community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Cake
Section: Cake decorating

Question: What do commercial bakeries do to lard to introduce air bubbles?

 decorating.
A finished cake is often enhanced by covering it with icing, or frosting, and toppings such as sprinkles, which are also known as "jimmies" in certain parts of the United States and "hundreds and thousands" in the United Kingdom.
Frosting is usually made from powdered (icing) sugar, sometimes a fat of some sort, milk or cream, and often flavorings such as vanilla extract or cocoa powder.
Some decorators use a rolled fondant icing.
Commercial bakeries tend to use lard for the fat, and often whip the lard to introduce air bubbles.
This makes the icing light and spreadable.
Home bakers either use lard, butter, margarine or some combination thereof.
Sprinkles are small firm pieces of sugar and oils that are colored with food coloring.
In the late 20th century, new cake decorating products became available to the public.
These include several specialized sprinkles and even methods to print pictures and transfer the image onto a cake.
Special tools are needed for more complex cake decorating, such as piping bags or syringes, and various piping tips.
To use a piping bag or syringe, a piping tip is attached to the bag or syringe using a coupler.
The bag or syringe is partially filled with icing which is sometimes colored.
Using different piping tips and various techniques, a cake decorator can make many different designs.
Basic decorating tips include open star, closed star, basketweave, round, drop flower, leaf, multi, petal, and specialty tips.
Royal icing, marzipan (or a less sweet version, known as almond paste), fondant icing(also known as sugarpaste) and buttercream are used as covering icings and to create decorations.
Floral sugarcraft or wired sugar flowers are an important part of cake decoration.
Cakes for special occasions, such as wedding cakes, are traditionally rich fruit cakes or occasionally Madeira cakes, that are covered with marzipan and iced using royal icing or sugar-paste.
They are finished with piped borders (made with royal icing) and adorned with a piped message, wired sugar flowers, hand-formed fondant flowers, marzipan fruit, piped flowers, or crystallized fruits or flowers such as grapes or violets.
Article: Industrial Revolution
Section: Population increase

Question: What happened to populatoin after 1740?

According to Robert Hughes in "The Fatal Shore", the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740.
The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.
As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, Britain's population doubled every 50 years.
Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.
The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in population and in per capita income.
Article: Cake
Section: History

Question: What ingredients are differnt in some cakes?

The term "cake" has a long history.
The word itself is of Viking origin, from the Old Norse word "kaka".
Although clear examples of the difference between cake and bread are easy to find, the precise classification has always been elusive.
For example, banana bread may be properly considered either a quick bread or a cake.
The Greeks invented beer as a leavener, frying fritters in olive oil, and cheesecakes using goat's milk.
In ancient Rome, basic bread dough was sometimes enriched with butter, eggs, and honey, which produced a sweet and cake-like baked good.
Latin poet Ovid refers to the birthday of him and his brother with party and cake in his first book of exile, "Tristia".
Early cakes in England were also essentially bread: the most obvious differences between a "cake" and "bread" were the round, flat shape of the cakes, and the cooking method, which turned cakes over once while cooking, while bread was left upright throughout the baking process.
Sponge cakes, leavened with beaten eggs, originated during the Renaissance, possibly in Spain.
Article: Fight Club
Section: Writing

Question: In Fight Club, which actor thought his character was too one-dimensional

Screenwriter Jim Uhls started working on an early draft of the adapted screenplay, which excluded a voice-over because the industry perceived at the time that the technique was "hackneyed and trite".
When Fincher joined the film, he thought that the film should have a voice-over, believing that the film's humor came from the narrator's voice.
The director described the film without a voice-over as seemingly "sad and pathetic".
Fincher and Uhls revised the script for six to seven months and by 1997 had a third draft that reordered the story and left out several major elements.
When Pitt was cast, he was concerned that his character, Tyler Durden, was too one-dimensional.
Fincher sought the advice of writer-director Cameron Crowe, who suggested giving the character more ambiguity.
Fincher also hired screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker for assistance.
The director invited Pitt and Norton to help revise the script, and the group drafted five revisions in the course of a year.
Chuck Palahniuk praised the faithful film adaptation of his novel and applauded how the film's plot was more streamlined than the book's.
Palahniuk recalled how the writers debated if film audiences would believe the plot twist from the novel.
Fincher supported including the twist, arguing, "If they accept everything up to this point, they'll accept the plot twist.
If they're still in the theater, they'll stay with it."
Palahniuk's novel also contained homoerotic overtones, which the director included in the film to make audiences uncomfortable and accentuate the surprise of the film's twists.
The bathroom scene where Tyler Durden bathes next to the narrator is an example of the overtones; the line, "I'm wondering if another woman is really the answer we need," was meant to suggest personal responsibility rather than homosexuality.
Another example is the scene at the beginning of the film in which Tyler Durden puts a gun barrel down the narrator's mouth.
The narrator finds redemption at the end of the film by rejecting Tyler Durden's dialectic, a path that diverged from the novel's ending in which the narrator is placed in a mental institution.
Norton drew parallels between redemption in the film and redemption in "The Graduate", indicating that the protagonists of both films find a middle ground between two divisions of self.
Fincher considered the novel too infatuated with Tyler Durden and changed the ending to move away from him: "I wanted people to love Tyler, but I also wanted them to be OK with his vanquishing."
Article: Turkey
Section: Geography

Question: Which country is a transcontinetal country?

Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country.
Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles.
European Turkey comprises 3% of the country.
The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.
It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E. Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe.
Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area.
The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south.
Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.
The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria.
The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south.
Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 ft), and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country.
Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean.
The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt.
This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area.
As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions.
The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea.
There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, along which a major earthquake occurred in 1999.
Article: Parks and Recreation
Section: Abstract

Question: What did Time call the number one TV series in 2012?

Parks and Recreation is an American comedy television series on the NBC television network, starring Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope, a perky, mid-level bureaucrat in the parks department of Pawnee, a fictional town in Indiana.
Conceived by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, the series debuted on April 9, 2009 and is currently airing its sixth season, which began on September 26, 2013.
The show was renewed for a seventh season by NBC on January 19, 2014.
It uses a single-camera, mockumentary filming style, with the implication being that a documentary crew is filming everyone.
The ensemble and supporting cast features Amy Poehler, Rashida Jones, Aziz Ansari, Nick Offerman, Aubrey Plaza, Paul Schneider, Chris Pratt, Adam Scott, Rob Lowe, Jim O'Heir, and Retta.
The writers researched local California politics for the show, and consulted with urban planners and elected officials.
Poehler's character of Leslie Knope underwent minor changes after the first season in response to audience feedback that she seemed unintelligent and "ditzy".
The writing staff tried to incorporate current events into their episodes, such as a government shutdown in Pawnee inspired by the real-life global financial crisis.
Several guest stars have been featured in the show, and these characters often appear in multiple episodes.
"Parks and Recreation" received generally mixed reviews during its first season.
However, after a reapproach to its format and tone, its second and subsequent seasons received much higher critical acclaim.
"Parks and Recreation" has received several awards and nominations, including a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series, four Emmy nominations and a Golden Globe win for Poehler's performance, and a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy.
In "Time"s 2012 year-end lists issue, "Parks and Recreation" was named the number one television series.
In 2013, after receiving four consecutive nominations in the category, "Parks and Recreation" won the Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy.
"Parks and Recreation" has regularly been a part of NBC's "Comedy Night Done Right" programming during their Thursday night prime-time block.
Article: Yogurt
Section: Other fermented dairy products

Question: What are the fermented dairy products that is listed?

 Amasi
 Chal
 Curd
 Filmjölk
 Kefir
 Kumis
 Ryazhenka
 Shanklish
 Skyr
 Smetana
 Varenets
 Viili
Article: Netball
Section: Description and rules

Question: Goal posts are located where?

The objective of a game is to score more goals than the opposition.
Goals are scored when a team member positioned in the attacking shooting circle shoots the ball through the goal ring.
The goal rings are in diameter and sit atop -high goal posts that have no backboards.
A -radius semi-circular "shooting circle" is an area at each end of the court.
The goal posts are located within the shooting circle.
Each team defends one shooting circle and attacks the other.
The netball court is long, wide, and divided lengthwise into thirds.
The ball is usually made of leather or rubber, measures in circumference, and weighs .
A normal game consists of four 15-minute quarters and can be played outdoors or in a covered stadium.
Each team is allowed seven players on the court.
Each player is assigned a specific position, which limits their movement to a certain area of the court.
A "bib" worn by each player contains a two letter abbreviation of indicating this position.
Only two positions are permitted in the attacking shooting circle, and can therefore shoot for a goal.
Similarly, only two positions are permitted in the defensive shooting circle; they try to prevent the opposition from shooting goals.
Other players are restricted to two thirds of the court, with the exception of the Centre, who may move anywhere on the court except for a shooting circle.
At the beginning of every quarter and after a goal has been scored, play starts with a player in the centre position passing the ball from the centre of the court.
These "centre passes" alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal.
When the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, four players from each team can move into the centre third to receive the pass.
The centre pass must be caught or touched in the centre third.
The ball is then moved up and down the court through passing and must be touched by a player in each adjacent third of the court.
Players can hold the ball for only three seconds at any time.
It must be released before the foot they were standing on when they caught it touches the ground again.
Contact between players is only permitted if it does not impede an opponent or the general play.
When defending a pass or shot players must be at least away from the player with the ball.
If illegal contact is made, the player who contacted cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed or shot the ball.
If the ball is held in two hands and either dropped or a shot at goal is missed, the same player cannot be the first to touch it unless it first rebounds off the goal.
Article: Yosemite National Park
Section: Abstract

Question: Which president signed the Yosemite Grant in 1864?

Yosemite National Park ( ) is a United States National Park spanning eastern portions of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in the central eastern portion of the U.S. state of California.
The park, which is managed by the National Park Service, covers an area of and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain chain.
Over 3.7 million people visit Yosemite each year: most spend their time in the seven square miles (18 km2) of Yosemite Valley.
Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its spectacular granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, Giant Sequoia groves, and biological diversity.
Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness.
Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea.
First, Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development, ultimately leading to President Abraham Lincoln's signing the Yosemite Grant in 1864.
Later, John Muir led a successful movement to establish a larger national park encompassing not just the valley, but surrounding mountains and forests as well - paving the way for the United States national park system.
Yosemite is one of the largest and least fragmented habitat blocks in the Sierra Nevada, and the park supports a diversity of plants and animals.
The park has an elevation range from and contains five major vegetation zones: chaparral/oak woodland, lower montane forest, upper montane forest, subalpine zone, and alpine.
Of California's 7,000 plant species, about 50% occur in the Sierra Nevada and more than 20% within Yosemite.
There is suitable habitat or documentation for more than 160 rare plants in the park, with rare local geologic formations and unique soils characterizing the restricted ranges many of these plants occupy.
The geology of the Yosemite area is characterized by granitic rocks and remnants of older rock.
About 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and then tilted to form its relatively gentle western slopes and the more dramatic eastern slopes.
The uplift increased the steepness of stream and river beds, resulting in formation of deep, narrow canyons.
About 1 million years ago, snow and ice accumulated, forming glaciers at the higher alpine meadows that moved down the river valleys.
Ice thickness in Yosemite Valley may have reached during the early glacial episode.
The downslope movement of the ice masses cut and sculpted the U-shaped valley that attracts so many visitors to its scenic vistas today.
Article: Apollo 11
Section: Moon race

Question: Which year celebrated Apollo 11's 40th anniversary?

The Soviet Union was secretly attempting to compete with the US in landing a man on the Moon but had been hampered by repeated failures in development of a launcher comparable to the Saturn V. Meanwhile, they tried to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of unmanned probes.
On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, they launched Luna 15, which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11.
During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the surface.
The Jodrell Bank Observatory radio telescope in England was later discovered to have recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and this was published in July 2009 on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.
Article: Steak
Section: Rib steak

Question: What part of an animal is rib steak from?

A rib steak is a beef steak sliced from the rib primal of a beef animal, with rib bone attached.
In the United States, the term rib eye steak is used for a rib steak with the bone removed; however in some areas, and outside the U.S., the terms are often used interchangeably.
The rib eye or "ribeye" was originally, as the name implies, the center best portion of the rib steak, without the bone.
Article: Salad
Section: Abstract

Question: Do palate cleansing salads exist?

Salad is a popular ready-to-eat dish often containing leafy vegetables, usually served chilled or at a moderate temperature and often served with a sauce or dressing.
Salads may also contain ingredients such as fruit, grain, meat, seafood and sweets.
Though many salads use raw ingredients, some use cooked ingredients.
Most salads are served cold, although some, such as south German potato salad, are served warm.
Some consider the warmth of a dish a factor that excludes it from the salad category calling the warm mixture a casserole, a sandwich topping or more specifically, name it for the ingredients which comprise it.
Leafy vegetable salads are generally served with a dressing, as well as various garnishes such as nuts or croutons, and sometimes with meat, fish, pasta, cheese, eggs, or whole grains.
Salads may be served at any point during a meal, such as:
Appetizer salads, light salads to stimulate the appetite as the first course of the meal.
Side salads, to accompany the main course as a side dish.
Main course salads, usually containing a portion of heartier fare, such as chicken breast or slices of beef.
Palate-cleansing salads, to settle the stomach after the main course.
Dessert salads, sweet versions often containing fruit, gelatin and/or whipped cream.
Article: Gymnastics
Section: Rhythmic gymnastics

Question: In gymnastics, which elements are combined?

Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics although there is a new version of this discipline for men being pioneered in Japan (see Men's rhythmic gymnastics).
This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation.
The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic.
There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice.
Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution.
International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and Seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth.
Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties.
The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, European Championships, World Cup and Grand-Prix Series.
Article: Ketchup
Section: Viscosity

Question: What addition to ketchup makes it flow more freely?

Tomato ketchup has an additive, usually xanthan gum, which gives the condiment a pseudoplastic or "shear thinning" property.
This increases the viscosity of the ketchup considerably with a relatively small amount added - usually 0.5%.
- which can make it difficult to pour from a container.
However, the shear thinning property of the gum ensures that when a force is applied to the ketchup it will lower the viscosity enabling the sauce to flow.
A common method to getting ketchup out of the bottle involves inverting the bottle and shaking it or hitting the bottom with the heel of the hand, which causes the ketchup to flow rapidly.
A technique involves inverting the bottle and forcefully tapping its upper neck with two fingers (index and middle finger together).
Specifically, with a Heinz ketchup bottle, one taps the 57 circle on the neck.
This helps the ketchup flow by applying the correct shearing force.
These techniques work because of how pseudoplastic fluids behave: their viscosity (resistance to flow) decreases with increasing shear rate.
The faster the ketchup is sheared (by shaking or tapping the bottle), the more fluid it becomes.
After the shear is removed the ketchup thickens to its original viscosity.