community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: David (Michelangelo)
Section: Commission

Question: Who won the commission from the Operai?

The history of the statue begins before Michelangelo's work on it from 1501 to 1504.
Prior to Michelangelo's involvement, the Overseers of the Office of Works of Florence Cathedral, consisting mostly of members of the influential woolen cloth guild, the Arte della Lana, had plans to commission a series of twelve large Old Testament sculptures for the buttresses of the cathedral of Santa Maria Del Fiore.
In 1410 Donatello made the first of the statues, a figure of Joshua in terracotta.
A figure of Hercules, also in terracotta, was commissioned from the Florentine sculptor Agostino di Duccio in 1463 and was made perhaps under Donatello's direction.
Eager to continue their project, in 1464, the "Operai" contracted Agostino to create a sculpture of David.
A block of marble was provided, from a quarry in Carrara, a town in the Apuan Alps in northern Tuscany.
Agostino only got as far as beginning to shape the legs, feet and the torso, roughing out some drapery and probably gouging a hole between the legs.
His association with the project ceased, for reasons unknown, with the death of Donatello in 1466, and ten years later Antonio Rossellino was commissioned to take up where Agostino had left off.
Rossellino's contract was terminated soon thereafter, and the block of marble remained neglected for twenty-five years, all the while exposed to the elements in the yard of the cathedral workshop.
This was of great concern to the "Opera" authorities, as such a large piece of marble not only was costly but also represented a large amount of labour and difficulty in its transportation to Florence.
In 1500, an inventory of the cathedral workshops described the piece as "a certain figure of marble called David, badly blocked out and supine."
A year later, documents showed that the "Operai" were determined to find an artist who could take this large piece of marble and turn it into a finished work of art.
They ordered the block of stone, which they called "The Giant", "raised on its feet" so that a master experienced in this kind of work might examine it and express an opinion.
Though Leonardo da Vinci and others were consulted, it was Michelangelo, only twenty-six years old, who convinced the "Operai" that he deserved the commission.
On 16 August 1501, Michelangelo was given the official contract to undertake this challenging new task.
He began carving the statue early in the morning on 13 September, a month after he was awarded the contract.
He would work on the massive statue for more than two years.
Article: Toy Story
Section: Editing and pre-release

Question: What was happening in the scene that was cut from the final edit?

It was difficult for crew members to perceive the film's quality during much of the production process, when the finished footage was in scattered pieces and lacked elements like music and sound design.
Some animators felt the film would be a significant disappointment commercially, but felt animators and animation fans would find it interesting.
According to Lee Unkrich, one of the original editors of "Toy Story", a scene was cut out of the original final edit.
The scene features Sid, after Pizza Planet, torturing Buzz and Woody violently.
Unkrich decided to cut right into the scene where Sid is interrogating the toys because the creators of the movie thought the audience would be loving Buzz and Woody at that point.
Another scene, where Woody was trying to get Buzz's attention when he was stuck in the box crate, was shortened because the creators felt it would lose the energy of the movie.
Peter Schneider had grown buoyant about the film as it neared completion, and announced a United States release date of November, coinciding with Thanksgiving weekend and the start of the winter holiday season.
Sources indicate that executive producer Steve Jobs lacked confidence in the film during its production, and he had been talking to various companies, ranging from Hallmark to Microsoft, about selling Pixar.
However, as the film progressed, Jobs became ever more excited about it, feeling that he might be on the verge of transforming the movie industry.
As scenes from the movie were finished, he watched them repeatedly and had friends come by his home to share his new passion.
Jobs decided that the release of "Toy Story" that November would be the occasion to take Pixar public.
A test audience near Anaheim in late July 1995 indicated the need for last-minute tweaks, which added further pressure to the already frenetic final weeks.
Response cards from the audience were encouraging, but were not top of the scale, adding further question as to how audiences would respond.
The film ended with a shot of Andy's house and the sound of a new puppy.
Michael Eisner, who attended the screening, told Lasseter afterward that the film needed to end with a shot of Woody and Buzz together, reacting to the news of the puppy.
Article: Part of Me (Katy Perry song)
Section: Abstract

Question: In which countries did the single Part of Me debut at number one on the "Billboard" hot 100?

Part of Me (Katy Perry song)"Part of Me" is a song by American recording artist Katy Perry, released as the lead single from "", the March 2012 re-release of her August 2010 album, "Teenage Dream".
It was written by Perry and Bonnie McKee, with production and additional writing by Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut.
The song was not included on the original edition of "Teenage Dream" because Perry felt that it did not fit the composition of the album.
A demo of the song leaked online in late 2010, amid speculation that the lyrics were directed to the singer's ex-boyfriend Travie McCoy.
"Part of Me" was re-worked and officially released on February 13, 2012, through Capitol Records with artwork by art director Gavin Taylor and photography by Mary Ellen Matthews.
The production draws inspiration from several genres, including house music, dance-pop, and power pop; reviewers compared it to Jessie J's 2011 single "Domino", and Perry's 2010 singles "Firework" and "California Gurls".
Its lyrics describe a female protagonist who declares herself as un-breakable and strong following a break-up.
Contemporary music critics praised the song's production and gave it mixed-to-positive reviews, although some criticized Perry's vocals.
Many theorized that the lyrics addressed Perry's divorce from Russell Brand, although Perry stated it was not about him since it was written in early 2010.
"Part of Me" was a commercial success.
It was the twentieth song to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, Perry's seventh number-one single on the chart, and her ninth consecutive number-one single on the "Billboard " Hot Dance Club Songs chart.
The single debuted at number one in the United Kingdom and Canada, and has been certified Platinum in the United States, Australia and New Zealand.
Marketing campaigns for Adidas and "" have featured it.
An accompanying music video was filmed at the United States Marine Corps' Camp Pendleton in Oceanside, California.
The video depicts Perry enlisting in the Marines following a heartbreak.
It garnered generally positive reviews for Perry's "Girl Power" message, but drew criticism from feminist author Naomi Wolf, who denounced it as military propaganda.
Perry debuted the first televised performance of song on at the 54th Grammy Awards, and has also performed the song at the ECHO Awards, the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards, and "American Idol".
Article: Stone Mountain
Section: Places of interest

Question: How many historic buildings are located at the Antebellum Plantation and Farmyard museum?

Confederate Hall, operated directly by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association or SMMA, is a museum that educates students and park guests on the geology and ecology of Stone Mountain as well as historical aspects of the area.
A small theater shows a historical documentary about the Civil War in Georgia called "The Battle for Georgia".
The education department is host to thousands of students each school year teaching the subjects of geology, ecology, and history.
Classes are designed to meet the Georgia Performance Standards and the North American Association for Environmental Education guidelines.
The Antebellum Plantation and Farmyard is an open air museum composed of 19 historic buildings, built between 1790 and 1875, which have been re-erected to the site to represent a pre-Civil War Georgia plantation.
The historic houses have been furnished with an extensive collection of period furniture and decorations.
The farm features live animals that guests can pet.
A 732-bell carillon that originated at the 1964 New York World's Fair, provides a daily concert.
A covered bridge, dating from 1892, which originally spanned the Oconee River in Athens, Georgia.
A grist mill, dating from 1869 and moved to the park in 1965.
Article: This Is Not a Film
Section: Synopsis

Question: What was the duration of the film-making ban on Panahi?

Panahi is under house arrest, awaiting the result of his appeal of a six-year prison sentence and twenty-year ban on film-making, leaving the country or giving media interviews for "propaganda against the regime".
Bored and desperate that this verdict may mean his artistic death, he starts documenting his life.
He begins filming himself in his apartment, then calls his friend and collaborator, Mirtahmasb, who arrives at the apartment and takes over the camera.
Banned from film making and determined to save at least some of his artistic visions, Panahi reads some of the scenario from the movie he was planning to make.
Upon hearing fireworks marking the ancient Iranian festival Chaharshanbe Suri that precedes the Persian new year, Nouruz, and other suspicious noises resembling gunshots, he gets scared and quickly stops this project.
He turns on the TV to hear the news.
We see news about the tsunami in Japan and later it is announced that Iran's president has banned any fireworks and bonfires that used to mark Chaharshanbe Suri.
After Mr. Mirtahmasb's departure, Panahi takes his friend's camera and starts chatting with the boy who collects the litter in the apartment block since one of his relatives was not able to come that day, Panahi asks him questions about his life and plans for the future.
This conversation takes places in the claustrophobic scenery of a lift, as the boy goes down from floor to floor and ever so often gets out of the lift to do his job.
The movie ends with the boy putting the trash can out on the street, as revelers throw gasoline on a fire.
While Panahi watches and shoots video from the ramp leading down to his building's underground garage (as far, it seems, as he dare go), the boy jumps over the fire taking part in the celebration.
Article: The Big Bang Theory
Section: Howard's mother

Question: How is Howard's mother a reflection of the Jewish mother stereotype?

In scenes set at Howard's home in which he interacts with his never-seen mother (voiced by Carol Ann Susi), he always does so via shouting conversations between the rooms in his house, and she similarly interacts with other characters in this manner, though she did appear momentarily in the overhead photo of Howard and Bernadette's wedding and from the side in "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation" episode, though her face was not shown.
She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways, such as being overly controlling of Howard's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble.
She is dependent on Howard, as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning.
Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him, takes him to the dentist, does his laundry and "grounds" him when he returns home after briefly moving out.
Until Howard's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth season finale, Howard's former living situation led Leonard's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology, and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal.
Her tendency to communicate with Howard by shouting between rooms has led Bernadette and Raj to do impressions of her, and Bernadette to attempt to communicate with her in one episode by imitating her style of shouting.
Article: Assassination of William McKinley
Section: Abstract

Question: Who attempted to assassinate William McKinley?

The 25th President of the United States, William McKinley, was shot and fatally wounded on September 6, 1901, inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.
McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist.
The President died on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds.
McKinley had been elected for a second term in 1900.
He enjoyed meeting the public, and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office.
The Secretary to the President, George B. Cortelyou, feared an assassination attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music, and twice took it off the schedule.
McKinley restored it each time.
Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism, a political philosophy whose adherents had recently killed foreign leaders.
Regarding McKinley as a symbol of oppression, Czolgosz felt it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him.
Unable to get near McKinley during the earlier part of the presidential visit, Czolgosz shot McKinley twice as the President reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple.
One bullet grazed McKinley; the other entered his abdomen and was never found.
McKinley initially appeared to be recovering, but took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous, and died early the next morning; Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeded him.
After McKinley's murder, for which Czolgosz was put to death in the electric chair, the United States Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president.
Article: The Christmas Song
Section: Abstract

Question: What year was The Christmas Song recorded?

"The Christmas Song" (commonly subtitled "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire" or, as it was originally subtitled, "Merry Christmas to You") is a classic Christmas song written in 1944 by Bob Wells and Mel Tormé.
According to Tormé, the song was written during a blistering hot summer.
In an effort to "stay cool by thinking cool", the most-performed (according to BMI) Christmas song was born.
"I saw a spiral pad on his (Wells') piano with four lines written in pencil", Tormé recalled.
"They started, 'Chestnuts roasting..., Jack Frost nipping..., Yuletide carols..., Folks dressed up like Eskimos.'
Bob didn't think he was writing a song lyric.
He said he thought if he could immerse himself in winter he could cool off.
Forty minutes later that song was written.
"I wrote all the music and some of the lyrics.
"The Nat King Cole Trio first recorded the song early in 1946.
At Cole's behestand over the objections of his label, Capitol Recordsa second recording was made the same year utilizing a small string section, this version becoming a massive hit on both the pop and R&B charts.
Cole again recorded the song in 1953, using the same arrangement with a full orchestra arranged and conducted by Nelson Riddle, and once more in 1961, in a stereophonic version with orchestra conducted by Ralph Carmichael.
Nat King Cole's 1961 version is generally regarded as definitive, and in 2004 was the most loved seasonal song with women aged 30–49, while Cole's original 1946 recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1974.
Article: Belgium
Section: Abstract

Question: In what year did Belgium secede from the Netherlands?

Belgium (; Dutch: "België"; French: "Belgique"; German: "Belgien"), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal monarchy in Western Europe.
It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters as well as those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.
Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 11 million people.
Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community (which constitutes about 59% of the population), and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population (which comprises 41% of all Belgians).
Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers that are officially recognized.
Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia.
The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region.
*A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia.
Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of government.
Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, which used to cover a somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of states.
The region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, which covered more or less the same area.
From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture.
From the 16th century until the Belgian Revolution in 1830, when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands, the area of Belgium served as the battleground between many European powers, causing it to be dubbed the "Battlefield of Europe,"*a reputation strengthened by both World Wars.
Upon its independence, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolutionand, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa.
The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Flemish and the Francophones fueled by differences in language and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia.
This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement, and several governmental crises, the most recent — from 2007 to 2011 — being the longest.
Article: Love the Way You Lie
Section: Production

Question: Which british actor co-starred in a video with Eminem?

Music video.
The music video for "Love the Way You Lie" was Eminem's third to be directed by the American filmmaker Joseph Kahn.
Despite having planned to shoot a feature film and stop directing pop videos, Kahn chose to work on "Love the Way You Lie" because, according to him, the song discusses an important topic.
This was an opportunity for him to direct a video for Eminem without the comedic themes of their previous collaborations.
For the video, Kahn considered the British actor Dominic Monaghan as a co-star for his versatility, which he thought would help him play an antagonist.
Kahn cast the American actress Megan Fox, which he had presumed would be almost impossible because of her popularity with directors.
Fox, a fan of Eminem, accepted the role unhesitatingly.
Rosenberg gave Kahn one day to write a treatment, which Kahn finished in forty-five minutes.
He filmed Eminem's and Rihanna's parts on July 20, 2010; scenes with Fox and Monaghan were shot three days later.
By July 24, 2010, they had finished the shoot.
Kahn confirmed the completion of the director's cut the next day.
He said Fox's involvement made the video powerful, commenting for "Vibe":We wanted to make a specific story about two people—Meg and Dom—not a video that was representative of all couples or all domestic violence situations.
I'm not saying that all couples fight this way.
I just want people just to be able to identify with the characters and recognize that they've seen relationships like this where two people are together that are completely wrong for each other and things spiral out of control.
... Megan was the key to this video.
...
I'll tell you as a director the reason why and Monaghan's scenes in the video feel so real is because in the moment they were real.
Monaghan told MTV he thought the couple represents Eminem and Scott.
The clip was produced by Kathy Angstadt and Maryann Tanedo of HSI Productions.
Shortly before its release, Eminem reported in a press statement: "Joseph and I worked pretty closely together to make sure we got this right".
He said the difficult topic resulted in a powerful video because of the contributions of Rihanna, Fox and Monaghan.
Fox donated her appearance fee to the Soujourn House, a battered women's shelter.
On August 5, 2010, the video premiered on MTV and the music video website Vevo.
Article: Donatello
Section: Last years in Florence

Question: In what year did Donatello return to Florence?

Donatello returned to Florence in 1453.
The Judith and Holofernes, begun for the Duomo di Siena date from 1455 to 1460 but were later acquired by the Medici.
Until 1461, Donatello remained in Siena, where he created a "St. John the Baptist", also for the Duomo, and models for its gates, now lost.
For his last commission in Florence, Donatello produced reliefs for the bronze pulpits in the church of San Lorenzo, with help from students Bartolomeo Bellano and Bertoldo di Giovanni.
Donatello provided the general design and personally executed the "Martyrdom of St. Lawrence" and the "Deposition from the Cross"; he worked on the reliefs of "Christ before Pilate" and "Christ before Caiphus", with Bellano.
This work is characterized by an intense, free, indeed sketchy and suggestively unfinished — in Italian a "non-finito" — technique that heightens the dramatic effect of the scenes and emphasizes their spiritual intensity.
Donatello died in Florence in 1466 and was buried in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, next to Cosimo de' Medici the Elder.
Article: Rice
Section: Caribbean and Latin America

Question: What primary type of rice did Native Americans grow?

Rice is not native to the Americas but was introduced to Latin America and the Caribbean by European colonizers at an early date with Spanish colonizers introducing Asian rice to Mexico in the 1520s at Veracruz and the Portuguese and their African slaves introducing it at about the same time to Colonial Brazil.
Recent scholarship suggests that enslaved Africans played an active role in the establishment of rice in the New World and that African rice was an important crop from an early period.
Varieties of rice and bean dishes that were a staple dish along the peoples of West Africa remained a staple among their descendants subjected to slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, Brazil and elsewhere in the Americas.
The Native Americans of what is now the Eastern United States may have practiced extensive agriculture with forms of wild rice.