fun Park.
It allows the player to explore the themed areas and mini-games representative of a visit to a Six Flags park.
In the game, players are tasked with quests that encourage them to explore the park's universe.
After creating a unique custom character, Six Flags Fun Park patrons can win prizes, and compete with other players in 40 mini-games.
Although the video game is called "Six Flags Fun Park", it lacks any major reference of Six Flags.
This caused some to speculate that the video game was created then the rights to the name of the game were sold as a way to pay for the game's development.
In recent years, Six Flags has created strategic partnerships with other companies who would feature their products inside the parks.
On March 30, 2006, Six Flags announced that it will sell no other pizza besides Papa John's at its parks.
In turn, Six Flags will receive an annual sponsorship and promotional opportunities from Papa John's, though financial details of the deal have not been disclosed.
However, in the 2011 season, it was replaced by another pizza brand.
Other recent partners have included Cold Stone Creamery, Johnny Rockets, Tyson Foods (chicken), Chrysler, and Nintendo, which added testing stations in several parks to show off its Wii console.
In late 2010, Six Flags began the process of removing licensed theming from attractions.
They terminated licenses with Thomas the Tank Engine, The Wiggles, Tony Hawk, Evel Knievel, and Terminator.
Article: Lincoln Memorial
Section: Sculptural features

Question: Who wrote, "Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C."?

The sculpture has been at the center of two urban legends.
Some have claimed that the face of General Robert E. Lee was carved onto the back of Lincoln's head, and looks back across the Potomac toward his former home, Arlington House, now within the bounds of Arlington National Cemetery.
Another popular legend is that Lincoln is shown using sign language to represent his initials, with his left hand shaped to form an "A" and his right hand to form an "L", the president's initials.
The National Park Service denies both legends.
However, historian Gerald Prokopowicz writes that, while it is not clear that sculptor Daniel Chester French intended Lincoln's hands to be formed into sign language versions of his initials, it is possible that French did intend it, because he was familiar with American Sign Language, and he would have had a reason to do so, that is, to pay tribute to Lincoln for having signed the federal legislation giving Gallaudet University, a university for the deaf, the authority to grant college degrees.
The National Geographic Society's publication, "Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C." states that Daniel Chester French had a son who was deaf and that the sculptor was familiar with sign language.
Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French had Lincoln's hands carved to represent the letters "A" and "L" in American Sign Language, "I think you can conclude that it's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands."
Article: Coffee
Section: Roasting

Question: Why does roasting change a coffee seed?

The next step in the process is the roasting of the green coffee.
Coffee is usually sold in a roasted state, and with rare exceptions all coffee is roasted before it is consumed.
It can be sold roasted by the supplier, or it can be home roasted.
The roasting process influences the taste of the beverage by changing the coffee seed both physically and chemically.
The seed decreases in weight as moisture is lost and increases in volume, causing it to become less dense.
The density of the seed also influences the strength of the coffee and requirements for packaging.
The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the seed reaches approximately , though different varieties of seeds differ in moisture and density and therefore roast at different rates.
During roasting, caramelization occurs as intense heat breaks down starches, changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown, which alters the color of the seed.
Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process and may disappear entirely in darker roasts.
During roasting, aromatic oils and acids weaken, changing the flavor; at , other oils start to develop.
One of these oils, caffeol, is created at about , which is largely responsible for coffee's aroma and flavor.
Article: Leaning Tower of Pisa
Section: Construction

Question: What year saw the largest of the seven bells in the leaning tower installed?

Construction of the tower occurred in three stages across 199 years.
Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14, 1173, during a period of military success and prosperity.
This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.
The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178.
This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning.
Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence.
This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle.
Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled.
In 1198 clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction.
In 1272 construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto.
In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other.
Because of this, the tower is actually curved.
Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.
The seventh floor was completed in 1319.
It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower.
There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale.
The largest one was installed in 1655.
The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372.
After a phase (1990–2001) of structural strengthening, the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration, in order to repair visible damage, mostly corrosion and blackening.
These are particularly pronounced due to the tower's age and its exposure to wind and rain.
Article: Rules of Engagement (TV series)
Section: DVD releases

Question: Who owns the rights to release DVDs of the TV show Rules of Engagement in Region 1?

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment owns the rights to release DVDs in Region 1.
The fifth season of the series was made available beginning February 7, 2012, exclusively as a made-on-demand release from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, in conjunction with amazon.com.
Similarly, the sixth season received a MOD release from online retailers, on October 2, 2012.
Paramount Pictures, in conjunction with CBS Home Entertainment, will start releasing the series on DVD internationally in 2011.
Season One was released in the UK (Region 2 DVD) on April 4, 2011.
Note: Following the events of Charlie Sheen’s departure from "Two and a Half Men", CBS ordered an additional two episodes for "Rules of Engagement"’s fifth season, bringing the total number of episodes to 26 from the initial 24 ordered.
Despite the episodes, "Scavenger Hunt" and "Cheating," airing during the sixth season, they were originally produced for the fifth season, and are included in the fifth season collection.
Therefore, the sixth season’s DVD release features the 13 episodes produced over that time period, versus the 15 that were broadcast by CBS.