community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Cycling
Section: Utility

Question: When did the British Royal Mail start using bicycles?

Utility cycling refers both to cycling as a mode of daily commuting transport as well as the use of a bicycle in a commercial activity, mainly to transport goods, mostly accomplished in an urban environment.
The postal services of many countries have long relied on bicycles.
The British Royal Mail first started using bicycles in 1880; now bicycle delivery fleets include 37,000 in the UK, 25,700 in Germany, 10,500 in Hungary and 7000 in Sweden.
The London Ambulance Service has recently introduced bicycling paramedics, who can often get to the scene of an incident in Central London more quickly than a motorized ambulance.
Late in the 20th century, urban police bicycles became more common, as the mobility of car-borne officers was increasingly limited by traffic congestion and pedestrianisation.
Bicycles enjoy substantial use as general delivery vehicles in many countries.
In the UK and North America, as their first jobs, generations of teenagers have worked at delivering newspapers by bicycle.
London has many delivery companies that use bicycles with trailers.
Most cities in the West, and many outside it, support a sizeable and visible industry of cycle couriers who deliver documents and small packages.
In India, many of Mumbai's Dabbawalas use bicycles to deliver home cooked lunches to the city’s workers.
In Bogotá, Colombia the city’s largest bakery recently replaced most of its delivery trucks with bicycles.
Even the car industry uses bicycles.
At the huge Mercedes-Benz factory in Sindelfingen, Germany workers use bicycles, color-coded by department, to move around the factory.
Article: Industrial Revolution
Section: Luddites

Question: In which year did the Luddite attacks start?

The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs.
The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation.
Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited (and unskilled) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver.
Many such unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery.
These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure.
The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811.
The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took drastic measures, using the militia or army to protect industry.
Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged, or transported for life.
Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised as well, such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances.
Threshing machines were a particular target, and hayrick burning was a popular activity.
However, the riots led to the first formation of trade unions, and further pressure for reform.
Article: Computer science
Section: Major achievements

Question: How old is computer science?

Despite its short history as a formal academic discipline, computer science has made a number of fundamental contributions to science and society - in fact, along with electronics, it is a founding science of the current epoch of human history called the Information Age and a driver of the Information Revolution, seen as the third major leap in human technological progress after the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850 CE) and the Agricultural Revolution (8000-5000 BCE).
These contributions include:
 The start of the "digital revolution", which includes the current Information Age and the Internet.
 A formal definition of computation and computability, and proof that there are computationally unsolvable and intractable problems.
 The concept of a programming language, a tool for the precise expression of methodological information at various levels of abstraction.
 In cryptography, breaking the Enigma code was an important factor contributing to the Allied victory in World War II.
 Scientific computing enabled practical evaluation of processes and situations of great complexity, as well as experimentation entirely by software.
It also enabled advanced study of the mind, and mapping of the human genome became possible with the Human Genome Project.
Distributed computing projects such as Folding@home explore protein folding.
 Algorithmic trading has increased the efficiency and liquidity of financial markets by using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other statistical and numerical techniques on a large scale.
High frequency algorithmic trading can also exacerbate volatility.
 Computer graphics and computer-generated imagery have become ubiquitous in modern entertainment, particularly in television, cinema, advertising, animation and video games.
Even films that feature no explicit CGI are usually "filmed" now on digital cameras, or edited or postprocessed using a digital video editor.
 Simulation of various processes, including computational fluid dynamics, physical, electrical, and electronic systems and circuits, as well as societies and social situations (notably war games) along with their habitats, among many others.
Modern computers enable optimization of such designs as complete aircraft.
Notable in electrical and electronic circuit design are SPICE, as well as software for physical realization of new (or modified) designs.
The latter includes essential design software for integrated circuits.
 Artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly important as it gets more efficient and complex.
There are many applications of the AI, some of which can be seen at home, such as robotic vacuum cleaners.
It is also present in video games and on the modern battlefield in drones, anti-missile systems, and squad support robots.
Article: Golden Gate Park
Section: Bison paddock

Question: When were bison introduced at Golden Gate Park?

Bison ("Bison bison") have been kept in Golden Gate Park since 1891, when a small herd was purchased by the park commission.
At the time, the animal's population in North America had dwindled to an all-time low, and San Francisco made a successful effort to breed them in captivity.
In 1899, the paddock in the western section of the park was created.
At its peak and through a successful captive breeding program, more than 100 calves were produced at Golden Gate Park, helping preserve the iconic bison population numbers in North America, which has been critical to the culture and livelihood of Native Americans.
In 1984, Mayor Dianne Feinstein's husband, Richard C. Blum, purchased a new herd as a birthday present for his wife.
The older bison in the paddock today are descendants of those animals.
In December 2011, after the number of bison in the paddock had dwindled to three, Assemblywoman Fiona Ma’s office led another preservation effort.
With donations from the Theodore Rosen Charitable Foundation, Richard C. Blum, and the Garen Wimer Ranch, Assemblywoman Ma’s office worked with the San Francisco Zoo and SF Recreation and Parks to add seven new bison to the existing herd.
The Paddock is currently open to the public for viewing.
Article: Call Me Maybe
Section: Track listings

Question: What is the length of "Talk to Me"?

Digital download
 "Call Me Maybe"  – 3:13
Digital EP
 "Call Me Maybe"  – 3:13
 "Both Sides Now"  – 3:53
 "Talk to Me"  – 2:50
 "Call Me Maybe" (Instrumental)  – 3:13
CD single
 "Call Me Maybe"  – 3:13
 "Both Sides Now"  – 3:53
Remix EP
 "Call Me Maybe" (Manhattan Clique Remix)  – 5:56
 "Call Me Maybe" (Almighty Club Mix)  – 6:58
 "Call Me Maybe" (10 Kings.VS.
Ollie Green Remix)  – 3:08
 "Call Me Maybe" (Coyote Kisses Remix)  – 4:46
Article: Take Care (album)
Section: Release and promotion

Question: What year did Drake release "Free Spirit?"

The first track Drake released was "Dreams Money Can Buy" on May 20, 2011 through his October's Very Own blog.
Drake mentioned this song was "A Story of Dreams, mixed with reality," and that this was not his first single off the album but that it would be included on "Take Care".
On June 9, 2011, a second track titled "Marvins Room" was released via his blog.
Drake initially stated that the song would not be featured on "Take Care", but because of the song's unexpected success, prompting it was released as a digital and radio single on July 22, 2011 and will be on "Take Care".
"Trust Issues" was then released shortly after on his blog, but is confirmed not to be on the album via Drake's Twitter.
He explained that the song was an idea he had from I'm On One and made it "just for fun."
However, in an interview, Drake stated that Trust Issues, along with Dreams Money Can Buy, will be included in the Birthday Edition of the album.
On September 10, 2011, Drake released a new song titled "Club Paradise" on his October's Very Own blog.
"Dropping this for our boy Avery...this was his favorite sh*t during the recording process.
2 more songs coming tonight as well.
ovoxo," he wrote on his blog.
On September 11, 2011, Drake released another track entitled "Free Spirit" featuring Rick Ross and blogged that another was to be released that night, as well.
Later that night he released a remix of Waka Flocka Flame's "Round of Applause".
On September 23, 2011, Drake released the official album cover to "Take Care".
On October 20, 2011, an unfinished version of "The Real Her" featuring only Lil Wayne was leaked online.
On October 8, 2011, Drake announced on his OVO blog that "Take Care" would be pushed back until November 15 because of three sample clearances (Take Care, Cameras, & Practice).
It was originally to be released on his 25th birthday, October 24, 2011.
The Club Paradise Tour was revealed to start in November on Twitter.
However, It was revealed that the tour was delayed until after Christmas/New Year break so Drake could perform at more schools.
A “chopped and screwed” version of the album remixed by OG Ron C titled "Chop Care" was released on November 29, 2011, and received over 1 million downloads in the first 48 hours.
It was featured on a variety of media blogs, magazines, and newspapers.
It was included on year-end lists by several publications, including The New York Times which gave major praise.
Article: Judo
Section: Rank and grading

Question: Who picks who gets "judan" in the kyu-dan Judo ranking system?

Judo is a hierarchical art, where seniority of judoka is designated by what is known as the - ranking system.
This system was developed by Jigoro Kano based on the ranking system in the board game Go.
Beginning students progress through kyu grades towards dan grades.
A judoka's position within the kyu-dan ranking system is displayed by the color of their belt.
Beginning students typically wear a white belt, progressing through descending kyu ranks until they are deemed to have achieved a level of competence sufficient to be a dan grade, at which point they wear the .
The kyu-dan ranking system has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.
The highest grade ever awarded "jūdan" (tenth degree black belt) has no formal requirements and is decided by the president of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano.
As of 2011, fifteen Japanese men have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan, three of whom are still alive; the IJF and Western national federations have promoted another seven who are not recognized (at that level of rank) by the Kodokan.
On July 28, 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th "dan", who is the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank.
Although "dan" ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the "kyū" grades, with some countries having more "kyū" grades.
Although initially "kyū" grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used.
The first black belts to denote a Dan rank in the 1880s, initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used.
It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the judogi, that an expanded colored belt system of awarding rank was created.
Article: Equestrianism
Section: Health issues

Question: Is equestrianism a dangerous sport?

Handling, riding, and driving horses has a number of health risks.
Riding has some inherent risks, as when mounted, the rider's head may be up to from the ground, and the horse may travel at a speed of up to .
The injuries observed range from very minor injuries to fatalities.
A recent study in Germany reported that the relative risk of injury from riding a horse, compared to riding a bicycle, was 9 times higher for adolescents and 5.6 times higher for younger children, but that riding a horse was less risky than riding a moped.
In Victoria, Australia, a search of state records found that equestrian sports had the third highest incidence of serious injury, after motor sports and power boating.
In Greece, an analysis of a national registry estimated the incidence of equestrian injury to be 21 per 100,000 person-years for farming and equestrian sports combined, and 160 times higher for horse racing personnel.
Other findings were that use of spurs may contribute to ankle fractures and dislocations, and helmets likely prevent traumatic brain injuries.
In the United States each year an estimated 30 million people ride horses, resulting in 50,000 emergency room visits (1 visit per 600 riders per year).
A survey of 679 equestrians in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho estimated that at some time in their equestrian career one in five will be seriously injured, resulting in hospitalization, surgery, or long-term disability.
Among survey respondents, novice equestrians had an incidence of any injury that was threefold over intermediates, fivefold over advanced equestrians, and nearly eightfold over professionals.
Approximately 100 hours of experience are required to achieve a substantial decline in the risk of injury.
The survey authors conclude that efforts to prevent equestrian injury should focus on novice equestrians.
Article: The Act of Killing
Section: Abstract

Question: What did the film "The Act of Killing" win at the BAFTAs?

The Act of Killing (, meaning "Butcher") is a 2012 documentary film directed by Joshua Oppenheimer, and co-directed by Christine Cynn and an anonymous Indonesian.
It is a Danish-British-Norwegian co-production, presented by Final Cut for Real in Denmark and produced by Signe Byrge Sørensen.
The executive producers were Werner Herzog, Errol Morris, Joram ten Brink, and Andre Singer.
It is a Docwest project of the University of Westminster.
It won the 2013 European Film Award for Best Documentary, the Asia Pacific Screen Award, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 86th Academy Awards.
"The Act of Killing" won best documentary at the 2014 BAFTA awards.
In accepting the award, Oppenheimer asserted that the United States and the United Kingdom have "collective responsibility" for "participating in and ignoring" the crimes, which was omitted from the video BAFTA posted online.
After a screening for US Congress members, Oppenheimer demanded that the US acknowledge its role in the killings.
Article: Denmark
Section: Painting and photography

Question: Christoffer Wilhelm Exkersberg taught at what location?

While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th- and 16th-century church frescos, which can be seen in many of the country's older churches, are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters.
The Danish Golden Age, which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism.
Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included notable painters such as Wilhelm Bendz, Christen Købke, Martinus Rørbye, Constantin Hansen, and Wilhelm Marstrand.
The sculpture of Bertel Thorvaldsen was also significant during this period.
In 1871, Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia's most successful artists' colonies specializing in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favoured by the Academy.
Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna, they were soon joined by P.S.
Krøyer, Carl Locher and Laurits Tuxen.
All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people.
Similar trends developed on Funen with the "Fynboerne" who included Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen, and on the island of Bornholm with the Bornholm school of painters including Niels Lergaard, Kræsten Iversen and Oluf Høst.
Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art in 1839 to the success of a considerable number of Danes in the world of photography today.
Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century while both artistic and press photographers made internationally recognised contributions.
Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active both at home and abroad, participating in key exhibitions around the world.
Collections of modern art enjoy unusually attractive settings at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art north of Copenhagen and at the North Jutland Art Museum in Aalborg.
Notable artists include the Neo-Expressionist Per Kirkeby, Tal R with his wild and colorful paintings, Olafur Eliasson's space exhibitions and Jeppe Hein's installations.
Article: Glad You Came
Section: Background

Question: Who wrote the song Glad You Came?

The song was written and produced by Steve Mac.
It serves as the second single from The Wanted's second album, "Battleground" which was released on 7 November 2011.
Band member Tom Parker said of the song, "We all felt it was a new, refreshing sound and a perfect song for the summer which really gets you in the mood for a party."
The song premiered on the radio on 24 May 2011.
The song was also remixed by Alex Gaudino.
The American television series "Glee" covered the track in the episode "On My Way", which was aired during the third season.
It was performed at the Regionals competition between New Directions and the Dalton Academy Warblers.
Sebastian (Grant Gustin) leads the performance.
Article: Rendang
Section: Composition and cooking method

Question: Rendang is known for what spice blend?

The cooking technique flourished because of its role in preserving meat in a tropical climate.
Rendang is rich in spices.
Along with the main meat ingredient, rendang uses coconut milk (Minangkabau: "karambia") and a paste of mixed ground spices, which includes ginger, galangal, turmeric leaves, lemon grass, garlic, shallot, chillies and other spices.
This spice mixture is called "pemasak" in Minangkabau.
The spices, garlic, shallot, ginger and galangal used in rendang have antimicrobial properties and serve as natural organic preservatives.
If cooked properly, dry rendang can last for as long as four weeks.
Traditional Padang rendang takes hours to cook.
Cooking rendang involves pounding and grinding ingredients as well as slow cooking, and so is time-consuming and requires patience.
The meat pieces are slowly cooked in coconut milk and spices until almost all the liquid is gone, allowing the meat to absorb the condiments.
The cooking process changes from boiling to frying as the liquid evaporates.
The slow cooking process allows the meat to absorb all the spices and to become tender.
To cook the meat until tender, with almost all liquids evaporated, requires great care, if the meat is not to burn or be spoiled.
Because of its generous use of numerous spices, rendang is known for having a complex and unique taste.
Rendang is often served with steamed rice, "ketupat" (a compressed rice cake), or "lemang" (glutinous rice barbecued in bamboo tubes), accompanied with vegetable side dishes such as boiled cassava leaf, "cubadak" (young jackfruit gulai), cabbage gulai, and "lado" (red or green chilli pepper sambal).
Article: Climate change
Section: Precipitation

Question: When did Last Glacial Maximum happen?

Past precipitation can be estimated in the modern era with the global network of precipitation gauges.
Surface coverage over oceans and remote areas is relatively sparse, but, reducing reliance on interpolation, satellite data has been available since the 1970s.
Quantification of climatological variation of precipitation in prior centuries and epochs is less complete but approximated using proxies such as marine sediments, ice cores, cave stalagmites, and tree rings.
Climatological temperatures substantially affect precipitation.
For instance, during the Last Glacial Maximum of 18,000 years ago, thermal-driven evaporation from the oceans onto continental landmasses was low, causing large areas of extreme desert, including polar deserts (cold but with low rates of precipitation).
In contrast, the world's climate was wetter than today near the start of the warm Atlantic Period of 8000 years ago.
Estimated global land precipitation increased by approximately 2% over the course of the 20th century, though the calculated trend varies if different time endpoints are chosen, complicated by ENSO and other oscillations, including greater global land precipitation in the 1950s and 1970s than the later 1980s and 1990s despite the positive trend over the century overall.
Similar slight overall increase in global river runoff and in average soil moisture has been perceived.
Article: Shrek
Section: Accolades

Question: Was Shrek ever nominated for a BAFTA award?

At the 74th Academy Awards, "Shrek" won the first ever Academy Award For Best Animated Feature, beating "Monsters, Inc." and "".
"Entertainment Weekly" put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Prince Charming?
So last millennium.
This decade, fairy-tale fans — and Princess Fiona — fell for a fat and flatulent Ogre.
Now, that's progress."
It was nominated for The Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.
"Shrek" was also nominated for 6 BAFTA Award, including the BAFTA Award for Best Film.
Eddie Murphy became the first actor to ever receive a BAFTA nomination for a voice-over performance.
The film was also nominated for Best Visual Effects, Best Sound, Best Film Music, and won the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.
"Shrek" was nominated for a dozen Annie Awards from ASIFA-Hollywood, and won eight Annies including Best Animated Feature and Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production.
In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its "Ten top Ten"; the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community "Shrek" was acknowledged as the eighth best film in the animated genre, and the only non-Disney·Pixar film in the Top 10.
"Shrek" was also ranked second in a Channel 4 poll of the "100 Greatest Family Films", losing out on the top spot to "E.T.
the Extra-Terrestrial".
In 2005, "Shrek" came sixth in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Cartoons poll behind "The Simpsons", "Tom and Jerry", "South Park", "Toy Story" and "Family Guy".
In November 2009, the character, Lord Farquaad, was listed #14 in IGN UK's "Top 15 Fantasy Villains".
In 2006, it was ranked third on Bravo's 100 funniest films list.
American Film Institute recognition:
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
* Shrek - Nominated Hero
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
* I'm a Believer - Nominated
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) - Nominated
 AFI's 10 Top 10 - #8 Animated film