community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Astronomy
Section: Abstract

Question: The field of professional astronomy was eventually divided into 2 branches, observational and theoretical, when did this happen?

Astronomy is a natural science that is the study of celestial objects (such as moons, planets, stars, nebulae, and galaxies), the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth, including supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic background radiation.
A related but distinct subject, cosmology, is concerned with studying the universe as a whole.
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences.
Prehistoric cultures have left astronomical artifacts such as the Egyptian monuments and Nubian monuments, and early civilizations such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, Indians, Iranians and Maya performed methodical observations of the night sky.
However, the invention of the telescope was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science.
Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars, but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics.
During the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches.
Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects, which is then analyzed using basic principles of physics.
Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.
The two fields complement each other, with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain the observational results and observations being used to confirm theoretical results.
Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena.
Amateur astronomers have contributed to many important astronomical discoveries.
Astronomy is not to be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects.
Although the two fields share a common origin they are now entirely distinct.
Article: American Revolution
Section: Role of women

Question: Was legal divorce granted to patriot women?

Women contributed to the American Revolution in many ways, and were involved on both sides.
While formal Revolutionary politics did not include women, ordinary domestic behaviors became charged with political significance as Patriot women confronted a war that permeated all aspects of political, civil, and domestic life.
They participated by boycotting British goods, spying on the British, following armies as they marched, washing, cooking, and tending for soldiers, delivering secret messages, and in a few cases like Deborah Samson, fighting disguised as men.
Also, Mercy Otis Warren held meetings in her house and cleverly attacked Loyalists with her creative plays and histories.
Above all, they continued the agricultural work at home to feed their families and the armies.
They maintained their families during their husbands' absences and sometimes after their deaths.
American women were integral to the success of the boycott of British goods, as the boycotted items were largely household items such as tea and cloth.
Women had to return to knitting goods, and to spinning and weaving their own cloth — skills that had fallen into disuse.
In 1769, the women of Boston produced 40,000 skeins of yarn, and 180 women in Middletown, Massachusetts wove of cloth.
A crisis of political loyalties could disrupt the fabric of colonial America women's social worlds: whether a man did or did not renounce his allegiance to the King could dissolve ties of class, family, and friendship, isolating women from former connections.
A woman's loyalty to her husband, once a private commitment, could become a political act, especially for women in America committed to men who remained loyal to the King.
Legal divorce, usually rare, was granted to Patriot women whose husbands supported the King.
Article: Das Boot
Section: Soundtrack

Question: Which song on the official soundtrack for Das Boot was not composed by Doldinger?

The characteristic lead melody of the soundtrack, composed and produced by Klaus Doldinger, took on a life of its own after German rave group U96 created a remixed "techno version" in 1991.
The title theme "Das Boot" later became an international hit.
The official soundtrack features only compositions by Doldinger, except for "J'attendrai" sung by Rina Ketty.
The soundtrack ("Filmmusik") released following the release of "The Director's Cut" version omits "J'attendrai".
Songs heard in the film, but not included on the album are "La Paloma" sung by Rosita Serrano, the "Erzherzog-Albrecht-Marsch" (a popular military march), "It's a Long Way to Tipperary" performed by the Red Army Chorus, Heimat, Deine Sterne and the Westerwald-Marsch.
Article: Japan
Section: Infrastructure

Question: Japan has how many airports?

, 46.1 percent of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum, 21.3 percent from coal, 21.4 percent from natural gas, 4.0 percent from nuclear power, and 3.3 percent from hydropower.
Nuclear power produced 9.2 percent of Japan's electricity, as of 2011, down from 24.9 percent the previous year.
However, as of May 5, 2012, all of the country's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, though government officials have been continuing to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some of Japan's 50 nuclear reactors to service.
Given its heavy dependence on imported energy, Japan has aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency.
Japan's road spending has been extensive.
Its 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are the main means of transportation.
A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and is operated by toll-collecting enterprises.
New and used cars are inexpensive; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency.
However, at just 50 percent of all distance traveled, car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries.
Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; major companies include seven JR enterprises, Kintetsu Corporation, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation.
Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and Japanese trains are known for their safety and punctuality.
Proposals for a new Maglev route between Tokyo and Osaka are at an advanced stage.
There are 173 airports in Japan; the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, is Asia's second-busiest airport.
The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport, Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International Airport.
Nagoya Port is the country's largest and busiest port, accounting for 10 percent of Japan's trade value.
Article: Battle of Britain
Section: Bombers

Question: What are the names of the bombers of Luftwaffe?

The "Luftwaffe"'s four primary bombers were the Heinkel He 111, Dornier Do 17, and Junkers Ju 88 for level bombing, and the Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" for diving attacks.
The Heinkel He 111 was used in greater numbers than the others during the conflict and is better known, partly due to its distinctive wing shape.
Each level bomber also had a few reconnaissance versions that were used during the battle.
Although successful in previous "Luftwaffe" engagements, the "Stuka" suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Britain, particularly on 18 August, due to its slow speed and vulnerability to fighter interception after the dive bombing.
As a result of the losses and limited payload and range, "Stuka" units were largely removed from operations over England and concentrated on shipping instead until they were re-deployed to the Eastern Front in 1941.
They returned on occasion, such as on 13 September to attack Tangmere airfield.
The remaining three bomber types differed in their capabilities; the Heinkel 111 was the slowest; the Ju 88 was the fastest once its mainly external bomb load was dropped; and the Do 17 had the smallest bomb load.
All three bomber types suffered heavy losses from British fighters, but the Ju 88 disproportionately so.
The German bombers required constant protection by the "Luftwaffe"'s fighter force.
There were not enough Bf 109Es to support more than 300–400 bombers on any given day.
Later in the conflict, when night bombing became more frequent, all three were used.
However, due to its reduced bomb load, the lighter Do 17 was used less than the He 111 and Ju 88 for this purpose.
On the British side, three bomber types were mostly used on night operations against targets such as factories, invasion ports and railway centres; the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, the Handley-Page Hampden and the Vickers Wellington were classified as heavy bombers by the RAF, although the Hampden was a medium bomber comparable to the He 111.
The twin-engined Bristol Blenheim and the obsolescent single-engined Fairey Battle were both light bombers; the Blenheim was the most numerous of the aircraft equipping RAF Bomber Command and was used in attacks against shipping, ports, airfields and factories on the continent by day and by night.
The Fairey Battle squadrons, which had suffered heavy losses in daylight attacks during the Battle of France, were brought up to strength with reserve aircraft and continued to operate at night in attacks against the invasion ports, until the Battle was withdrawn from UK front line service in October 1940.
Article: Turkey
Section: Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace

Question: Who founded the first major empire in 13th century BC?

Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace.
The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world.
Various Ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, beginning with the Neolithic period until conquest of Alexander the Great.
Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family.
In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages radiated.
European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since forty thousand years ago, and is known to have been in the Neolithic era by about 6000 B.C.
with its inhabitants starting the practice of agriculture.Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man-made religious structure, a temple dating to 10,000 BC, while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BCE to 5700 BCE.
It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age.
The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians, non-Indo-European peoples who inhabited central and eastern Anatolia, respectively, as early as ca.
2300 BC.
Indo-European Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed the Hattians and Hurrians ca.
2000–1700 BC.
The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the eighteenth through the 13th century BC.
The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC.
Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC.
The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia.
Article: The New Normal (TV series)
Section: Critical reception

Question: Was Ken Tucker's impression of the series positive?

"The New Normal" received a 60 out of 100 aggregate score, based on 32 critics' responses, indicating "mixed or average" reception at Metacritic.
Robert Bianco of "USA Today" called it a "surprisingly touching comedy," adding "For the most part, "Normal" plays like a lovely, small movie, mixing humorous moments with sweet, gentle grace notes.
At its best, it plays like a Woody Allen film, something you may notice most when secondary characters stop and explain themselves to the camera."
Linda Stasi of the "New York Post" thought the series was "pretty darned good," adding ""The New Normal" finds its game when it's funny without trying so hard and sweet when it should be.
At times "Normal" is so touching you might pull out a tissue, or maybe a diaper."
Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the series a B grade, saying it contains "a mixture of sarcasm and sentimentality that isn't remotely realistic, but can be funny."
David Hinckley of the "New York Daily News" called the series "a bumpy ride," adding ""The New Normal" wants what "Modern Family" is having.
But if we're going to catapult from "South Park" to a Hallmark movie, we need a smoother ride.
"On August 24, 2012, representatives from KSL-TV, the NBC affiliate in Salt Lake City, Utah, announced the station, which is owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, would not carry "The New Normal", citing content they believed to be inappropriate for broadcast during the family hour.
KUCW, the state's CW affiliate, picked up the series and aired it on Saturday nights.
The show has been criticised for perpetuating racial stereotypes and using a person born intersex as an object of derision.
Article: Badminton
Section: Doubles

Question: When are flick serves used?

Both pairs will try to gain and maintain the attack, smashing downwards when possible.
Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an ideal attacking formation with one player hitting down from the rearcourt, and his partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the lift.
If the rearcourt attacker plays a dropshot, his partner will move into the forecourt to threaten the net reply.
If a pair cannot hit downwards, they will use flat strokes in an attempt to gain the attack.
If a pair is forced to lift or clear the shuttlecock, then they must defend: they will adopt a side-by-side position in the rear midcourt, to cover the full width of their court against the opponents' smashes.
In doubles, players generally smash to the middle ground between two players in order to take advantage of confusion and clashes.
At high levels of play, the backhand serve has become popular to the extent that forehand serves have become fairly rare at a high level of play.
The straight low serve is used most frequently, in an attempt to prevent the opponents gaining the attack immediately.
Flick serves are used to prevent the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.
At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast.
Men's doubles is the most aggressive form of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes and very quick reflex exchanges.
Because of this, spectator interest is sometimes greater for men's doubles than for singles.
Article: Body of Proof
Section: Critical response

Question: What was Metacritic's score for Body of Proof?

Critical response.
The show was met with mixed reviews: Metacritic summarizes the opinions of 21 critics in giving the show's first season a score of 56 out of 100.
"Entertainment Weekly" included the show in the 10 TV events to look forward to in 2011.
Critic David Hinckley from the New York "Daily News" gave the show a positive review, noting it "would be interesting enough if it were just "Quincy" with better legs.
Add the other elements and you have something worth checking out at 10 o'clock".
Other reviews were more negative, commenting on the clichéd plot and character development.
"Las Vegas Weekly" critic Josh Bell commented that "The problem is that Megan’s personal issues are as clichéd and clumsily presented as her boilerplate murder cases, and the show makes strained connections between the two that don’t really hold together."
"The Detroit News" called it "Saggy, predictable and preachy, the series debut was delayed for months and still doesn't have what it takes to impress viewers.
What a poor replacement for "Detroit 1-8-7" ("Detroit 1–8–7" was canceled and "Body of Proof" was renewed)."
The "Los Angeles Times" said "Murphey and the writers will have to do a lot of heavy lifting for "Body of Proof" to transcend its immediate predictability.
There's only so much Delany can do with a cardboard show.
God may be in the details, but the walls still have to hold."
Article: Galbi
Section: Varieties

Question: What could Tteokgalbi be compared to?

Dwaeji galbi () is made with pork ribs that can be seasoned with a typical ganjang-based sauce or gochujang-based sauce (chili pepper condiment).
In the latter case, the dish is called "maeun dwaeji galbi" (), literally meaning "hot and spicy pork ribs" in Korean.
Dak galbi () is made with chicken legs although the name contains "galbi".
It is seasoned with a gochujang-based sauce, but "maeun" (매운, hot and spicy) is not prefixed.
Tteokgalbi () is made much like meat balls.
Ground beef ribs are clumped together in chunks before being grilled.
Rice cakes (tteok) is often grilled with the tteokgalbi, typically at the center of it.
L.A.
galbi () is made with beef ribs thinly cut across the bone.
As the name suggests, this is an American variation that originates from South Korean expatriate communities in the Californian city of Los Angeles.
It is prepared in the same way as regular galbi, except that the ribs are cut differently.
Because most American butcheries cut ribs rib-eye style, instead of the thicker chunks of individual ribs South Koreans typically do in their own country, South Korean-owned restaurants in Los Angeles made galbi with these thinner cuts of beef with several ribs.
This variation has since made its way back to South Korea as well.
Article: Microscope
Section: Rise of modern light microscopy

Question: Who developed Phase Contrast?

The first detailed account of the interior construction of living tissue based on the use of a microscope did not appear until 1644, in Giambattista Odierna's "L'occhio della mosca", or "The Fly's Eye".
It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, The Netherlands and England.
Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs.
Robert Hooke's "Micrographia" had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations.
The greatest contribution came from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who discovered red blood cells and spermatozoa and helped popularise microscopy as a technique.
On 9 October 1676, Van Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms.
In 1893 August Köhler developed a key technique for sample illumination, Köhler illumination, which is central to modern light microscopy.
This method of sample illumination gives rise to extremely even lighting and overcomes many limitations of older techniques of sample illumination.
Further developments in sample illumination came from Frits Zernike in 1953 for inventing Phase Contrast, and Georges Nomarski 1955 for his development of differential interference contrast illumination; both of which allow imaging of unstained, transparent samples.
Article: Let It Be
Section: Conflicts

Question: Which album did the Beatles record the year before Let It Be?

The rehearsals and recording sessions for the album did not run smoothly.
The acrimony that began during the recording of the previous year's "White Album" resumed soon after the rehearsals began.
The Beatles were not getting along, and Lennon and McCartney weren't working together as before.
McCartney assumed the role of the leader, while a laid back Lennon was more interested in spending time/making music with his soon-to-be wife Yoko Ono, who was now present in the studio with him at all times.
All of the factors led to friction within the band.
At one point, Harrison walked out and quit the group after several arguments with McCartney and a severe fall-out with Lennon, due to the former's perfectionism and the latter's growing lack of interest in the band.
Harrison was eventually coaxed back a few days later.
The film version is famous for showcasing a number of conflicts between the group members and has frequently been referred to as a documentary intended to show the making of an album but instead showing "the break-up of a band".
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: Zambia's independence and Rhodesia's UDI

Question: When did the Zambia border re-open?

In 1964, Northern Rhodesia became the independent state of Zambia.
The following year, Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence.
This was not recognized by Zambia, the United Kingdom or the vast majority of states and led to United Nations-mandated sanctions.
In response to the emerging crisis, in 1966 Zambia restricted or stopped border crossings; it did not re-open the border completely until 1980.
Guerilla warfare arose on the southern side of the Zambezi from 1972: the Rhodesian Bush War.
Visitor numbers began to drop, particularly on the Rhodesian side.
The war affected Zambia through military incursions, causing the latter to impose security measures including the stationing of soldiers to restrict access to the gorges and some parts of the falls.
Zimbabwe's internationally recognised independence in 1980 brought comparative peace, and the 1980s witnessed renewed levels of tourism and the development of the region as a centre for adventure sports.
Activities that gained popularity in the area include whitewater rafting in the gorges, bungee jumping from the bridge, game fishing, horse riding, kayaking, and flights over the falls.