community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Section: Robert F. Kennedy speech

Question: What office did kennedy run for in 1968?

A speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. was given on April 4, 1968, by New York Senator Robert F. Kennedy (who was himself assassinated two months later).
Kennedy was campaigning for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination and had spoken at the University of Notre Dame and Ball State University earlier that day.
Before boarding a plane to fly to Indianapolis for one last campaign speech in a predominantly black neighborhood of the city he learned that Martin Luther King had been shot, leading Kennedy press secretary Frank Mankiewicz to suggest that he ask the audience to pray for the King family and ask them to follow King's deeply held belief in non-violence.
They did not learn that King was dead until they landed in Indianapolis.
Both Mankiewicz and speechwriter Adam Walinsky drafted notes immediately before the rally for Kennedy's use, but Kennedy refused Walinsky's notes, instead using some that he had likely written on the ride over; Mankiewicz arrived after Kennedy had already begun to speak.
Prior to arriving at the rally, the Chief of Police in Indianapolis told Kennedy that he could not provide protection and that giving the remarks would be too dangerous, but Kennedy decided to go ahead regardless.
Standing on a podium mounted on a flatbed truck, Kennedy spoke for just four minutes and fifty-seven seconds.
Robert F. Kennedy was the first to inform the audience of the death of Martin Luther King, causing some in the audience to scream and wail.
Several of Kennedy's aides were even worried that the delivery of this information would result in a riot.
Once the audience quieted down, Kennedy acknowledged that many in the audience would be filled with anger.
But then Kennedy went on: "For those of you who are black and are tempted to fill with -- be filled with hatred and mistrust of the injustice of such an act, against all white people, I would only say that I can also feel in my own heart the same kind of feeling.
I had a member of my family killed, but he was killed by a white man."
These remarks surprised Kennedy aides, who had never heard him speak publicly of John F. Kennedy's death.
Kennedy continued, saying that the country had to make an effort to "go beyond these rather difficult times," and then quoted a poem by the Greek playwright Aeschylus, on the theme of the wisdom that comes, against one's will, from pain.
To conclude, Kennedy said that the country needed and wanted unity between blacks and whites, asked the audience members to pray for the King family and the country, and once more quoted the ancient Greeks.
The speech was credited in part with preventing post-assassination rioting in Indianapolis where it was given, though there were riots in many other parts of the country.
It is widely considered one of the greatest speeches in American history.
Article: World War I
Section: New states under war zone

Question: During which year(s) did the Russian army withdraw from the Caucasus front?

In the late spring of 1918, three new states were formed in the South Caucasus: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which declared their independence from the Russian Empire.
Two other minor entities were established, the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic (the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian-British task force in early 1919).
With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917–18, the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance, which commenced in the early months of 1918.
Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918, but this collapsed in May, when the Georgians asked and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance.
Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full-fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks.
Article: Cloning
Section: Horticultural

Question: What has been cloned for science?

The term "clone" is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction or apomixis.
Many horticultural plant cultivars are clones, having been derived from a single individual, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction.
As an example, some European cultivars of grapes represent clones that have been propagated for over two millennia.
Other examples are potato and banana.
Grafting can be regarded as cloning, since all the shoots and branches coming from the graft are genetically a clone of a single individual, but this particular kind of cloning has not come under ethical scrutiny and is generally treated as an entirely different kind of operation.
Many trees, shrubs, vines, ferns and other herbaceous perennials form clonal colonies naturally.
Parts of an individual plant may become detached by fragmentation and grow on to become separate clonal individuals.
A common example is in the vegetative reproduction of moss and liverwort gametophyte clones by means of gemmae.
Some vascular plants e.g.
dandelion and certain viviparous grasses also form seeds asexually, termed apomixis, resulting in clonal populations of genetically identical individuals.
Article: Nurse Jackie
Section: Critical reception

Question: Who ranked "Tiny Bubbles" fifth on his "Top 10 Episodes of 2009" list?

Critical reception.
The premiere of "Nurse Jackie" was met with generally positive reviews from critics.
"Entertainment Weekly" gave the first episode a B+, stating "Edie Falco brings a genial forcefulness to Nurse Jackie."
"New York" magazine called the Showtime series "smart, acrid, alternately sharp and sentimental" and "the best series yet in the cable channel’s ongoing meditation on the nature of addiction ... and the setting for a truly breakthrough female character".
James Poniewozik from "Time" magazine ranked Nurse Jackie's episode "Tiny Bubbles" (106) as 5th on his "Top 10 Episodes of 2009" list.
Reception was not entirely positive, with "Variety" noting, "The series increasingly feels like all style and limited substance – a star showcase that's less 'triumphant return' than 'Nice to have you back, but...'"
Article: Central Park
Section: Geology

Question: What fault zone traverses Central Park?

There are four different types of bedrock in Manhattan.
In Central Park, Manhattan schist and Hartland schist, which are both metamorphosed sedimentary rock, are exposed in various outcroppings.
The other two types, Fordham gneiss (an older deeper layer) and Inwood marble (metamorphosed limestone which overlays the gneiss), do not surface in the park.
Fordham gneiss, which consists of metamorphosed igneous rocks, was formed a billion years ago, during what is known as the Grenville orogeny that occurred during the creation of an ancient super-continent.
It is the oldest rock in the Canadian Shield, the most ancient part of the North American tectonic plate.
Manhattan schist and Hartland schist were formed in the Iapetus Ocean during the Taconic orogeny in the Paleozoic era, about 450 million years ago.
During this period the tectonic plates began to move toward each other, which resulted in the creation of the supercontinent, Pangaea.
Cameron's Line is a fault zone that traverses Central Park on an east-west axis.
Various glaciers have covered the area of Central Park in the past, with the most recent being the Wisconsin glacier which receded about 12,000 years ago.
Evidence of past glaciers are visible throughout the park in the form of "glacial erratics" (large boulders dropped by the receding glacier) and north-south glacial striations visible on stone outcroppings.
Article: Poutine
Section: Etymology

Question: How's the English word "pudding" related to poutine?

The "Dictionnaire historique du français québécois" lists 15 different meanings of "poutine" in Quebec and Acadian French, most of which are for kinds of food; the word "poutine" in the meaning "fries with cheese and gravy" is dated to 1978.
Other definitions of the word have been in use at least since 1810.
While the exact provenance of the word ""poutine"" is uncertain, some of its meanings undoubtedly result at least in part from the influence of the English word "pudding".
Among its various culinary senses, that of "a dessert made from flour or bread crumbs" most clearly shows this influence; the word "pouding", borrowed from the English "pudding", is in fact a synonym in this sense.
The pejorative meaning "fat person" of "poutine" (used especially in speaking of a woman) is believed to derive from the English "pudding" "a person or thing resembling a pudding" or "stout, thick-set person".
In other meanings of "poutine", the existence of a relation to the English word "pudding" is uncertain.
One of these additional meanings — the one from which the name of the dish with fries is thought to derive — is "unappetizing mixture of various foods, usually leftovers."
This sense may also have given rise to the meaning "complicated business, complex organization; set of operations whose management is difficult or problematic.
"The "Dictionnaire historique" mentions the possibility that the form "poutine" is simply a gallicization of the word "pudding".
However, it considers it more likely that it was inherited from regional languages spoken in France, and that some of its meanings resulted from the later influence of the similar-sounding English word "pudding".
It cites the Provençal forms "poutingo" "bad stew" and "poutité" "hodgepodge" or "crushed fruit or foods"; "poutringo" "mixture of various things" in Languedocien; and "poutringue", "potringa" "bad stew" in Franche-Comté as possibly related to "poutine".
The meaning "fries with cheese and gravy" of "poutine" is among those held as probably unrelated to "pudding" provided the latter view is correct.
Article: Thermodynamics
Section: Potentials

Question: What are the five most well known potentials?

Thermodynamic potentials are different quantitative measures of the stored energy in a system.
Potentials are used to measure energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state.
The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure.
For example, the Helmholtz and Gibbs energies are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively.
The five most well known potentials are:where formula_1 is the temperature, formula_2 the entropy, formula_3 the pressure, formula_4 the volume, formula_5 the chemical potential, formula_6 the number of particles in the system, and formula_7 is the count of particles types in the system.
Thermodynamic potentials can be derived from the energy balance equation applied to a thermodynamic system.
Other thermodynamic potentials can also be obtained through Legendre transformation.
Article: Argentina
Section: Contemporary era

Question: When was  Cristina Fernandez first elected and when did he become reelected?

Raúl Alfonsín won the 1983 elections campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for human rights violations during the "Proceso": the Trial of the Juntas and other martial courts sentenced all the coup's leaders but, under military pressure, he also enacted the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws, which halted prosecutions further down the chain of command.
The worsening economic crisis and hyperinflation reduced his popular support and the Peronist Carlos Menem won the 1989 election.
Soon after, riots forced Alfonsín to an early resign.
Menem embraced neoliberal policies: a fixed exchange rate, business deregulation, privatizations and dismantling of protectionist barriers normalized the economy for a while.
He pardoned the officers who had been sentenced during Alfonsín's government.
The 1994 Constitutional Amendment allowed Menem to be elected for a second term.
The economy began to decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession; led by Fernando de la Rúa, the UCR returned to the presidency in the 1999 elections.
De la Rúa kept Menem's economic plan despite the worsening crisis, which led to growing social discontent.
A massive capital flight was responded to with a freezing of bank accounts, generating further turmoil.
The December 2001 riots forced him to resign.
Congress appointed Eduardo Duhalde as acting president, who abrogated the fixed exchange rate established by Menem.
By the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recess, but the assassination of two "piqueteros" by the police caused political commotion, prompting Duhalde to move elections forward.
Néstor Kirchner was elected as the new president.
Boosting the neo-keynesian economic policies laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and steep GDP growth.
Under his administration Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the International Monetary Fund, purged the military from officers with doubtful human rights records, ruled the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas' crimes.
He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife, senator Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who was elected in 2007 and reelected in 2011.
Article: Victoria Peak
Section: Abstract

Question: Which Island is Victoria Peak located?

Victoria Peak (, or previously ) is a mountain in the western half of Hong Kong Island.
It is also known as Mount Austin, and locally as The Peak.
With an altitude of , it is the highest mountain on the island (Tai Mo Shan is the highest point in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region).
The summit is occupied by a radio telecommunications facility and is closed to the public.
However, the surrounding area of public parks and high-value residential land is the area that is normally meant by the name "The Peak".
It is a major tourist attraction that offers views over Central, Victoria Harbour, Lamma Island and the surrounding islands.
Article: Moonrise Kingdom
Section: Critical response

Question: What score did Moonrise Kingdom receive from Rotten Tomatoes?

Critical response.
"Moonrise Kingdom" received widespread acclaim; review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 94% based on reviews from 223 critics, with an average score of 8.2/10.
Review aggregation website Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 84 (out of 100), based on 43 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".
Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gives the film 4 stars out of 5, calling it "another sprightly confection of oddities, attractively eccentric, witty and strangely clothed."
Christopher Orr of "The Atlantic" wrote that "Moonrise Kingdom" "captures the texture of childhood summers, the sense of having a limited amount of time in which to do unlimited things" and is "Anderson's best live-action feature" because "it takes as its primary subject matter odd, precocious children, rather than the damaged and dissatisfied adults they will one day become.
"Kristen M. Jones of "Film Comment" wrote that the film "has a spontaneity and yearning that lend an easy comic rhythm", but it also has a "rapt quality, as if we are viewing the events through Suzy's binoculars or reading the story under the covers by a flashlight."
Article: Karate
Section: Canada

Question: When was karate introduced in Canada?

 and its influence outside Japan.
Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country.
Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization.
During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia.
Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa.
In 1956 after 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu).
In 1958 Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially call his style Wado.
In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in the 1940s under Tsuyoshi Chitose.
In 1954 Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and laid the foundation for the National Karate Association.
In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton.
In 1966 he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation.
During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America.
In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995.
Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death.
Shintani died May 7, 2000.
Article: Las Vegas Strip
Section: Current

Question: Where is the only Barney's store in Las Vegas?

 Bonanza Gift Shop is billed as the "World's Largest Gift Shop", with over of shopping space.
 The Shoppes at The Palazzo feature luxury stores including the only Barneys New York department store in Las Vegas.
 Fashion Show Mall is adjacent to Treasure Island and opposite Wynn Las Vegas.
 Grand Canal Shoppes is a luxury mall connected to The Venetian with canals, gondolas and singing gondoliers.
 Miracle Mile is part of the Planet Hollywood hotel.
 The Forum Shops at Caesars is a luxury mall connected to Caesars Palace, with more than 160 shops and 11 restaurants.
 Crystals at CityCenter is a luxury high-fashion mall at CityCenter.
 Harmon Corner is a three story retail center located next to Planet Hollywood with shops and restaurants.
Article: Evolution
Section: Biased mutation

Question: What are the majority of mutations that are selected against?

In addition to being a major source of variation, mutation may also function as a mechanism of evolution when there are different probabilities at the molecular level for different mutations to occur, a process known as mutation bias.
If two genotypes, for example one with the nucleotide G and another with the nucleotide A in the same position, have the same fitness, but mutation from G to A happens more often than mutation from A to G, then genotypes with A will tend to evolve.
Different insertion vs. deletion mutation biases in different taxa can lead to the evolution of different genome sizes.
Developmental or mutational biases have also been observed in morphological evolution.
For example, according to the phenotype-first theory of evolution, mutations can eventually cause the genetic assimilation of traits that were previously induced by the environment.
Mutation bias effects are superimposed on other processes.
If selection would favor either one out of two mutations, but there is no extra advantage to having both, then the mutation that occurs the most frequently is the one that is most likely to become fixed in a population.
Mutations leading to the loss of function of a gene are much more common than mutations that produce a new, fully functional gene.
Most loss of function mutations are selected against.
But when selection is weak, mutation bias towards loss of function can affect evolution.
For example, pigments are no longer useful when animals live in the darkness of caves, and tend to be lost.
This kind of loss of function can occur because of mutation bias, and/or because the function had a cost, and once the benefit of the function disappeared, natural selection leads to the loss.
Loss of sporulation ability in a bacterium during laboratory evolution appears to have been caused by mutation bias, rather than natural selection against the cost of maintaining sporulation ability.
When there is no selection for loss of function, the speed at which loss evolves depends more on the mutation rate than it does on the effective population size, indicating that it is driven more by mutation bias than by genetic drift.
Article: Telescope
Section: History

Question: What is the maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes?

The earliest recorded working telescopes were the refracting telescopes that appeared in the Netherlands in 1608.
Their development is credited to three individuals: Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, who were spectacle makers in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar.
Galileo heard about the Dutch telescope in June 1609, built his own within a month, and greatly improved upon the design in the following year.
The idea that the objective, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope.
The potential advantages of using parabolic mirrors—reduction of spherical aberration and no chromatic aberration—led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build reflecting telescopes.
In 1668, Isaac Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the Newtonian reflector.
The invention of the achromatic lens in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes.
Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing speculum metal mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857, and aluminized mirrors in 1932.
The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40 inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors.
The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10 m (33 feet).
The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of wavelengths from radio to gamma-rays.
The first purpose built radio telescope went into operation in 1937.
Since then, a tremendous variety of complex astronomical instruments have been developed.
Article: Coffee
Section: Commodity

Question: Who is coffee sold by?

Coffee is bought and sold by roasters, investors, and price speculators as a tradable commodity in commodity markets and exchange-traded funds.
Coffee futures contracts for Grade 3 washed arabicas are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange under ticker symbol KC, with contract deliveries occurring every year in March, May, July, September, and December.
Coffee is an example of a product that has been susceptible to significant commodity futures price variations.
Higher and lower grade arabica coffees are sold through other channels.
Futures contracts for robusta coffee are traded on the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange and, since 2007, on the New York IntercontinentalExchange.
Coffee has been described by many, including historian Mark Pendergrast, as the world's "second most legally traded commodity."
However, this claim has been recently refuted by Pendergrast among others after further research.