community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: Pre-colonial history

Question: Who was the first European to see Victoria Falls?

Archaeological sites around the falls have yielded "Homo habilis" stone artifacts from 3 million years ago, 50,000-year-old Middle Stone Age tools and Late Stone Age (10,000 and 2,000 years ago) weapons, adornments and digging tools.
Iron-using Khoisan hunter-gatherers displaced these Stone Age people and in turn were displaced by Bantu tribes such as the southern Tonga people known as the Batoka/Tokalea, who called the falls "Shungu na mutitima".
The Matabele, later arrivals, named them "aManz' aThunqayo", and the Batswana and Makololo (whose language is used by the Lozi people) call them "Mosi-o-Tunya".
All these names mean essentially "the smoke that thunders".
A map from c.1750 drawn by Jacques Nicolas Bellin for Abbé Antoine François Prevost d'Exiles marks the falls as "cataractes" and notes a settlement to the north of the Zambezi as being friendly with the Portuguese at the time.
Earlier still Nicolas de Fer's 1715 map of southern Africa has the fall clearly marked in the correct position.
It also has dotted lines denoting trade routes that David Livingstone followed 140 years later.
The first European to see the falls was David Livingstone on 17 November 1855, during his 1852–56 journey from the upper Zambezi to the mouth of the river.
The falls were well known to local tribes, and Voortrekker hunters may have known of them, as may the Arabs under a name equivalent to "the end of the world".
Europeans were sceptical of their reports, perhaps thinking that the lack of mountains and valleys on the plateau made a large falls unlikely.
Livingstone had been told about the falls before he reached them from upriver and was paddled across to a small island that now bears the name Livingstone Island in Zambia.
Livingstone had previously been impressed by the Ngonye Falls further upstream, but found the new falls much more impressive, and gave them their English name in honour of Queen Victoria.
He wrote of the falls, "No one can imagine the beauty of the view from anything witnessed in England.
It had never been seen before by European eyes; but scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight.
"In 1860, Livingstone returned to the area and made a detailed study of the falls with John Kirk.
Other early European visitors included Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto, Czech explorer Emil Holub, who made the first detailed plan of the falls and its surroundings in 1875 (published in 1880), and British artist Thomas Baines, who executed some of the earliest paintings of the falls.
Until the area was opened up by the building of the railway in 1905, though, the falls were seldom visited by other Europeans.
Article: Rolling in the Deep
Section: Personnel

Question: Who is credited for songwriting for "Rolling in the Deep"?

Vocals – Adele
Songwriting - Paul Epworth & Adele Adkins
Production, bass, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, percussion and backing vocals – Paul Epworth 
Mixing – Tom Elmhirst
Mixing assistant – Dan Parry
Recording – Mark Rankin
Piano – Neil Cowley
Drums – Leo Taylor
Mastering – Tom Coyne
Credits adapted from liner notes:
Article: Microscope
Section: Abstract

Question: What are uses of a microscope?

A microscope (from the , "mikrós", "small" and , "skopeîn", "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.
The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy.
Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.
There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is the optical microscope which uses light to image the sample.
Other major types of microscopes are the electron microscope (both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types of scanning probe microscope.
Article: Sound City (film)
Section: Synopsis

Question: What artists recorded music at Sound City Studios?

Sound City Studios was located in the San Fernando Valley, amidst rows of dilapidated warehouses.
The little-known recording studio housed a unique analog Neve recording console and had a reputation for recording drums.
Artists such as Nirvana, Kyuss, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Fleetwood Mac, Neil Young, Rick Springfield, Tom Petty and Slipknot recorded groundbreaking music at the studio.
The film tells the story of the studio from its early days in 1969 until its closing in 2011.
It then follows Dave Grohl's purchase of the studio's custom analog Neve console, which he moved to his personal studio, Studio 606.
Rupert Neve is an English engineer who founded Neve Electronics in 1961, designed and manufactured the Neve 8028, "one of four in the world", and is interviewed by Grohl in the film.
Famous musicians who recorded at Sound City reunite at Studio 606 for a jam session and to make an album of "all-new all-original songs, each one composed and recorded exclusively for the film within its own 24-hour session on that console."
It also shows album covers by some bands: Red Hot Chili Peppers's "One Hot Minute", Nirvana's "Incesticide" and "Nevermind", Rage Against The Machine's self-titled album and many others.
Article: Six Flags
Section: Beginnings

Question: What are the different regions of Six Flags called?

The name refers to the flags of the six different nations that have governed Texas: Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the United States of America, and the Confederate States of America.
The original park was (and still is) split into separate regions, such as the "Spain and Mexico" section which featured Spanish-themed rides, attractions, and buildings.
The Six Flags chain originated in 1959 with the creation of "The Great Southwest Corporation" by Angus G. Wynne and other investors.
Construction of "Six Flags Over Texas" started in 1960, and the park was opened the next year for a short (45-day) season.
The first park initially featured a Native American village, a gondola ride, a railroad, some Wild West shows, a stagecoach ride, and "Skull Island", a pirate-themed adventure attraction.
There was also an excursion, inspired by the historical La Salle Expeditions in the late 1600s, called "LaSalle's River Adventure", aboard French riverboats through a wilderness full of animated puppets.
Over time, all of those attractions, except for the railroad, would be replaced by others, such as roller coasters, swing rides, log flumes, and shoot-the-chute rides, as well as an observation tower.
Article: Claude Monet
Section: Impressionism

Question: When was the first Impressionist art exhibition held?

The first Impressionist exhibition was held in 1874 at 35 boulevard des Capucines, Paris, from 15 April to 15 May.
The primary purpose of the participants was not so much to promote a new style, but to free themselves from the constraints of the Salon de Paris.
The exhibition, open to anyone prepared to pay 60 francs, gave artists the opportunity to show their work without the interference of a jury.
Renoir chaired the hanging committee and did most of the work himself, as others members failed to present themselves.
In addition to "" (pictured above) Monet presented four oil paintings and seven pastels.
Among the paintings he displayed was "The Luncheon" (1868), which features Camille Doncieux and Jean Monet, and which had been rejected by the Paris Salon of 1870.
Also in this exhibition was a painting titled "Boulevard des Capucines", a painting of the boulevard done from the photographer Nadar's apartment at no.
35.
Monet painted the subject twice and it is uncertain which of the two pictures, that now in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, or that in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City was the painting that appeared in the groundbreaking 1874 exhibition, though more recently the Moscow picture has been favoured.
Altogether, 165 works were exhibited in the exhibition, including 4 oils, 2 pastels and 3 watercolors by Morisot; 6 oils and 1 pastel by Renoir; 10 works by Degas; 5 by Pissarro; 3 by Cézanne; and 3 by Guillaumin.
Several works were on loan, including Cézanne's "Modern Olympia", Morisot's "Hide and Seek" (owned by Manet) and 2 landscapes by Sisley that had been purchased by Durand-Ruel.
The total attendance is estimated at 3500 and some works did sell, though some exhibitors had placed their prices too high.
Pissarro was asking 1000 francs for "The Orchard" and Monet the same for "Impression: Sunrise", neither of which sold.
Renoir failed to obtain the 500 francs he was asking for "La Loge", but later sold it for 450 francs to Père Martin, dealer and supporter of the group.
Article: Canada
Section: Abstract

Question: On what date did three British colonies unionized to form the federal dominion of Canada?

Canada is a country in North America consisting of 10 provinces and 3 territories.
Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean.
At 9.98 million square kilometres in total, Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the world's longest land border shared by the same two countries.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples.
Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonies were established on the region's Atlantic coast.
As a consequence of various conflicts, the United Kingdom gained and lost North American territories until left in the late 18th century with what mostly comprises Canada today.
On July 1, 1867, three British colonies joined to form the federal dominion of Canada.
Other colonies subsequently joined and the remainder of Britain's lands were transferred to Canada.
Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.
Canada is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
The country is officially bilingual at the federal level.
It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries, with a population of approximately 35 million as of December 2012.
Its advanced economy is one of the largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed trade networks.
Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.
Canada is a developed country and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the eighth highest per capita income globally, and the eleventh highest ranking in the Human Development Index.
It ranks among the highest in international measurements of education, government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, and economic freedom.
Canada's participation in economic international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings includes the G8 (Group of Eight), the Group of Ten (economic), the Group of Twenty (G-20 major economies), the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.
Canada's alliances include the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Article: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)
Section: Cast

Question: Who is the narrator of Hell's Kitchen (US TV Series)?

Gordon Ramsay is the head chef.
The narrator is Jason Thompson.
Jean-Philippe Susilovic, a Belgian maître d' comes from Petrus, one of Ramsay's London restaurants and appeared in the first seven seasons and later returned for the 11th season.
Susilovic was also the maître d' for the first series of the original British version.
James Lukanik replaced Susilovic for the eighth-tenth seasons.
Each team also has the services of one of two sous-chefs.
The sous-chefs are Andrea "Andi" Van Willigan (from season 7 onwards) and James Avery (from season 11 onwards).
Previous sous-chefs were Mary Ann Salcedo, Gloria Felix, Season 2 winner Heather West, and Scott Leibfried.
Head Chefs
 Gordon Ramsay
Sous Chefs
;Blue Team
 Scott Leibfried (Seasons 1 – 10)
 James Avery (Seasons 11 – present)
;Red Team
 Mary-Ann Salcedo (Seasons 1 – 3)
 Gloria Felix (Seasons 4 – 5)
 Heather West (Season 6)
 Andi Van Willigan (Seasons 7 – present)
Maître d's
 Jean-Philippe Susilovic (Seasons 1 – 7, 11 – present)
 James Lukanik (Seasons 8 – 10)
Article: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
Section: Related works

Question: Who condemned the work as disrespectful to Mandela?

"The anatomy lesson of Joan Deyman" (or "Jan Deijman")[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_008.jpg] painted by Rembrandt in 1656, was intended to be displayed in the Anatomical Hall in Amsterdam alongside "The anatomy lesson of Tulp.
Deijman was Tulp's immediate successor in the post of praelector chirugic et anatomie.
The painting was damaged by fire in 1723, and only a central fragment survives.
Around 1856 Édouard Manet visited The Hague and made a small oil on panel copy of "The Anatomy Lesson".
Broadly painted in a limited palette, Manet gave the painting to his physician, Dr. Siredey.
A less detailed copy of The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp by an unknown artist hangs in Edinburgh as part of The University of Edinburgh Fine Art Collection"The Gross Clinic" of 1875 and "The Agnew Clinic" of 1889 are paintings by the American artist Thomas Eakins which treat a similar subject, operations on live patients in the presence of medical students.
In 2010, Yiull Damaso created a parody of the painting depicting prominent South Africans.
Nelson Mandela was the cadaver, Nkosi Johnson was the instructor, and the students were Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk, Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, Cyril Ramaphosa, Trevor Manuel, and Helen Zille.
The African National Congress condemned the work as disrespectful to Mandela, racist, and culturally insensitive to African taboos on depiction of living people as dead.
The 2011 video game "" references the painting in both in-game portraits that can be found on the wall and in a certain cinematic trailer, featuring the main protagonist Adam Jensen as the cadaver as Dr. Nicolaes and his students study his charred and ruined arms, which in the actual story become amputated and replaced with mechanical limbs.
The painting is discussed by the narrator (a young man) and his mother during a visit to the Met in "The Goldfinch", a 2013 novel by Donna Tartt.
In the 2012 German film Barbara, there is a scene in which Dr. Andre offers his interpretation of the painting to Dr. Barbara when she points out the inaccuracy of Arendt's left hand.
Article: Track and field
Section: Multi-sport events

Question: What year did track and field begin following an Olympic style model?

Mirroring the role that track and field events have at the Summer Olympics and Paralympics, the sport is featured within the athletics programmes of many major multi-sport events.
Among some of the first of these events to follow the Olympic-style model were the World University Games in 1923, the Commonwealth Games in 1930, and the Maccabiah Games in 1932.
The number of major multi-sport events greatly increased during the 20th century and thus did the number of track and field events held within them.
Typically, track and field events are hosted at the main stadium of the games.
After the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the most prominent events for track and field athletes include the three IOC-sanctioned continental games: the All-Africa Games, Asian Games, and the Pan American Games.
Other games such as the Commonwealth Games and Summer Universiade, and World Masters Games have significant participation from track and field athletes.
Track and field is also present at the national games level, with competitions such as the Chinese National Games serving as the most prestigious national competition for domestic track and field athletes.
Article: The Mindy Project
Section: Recurring

Question: What was the name of Mindy's ex boyfriend?

 Tommy Dewey as Josh Daniels, a lawyer; Mindy's former boyfriend.
 Utkarsh Ambudkar as Rishi Lahiri, Mindy's younger brother, an aspiring rapper.
 Kelen Coleman as Alex, a friend of Mindy.
 Mark Duplass as Brendan Deslaurier, a male midwife.
 Jay Duplass as Duncan Deslaurier, a male midwife.
 Bill Hader as Tom McDougall, a dentist; former boyfriend of Mindy.
 Anders Holm as Casey Peerson, a Christian minister; Mindy's former fiancé.
 Chloë Sevigny as Christina, Danny's ex-wife.
 Ellie Kemper as Heather, Josh's ex-girlfriend and Mindy's neighbor.
 Glenn Howerton as Cliff Gilbert, a handsome lawyer in the same building as Shulman & Associates'.
Article: The Kid with a Bike
Section: Plot

Question: How did Cyril find out that her father sold his bike?

The story begins with Cyril, a 12-year-old boy in foster care, searching for his father and lost bike.
Cyril escapes the foster home to try to find his father at his old apartment.
When the caretakers find him, Cyril flees to a doctor’s office nearby, where he grabs onto a woman in the waiting room.
Trying to alleviate the situation, the caretakers take Cyril to the empty apartment, confirming that his father has really abandoned him.
The next morning, the woman from the doctor's office, Samantha, shows up with Cyril’s bike.
She says she bought it from someone in the projects, but Cyril thinks it was stolen from his dad.
He likes Samantha though, and asks if she would take him in on weekends.
Later, through an old personal ad, Cyril discovers that his father actually sold his bike.
With Samantha, Cyril is able to finally track down his father.
However, his father isn't happy to be found and tells his son never to come back.
Cyril, heartbroken by his father's rejection, turns to Samantha for comfort.
But despite Samantha's care, Cyril is soon taken under the wing of Wesker, a local gang leader known as "The Dealer".
At The Dealer’s prompting, Cyril robs a newsstand owner and his son with a baseball bat.
The Dealer, fearing Cyril had been identified, forces him to keep quiet and keep the money.
Cyril tries giving it to his father only to be chased away.
Dejected, Cyril returns to Samantha and finally accepts her care for him.
The robbery is settled through mediation, where Cyril apologizes personally to the owner, who accepts, but his son does not and, in a chance encounter, tries to get his revenge.
In the ensuing chase, Cyril climbs a tree and falls when struck by a rock the son throws.
While he lies unconscious, the owner and son discuss what lies to tell the police.
While they're talking, Cyril comes to and walks away, having apparently decided to move on with his life.
Article: Badminton
Section: Comparisons of speed and athletic requirements

Question: Is badminton considered the fastest racquet sport?

Statistics such as the smash speed, above, prompt badminton enthusiasts to make other comparisons that are more contentious.
For example, it is often claimed that badminton is the fastest racquet sport.
Although badminton holds the record for the fastest initial speed of a racket sports projectile, the shuttlecock decelerates substantially faster than other projectiles such as tennis balls.
In turn, this qualification must be qualified by consideration of the distance over which the shuttlecock travels: a smashed shuttlecock travels a shorter distance than a tennis ball during a serve.
Badminton's claim as the fastest racquet sport might also be based on reaction time requirements, but arguably table tennis requires even faster reaction times.
While fans of badminton and tennis often claim that their sport is the more physically demanding, such comparisons are difficult to make objectively because of the differing demands of the games.
No formal study currently exists evaluating the physical condition of the players or demands during game play.
Article: The Usual Suspects
Section: Release

Question: Which year was The Usual Suspects released?

Gramercy Pictures ran a pre-release promotion and advertising campaign before "The Usual Suspects" opened in the summer of 1995.
Word of mouth marketing was used to advertise the film, and buses and billboards were plastered with the simple question, "Who is Keyser Söze?
"The film was shown out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival and was well received by audiences and critics.
The film was then given an exclusive run in Los Angeles, where it took a combined $83,513, and New York City, where it made $132,294 on three screens in its opening weekend.
The film was then released in 42 theaters where it earned $645,363 on its opening weekend.
It averaged a strong $4,181 per screen at 517 theaters and the following week added 300 play dates.
It eventually made $23.3 million in North America.
Article: Croissant
Section: Abstract

Question: What are some of the steps in preparation that give Croissants their distinct form?

A croissant ( or ; ) is a buttery flaky viennoiserie pastry named for its well known crescent shape.
Croissants and other viennoiserie are made of a layered yeast-leavened dough.
The dough is layered with butter, rolled and folded several times in succession, then rolled into a sheet, in a technique called laminating.
The process results in a layered, flaky texture, similar to a puff pastry.
Crescent-shaped food breads have been made since the Middle Ages, and crescent-shaped cakes possibly since antiquity.
Croissants have long been a staple of French bakeries and pâtisseries.
In the late 1970s, the development of factory-made, frozen, pre-formed but unbaked dough made them into a fast food which can be freshly baked by unskilled labor.
The croissanterie was explicitly a French response to American-style fast food, and today 30–40% of the croissants sold in French bakeries and patisseries are frozen.
Today, the croissant remains popular in a continental breakfast.
Article: Hey Jude
Section: Critical reception

Question: Among best Beatles songs what rank does Rolling Stone place "Hey Jude"?

Upon the release of the "Hey Jude" single, "Time" contrasted it with its B-side "Revolution."
"Time" wrote, "The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort" due to McCartney "liltingly exhorta friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love."
Robert Christgau of "The Village Voice" called it "one of his truest and most forthright love songs" and was critical of its omission from "The Beatles".
Music analyst Alan Pollack praised "Hey Jude," saying, "it's such a good illustration of two compositional lessons—how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast."
He also said it is unusual for a long song because it uses a "binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression."
Pollack described the song's long coda and fadeout as "an astonishingly transcendental effect," while Unterberger observed, "What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic".
John Lennon said "Hey Jude" was "one of his [Paul's masterpieces.
""Hey Jude" was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal categories but failed to win any of them.
It did win the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for "A-Side With the Highest Sales".
In the 1968 "NME" Readers' Poll, "Hey Jude" was named the best single of the year.
In 2001, "Hey Jude" was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame.
In 2004 and later in 2010, "Rolling Stone" ranked the song at number eight on "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time," making it the highest ranked Beatles song on the list.
Also in 2010, "Rolling Stone" ranked the song at number seven on the Beatles' 100 Greatest Songs.
It came in third on Channel 4's list of 100 Greatest Singles.
The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranked "Hey Jude" the 11th-best jukebox single of all time.
It was also voted the greatest song of all time by "Mojo" readers.