community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Johannes Vermeer
Section: Abstract

Question: What is Vermeer famously renowned for?

Johannes, Jan or Johan Vermeer (; 1632 – December 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life.
Vermeer was a moderately successful provincial genre painter in his lifetime.
He seems never to have been particularly wealthy, leaving his wife and children in debt at his death, perhaps because he produced relatively few paintings.
Vermeer worked slowly and with great care, using bright colours and sometimes expensive pigments, with a preference for lapis lazuli and Indian yellow.
He is particularly renowned for his masterly treatment and use of light in his work.
Vermeer painted mostly domestic interior scenes.
"Almost all his paintings are apparently set in two smallish rooms in his house in Delft; they show the same furniture and decorations in various arrangements and they often portray the same people, mostly women.
"Recognized during his lifetime in Delft and The Hague, his modest celebrity gave way to obscurity after his death; he was barely mentioned in Arnold Houbraken's major source book on 17th-century Dutch painting ("Grand Theatre of Dutch Painters and Women Artists"), and was thus omitted from subsequent surveys of Dutch art for nearly two centuries.
In the 19th century, Vermeer was rediscovered by Gustav Friedrich Waagen and Théophile Thoré-Bürger, who published an essay attributing sixty-six pictures to him, although only thirty-four paintings are universally attributed to him today.
Since that time, Vermeer's reputation has grown, and he is now acknowledged as one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age.
Article: Aurora
Section: On other planets

Question: When was an aurora dectected?

[[Image:Saturns Northern Aurora still.jpg|thumb|An aurora high above the northern part of Saturn; image taken by the Cassini spacecraft,a movie (click on image), shows images from 81 hours of observations of Saturn's aurora]]Both Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields much stronger than Earth's (Jupiter's equatorial field strength is 4.3 gauss, compared to 0.3 gauss for Earth), and both have large radiation belts.
Auroras have been observed on both, most clearly with the Hubble Space Telescope.
Uranus and Neptune have also been observed to have auroras.
The auroras on the gas giants seem, like Earth's, to be powered by the solar wind.
In addition, however, Jupiter's moons, especially Io, are powerful sources of auroras on Jupiter.
These arise from electric currents along field lines ("field aligned currents"), generated by a dynamo mechanism due to the relative motion between the rotating planet and the moving moon.
Io, which has active volcanism and an ionosphere, is a particularly strong source, and its currents also generate radio emissions, studied since 1955.
Auroras also have been observed on the surfaces of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, using the Hubble Space Telescope.
These auroras have also been observed on Venus and Mars.
Because Venus has no intrinsic (planetary) magnetic field, Venusian auroras appear as bright and diffuse patches of varying shape and intensity, sometimes distributed across the full planetary disc.
Venusian auroras are produced by the impact of electrons originating from the solar wind and precipitating in the night-side atmosphere.
An aurora was also detected on Mars, on 14 August 2004, by the SPICAM instrument aboard Mars Express.
The aurora was located at Terra Cimmeria, in the region of 177° East, 52° South.
The total size of the emission region was about 30 km across, and possibly about 8 km high.
By analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor, scientists observed that the region of the emissions corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized.
This correlation indicates that the origin of the light emission was a flux of electrons moving along the crust magnetic lines and exciting the upper atmosphere of Mars.
Article: Somebody That I Used to Know
Section: Music video

Question: Was anyone naked in the video for Somebody That I Used to Know?

Music video.
The music video for "Somebody That I Used To Know", which was directed and produced by Natasha Pincus, shows both Gotye and Kimbra naked throughout the clip, and as they sing, his skin is gradually painted into the backdrop via stop motion animation.
In the director's cut, it features nudity.
The director's cut was never posted.
The painting used in the video's background, painted by Howard Clark, is based on a 1980s artwork created by Gotye's father, Frank de Backer, who also designed the cover art for the related album, "Making Mirrors".
Emma Hack, an Australian artist and skin illustrator based in Adelaide, was hired by Pincus to work on the body paintings for Gotye and Kimbra.
Melbourne Scenic Artist Howard Clark painted the backdrop.
According to Hack, it took more than 23 hours to paint both Gotye and Kimbra to fit with Howard's background.
Their painting symbolises their combined relationship.
Before its official premiere, the music video was leaked on Take 40 Australia's website.
According to Pincus, "It was stolen out of our system.
I guess it's always wanted to get out there.
Within five minutes it was everywhere".
On 30 July 2011 it was officially premiered on YouTube and on the Australian music show "Rage".
The music video was well received for its artistic style, picking up 200,000 views in its first two weeks, as well as receiving promotion on Twitter by actor Ashton Kutcher and Katy Perry.
As of May 2013, the video has over 400 million views on YouTube.
The video for "Somebody That I Used to Know" was voted number 1 in the annual "Rage" Fifty countdown.
Andy Samberg and Taran Killam parodied the video in a "Saturday Night Live" "digital short" that coincided with Gotye's 14 April 2012 performance on the show.
The video was nominated for Video of the Year and Best Editing in a Video at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards.
Article: Cricket
Section: Results

Question: What is the result if no side wins when the time runs out?

If the team that bats last is all out having scored fewer runs than their opponents, the team is said to have "lost by "n" runs" (where "n" is the difference between the number of runs scored by the teams).
If the team that bats last scores enough runs to win, it is said to have "won by "n" wickets", where "n" is the number of wickets left to fall.
For instance a team that passes its opponents' score having only lost six wickets would have won "by four wickets".
In a two-innings-a-side match, one team's combined first and second innings total may be less than the other side's first innings total.
The team with the greater score is then said to have "won by an innings and "n" runs", and does not need to bat again: "n" is the difference between the two teams' aggregate scores.
If the team batting last is all out, and both sides have scored the same number of runs, then the match is a tie; this result is quite rare in matches of two innings a side.
In the traditional form of the game, if the time allotted for the match expires before either side can win, then the game is declared a draw.
If the match has only a single innings per side, then a maximum number of deliveries for each innings is often imposed.
Such a match is called a "limited overs" or "one-day" match, and the side scoring more runs wins regardless of the number of wickets lost, so that a draw cannot occur.
If this kind of match is temporarily interrupted by bad weather, then a complex mathematical formula, known as the Duckworth-Lewis method after its developers, is often used to recalculate a new target score.
A one-day match can also be declared a "no-result" if fewer than a previously agreed number of overs have been bowled by either team, in circumstances that make normal resumption of play impossible; for example, wet weather.
Article: Claude Monet
Section: Death

Question: How did Claude Monet die?

Monet died of lung cancer on 5 December 1926 at the age of 86 and is buried in the Giverny church cemetery.
Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple; thus only about fifty people attended the ceremony.
His home, garden, and waterlily pond were bequeathed by his son Michel, his only heir, to the French Academy of Fine Arts (part of the Institut de France) in 1966.
Through the "Fondation Claude Monet", the house and gardens were opened for visits in 1980, following restoration.
In addition to souvenirs of Monet and other objects of his life, the house contains his collection of Japanese woodcut prints.
The house and garden, along with the "Museum of Impressionism Giverny," are major attractions in Giverny, which hosts tourists from all over the world.
Article: Volleyball
Section: Scoring

Question: How is a error made?

When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point, whether they served the ball or not.
If the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as in.
The team that won the point serves for the next point.
If the team that won the point served in the previous point, the same player serves again.
If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the players of the team rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner.
The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points by a two-point margin is awarded the set.
Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set, if necessary, is usually played to 15 points.
(Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-three to 25; in the NCAA matches are played best-of-five to 25 as of the 2008 season.
)Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve ("side-out scoring") and all sets went up to only 15 points.
The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 (with the changes being compulsory in 2000) to use the current scoring system (formerly known as "rally point system"), primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and television-friendly.
The final year of side-out scoring at the NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Championship was 2000.
Rally point scoring debuted in 2001 and games were played to 30 points through 2007.
For the 2008 season, games were renamed "sets" and reduced to 25 points to win.
Article: Nigeria
Section: Democratization (1999-)

Question: How long was Nigeria under military rule?

Democratization (1999-).
Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria ending almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999) excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998.
Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.
Ethnic violence over the oil producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the issues in the country.
Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) came into power in the general election of 2007 – an election that was witnessed and condemned by the international community as being severely flawed.
Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010.
Dr. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010, becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State, while his vice, a former Kaduna State governor, Namadi Sambo, an architect, was chosen on 18 May 2010, by the National Assembly following President Goodluck Jonathan's nomination for Sambo to be his Vice-President.
Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted.
Goodluck Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election by a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast.
The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud in contrast to previous elections.
Article: The Shawshank Redemption
Section: Abstract

Question: When Andy Dufresne was incarcerated, who did he befriend?

The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 American drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont and starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman.
Adapted from the Stephen King novella "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption", the film tells the story of Andy Dufresne, a banker who spends 19 years in Shawshank State Prison for the murder of his wife and her lover despite his claims of innocence.
During his time at the prison, he befriends a fellow inmate, Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding, and finds himself protected by the guards after the warden begins using him in his money laundering operation.
Despite a lukewarm box office reception that barely recouped its budget, the film received multiple award nominations and favorable reviews from critics for its acting and realism.
It has since enjoyed a remarkable life on cable television, VHS, DVD, and Blu-ray.
It was included in the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition.
Article: Disney California Adventure
Section: Buena Vista Street

Question: What's Buena Vista Street?

Buena Vista Street is the first "themed district" inside the main entrance of California Adventure Park, taking its name from the Burbank street on which the Walt Disney Studios are located.
Guests enter through the main entrance gate, which resembles the landmark Pan-Pacific Auditorium.
Buena Vista Street includes an immersive recreation of early 1920s Los Angeles when Walt Disney first arrived with Mission and Art Deco facades housing shops and restaurants.
A recreation of Carthay Circle Theater, which showcased the world premiere of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" in 1937 sits at the end of the street, serving as the visual anchor for the district.
The narrow gauge Red Car Trolley travels from the entry, up Buena Vista Street to Carthay Circle, then down Hollywood Boulevard towards the Tower of Terror.
Buena Vista Street was opened to the public on June 15, 2012.
Article: Hong Kong
Section: Health

Question: Why did local pregnant women protest in Hong Kong?

There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong.
There is little interaction between public and private healthcare.
The hospitals offer a wide range of healthcare services, and some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to be world class.
According to UN estimates, Hong Kong has one of the longest life expectancy of any country or territory in the world.
As of 2012, Hong Kong women are the longest living demographic group in the world.
There are two medical schools in the territory, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at the University of Hong Kong.
Both have links with public sector hospitals.
With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK).
However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory.
Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals both public and private.
This has led to protest from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty in securing a bed space for giving birth and routine check-ups.
Other concerns in the decade of 2001–2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.
Article: Person of interest
Section: "Hatfill v. Ashcroft"

Question: What year was the case settled?

The use of the term became widely critiqued when United States Attorney General John Ashcroft used it in a press conference when asked if Dr. Steven J. Hatfill was a suspect in the 2001 anthrax attacks case.
In 2002, Hatfill's attorney filed a complaint with the Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility, arguing that "the term is not recognized in law or criminal procedure and that Ashcroft did not have the right 'to preside over the public shredding of life.
This is un-American.
Mr. Ashcroft owes Dr. Hatfill an apology.
The case was settled in 2008 for $5.8 million.
Article: Diving
Section: Entry

Question: Why is it impossible to achieve a completely vertical position through entry when diving?

The rules state that the body should be vertical, or nearly so, for entry.
Strictly speaking, it is physically impossible to achieve a literally vertical position throughout the entry as there will inevitably still be some rotational momentum while the body is entering the water.
Divers therefore attempt to create the illusion of being vertical, especially when performing rapidly rotating multiple somersault movements.
One technique is to allow the upper body to enter slightly short of vertical so that the continuing rotation leaves the final impression of the legs entering vertically.
Another is to use "entry save" movements of scooping the upper body underwater in the direction of rotation so as to counteract the rotation of the legs.
The arms must be beside the body for feet-first dives, which are typically competed only on the 1m springboard and only at fairly low levels of competition, and extended forwards in line for "head-first" dives, which are much more common competitively.
It used to be common for the hands to be interlocked with the fingers extended towards the water, but a different technique has become favoured during the last few decades.
Now the usual practice is for one hand to grasp the other with palms down to strike the water with a flat surface.
This creates a vacuum between the hands, arms and head which, with a vertical entry, will pull down and under any splash until deep enough to have minimal effect on the surface of the water (the so-called "rip entry").
Once a diver is completely under the water they may choose to roll or scoop in the same direction their dive was rotating to pull their legs into a more vertical position.
Article: Battle of Red Cliffs
Section: Fictionalised account

Question: What is one of the differences from historical facts in the film?

The romantic tradition that originated with Luo Guanzhong's historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" differs from historical accounts in many details.
For example, Cao Cao's army strength was exaggerated to over 830,000 men.
This may be attributed to the ethos of later times, particularly of the Southern Song Dynasty .
The state of Shu Han, in particular, was viewed by later literati as the "legitimate" successor to the Han Dynasty, so fictionalised accounts assign greater prominence than the historical records warrant to the roles of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and other heroes from Shu.
This is generally accomplished by minimising the importance of Eastern Wu commanders and advisors such as Zhou Yu and Lu Su .
While historical accounts describe Lu Su as a sensible advisor and Zhou Yu as an eminent military leader and "generous, sensible and courageous" man, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" depicts Lu Su as unremarkable and Zhou Yu as cruel and cynical .
Both are depicted as being inferior to Zhuge Liang in every respect .
The romances added wholly fictional and fantastical elements to the historical accounts and these were repeated in popular plays and operas.
Examples from the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" include Zhuge Liang pretending to use magic to call forth favourable winds (that he had in fact predicted by astronomical observation) for the fire ship attack, his strategy of "using straw boats to borrow arrows", and Guan Yu capturing and releasing Cao Cao at Huarong Trail.
The fictionalised accounts also name Zhuge Liang as a military commander in the combined forces, which is historically inaccurate .
Article: Iran
Section: Popular culture and cinema

Question: The music of persia is related to what culture?

The musical culture of Persia, while distinct, is closely related to other musical systems of the West and Central Asia.
It has also affinities to the music cultures of the Indian subcontinent, to a certain degree even to those of Africa, and, in the period after 1850 particularly, to that of Europe.
Its history can be traced to some extent through these relationships.
Like that of most of the world’s cultures, the music of Persia has depended on oral/aural transmission and learning.
Iranian cinema has thrived in modern Iran, and many Iranian directors have garnered worldwide recognition for their work.
Iranian movies have won over three hundred awards in the past twenty-five years including Oscars.
One of the best-known directors is Abbas Kiarostami.
Article: Quantum
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the effect of a quantized electron bond on an atom?

In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction.
Behind this, one finds the fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized," referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization".
This means that the magnitude can take on only certain discrete values.
A photon is a single quantum of light, and is referred to as a "light quantum".
The energy of an electron bound to an atom is quantized, which results in the stability of atoms, and hence of matter in general.
As incorporated into the theory of quantum mechanics, this is regarded by physicists as part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing nature at the smallest length-scales.
Article: Man at the Crossroads
Section: Cultural significance

Question: Which magazine published E.B.?

The Rockefeller-Rivera dispute has become an emblem of the relationship of politics, aesthetics, creative freedom and economic power.
The American poet Archibald MacLeish's 1933 collection "Frescoes for Mr. Rockefeller's City" was inspired by the incident.
It included six "irony-laden" poems about the mural in which both Rockefeller and Rivera were criticised.
"The New Yorker" magazine published E. B.
White's poem "I paint what I see: A ballad of artistic integrity" on May 20, 1933, an imaginary debate between Rockefeller and Rivera.
It has been discussed or dramatized in a number of films dealing with the politics of art.
The events are dramatized in the American films "Cradle Will Rock" and "Frida", both set in the 1930s.
In "Cradle Will Rock", the painting we see is identical to the Mexican version.
When it is smashed, only the fragment of plaster containing the depiction of syphilis remains.
It is also discussed in the Tamil film "Anbe Sivam", in which an Indian Communist argues with a supporter of the capitalist system.