community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Computer science
Section: Education

Question: What is software engineering?

Some universities teach computer science as a theoretical study of computation and algorithmic reasoning.
These programs often feature the theory of computation, analysis of algorithms, formal methods, concurrency theory, databases, computer graphics, and systems analysis, among others.
They typically also teach computer programming, but treat it as a vessel for the support of other fields of computer science rather than a central focus of high-level study.
The ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Curriculum Task Force "Computing Curriculum 2005" (and 2008 update) gives a guideline for university curriculum.
Other colleges and universities, as well as secondary schools and vocational programs that teach computer science, emphasize the practice of advanced programming rather than the theory of algorithms and computation in their computer science curricula.
Such curricula tend to focus on those skills that are important to workers entering the software industry.
The process aspects of computer programming are often referred to as software engineering.
While computer science professions increasingly drive the U.S. economy, computer science education is absent in most American K-12 curricula.
A report entitled "Running on Empty: The Failure to Teach K-12 Computer Science in the Digital Age" was released in October 2010 by Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA), and revealed that only 14 states have adopted significant education standards for high school computer science.
The report also found that only nine states count high school computer science courses as a core academic subject in their graduation requirements.
In tandem with "Running on Empty", a new non-partisan advocacy coalition - Computing in the Core (CinC) - was founded to influence federal and state policy, such as the Computer Science Education Act, which calls for grants to states to develop plans for improving computer science education and supporting computer science teachers.
Within the United States a gender gap in computer science education has been observed as well.
Research conducted by the WGBH Educational Foundation and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) revealed that more than twice as many high school boys considered computer science to be a “very good” or “good” college major than high school girls.
In addition, the high school Advanced Placement (AP) exam for computer science has displayed a disparity in gender.
Compared to other AP subjects it has the lowest number of female participants, with a composition of about 15 percent women.
This gender gap in computer science is further witnessed at the college level, where 31 percent of undergraduate computer science degrees are earned by women and only 8 percent of computer science faculty consists of women.
According to an article published by the Epistemic Games Group in August 2012, the number of women graduates in the computer science field has declined to 13 percent.
Article: American Dad!
Section: Episode misreporting by Fox

Question: To this day, what hasn't been exposed in the show American Dad?

It is evident that Fox either miscounts "American Dad!"
episodes or at least intentionally discounts one episode of the series.
This was established in Fox advertisements for the episode "Lost in Space."
The episode was promoted by Fox as "American Dad!
"s 150th episode.
Subsequently, numerous mainstream media reports also labeled the episode as the 150th.
In actuality, however, it was the show's 151st episode while the episode "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith" was the 150th episode of the series.
In addition, Fox has misreported the "Lost in Space" episode as the revealing of Roger's birth planet.
In actuality, the setting of this episode is a spaceship owned by members of Roger's alien race.
To date, Roger's birth planet has yet to be revealed.
Article: Gossip Girl
Section: Season 2: 2008–2009

Question: What is the focus of season two on Gossip Girls?

The second season mainly explores the senior year of the characters with the premiere at the Hamptons and primarily focused on the relationship between Blair and Chuck, who were labeled "the heart of "GG"" by "People" magazine.
At first, both characters negate their feelings for one another, and go through random schemes and manipulations.
The first half of the season deals with Serena's growing prominence as a socialite which draws the attention of Blair as their friendship is tested when the character of Poppy Lifton (Tamara Feldman) arrives, a socialite who inadvertently drives a wedge between Serena and Blair after inspiring Serena to take her place in the spotlight during the early episodes of the season.
Nate faces the aftermath of his father's criminal past and pursues a relationship with Vanessa, who becomes further entangled into the world of the Upper East Side.
Jenny reignites her rebellious nature by pursuing a career as a fashion designer, thereby challenging Rufus' skills as a parent while Dan's friendship with Nate and relationship with Serena slowly transforms him from a social outcast to an insider.
The show finished its first half during the first week of December, with the shocking death of Bart Bass.
The second half of the season reveals the impact of Bart's death, causing a significant change of character direction for Chuck that subsequently leads to the growth of Rufus and Lily's relationship, the revelation of the two having a son together, and contributing to the decline of Dan and Serena's relationship.
John Shea reprised his role as Harold Waldorf during a Thanksgiving episode and becomes entangled in Blair's striving ambition of attending Yale.
Desmond Harrington entered the series as Chuck's manipulative uncle, Jack Bass.
Feldman returned to the season with Armie Hammer as Serena's new love interest, Gabriel Edwards.
Michelle Trachtenberg returned to the role of Georgina Sparks and filmed her scenes during February, also adjoining her character's return to the second season mystery.
A backdoor pilot for a spin-off premiered in May, but was not picked up by The CW to the limited number of spots available on their fall line-up.
As the storylines progressed, the role of "Gossip Girl" is slightly decreased.
She continues to run her blog, but she keeps the ultimate information for herself, sending it in the final episode as the last blast, where Serena decides to find out who "Gossip Girl" really is, but ultimately fails.
The season finale ended with a well-received kiss between Blair and Chuck.
Article: Fencing
Section: Governing body

Question: what is the location of the head office for FIE?

Competitive fencing.
Governing body.
Fencing is governed by Fédération Internationale d'Escrime or FIE.
Today, its head office is in Lausanne, Switzerland.
The FIE is composed of 145 national federations, each of which is recognized by its country's Olympic Committee as the sole representative of Olympic-style fencing in that country.
Article: Photoelectric effect
Section: Experimental observations of photoelectric emission

Question: Why does the number of electrons change as a result of photoelectric emission?

The theory of the photoelectric effect must explain the experimental observations of the emission of electrons from an illuminated metal surface.
For a given metal, there exists a certain minimum frequency of incident radiation below which no photoelectrons are emitted.
This frequency is called the "threshold frequency".
Increasing the frequency of the incident beam, keeping the number of incident photons fixed (this would result in a proportionate increase in energy) increases the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted.
Thus the stopping voltage increases.
The number of electrons also changes because the probability that each photon results in an emitted electron is a function of photon energy.
If the intensity of the incident radiation is increased, there is no effect on the kinetic energies of the photoelectrons.
Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron depends on the frequency of the incident light, but is independent of the intensity of the incident light so long as the latter is not too high.
For a given metal and frequency of incident radiation, the rate at which photoelectrons are ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light.
Increase in intensity of incident beam (keeping the frequency fixed) increases the magnitude of the photoelectric current, though stopping voltage remains the same.
The time lag between the incidence of radiation and the emission of a photoelectron is very small, less than 10−9 second.
The direction of distribution of emitted electrons peaks in the direction of polarization (the direction of the electric field) of the incident light, if it is linearly polarized.
Article: Disney's Hollywood Studios
Section: Hollywood Boulevard

Question: What can be found at the far end of the boulevard?

Hollywood Boulevard serves as the park's main entrance and is lined with themed streetscape facades and venues selling Disney merchandise and park services.
Parades such as the Pixar Block Party Bash travel down Hollywood Boulevard on their route through the park, and live street entertainment can be found here throughout the day.
Michael Eisner, who had a major part in the park's creation ever since the earliest development, demanded the opening land operate on the same principle as Main Street, U.S.A. but in a style more fitting to the Studios.
At the far end of Hollywood Boulevard stands the Sorcerer's Hat, the park's landmark icon.
Behind the structure, resides a replica landmark building of the The Chinese Theater which houses the The Great Movie Ride, a dark ride paying homage to several classic films, including "Singing in the Rain", "The Wizard of Oz" and "Raiders of the Lost Ark".
Within proximity to Hollywood Boulevard, near the entrance of Animation Courtyard, resides The Hollywood Brown Derby restaurant, a themed replica of the original Brown Derby restaurant in Hollywood, California.
Article: The Lion King
Section: Sequels and spin-offs

Question: Who are two characters appearing in The Lion King?

Sequels and spin-offs.
Between 1995 and 1999, the characters of Timon and Pumbaa received their own animated show, "The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa", which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes.
Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane himself.
In 1998, a sequel entitled "" was released on VHS.
The film centers around Simba and Nala's daughter, Kiara, who falls in love with Kovu, a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar's followers, the Outsiders.
2004 saw the release of another "Lion King" film on DVD, "The Lion King 1½".
It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other, and also a parallel in that it also depicts what the characters were retconned to have done during the events of the original movie.
Article: October Revolution
Section: Western historiography

Question: From which ideology did Stalinist totalitarianism arise?

During the Cold War, Western historiography of the October Revolution developed in direct response to the assertions of the Soviet view.
The Soviet Marxist-Leninist version of the October Revolution conditioned historical interpretations in the United States and the West.
As a result, these Western historians exposed what they considered flaws in the Soviet view, thereby undermining the Bolshevik’s original legitimacy, as well as the precepts of Marxism.
Far from being inevitable according the historical laws of Marxism, these Western historians presented the revolution as the result of a chain of contingent accidents.
Examples of these accidental and contingent factors that precipitated the Revolution include World War I's timing, chance, and the poor leadership of Tsar Nicholas II as well as liberal and moderate socialists.
According to this historical interpretation, it was not popular support, but rather Bolshevik manipulation of the masses and the organization’s ruthlessness and superior structure which enabled it to survive.
For these historians, the Bolsheviks’ defeat in the Constituent Assembly elections of November–December 1917 demonstrated popular opposition to the Bolsheviks’ coup, as did the scale and breadth of the Civil War.
These historians saw the organization of the Bolshevik party as proto-totalitarian.
Their interpretation of the October Revolution as a violent coup organized by a proto-totalitarian party reinforced the idea that totalitarianism is an inherent part of Soviet history.
For them, Stalinist totalitarianism developed as a natural progression from Leninism and the Bolshevik party’s tactics and organization.
Article: Great Depression
Section: Inequality

Question: When did Catchings and Foster populareize their theory?

Two economists of the 1920s, Waddill Catchings and William Trufant Foster, popularized a theory that influenced many policy makers, including Herbert Hoover, Henry A. Wallace, Paul Douglas, and Marriner Eccles.
It held the economy produced more than it consumed, because the consumers did not have enough income.
Thus the unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s caused the Great Depression.
According to this view, the root cause of the Great Depression was a global over-investment in heavy industry capacity compared to wages and earnings from independent businesses, such as farms.
The solution was the government must pump money into consumers' pockets.
That is, it must redistribute purchasing power, maintain the industrial base, but re-inflate prices and wages to force as much of the inflationary increase in purchasing power into consumer spending.
The economy was overbuilt, and new factories were not needed.
Foster and Catchings recommended federal and state governments start large construction projects, a program followed by Hoover and Roosevelt.
Article: Yogurt
Section: Strained yogurt

Question: Which was name used to commonly call for strained yogurt?

Strained yogurt is yogurt which has been strained through a paper or cloth filter, traditionally made of muslin., to remove the whey, giving a much thicker consistency and a distinctive, slightly tangy taste.
Strained yogurt is becoming more popular with those who make yogurt at home, especially if using skim milk which results in a thinner consistency.
Once yogurt is made and refrigerated overnight, it is poured in a muslin or cheesecloth bag and hung in the coolest place in the house, with a tub placed underneath to collect the dripping whey.
In cold weather a single day (or night) of straining is sufficient.
In higher ambient temperatures yogurt will spoil rapidly, therefore it had best be actively squeezed or strained until about a third or more of its initial weight has run off.
The remainder is now strained and is refrigerated again.
Labneh is a strained yogurt used for sandwiches popular in Arab countries.
Olive oil, cucumber slices, olives, and various green herbs may be added.
It can be thickened further and rolled into balls, preserved in olive oil, and fermented for a few more weeks.
It is sometimes used with onions, meat, and nuts as a stuffing for a variety of pies or kebbeh (كبة) balls.
Some types of strained yogurts are boiled in open vats first, so that the liquid content is reduced.
The popular East Indian dessert, a variation of traditional dahi called mishti dahi, offers a thicker, more custard-like consistency, and is usually sweeter than western yogurts.
Strained yogurt is also enjoyed in Greece and is the main component of "tzatziki" (from Turkish "cacık"), a well-known accompaniment to gyros and souvlaki pita sandwiches: it is a yogurt sauce or dip made with the addition of grated cucumber, olive oil, salt and, optionally, mashed garlic.
Srikhand, a popular dessert in India, is made from strained yogurt, saffron, cardamom, nutmeg and sugar and sometimes fruits such as mango or pineapple.
In North America and Britain, strained yogurt is commonly called "Greek yogurt".
Article: Tennis
Section: Junior tennis

Question: What are the only junior tennis tournaments that offer prize money?

In tennis, a junior is a player 18 and under who is still legally protected by a parent or guardian.
Players on the main adult tour who are under 18 must have documents signed by a parent or guardian.
These players, however, are still eligible to play in junior tournaments.
The International Tennis Federation (ITF) conducts a junior tour that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) or Women's Tennis Association (WTA) ranking.
Most juniors who enter the international circuit do so by progressing through ITF, Satellite, Future, and Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit.
The latter three circuits also have adults competing in them.
Some juniors, however, such as Australian Lleyton Hewitt and Frenchman Gaël Monfils, have catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by dominating the junior scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given to them to participate in professional tournaments.
In 2004, the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles, by combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into one combined tally.
Junior tournaments do not offer prize money except for the Grand Slam tournaments, which are the most prestigious junior events.
Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours.
Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points, culminating with Grade A.
Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their nation in the Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup competitions.
To succeed in tennis often means having to begin playing at a young age.
To facilitate and nurture a junior's growth in tennis, almost all tennis playing nations have developed a junior development system.
Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all surfaces, accommodating all different standards of play.
Talented juniors may also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private institutions.
Article: Friends
Section: Conception

Question: What were the three "working titles" used for the sitcom "Friends"?

David Crane and Marta Kauffman began developing three new television pilots that would premiere in 1994 after their sitcom "Family Album" was cancelled by CBS in 1993.
Kauffman and Crane decided to pitch the series about "six people in their 20s making their way in Manhattan" to NBC, since they thought it would fit best there.
Crane and Kauffman presented the idea to their production partner Kevin Bright, who had served as executive producer on their HBO series "Dream On".
The idea for the series was conceived when Crane and Kauffman began thinking about the time when they had finished college and started living by themselves in New York; Kauffman believed they were looking at a time when the future was "more of a question mark."
They found the concept to be interesting, as they believed "everybody knows that feeling," and because it was also how they felt about their own lives at the time.
The team titled the series "Insomnia Cafe", and pitched the idea as a seven-page treatment to NBC in December 1993.
At the same time, Warren Littlefield, the then-president of NBC Entertainment, was seeking a comedy involving young people living together and sharing expenses.
Littlefield wanted the group to share memorable periods of their lives with friends, who had become "new, surrogate family members".
However, Littlefield found difficulty in bringing the concept to life, and found the scripts developed by NBC to be terrible.
When Kauffman, Crane and Bright pitched "Insomnia Cafe", Littlefield was impressed that they knew who their characters were.
NBC bought the idea as a put pilot, meaning they risked financial penalties if the pilot was not filmed.
Kauffman and Crane began writing a pilot script for a show now titled "Friends Like Us", which took three days to write.
Littlefield wanted the series to represent Generation X and explore a new kind of tribal bonding, but the trio did not share his vision.
Crane argued that it was not a series for one generation, and wanted to produce a series that everyone would enjoy watching.
NBC liked the pilot script and ordered the series under another title, "Six of One", mainly due to the similar title it shared with the ABC sitcom "These Friends of Mine".
Article: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
Section: Overview

Question: When did Seurat begin the painting?

Georges Seurat spent over two years painting "A Sunday Afternoon", focusing meticulously on the landscape of the park.
He reworked the original as well as completed numerous preliminary drawings and oil sketches.
He sat in the park, creating numerous sketches of the various figures in order to perfect their form.
He concentrated on the issues of colour, light, and form.
The painting is approximately 2 by 3 meters (7 by 10 feet) in size.
Motivated by study in optical and color theory, Seurat contrasted miniature dots or small brushstrokes of colors that when unified optically in the human eye were perceived as a single shade or hue.
He believed that this form of painting, called divisionism at the time but now known as pointillism, would make the colors more brilliant and powerful than standard brush strokes.
The use of dots of almost uniform size came in the second year of his work on the painting, 1885–86.
To make the experience of the painting even more vivid, he surrounded it with a frame of painted dots, which in turn he enclosed with a pure white, wooden frame, which is how the painting is exhibited today at the Art Institute of Chicago.
In creating the picture, Seurat employed the then-new pigment zinc yellow (zinc chromate), most visibly for yellow highlights on the lawn in the painting, but also in mixtures with orange and blue pigments.
In the century and more since the painting's completion, the zinc yellow has darkened to brown — a colour degeneration that was already showing in the painting in Seurat's lifetime.
The island of la Grande Jatte is located at the very gates of Paris, lying in the Seine between Neuilly and Levallois-Perret, a short distance from where currently stands La Défense business district.
Although for many years it was an industrial site, it is today the site of a public garden and a housing development.
When Seurat began the painting in 1884, the island was a bucolic retreat far from the urban center.
The painting was first exhibited in 1886, dominating the second Salon of the Société des Artistes Indépendants, of which Seurat had been a founder in 1884.
Article: The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)
Section: Self-portrait

Question: What themes were present in Michelangelo's

Some have hypothesized that Michelangelo depicted himself in the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew (see below) based on feelings of contempt Michelangelo may have had for being commissioned to paint "The Last Judgment."
Michelangelo often drew himself in a way where he had lost all his power and might.
He questioned over thoughts of dying and the Day of Judgement, which is seen as a reference to this work.
Michelangelo was in his late sixties when he finished this painting, and it has been argued that the peeling of Bartholomew signifies the peeling of the flesh awaiting a new rebirth.
The bearded figure of St. Bartholomew holding the skin was theorized to depict the satirist and erotic writer Pietro Aretino, who had tried to extort a valuable drawing from Michelangelo; this theory has been conclusively refuted because the conflict between Michelangelo and zed Aretino did not occur until 1545, seven years after the fresco's completion.