community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: The Creation of Adam
Section: Anatomical theories

Question: What year did Fank Meshberger discuss the background figures and shapes?

Several hypotheses have been put forward about the meaning of "The Creation of Adam"'s highly original composition, many of them taking Michelangelo's well-documented expertise in human anatomy as their starting point.
In 1990, an Anderson, Indiana physician named Frank Lynn Meshberger, M.D.
noted in the medical publication the "Journal of the American Medical Association" that the background figures and shapes portrayed behind the figure of God appeared to be an anatomically accurate picture of the human brain.
Dr. Meshberger's interpretation has been discussed by Dr. Mark Lee Appler.
On close examination, borders in the painting correlate with major sulci of the cerebrum in the inner and outer surface of the brain, the brain stem, the frontal lobe, the basilar artery, the pituitary gland and the optic chiasm.
Alternatively, it has been observed that the red cloth around God has the shape of a human uterus (one art historian has called it a "uterine mantle"), and that the scarf hanging out, coloured green, could be a newly cut umbilical cord.
"This is an interesting hypothesis that presents the Creation scene as an idealised representation of the physical birth of man.
It explains the navel that appears on Adam, which is at first perplexing because he was created, not born of a woman."
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Setting and access

Question: In what year were the stones at Stonehenge roped off?

When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones, but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion.
Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones, but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away.
English Heritage does, however, permit access during the summer and winter solstice, and the spring and autumn equinox.
Additionally, visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year.
The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism, highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey.
In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites, 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations, declaring it to be "in moderate trouble".
As motorised traffic increased, the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side – the A344 to Shrewton on the north side, and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south.
Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site.
However, the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions.
On 6 December 2007, it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors' centre had been cancelled.
On 13 May 2009, the government gave approval for a £25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors' centre and close the A344, although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent.
On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available, supported by a £10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.
On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and grassing it over.
The centre, designed by Denton Corker Marshall, opened to the public on 18 December 2013.
Article: Korean War
Section: UN forces cross partition line (September – October 1950)

Question: WHat town did the x corps land in besides wonsan?

UN forces cross partition line (September – October 1950).
On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily..." On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee.
On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: "We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel."
During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.
On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the U.S. that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the U.S. crossed the 38th parallel.
Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively.
Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.
By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea.
MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender.
Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards.
The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces.
The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950.
The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ("Rakkasans") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon.
The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war.
At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war.
Taking advantage of the UN Command's strategic momentum against the communists, General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort.
President Truman disagreed, and ordered caution at the Sino-Korean border.
Article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Section: The bombing

Question: Enola Gay was part of what squadron?

Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets.
The 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 "Enola Gay", piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan.
The "Enola Gay" (named after Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s.
"The Great Artiste", commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called "Necessary Evil", commanded by Captain George Marquardt, served as the photography aircraft.
After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05:55 at , and set course for Japan.
The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at .
Parsons, who was in command of the mission, armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff.
He had witnessed four B-29s crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B-29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board.
His assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area.
During the night of August 5–6, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan.
Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga, 102 bound for Maebashi, 261 en route to Nishinomiya, 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari.
An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima.
The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05.
About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as "Straight Flush" flew over the city.
It broadcast a short message which was picked up by "Enola Gay".
It read: "Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes.
Advice: bomb primary."
The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09.
At 08:09 Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee.
The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about to a detonation height of about above the city.
"Enola Gay" traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast.
Due to crosswind, the bomb missed the aiming point, the Aioi Bridge, by approximately and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic at .
It created a blast equivalent to , ± 2 kt.
The weapon was considered very inefficient, with only 1.7% of its material fissioning.
The radius of total destruction was about , with resulting fires across .
People on the ground reported seeing a "pika" or brilliant flash of light followed by a "don", a loud booming sound.
Some 70,000–80,000 people, of whom 20,000 were soldiers, or around 30% of the population of Hiroshima, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm.
and another 70,000 injured.
Article: Proton
Section: Description

Question: Desribe a baryon.

Protons are spin-½ fermions and are composed of three valence quarks, making them baryons (a sub-type of hadrons).
The two up quarks and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong force, mediated by gluons.
A modern perspective has the proton composed of the valence quarks (up, up, down), the gluons, and transitory pairs of sea quarks.
The proton has an approximately exponentially decaying positive charge distribution with a mean square radius of about 0.8 fm.
Protons and neutrons are both nucleons, which may be bound together by the nuclear force to form atomic nuclei.
The nucleus of the most common isotope of the hydrogen atom (with the chemical symbol "H") is a lone proton.
The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons, respectively.
All other types of atomic nuclei are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons.
Article: Swans Reflecting Elephants
Section: Abstract

Question: What period is the painting "Swans Reflecting Elephants" from?

Swans Reflecting Elephants (1937) is a painting by the Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí.
This painting is from Dalí's Paranoiac-critical period.
Painted using oil on canvas, it contains one of Dalí's famous double images.
The double images were a major part of Dalí's "paranoia-critical method," which he put forward in his 1935 essay "The Conquest of the Irrational."
He explained his process as a "spontaneous method of irrational understanding based upon the interpretative critical association of delirious phenomena."
Dalí used this method to bring forth the hallucinatory forms, double images and visual illusions that filled his paintings during the Thirties.
As with earlier "Metamorphosis of Narcissus", "Swans Reflecting Elephants" uses the reflection in a lake to create the double image seen in the painting.
In "Metamorphosis", the reflection of Narcissus is used to mirror the shape of the hand on the right of the picture.
Here, the three swans in front of bleak, leafless trees are reflected in the lake so that the swans' heads become the elephants' heads and the trees become the bodies of the elephants.
In the background of the painting is a Catalonian landscape depicted in fiery fall colors, the brushwork creating swirls in the cliffs that surround the lake, to contrast with the stillness of the water
Article: Salad
Section: Bound salad

Question: What types of things are bound salads?

A "bound" salad can be composed (arranged) or tossed (put in a bowl and mixed with a thick dressing).
They are assembled with thick sauces such as mayonnaise.
One portion of a true bound salad will hold its shape when placed on a plate with an ice-cream scoop.
Examples of bound salad include tuna salad, pasta salad, chicken salad, egg salad, and potato salad.
Bound salads are often used as sandwich fillings.
They are popular at picnics and barbecues, because they can be made ahead of time and refrigerated.
Article: The Lord of the Rings
Section: Writing

Question: When was "A New hobbit" started?

Persuaded by his publishers, he started "a new Hobbit" in December 1937.
After several false starts, the story of the One Ring emerged.
The idea for the first chapter ("A Long-Expected Party") arrived fully formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, the significance of the Ring, and the title "The Lord of the Rings" did not arrive until the spring of 1938.
Originally, he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however, he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work.
As the story progressed, he also brought in elements from 'The Silmarillion' mythology.
Writing was slow, because Tolkien had a full-time academic position, and needed to earn further money as a university examiner.
Tolkien abandoned "The Lord of the Rings" during most of 1943 and only re-started it in April 1944, as a serial for his son Christopher Tolkien, who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the Royal Air Force.
Tolkien made another concerted effort in 1946, and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947.
The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949.
The original manuscripts, which total 9,250 pages, now reside in the J.R.R.
Tolkien Collection at Marquette University.
Article: Parks and Recreation
Section: DVD and streaming video

Question: When was the frist parks and recreation released on dvd

The first season of "Parks and Recreation" was released on DVD in region 1 on September 8, 2009.
The DVD included all six episodes, as well as an "Extended Producer's Cut" of the season finale, "Rock Show".
The disc also included cast and crew commentary tracks for each episode, as well as about 30 minutes of deleted scenes.
The second season was released in a four-disc set in region 1 on November 30, 2010.
They included extended episodes for "The Master Plan" and "Freddy Spaghetti", as well as two-and-a-half hours of deleted scenes, a third season preview and additional video clips.
Audio commentaries were recorded for the episodes "Sister City", "Ron and Tammy", "Hunting Trip", "Woman of the Year", "The Master Plan" and "Freddy Spaghetti".
"Parks and Recreation" can be viewed on the streaming video service Hulu, as well as the "Instant Watch" streaming feature of Netflix and Amazon Prime.
Individual episodes can also be purchased on the Apple Inc. digital media iTunes Store and viewed on an NBC mobile browser on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad.
Article: Aurora
Section: Frequency of occurrence

Question: What is the name of the spiral caused by the rotation of the sun?

Auroras are occasionally seen in temperate latitudes, when a magnetic storm temporarily enlarges the auroral oval.
Large magnetic storms are most common during the peak of the eleven-year sunspot cycle or during the three years after that peak.
Within the auroral zone the likelihood of an aurora occurring depends mostly on the slant of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines (the slant is known as Bz), however, being greater with southward slants.
Geomagnetic storms that ignite auroras actually happen more often during the months around the equinoxes.
It is not well understood why geomagnetic storms are tied to Earth's seasons while polar activity is not.
But it is known that during spring and autumn, the interplanetary magnetic field and that of Earth link up.
At the magnetopause, Earth's magnetic field points north.
When Bz becomes large and negative (i.e., the IMF tilts south), it can partially cancel Earth's magnetic field at the point of contact.
South-pointing Bzs open a door through which energy from the solar wind reaches Earth's inner magnetosphere.
The peaking of Bz during this time is a result of geometry.
The IMF comes from the Sun and is carried outward with the solar wind.
The rotation of the Sun causes the IMF to have a spiral shape called the Parker spiral.
The southward (and northward) excursions of Bz are greatest during April and October, when Earth's magnetic dipole axis is most closely aligned with the Parker spiral.
Bz is not the only influence on geomagnetic activity, however, the Sun's rotation axis is tilted 8 degrees with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit.
The solar wind blows more rapidly from the Sun's poles than from its equator, thus the average speed of particles buffeting Earth's magnetosphere waxes and wanes every six months.
The solar wind speed is greatest – by about 50 km/s, on average – around 5 September and 5 March when Earth lies at its highest heliographic latitude.
Still, neither Bz nor the solar wind can fully explain the seasonal behavior of geomagnetic storms.
Those factors together contribute only about one-third of the observed semiannual variations.
Article: Cricket
Section: Overs

Question: How many deliveries make up an over?

The bowler bowls the ball in sets of six deliveries (or "balls") and each set of six balls is called an over.
This name came about because the umpire calls "Over!"
when six balls have been bowled.
At this point, another bowler is deployed at the other end, and the fielding side changes ends while the batsmen do not.
A bowler cannot bowl two successive overs, although a bowler can bowl unchanged at the same end for several overs.
The batsmen do not change ends and so the one who was non-striker is now the striker and vice-versa.
The umpires also change positions so that the one who was at square leg now stands behind the wicket at the non-striker's end and "vice-versa".
Article: Stem cell
Section: Fetal

Question: What is another name for the stem cells located in the organs of fetuses?

The primitive stem cells located in the organs of fetuses are referred to as fetal stem cells.
There are two types of fetal stem cells:
 Fetal proper stem cells come from the tissue of the fetus proper, and are generally obtained after an abortion.
These stem cells are not immortal but have a high level of division and are multipotent.
 Extraembryonic fetal stem cells come from extraembryonic membranes, and are generally not distinguished from adult stem cells.
These stem cells are acquired after birth, they are not immortal but have a high level of cell division, and are pluripotent.
Article: Hersheypark
Section: The Hollow

Question: Which is the oldest running roller coaster in the park?

This section was named after the oldest operating coaster in the park, Comet, and lies along Spring Creek.
This is one of the oldest areas part of Hersheypark; many rides have come and gone in this area.
The park's first water ride, the Mill Chute installed in 1929, was alongside the creek where Great Bear runs today.
The original location for the bumper cars, then called the Auto Skooters, is now the SooperDooperLooper Sandwich Stop.
There were giant slides on the hill where the Hersheypark Amphitheater is located.
A turnpike ride was located underneath the high bridge that crossed Spring Creek to Minetown.
The park's carousel, before being moved to Carrousel Circle in 1972, was located along the creek adjacent to the station of Comet.
Before SooperDooperLooper came to Comet Hollow in 1977, a Himalaya ride was in that location, and before that, twin Eli Bridge Ferris wheels.
A whip, and a station for the Electric Railroad were also located in Comet Hollow at one time.
One of Hersheypark's most significant floods occurred in 1972 as a result of Hurricane Agnes.
A number of rides were heavily damaged or destroyed as a result.
These rides include the turnpike ride, the Mill Chute and the giant slides.
They were eventually replaced (the Coal Cracker (1973) and Twin Turnpike (1975) were put on higher ground in Minetown, and the Merry Derry Dip Fun Slide was put in Midway America twenty five years later in 1997).
Today, Comet Hollow features three roller coasters, Comet (Hersheypark), Skyrush, and the first looping roller coaster on the East Coast, SooperDooperLooper.
It also houses the Wave Swinger.
Almost all of Great Bear's track courses through Comet Hollow.
Beginning with the 2012 season and renovations being done to this area, the park changed the name of the once 'Comet Hollow' to the now present name of 'The Hollow'.
Article: Assassination of William McKinley
Section: Background

Question: Who was Lincoln's assassin?

In September 1901, William McKinley was at the height of his power as president.
Elected in 1896, during the serious economic depression resulting from the Panic of 1893, he had defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan.
McKinley led the nation both to a return to prosperity and to victory in the Spanish-American War in 1898, taking possession of such Spanish colonies as Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
Re-elected handily in a rematch against Bryan in 1900, according to historical writer Eric Rauchway, "it looked as if the McKinley Administration would continue peaceably unbroken for another four years, a government devoted to prosperity".
McKinley's original vice president, Garret Hobart, had died in 1899, and McKinley left the choice of a running mate to the 1900 Republican National Convention.
In advance of the convention, New York's Republican political boss, Senator Thomas C. Platt, saw an opportunity to politically sideline his state's governor, former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, by pushing for his nomination as vice president.
Roosevelt accepted the nomination and was elected on McKinley's ticket.
Leon Czolgosz was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1873, the son of Polish immigrants.
The Czolgosz family moved a number of times as Paul Czolgosz, Leon's father, sought work throughout the Midwest.
As an adult, Leon Czolgosz worked in a Cleveland factory until he lost his job in a labor dispute in 1893.
Thereafter, he worked irregularly and attended political and religious meetings, trying to understand the reasons for the economic turmoil of the Panic of 1893.
In so doing, he became interested in anarchism.
By 1901, this movement was feared in the United States—New York's highest court had ruled that the act of identifying oneself as an anarchist in front of an audience was a breach of the peace.
Anarchists had taken a toll in Europe of a half-dozen officials and members of royal houses, and had been blamed for the 1886 Haymarket bombing in Chicago.
Two American presidents had been assassinated in the 19th century—Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James Garfield in 1881.
John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin, had been embittered by the Confederate defeat in the American Civil War; Charles Guiteau, the assassin of Garfield, was an eccentric (possibly insane) man motivated by personal political and religious views who had unsuccessfully sought office in Garfield's administration.
Although two presidents had been struck down by assassins, McKinley did not like security personnel to come between him and the people.
When in his hometown, Canton, Ohio, he often walked to church or the business district without protection, and in Washington went on drives with his wife without any guard in the carriage.