community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Music

Question: Who composed and conducted the film score for "Toy Story 3?"

The film score for "Toy Story 3" was composed and conducted by Randy Newman, his sixth for Pixar after "Toy Story", "A Bug's Life", "Toy Story 2", "Monsters, Inc.", and "Cars".
Initially, Disney released the soundtrack only as digital download.
This was the second instance where Disney did not release the award-winning soundtrack of a Pixar film on CD, the first being "Up".
In January 2012, Intrada released the "Toy Story 3" soundtrack on Compact Disc.
In addition to the tracks included in the soundtrack album, the film also uses several other tracks such as "Dream Weaver" by Gary Wright, "Le Freak" by Chic, and Randy Newman's original version of "You've Got a Friend in Me."
Furthermore, tracks "Cowboy!"
and "Come to Papa" included material from Newman's rejected score to "Air Force One".
The song "Losing You" from Newman's own album "Harps and Angels" was also used in the first trailer for the film.
The Judas Priest song "Electric Eye" was also used in the film in the temp score for the opening scene of "Toy Story 3".
The aliens are playing the tune in their sports car.
The song was ultimately replaced by another piece of music.
Article: Ice cream
Section: Cryogenic

Question: What is used to freeze and harden ice cream?

Using liquid nitrogen to freeze ice cream is an old idea and has been used for many years to harden ice cream.
The use of liquid nitrogen in the primary freezing of ice cream, that is to effect the transition from the liquid to the frozen state without the use of a conventional ice cream freezer, has only recently started to see commercialization.
Some commercial innovations have been documented in the National Cryogenic Society Magazine "Cold Facts".
The most noted brands are Dippin' Dots, Blue Sky Creamery, Project Creamery, and Sub Zero Cryo Creamery.
The preparation results in a column of white condensed water vapor cloud, reminiscent of popular depictions of witches' cauldrons.
The ice cream, dangerous to eat while still "steaming", is allowed to rest until the liquid nitrogen is completely vaporised.
Sometimes ice cream is frozen to the sides of the container, and must be allowed to thaw.
Making ice cream with liquid nitrogen has advantages over conventional freezing.
Due to the rapid freezing, the crystal grains are smaller, giving the ice cream a creamier texture, and allowing one to get the same texture by using less milkfat.
Such ice crystals will grow very quickly via the processes of recrystallization, thereby obviating the original benefits unless steps are taken to inhibit ice crystal growth.
For similar reasons, good results can also be achieved with the more readily available "dry ice" and authors such as Heston Blumenthal have published recipes to produce ice cream and sorbet using a simple blender.
Article: Michelangelo
Section: Figure compositions

Question: What did Florentine art show?

Michelangelo's relief of the "Battle of the Centaurs", created while he was still a youth associated with the Medici Academy, is an unusually complex relief in that it shows a great number of figures involved in a vigorous struggle.
Such a complex disarray of figures was rare in Florentine art, where it would usually only be found in images showing either the Massacre of the Innocents or the Torments of Hell.
The relief treatment, in which some of the figures are boldly projecting, may indicate Michelangelo's familiarity with Roman sarcophagus reliefs from the collection of Lorenzo Medici, and similar marble panels created by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano, and with the figurative compositions on Ghiberti's Baptistry Doors.
The composition of the "Battle of Cascina", is known in its entirety only from copies, as the original cartoon, according to Vasari, was so admired that it deteriorated and was eventually in pieces.
It reflects the earlier relief in the energy and diversity of the figures, with many different postures, and many being viewed from the back, as they turn toward the approaching enemy and prepare for battle.
In "The Last Judgement" it is said that Michelangelo drew inspiration from a fresco by Melozzo da Forli in the Church of the Holy Apostles, Rome.
While the work is very different in character to Michelangelo's, Melozzo had depicting figures from different angles, as if they were floating in the Heaven and seen from below.
Melozzo's majestic figure of Christ, with windblown cloak, demonstrates a degree of foreshortening of the figure that had also been employed by Andrea Mantegna, but was not usual in the frescos of Florentine painters.
In "The Last Judgement" Michelangelo had the opportunity to depict, on an unprecedented scale, figures in the action of either rising heavenward or falling and being dragged down.
In the two frescos of the Pauline Chapel, the "Crucifixion of Peter" and the "Conversion of Paul", Michelangelo has used the various groups of figures to convey a complex narrative.
In the "Crucifixion of Peter" soldiers busy themselves about their assigned duty of digging a post hole and raising the cross while various people look on and discuss the events.
A group of horrified women cluster in the foreground, while another group of Christians is led by a tall man to witness the events.
In the right foreground, Michelangelo walks out of the painting with an expression of disillusionment.
Article: Ketchup
Section: Viscosity

Question: How does tapping the 57 label on the Heinz bottle help with getting ketchup out?

Tomato ketchup has an additive, usually xanthan gum, which gives the condiment a pseudoplastic or "shear thinning" property.
This increases the viscosity of the ketchup considerably with a relatively small amount added - usually 0.5%.
- which can make it difficult to pour from a container.
However, the shear thinning property of the gum ensures that when a force is applied to the ketchup it will lower the viscosity enabling the sauce to flow.
A common method to getting ketchup out of the bottle involves inverting the bottle and shaking it or hitting the bottom with the heel of the hand, which causes the ketchup to flow rapidly.
A technique involves inverting the bottle and forcefully tapping its upper neck with two fingers (index and middle finger together).
Specifically, with a Heinz ketchup bottle, one taps the 57 circle on the neck.
This helps the ketchup flow by applying the correct shearing force.
These techniques work because of how pseudoplastic fluids behave: their viscosity (resistance to flow) decreases with increasing shear rate.
The faster the ketchup is sheared (by shaking or tapping the bottle), the more fluid it becomes.
After the shear is removed the ketchup thickens to its original viscosity.
Article: India
Section: Society

Question: How many national holidays does India have which are observed in all states and union territories?

Traditional Indian society is sometimes defined by social hierarchy.
The Indian caste system embodies much of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent.
Social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as "jātis", or "castes".
India declared the caste system and untouchability to be illegal in 1947 and has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives.
At the workplace in urban India and in international or leading Indian companies, the caste related identification has pretty much lost its importance.
Family values are important in the Indian tradition, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm in India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas.
An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents or other family members.
Marriage is thought to be for life, and the divorce rate is extremely low.
Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; many women in India wed before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age.
Female infanticide in India and female foeticide in India have caused a discrepancy in the sex ratio, as of 2005 it was estimated that there were 50 million more males than females in the nation.
However the recent report from 2011 shown improvement among the gender ratio.
The payment of Dowry, although illegal, remains widespread across class lines.
Deaths resulting from dowry, mostly from bride burning, is on the rise.
Many Indian festivals are religious in origin; among them are Chhath, Christmas, Diwali, Durga Puja, Bakr-Id, Eid ul-Fitr, Ganesh Chaturthi, Holi, Makar Sankranti or Uttarayan, Navratri, Thai Pongal, and Vaisakhi.
India has three national holidays which are observed in all states and union territories: Republic Day, Independence Day, and Gandhi Jayanti.
Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states.
Throughout India, many people practice customs and religious rituals, such as "samskara," which is a series of "personal sacraments and rites conducted at various stages throughout life."
Article: Rules of Engagement (TV series)
Section: Major recurring characters

Question: Who is the lesbian that agrees to be a surrogate mother for Audrey and Jeff?

 Diane Sellers as Doreen, waitress at The Island Diner.
 Wendi McLendon-Covey as Liz, an unlikeable, annoying, unattractive neighbor and friend of Audrey's who lives directly upstairs from the Binghams; for a brief story arc in Season 6 she was married to Russell, but they later separated.
In Season 7, Episode 7, she admitted to Russell that she is a sex addict and that she cheated on him multiple times (with multiple partners) during their brief marriage.
 Sara Rue as Brenda, Jeff’s lesbian softball teammate who agrees to be a surrogate mother for Audrey and Jeff.
 Nazneen Contractor as Suneetha, Timmy’s fiancée in an arranged marriage, who becomes an object of Russell’s affections.
 Susan Yeagley as Tracy, a man-hungry co-worker of Audrey’s.
 Taryn Southern as Allison, the object of Timmy's affections, which blossoms into an intra-office romance, then ends when she moves away and breaks up with Timmy.
 Geoff Pierson as Franklin Dunbar, Russell's wealthy, lecherous father.
 Orlando Jones as Brad, Jeff's gay friend from his gym who eventually makes friends with the rest of the gang.
Article: Chasing Cars
Section: Promotion and release

Question: What show did Snow Patrol perform the song on?

Snow Patrol played "Chasing Cars" on an appearance on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien".
The song was also performed as the last live performance on long-running music programme "Top of the Pops".
The band also performed the song when they were the musical guest on the 17 March 2007 episode of "Saturday Night Live", hosted by Julia Louis-Dreyfus.
Additionally, the band played the song live in their appearance at Live Earth.
On 7 July 2007, this song was performed during the London leg of the Live Earth concert at Wembley Stadium and at Oxegen later on that night in Ireland.
"Chasing Cars" was heard on the TV show "One Tree Hill'"s third season finale episode "The Show Must Go On", which aired in the US on 3 May 2006.
Several weeks later, the song appeared on the second season finale of "Grey's Anatomy" on 15 May 2006, and the song found a larger listening audience and pushed its way onto the download and pop charts in the United States.
The song was made into a music video for the show, serving as a promotion for its third season.
The music video shows scenes from the first and second seasons as well as previously unseen scenes from the third season, with clips in-between from the UK music video of the song.
It was heard again in the eighteenth episode of the show's seventh season on 31 March 2011, along with the cast's cover of Brandi Carlile's "The Story" and The Fray's "How to Save a Life".
Article: Finland
Section: Biodiversity

Question: What country does Taiga cover most of?

Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom.
According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.
Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland.
On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region.
In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common.
Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna.
There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over seventy fish species and eleven reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago.
Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear (the national animal), gray wolf, wolverine and elk.
Three of the more striking birds are the Whooper Swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the European Eagle-owl.
The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.
The most common breeding birds are the Willow Warbler, Common Chaffinch and Redwing.
Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch and others are plentiful.
Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts.
The endangered Saimaa Ringed Seal, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 300 seals today.
It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.
Article: Las Vegas Strip
Section: Boundaries

Question: In what year was the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign built?

Historically, the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were restricted to outside of the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard.
In 1959 the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly outside of the city limits.
The sign is today about south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay (the southernmost casino).
In the strictest sense, "the Strip" refers only to the stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard that is roughly between Sahara Avenue and Russell Road, a distance of .
However, the term is often used to refer not only to the road but also to the various casinos and resorts that line the road, and even to properties which are not on the road but in proximity.
Phrases such as "Strip Area", "Resort Corridor" or "Resort District" are sometimes used to indicate a larger geographical area, including properties or more away from Las Vegas Boulevard, such as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino.
The traditional definition considers the Strip's northern terminus as the now-defunct Sahara Casino, though travel guides typically extend it to include the Stratosphere, to the north.
At one time, the southern end of the Strip was Tropicana Avenue, but continuing construction has extended this boundary to Russell Road.
Mandalay Bay is located just north of Russell Road and is the southernmost resort considered to be on the Strip.
Because of the number and size of the resorts, the Resort Corridor can be quite wide.
Interstate 15 runs roughly parallel and to the west of Las Vegas Boulevard for the entire length of the Strip.
Paradise Road runs to the east in a similar fashion, and ends at St. Louis Avenue.
The eastern side of the Strip is bounded by McCarran International Airport south of Tropicana Avenue.
North of this point, the Resort Corridor can be considered to extend as far east as Paradise Road, although some consider Koval Lane as a less inclusive boundary.
Interstate 15 is sometimes considered the western edge of the Resort Corridor from Interstate 215 to Spring Mountain Road.
North of this point, Industrial Road serves as the western edge.
The famous Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign is located in the median just south of Russell Road, across from the now-demolished Klondike Hotel & Casino; another similar sign is in the median at the north end of the Strip near the intersection of East St. Louis and South Main Streets.
Newer resorts such as South Point and the M Resort are on Las Vegas Boulevard South as distant as 8 miles south of the Welcome to Las Vegas sign.
Marketing for these casinos usually states that they are on southern Las Vegas Boulevard and not "Strip" properties.
Article: RNA
Section: In translation

Question: What does mRNA carry?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes, the protein synthesis factories in the cell.
It is coded so that every three nucleotides (a codon) correspond to one amino acid.
In eukaryotic cells, once precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) has been transcribed from DNA, it is processed to mature mRNA.
This removes its introns—non-coding sections of the pre-mRNA.
The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes and translated into its corresponding protein form with the help of tRNA.
In prokaryotic cells, which do not have nucleus and cytoplasm compartments, mRNA can bind to ribosomes while it is being transcribed from DNA.
After a certain amount of time the message degrades into its component nucleotides with the assistance of ribonucleases.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA chain of about 80 nucleotides that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation.
It has sites for amino acid attachment and an anticodon region for codon recognition that binds to a specific sequence on the messenger RNA chain through hydrogen bonding.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes.
Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA.
Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere.
In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome.
The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis.
Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.
Nearly all the RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cell is rRNA.
Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is found in many bacteria and plastids.
It tags proteins encoded by mRNAs that lack stop codons for degradation and prevents the ribosome from stalling.
Article: Japan
Section: Culture

Question: How has Japanese culture evolved since it's origins?

Japanese culture has evolved greatly from its origins.
Contemporary culture combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America.
Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and rakugo; and other practices, the tea ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen, Geisha and games.
Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures.
Sixteen sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, twelve of which are of cultural significance.
Article: Archery
Section: Release aids

Question: What is a release aid?

A release aid is a mechanical device designed to give a crisp and precise loose of arrows from a compound bow.
In the most commonly used, the string is released by a finger-operated trigger mechanism, held in the archer's hand or attached to their wrist.
In another type, known as a back-tension release, the string is automatically released when drawn to a pre-determined tension.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Music

Question: Did Disney release a physical copy of the soundtrack initally?

The film score for "Toy Story 3" was composed and conducted by Randy Newman, his sixth for Pixar after "Toy Story", "A Bug's Life", "Toy Story 2", "Monsters, Inc.", and "Cars".
Initially, Disney released the soundtrack only as digital download.
This was the second instance where Disney did not release the award-winning soundtrack of a Pixar film on CD, the first being "Up".
In January 2012, Intrada released the "Toy Story 3" soundtrack on Compact Disc.
In addition to the tracks included in the soundtrack album, the film also uses several other tracks such as "Dream Weaver" by Gary Wright, "Le Freak" by Chic, and Randy Newman's original version of "You've Got a Friend in Me."
Furthermore, tracks "Cowboy!"
and "Come to Papa" included material from Newman's rejected score to "Air Force One".
The song "Losing You" from Newman's own album "Harps and Angels" was also used in the first trailer for the film.
The Judas Priest song "Electric Eye" was also used in the film in the temp score for the opening scene of "Toy Story 3".
The aliens are playing the tune in their sports car.
The song was ultimately replaced by another piece of music.
Article: Denmark
Section: Painting and photography

Question: Where did Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg teach?

While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th- and 16th-century church frescos, which can be seen in many of the country's older churches, are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters.
The Danish Golden Age, which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism.
Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included notable painters such as Wilhelm Bendz, Christen Købke, Martinus Rørbye, Constantin Hansen, and Wilhelm Marstrand.
The sculpture of Bertel Thorvaldsen was also significant during this period.
In 1871, Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia's most successful artists' colonies specializing in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favoured by the Academy.
Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna, they were soon joined by P.S.
Krøyer, Carl Locher and Laurits Tuxen.
All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people.
Similar trends developed on Funen with the "Fynboerne" who included Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen, and on the island of Bornholm with the Bornholm school of painters including Niels Lergaard, Kræsten Iversen and Oluf Høst.
Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art in 1839 to the success of a considerable number of Danes in the world of photography today.
Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century while both artistic and press photographers made internationally recognised contributions.
Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active both at home and abroad, participating in key exhibitions around the world.
Collections of modern art enjoy unusually attractive settings at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art north of Copenhagen and at the North Jutland Art Museum in Aalborg.
Notable artists include the Neo-Expressionist Per Kirkeby, Tal R with his wild and colorful paintings, Olafur Eliasson's space exhibitions and Jeppe Hein's installations.