community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Last Supper
Section: Institution of the Eucharist

Question: Who allegedly instituted The Eucharist?

The Eucharist, which "is recorded as celebrated by the early Christian community at Jerusalem and by St. Paul on his visit to Troas", is held to have been instituted by Christ.
The institution of the Lord's Supper is recorded in the three Synoptic Gospels and in Paul's first epistle to the Corinthians.
The words of institution differ slightly in each account, reflecting a Marcan tradition (upon which Matthew is based) and a Pauline tradition (upon which Luke is based).
In addition, is a disputed text which does not appear in some of the early manuscripts of Luke.
Some scholars, therefore, believe that it is an interpolation, while others have argued that it is original.
A comparison of the accounts given in the Gospels and 1 Corinthians is shown in the table below, with text from the ASV.
The disputed text from Luke 22:19b-20 is in italics.
Jesus' actions in sharing the bread and wine have been linked with which refers to a blood sacrifice that, as recounted in , Moses offered in order to seal a covenant with God.
Scholars often interpret the description of Jesus' action as asking his disciples to consider themselves part of a sacrifice, where Jesus is the one due to physically undergo it.
Although the Gospel of John does not include a description of the bread and wine ritual during the Last Supper, most scholars agree that (the Bread of Life Discourse) has a Eucharistic nature and resonates with the "words of institution" used in the Synoptic Gospels and the Pauline writings on the Last Supper.
Article: The Holocaust
Section: The political left

Question: When was the Sparctacist uprsing?

German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the earliest domestic opponents of Nazism and were also among the first to be sent to concentration camps.
Hitler claimed that communism was a Jewish ideology which the Nazis termed "Judeo-Bolshevism".
Fear of communist agitation was used as justification for the Enabling Act of 1933, the law which gave Hitler his original dictatorial powers.
Hermann Göring later testified at the Nuremberg Trials that the Nazis' willingness to repress German communists prompted president Paul von Hindenburg and the German elite to cooperate with the Nazis.
MI6 assisted the Gestapo via "the exchange of information about Communism", and, as late as October 1937, the head of the British agency's Berlin station, Frank Foley, described his relationship with Heinrich Müller's so-called communism expert as "cordial".
Hitler and the Nazis also hated German leftists because of their resistance to the party's racism.
Many leaders of German leftist groups were Jews, and Jews were especially prominent among the leaders of the Spartacist uprising in 1919.
Hitler already referred to Marxism and "Bolshevism" as a means of "the international Jew" to undermine "racial purity" and survival of the Nordics or Aryans, as well as to stir up socioeconomic class tension and labor unions against the government or state-owned businesses.
Within the concentration camps such as Buchenwald, German communists were privileged in comparison to Jews because of their "racial purity".
Whenever the Nazis occupied a new territory, members of communist, socialist, or anarchist groups were normally to be the first persons detained or executed.
Evidence of this is found in Hitler's infamous Commissar Order, in which he ordered the summary execution of all political commissars captured among Soviet soldiers, as well as the execution of all Communist Party members in German-held territory.
"Einsatzgruppen" carried out these executions in the east.
Nacht und Nebel ("Night and Fog") was a directive () of Hitler on 7 December 1941 signed and implemented by Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Wilhelm Keitel, resulting in kidnapping and the disappearance of many political activists throughout Nazi Germany's occupied territories.
Article: General relativity
Section: Gravitational time dilation and frequency shift

Question: If the equivalence principle holds, what does gravity influence?

Assuming that the equivalence principle holds, gravity influences the passage of time.
Light sent down into a gravity well is blueshifted, whereas light sent in the opposite direction (i.e., climbing out of the gravity well) is redshifted; collectively, these two effects are known as the gravitational frequency shift.
More generally, processes close to a massive body run more slowly when compared with processes taking place farther away; this effect is known as gravitational time dilation.
Gravitational redshift has been measured in the laboratory and using astronomical observations.
Gravitational time dilation in the Earth's gravitational field has been measured numerous times using atomic clocks, while ongoing validation is provided as a side effect of the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS).
Tests in stronger gravitational fields are provided by the observation of binary pulsars.
All results are in agreement with general relativity.
However, at the current level of accuracy, these observations cannot distinguish between general relativity and other theories in which the equivalence principle is valid.
Article: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)
Section: The "Repetitions", January 1889

Question: What was added to the Amsterdam version?

Both "repetitions" of the 4th version are no longer in their original state.
In the Amsterdam version a strip of wood was added at the top—probably by Van Gogh himself.
The Tokyo version, however, was enlarged on all sides with strips of canvas, which were added at a later time—presumably by the first owner, Emile Schuffenecker.
The series is perhaps his best known and most widely reproduced.
In recent years, there has been debate regarding the authenticity of one of the paintings, and it has been suggested that this version may have been the work of Émile Schuffenecker or of Paul Gauguin.
Most experts, however, conclude that the work is genuine.
Article: Great Sphinx of Giza
Section: Mythology

Question: What is a symbol of the sun in Near Eastern civilizations?

Colin Reader has proposed that the Sphinx was probably the focus of solar worship in the Early Dynastic Period, before the Giza Plateau became a necropolis in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2134 BC).
He ties this in with his conclusions that the Sphinx, the Sphinx temple, the Causeway and the Khafra mortuary temple are all part of a complex which predates Dynasty IV (c. 2613–2494 BC).
The lion has long been a symbol associated with the sun in ancient Near Eastern civilizations.
Images depicting the Egyptian king in the form of a lion smiting his enemies date as far back as the Early Dynastic Period.
In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the god "Hor-em-akhet" (Hellenized: "Harmachis") or Horus at the Horizon, which represented the pharaoh in his role as the "Shesep-ankh" (English: "Living Image") of the god Atum.
Pharaoh Amenhotep II (1427–1401 or 1397 BC) built a temple to the north east of the Sphinx nearly 1000 years after its construction, and dedicated it to the cult of "Hor-em-akhet".
Article: Wright Brothers flights of 1909
Section: The flights

Question: When did Wilbur die?

Another acclaimed aviator, Glenn Curtiss, had agreed to participate.
Curtiss had recently set the world flight speed record in France, and the Wrights had just filed suit against him for patent infringement of their control systems.
The public's anticipation was fueled by news of the patent disputes.
These flights would be a showdown between the two fliers.
They were both scheduled to make a series of flights from Governors Island in New York harbor.
On September 29, Wilbur took off at 9:15 AM in windy conditions.
Curtiss felt his airplane could not handle the winds and he declined to fly.
When Curtiss admitted defeat to the wind, Wilbur is supposed to have said to him, 'It looks pretty good.
I think I will take a little spin in a few minutes.'
He flew for about two miles, which took a little longer than seven minutes.
Later that day Wilbur took off again, at 10:18 AM.
He flew over the ocean-liner RMS Lusitania and a flotilla of other watercraft on hand for the Hudson-Fulton celebration, many blowing their horns and tooting their whistles when the Flyer appeared overhead.
As Wilbur flew toward the Statue of Liberty, many onlookers feared he would crash into it, but he skillfully circled the statue as planned.
This flight caused a sensation in the press and became an iconic event, despite lasting less than five minutes.
Still unable to fly in the gusty weather, Curtiss had to depart for St. Louis due to a prior agreement.
He was supposed to have flown up the Hudson River for several miles and returned to Governors Island.
On Monday, October 4, Wilbur took off at 9:53 AM.
He flew north over the Hudson along the west shore of Manhattan, passing Grant's Tomb, then returned by the same route, finishing the 21 mile, 33-minute flight with a safe landing on Governor's Island.
As many as a million people witnessed the flight.
This was the exact flight that Curtiss had been unable to make.
Before the flight, Wilbur attached a red canoe to the bottom of the airplane as a safety precaution in case of an emergency landing in the water.
He reasoned that he could use the canoe to float himself to safety.
A blown engine cylinder that afternoon prevented any more flights.
This series of flights marked Wilbur's last flying before a public audience.
After Wilbur's death in 1912, Orville put the canoe in Hawthorn Hill, his estate in Oakwood, Ohio, as a memento.
This first airborne canoe was later moved to Carillon Historical Park in Ohio and exhibited in a room adjacent to the Wright Flyer III in Wright Hall.
The flight around the Statue of Liberty was duplicated on May 26, 2003 by the Dayton 'Wright B Flyer, Inc.' group, with a replica of the Wright airplane as a part of the celebrations of the anniversary of the Wright brothers' first flight.
Article: The Lion King
Section: Original theatrical run

Question: In 1994 what was the highest-grossing film in North America?

"The Lion King" had a limited release in North America on June 15, 1994, playing in only two theaters, El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City.
It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend of June 17–19, standing at the tenth place of the box office ranking.
The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend.
The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 screens.
The digital surround sound of the film led many of those theater to implement Dolby Laboratories' newest sound systems.
"The Lion King" grossed $40.9 million – which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney film – to top the weekend box office.
It also earned a rare "A+" rating from CinemaScore.
By the end of its theatrical run, in spring 1995, it had earned $312,855,561, being the second-highest-grossing 1994 film in North America behind "Forrest Gump".
Outside North America, it earned $455.8 million during its initial run, for a worldwide total of $768.6 million.
Article: Enough Said (film)
Section: Top 10 Lists

Question: Who from the NY Times put the film on their top 10 list?

Many top critics have listed the film among their 10 best of the year.
 Bill Goodykoontz, "Arizona Republic": 6th
 Chris Nashawaty, "Entertainment Weekly": 6th
 David Sexton, "Evening Standard" (London): 7th
 Brian Johnson, "Maclean's": 8th
 Connie Ogle, "Miami Herald": 5th
 A. O. Scott, "New York Times": 4th
 Steven Rea, "Philadelphia Inquirer": Top 10
 Moira MacDonald, "Seattle Times": Top 10
 Dana Stevens, "Slate": Top 10
 Anne Thompson, "Thompson on Hollywood": 8th
 Mara Reinstein, "Us Weekly": 4th
 Claudia Puig, "USA Today": Top 10
 Richard Lawson, "Vanity Fair": 8th
 Ann Hornday, "Washington Post": 4th
Article: Boston Tea Party
Section: Abstract

Question: What year was the Boston Tea Party?

The Boston Tea Party (initially referred to by John Adams as "the Destruction of the Tea in Boston") was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, on December 16, 1773.
Disguised as American Indians, the demonstrators destroyed an entire shipment of tea, which had been sent by the East India Company, in defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773.
They boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into Boston Harbor, ruining the tea.
The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution.
The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history, and other political protests such as the Tea Party movement after 2010 explicitly refer to it.
The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act, which had been passed by the British Parliament in 1773.
Colonists objected to the Tea Act because they believed that it violated their rights as Englishmen to "No taxation without representation," that is, be taxed only by their own elected representatives and not by a British parliament in which they were not represented.
Protesters had successfully prevented the unloading of taxed tea in three other colonies, but in Boston, embattled Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain.
The Boston Tea Party was a key event in the growth of the American Revolution.
Parliament responded in 1774 with the Coercive Acts, or Intolerable Acts, which, among other provisions, ended local self-government in Massachusetts and closed Boston's commerce.
Colonists up and down the Thirteen Colonies in turn responded to the Coercive Acts with additional acts of protest, and by convening the First Continental Congress, which petitioned the British monarch for repeal of the acts and coordinated colonial resistance to them.
The crisis escalated, and the American Revolutionary War began near Boston in 1775.
Article: Jiro Dreams of Sushi
Section: Critical reception

Question: Was Jiro Dreams of Sushi well received by critics and the public?

The film received very positive reviews from critics.
The film earned a rating of 99% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 70 reviews and an average rating of 7.8/10, with the critical consensus saying, "Beautiful, thoughtful, and engrossing, "Jiro Dreams of Sushi" should prove satisfying even for filmgoers who don't care for the cuisine."
It has a score of 77 on Metacritic based on 26 reviews.
Roger Ebert called it a "portrait of tunnel vision" and concluded:"While watching it, I found myself drawn into the mystery of this man.
Are there any unrealized wishes in his life?
Secret diversions?
Regrets?
If you find an occupation you love and spend your entire life working at it, is that enough?
Standing behind his counter, Jiro notices things.
Some customers are left-handed, some right-handed.
That helps determine where they are seated at his counter.
As he serves a perfect piece of sushi, he observes it being eaten.
He knows the history of that piece of seafood.
He knows his staff has recently started massaging an octopus for 45 minutes and not half an hour, for example.
Does he search a customer's eyes for a signal that this change has been an improvement?
Half an hour of massage was good enough to win three Michelin stars.
You realize the tragedy of Jiro Ono's life is that there are not, and will never be, four stars."
Article: Times Square
Section: 1900s–1970s

Question: When was "Time Square" named?

In 1904, "New York Times" publisher Adolph S. Ochs moved the newspaper's operations to a new skyscraper on 42nd Street at Longacre Square.
Ochs persuaded Mayor George B. McClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed "Times Square" on April 8, 1904.
Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street and Broadway.
"The New York Times", according to Nolan, moved to more spacious offices west of the square in 1913.
The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building.
Now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Year's Eve.
In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway, at the southeast corner of Times Square, to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway, the first road across the United States, which originally spanned coast-to-coast through 13 states to its Western Terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco, California.
As the growth in New York City continued, Times Square quickly became a cultural hub full of theaters, music halls, and upscale hotels.
Celebrities such as Irving Berlin, Fred Astaire, and Charlie Chaplin were closely associated with Times Square in the 1910s and 1920s.
During this period, the area was nicknamed "The Tenderloin" because it was supposedly the most desirable location in Manhattan.
However, it was during this period that the area was besieged by crime and corruption, in the form of gambling and prostitution; one case that garnered huge attention was the arrest and subsequent execution of police officer Charles Becker.
The general atmosphere changed with the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s.
Times Square acquired a reputation as a dangerous neighborhood in the following decades.
From the 1960s to the early 1990s, the seediness of the area, especially due its go-go bars, sex shops, and adult theaters, became an infamous symbol of the city's decline.
Article: Greece
Section: Hellenistic and Roman periods (323 BC–4th century AD)

Question: When did Rome annex Macedonia?

Hellenistic and Roman periods (323 BC–4th century AD).
After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon by 276 BC, as well as hegemony over most of the Greek city-states.
From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon.
Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signaled the end of Antigonid power in Greece.
In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.
The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea.
Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: "Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit" ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive").
Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.
Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking, though none were from Greece.
Greece itself had a tendency to cling on to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century, with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.
Article: Yogurt
Section: Strained yogurt

Question: what is strained yogurt strained through?

Strained yogurt is yogurt which has been strained through a paper or cloth filter, traditionally made of muslin., to remove the whey, giving a much thicker consistency and a distinctive, slightly tangy taste.
Strained yogurt is becoming more popular with those who make yogurt at home, especially if using skim milk which results in a thinner consistency.
Once yogurt is made and refrigerated overnight, it is poured in a muslin or cheesecloth bag and hung in the coolest place in the house, with a tub placed underneath to collect the dripping whey.
In cold weather a single day (or night) of straining is sufficient.
In higher ambient temperatures yogurt will spoil rapidly, therefore it had best be actively squeezed or strained until about a third or more of its initial weight has run off.
The remainder is now strained and is refrigerated again.
Labneh is a strained yogurt used for sandwiches popular in Arab countries.
Olive oil, cucumber slices, olives, and various green herbs may be added.
It can be thickened further and rolled into balls, preserved in olive oil, and fermented for a few more weeks.
It is sometimes used with onions, meat, and nuts as a stuffing for a variety of pies or kebbeh (كبة) balls.
Some types of strained yogurts are boiled in open vats first, so that the liquid content is reduced.
The popular East Indian dessert, a variation of traditional dahi called mishti dahi, offers a thicker, more custard-like consistency, and is usually sweeter than western yogurts.
Strained yogurt is also enjoyed in Greece and is the main component of "tzatziki" (from Turkish "cacık"), a well-known accompaniment to gyros and souvlaki pita sandwiches: it is a yogurt sauce or dip made with the addition of grated cucumber, olive oil, salt and, optionally, mashed garlic.
Srikhand, a popular dessert in India, is made from strained yogurt, saffron, cardamom, nutmeg and sugar and sometimes fruits such as mango or pineapple.
In North America and Britain, strained yogurt is commonly called "Greek yogurt".
Article: Australia
Section: Sport

Question: Who hosted the 1962 Commonwealth Games?

Approximately 24% of Australians over the age of 15 regularly participate in organised sporting activities.
Australia has strong international teams in cricket, field hockey, netball, rugby league, and rugby union, having been Olympic or world champions at least twice in each sport in the last 25 years for both men and women where applicable.
Australia is also powerful in track cycling, rowing, and swimming, having consistently been in the top-five medal-winners at Olympic or World Championship level since 2000.
Swimming is the strongest of these sports; Australia is the second-most prolific medal winner in the sport in Olympic history.
Some of Australia's most internationally well-known and successful sportspeople are swimmers Dawn Fraser, Murray Rose, Shane Gould, and Ian Thorpe; sprinters Shirley Strickland, Betty Cuthbert, and Cathy Freeman; tennis players Rod Laver, Roy Emerson, Ken Rosewall, Evonne Goolagong, and Margaret Court; cricketers Donald Bradman and Shane Warne; three-time Formula One world champion Jack Brabham; five-time motorcycle grand prix world champion Mick Doohan; golfers Greg Norman and Karrie Webb; cyclist Hubert Opperman, prodigious billiards player Walter Lindrum and basketball players Andrew Bogut and Lauren Jackson.
Nationally, other popular sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, squash, surfing, soccer, and motor racing.
The annual Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race attract intense interest.
Australia has participated in every summer Olympics of the modern era, and every Commonwealth Games.
Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and ranked among the top six medal-takers for the games of 2000, 2004 and 2008.
In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Australia was placed 10th in the medal table.
Australia has also hosted the 1938, 1962, 1982, 2006 Commonwealth Games and will host the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Other major international events held in Australia include the Australian Open tennis grand slam tournament, international cricket matches, and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix.
Australia hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the annual Australia–New Zealand Bledisloe Cup is keenly watched.
The highest-rating television programs include sports telecasts such as the summer Olympics, FIFA World Cup, Rugby League State of Origin, and the grand finals of the National Rugby League and Australian Football League.
Skiing in Australia began in the 1860s and snow sports take place in the Australian Alps and parts of Tasmania.