community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Udon
Section: Regional varieties

Question: Which prefecture of Japan did Hoto originate from?

There are wide variations in both thickness and shape for udon noodles.
 Inaniwa udon (稲庭うどん): a thin type from Akita Prefecture.
 Mimi udon (耳うどん, literally "ear udon"): a lucky preserved food in Kuzu, Tochigi.
It looks similar to ears.
 Himokawa (ひもかわ): an extreme flat and wide type from Kiryū, Gunma.
 Hōtō (rarely 餺飥, commonly ほうとう): a flat and wide type, usually cooked with vegetables, particularly Japanese "kabocha" squash, from Yamanashi Prefecture.
 Kishimen (棊子麺, or more commonly きし麺): a flat type from the Nagoya.
 Ise udon (伊勢うどん): a soft type, usually eaten with sweet soy sauce, from Ise, Mie.
 In Kansai region, a soft and medium thickness type is popular.
 Sanuki udon (讃岐うどん): a thick and rather stiff type from Kagawa Prefecture.
 Hakata udon (博多うどん): a thick and soft type from the Fukuoka.
 Dango-jiru (団子汁): similar to the above "Hohtoh", from Ōita Prefecture.
Nominally a "dumpling soup", it resembles very thick, flat udon.
 Okinawa soba (沖縄そば): also called "suba", a regional Okinawan noodle made by adding some vegetal ash to the flour, similar to how ramen is made.
However, it is very similar to udon.
 There is also a dish called "udon" in Palau, because of the former Japanese administration.
The broth is soy sauce–based like Japanese udon.
However, as there were many immigrants from Okinawa, it uses less broth like Okinawa soba.
Most notably, the noodle is that of spaghetti, as it is easier to acquire there.
Article: Yeast
Section: Aquarium hobby

Question: What is year used to generate by aquarium hobbyists?

Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO2) to nourish plants in planted aquaria.
A homemade setup is widely used as a cheap and simple alternative to pressurized CO2 systems.
While not as effective as these, the homemade setup is considerably cheaper for less-demanding hobbyists.
Several recipes for homemade CO2 are available, but they are variations of the basic recipe: Baker's yeast, with sugar, baking soda, and water, are added to a plastic bottle.
A few drops of vegetable oil at the start reduces surface tension and speeds the release of CO2.
This will produce CO2 for about two or three weeks; the use of a bubble counter determines production.
The CO2 is injected in the aquarium through a narrow hose and released through a diffuser that helps dissolve the gas in the water.
The CO2 is used by plants in the photosynthesis process.
Article: Biomolecule
Section: Saccharides

Question: What property of polysaccharides decreases their solubility in water?

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one simple sugar.
They essentially contain an aldehyde or ketone group in their structure.
The presence of an aldehyde group in a monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix "aldo-".
Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix "keto-".
Examples of monosaccharides are the hexoses glucose, fructose, and galactose and pentoses, ribose, and deoxyribose Consumed fructose and glucose have different rates of gastric emptying, are differentially absorbed and have different metabolic fates, providing multiple opportunities for 2 different saccharides to differentially affect food intake.
Most saccharides eventually provide fuel for cellular respiration.
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides, or two single simple sugars, form a bond with removal of water.
They can be hydrolyzed to yield their saccharin building blocks by boiling with dilute acid or reacting them with appropriate enzymes.
Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or complex carbohydrates.
They have multiple simple sugars.
Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
They are generally large and often have a complex branched connectivity.
Because of their size, polysaccharides are not water-soluble, but their many hydroxy groups become hydrated individually when exposed to water, and some polysaccharides form thick colloidal dispersions when heated in water.
Shorter polysaccharides, with 3 - 10 monomers, are called oligosaccharides.
A fluorescent indicator-displacement molecular imprinting sensor was developed for discriminating saccharides.
It successfully discriminated three brands of orange juice beverage.
The change in fluorescence intensity of the sensing films resulting is directly related to the saccharide concentration.
Article: Virus
Section: Bacterial viruses

Question: What is the function of the enzymes called "restriction endonucleases"?

Bacteriophages are a common and diverse group of viruses and are the most abundant form of biological entity in aquatic environments – there are up to ten times more of these viruses in the oceans than there are bacteria, reaching levels of 250,000,000 bacteriophages per millilitre of seawater.
These viruses infect specific bacteria by binding to surface receptor molecules and then entering the cell.
Within a short amount of time, in some cases just minutes, bacterial polymerase starts translating viral mRNA into protein.
These proteins go on to become either new virions within the cell, helper proteins, which help assembly of new virions, or proteins involved in cell lysis.
Viral enzymes aid in the breakdown of the cell membrane, and, in the case of the T4 phage, in just over twenty minutes after injection over three hundred phages could be released.
The major way bacteria defend themselves from bacteriophages is by producing enzymes that destroy foreign DNA.
These enzymes, called restriction endonucleases, cut up the viral DNA that bacteriophages inject into bacterial cells.
Bacteria also contain a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of viruses that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block the virus's replication through a form of RNA interference.
This genetic system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.
Article: Stone Mountain
Section: Aviation accidents

Question: Was the May 7, 1928 plane crash on Stone Mountain caused by alcohol?

According to George Weiblen's annotated calendar for Monday, May 7, 1928: "Mail plane crashed on mountain at 8:00 P.M."Around dusk on September 16, 2003, in clear weather, a small airplane circled the mountain five times, then crashed headlong into the south side, burst into flames and killed the pilot.
A witness testifying at the NTSB investigation stated that the pilot, a 69-year-old accountant, had threatened on multiple occasions to commit suicide by flying into the mountain.
The official NTSB accident report lists the probable cause as "The pilot's intentional flight into the ground for the purpose of suicide while impaired by alcohol."
Article: Solar System
Section: Mercury

Question: Mercury has a large iron what?

 Mercury (0.4 AU from the Sun) is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet in the Solar System (0.055 Earth masses).
Mercury has no natural satellites, and its only known geological features besides impact craters are lobed ridges or rupes, probably produced by a period of contraction early in its history.
Mercury's almost negligible atmosphere consists of atoms blasted off its surface by the solar wind.
Its relatively large iron core and thin mantle have not yet been adequately explained.
Hypotheses include that its outer layers were stripped off by a giant impact; or, that it was prevented from fully accreting by the young Sun's energy.
Article: Syndics of the Drapers' Guild
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the year of death for Jochem de Neve?

The Sampling Officials (), also called "Syndics of the Drapers' Guild", is a 1662 oil painting by Rembrandt.
It is currently owned by the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
It has been described as his "last great collective portrait".
The painting appears on the packaging of Dutch Masters cigars.
The men (with the exception of Bel who is an attendant as indicated by his calotte) are drapers who were elected to assess the quality of cloth that weavers offered for sale to members of their guild.
Their one-year terms in office began on Good Friday and they were expected to conduct their inspections thrice weekly.
The name "staalmeester" refers to the steel pliers the inspectors used to press the seals of their city (front) and guild (reverse) into penny-sized slugs of lead that were specially affixed to record the results of the inspection.
There were four grades of quality, the highest was indicated by pressing four seals and the lowest by pressing only one.
The men, who are appraising a length of Persian-style fabric against exemplars from a swatch book, are (from left to right):
Jacob van Loon (1595–1674)
Volckert Jansz (1605 or 1610–1681)
Willem van Doeyenburg (ca.
1616–1687)
Frans Hendricksz Bel (1629–1701)
Aernout van der Mye (ca.
1625–1681)
Jochem de Neve (1629–1681)
The guild commissioned this portrait and it hung in their guild hall, the :nl:Staalhof (Amsterdam), until 1771.
Article: Starships (song)
Section: Reception and contest

Question: On what date did the announcement of "Starships" take place?

MTV's John Mitchell criticized the video's postponed release, finding it strange that the video for the album's third single, "Beez in the Trap", was released before that of "Starships".
On May 28, 2012, a "Starships" video campaign was announced on Minaj's official website.
It asked fans to record a video of themselves performing "Starships" by singing, dancing or with a musical instrument.
Minaj will then select 5 winners.
The contest winners won tickets and passes to meet Minaj on her Pink Friday Tour.
The song won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video in September 2012.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Properties

Question: How is stem cell function regulated?

The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possess two properties:
"Self-renewal": the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state.
"Potency": the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types.
In the strictest sense, this requires stem cells to be either totipotent or pluripotent—to be able to give rise to any mature cell type, although multipotent or unipotent progenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells.
Apart from this it is said that stem cell function is regulated in a feed back mechanism.
Article: Rendang
Section: Composition and cooking method

Question: What is the name of the spice mixture used in Rendang?

The cooking technique flourished because of its role in preserving meat in a tropical climate.
Rendang is rich in spices.
Along with the main meat ingredient, rendang uses coconut milk (Minangkabau: "karambia") and a paste of mixed ground spices, which includes ginger, galangal, turmeric leaves, lemon grass, garlic, shallot, chillies and other spices.
This spice mixture is called "pemasak" in Minangkabau.
The spices, garlic, shallot, ginger and galangal used in rendang have antimicrobial properties and serve as natural organic preservatives.
If cooked properly, dry rendang can last for as long as four weeks.
Traditional Padang rendang takes hours to cook.
Cooking rendang involves pounding and grinding ingredients as well as slow cooking, and so is time-consuming and requires patience.
The meat pieces are slowly cooked in coconut milk and spices until almost all the liquid is gone, allowing the meat to absorb the condiments.
The cooking process changes from boiling to frying as the liquid evaporates.
The slow cooking process allows the meat to absorb all the spices and to become tender.
To cook the meat until tender, with almost all liquids evaporated, requires great care, if the meat is not to burn or be spoiled.
Because of its generous use of numerous spices, rendang is known for having a complex and unique taste.
Rendang is often served with steamed rice, "ketupat" (a compressed rice cake), or "lemang" (glutinous rice barbecued in bamboo tubes), accompanied with vegetable side dishes such as boiled cassava leaf, "cubadak" (young jackfruit gulai), cabbage gulai, and "lado" (red or green chilli pepper sambal).
Article: Yeast
Section: Food spoilage

Question: What is the major spoilage yeast of wine?

Yeasts are able to grow in foods with a low pH (5.0 or lower) and in the presence of sugars, organic acids, and other easily metabolized carbon sources.
During their growth, yeasts metabolize some food components and produce metabolic end products.
This causes the physical, chemical, and sensible properties of a food to change, and the food is spoiled.
The growth of yeast within food products is often seen on their surfaces, as in cheeses or meats, or by the fermentation of sugars in beverages, such as juices, and semiliquid products, such as syrups and jams.
The yeast of the "Zygosaccharomyces" genus have had a long history as spoilage yeasts within the food industry.
This is mainly because these species can grow in the presence of high sucrose,ethanol, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and sulphur dioxide concentrations, representing some of the commonly used food preservation methods.
Methylene blue is used to test for the presence of live yeast cells.
In oenology, the major spoilage yeast is "Dekkera bruxellensis ".
Article: Boxing
Section: Medical concerns

Question: In which country was it illegal to engage in the sport of boxing until 2007?

Knocking a person unconscious or even causing concussion may cause permanent brain damage.
There is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out and the force likely to kill a person.
Since 1980, more than 200 amateur boxers, professional boxers and Toughman fighters have died due to ring or training injuries.
In 1983, the "Journal of the American Medical Association" called for a ban on boxing.
The editor, Dr. George Lundberg, called boxing an "obscenity" that "should not be sanctioned by any civilized society."
Since then, the British, Canadian and Australian Medical Associations also have called for bans on boxing.
Supporters of the ban state that boxing is the only sport where hurting the other athlete is the goal.
Dr. Bill O'Neill, boxing spokesman for the British Medical Association, has supported the BMA's proposed ban on boxing: "It is the only sport where the intention is to inflict serious injury on your opponent, and we feel that we must have a total ban on boxing."
Opponents respond that such a position is misguided opinion, stating that amateur boxing is scored solely according to total connecting blows with no award for "injury".
They observe that many skilled professional boxers have had rewarding careers without inflicting injury on opponents by accumulating scoring blows and avoiding punches winning rounds scored 10-9 by the 10-point must system, and they note that there are many other sports where concussions are much more prevalent.
In 2007, one study of amateur boxers showed that protective headgear did not prevent brain damage, and another found that amateur boxers faced a high risk of brain damage.
The Gothenburg study analyzed temporary levels of neurofiliment light in cerebral spinal fluid which they conclude is evidence of damage, even though the levels soon subside.
More comprehensive studies of neurologiocal function on larger samples performed by Johns Hopkins University and accident rates analyzed by National Safety Council show amateur boxing is a comparatively safe sport.
In 1997, the American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians was established to create medical protocols through research and education to prevent injuries in boxing.
Professional boxing is forbidden in Norway, Iceland, Iran and North Korea.
It was banned in Sweden until 2007 when the ban was lifted but strict restrictions, including four three-minute rounds for fights, were imposed.
It was banned in Albania from 1965 till the fall of Communism in 1991; it is now legal.
Article: Six Flags
Section: Licensing with other brands and companies

Question: When was Papa John's exclusivity announced by Six Flags?

Six Flags has licensed its name and its theme park creations to other companies, who have used these assets to create licensed products.
One such example is the theme park simulation game Roller Coaster Tycoon 2, which featured recreations of Six Flags parks and rides that could be expanded and operated at the player's discretion.
Six Flags has also partnered with Brash Entertainment to create a video game called Six Flags Fun Park.
It allows the player to explore the themed areas and mini-games representative of a visit to a Six Flags park.
In the game, players are tasked with quests that encourage them to explore the park's universe.
After creating a unique custom character, Six Flags Fun Park patrons can win prizes, and compete with other players in 40 mini-games.
Although the video game is called "Six Flags Fun Park", it lacks any major reference of Six Flags.
This caused some to speculate that the video game was created then the rights to the name of the game were sold as a way to pay for the game's development.
In recent years, Six Flags has created strategic partnerships with other companies who would feature their products inside the parks.
On March 30, 2006, Six Flags announced that it will sell no other pizza besides Papa John's at its parks.
In turn, Six Flags will receive an annual sponsorship and promotional opportunities from Papa John's, though financial details of the deal have not been disclosed.
However, in the 2011 season, it was replaced by another pizza brand.
Other recent partners have included Cold Stone Creamery, Johnny Rockets, Tyson Foods (chicken), Chrysler, and Nintendo, which added testing stations in several parks to show off its Wii console.
In late 2010, Six Flags began the process of removing licensed theming from attractions.
They terminated licenses with Thomas the Tank Engine, The Wiggles, Tony Hawk, Evel Knievel, and Terminator.
Article: Luge
Section: Risks

Question: Who died luging in 2010?

As with many extreme sports, luging has risks.
Though most injuries involve bumps, bruises, broken bones and concussions, fatalities do occasionally occur.
Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili suffered a fatal crash during his final practice run for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada.
Hours later, the International Luge Federation concluded that the accident was caused by a steering error and not a track error; nevertheless, changes to the track were made before the re-opening.
Kumaritashvili was the fourth athlete to die while in preparation for a Winter Olympics competition, following speed skier Nicolas Bochatay, 27, who died while preparing for the Albertville 1992 games, British luger Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski and skier Ross Milne, 19, who both died in the run-up to the Innsbruck 1964 games.
Article: The Godfather
Section: Current rankings

Question: What film beat out "The Godfather" in "Time Out"'s 2003 reader's poll?

 The film is ranked at the top of Metacritic's top 100 list, and is ranked 5th on Rotten Tomatoes' all time best list (100% "Certified Fresh").
 In 2002, "The Godfather" and "The Godfather Part II" reached No.
2 on Film4's list of "The 100 Greatest Films of All Time".
 "Entertainment Weekly" named "The Godfather" the greatest film ever made.
 "The Godfather" was voted in at No.
1 on "Empire" magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time" in November 2008.
 In "Time Out"'s 2003 readers' poll, "The Godfather" was ranked the second best film of all time, after "Some Like It Hot".
 Currently 2nd on IMDB's top 250 movies list, with its sequel occupying the 3rd position.
Article: Rembrandt
Section: Etchings

Question: What year did Rembrandt start etching?

Rembrandt produced etchings for most of his career, from 1626 to 1660, when he was forced to sell his printing-press and virtually abandoned etching.
Only the troubled year of 1649 produced no dated work.
He took easily to etching and, though he also learned to use a burin and partly engraved many plates, the freedom of etching technique was fundamental to his work.
He was very closely involved in the whole process of printmaking, and must have printed at least early examples of his etchings himself.
At first he used a style based on drawing, but soon moved to one based on painting, using a mass of lines and numerous bitings with the acid to achieve different strengths of line.
Towards the end of the 1630s, he reacted against this manner and moved to a simpler style, with fewer bitings.
He worked on the so-called "Hundred Guilder Print" in stages throughout the 1640s, and it was the "critical work in the middle of his career", from which his final etching style began to emerge.
Although the print only survives in two states, the first very rare, evidence of much reworking can be seen underneath the final print and many drawings survive for elements of it.
In the mature works of the 1650s, Rembrandt was more ready to improvise on the plate and large prints typically survive in several states, up to eleven, often radically changed.
He now uses hatching to create his dark areas, which often take up much of the plate.
He also experimented with the effects of printing on different kinds of paper, including Japanese paper, which he used frequently, and on vellum.
He began to use "surface tone," leaving a thin film of ink on parts of the plate instead of wiping it completely clean to print each impression.
He made more use of drypoint, exploiting, especially in landscapes, the rich fuzzy burr that this technique gives to the first few impressions.
His prints have similar subjects to his paintings, although the twenty-seven self-portraits are relatively more common, and portraits of other people less so.
There are forty-six landscapes, mostly small, which largely set the course for the graphic treatment of landscape until the end of the 19th century.
One third of his etchings are of religious subjects, many treated with a homely simplicity, whilst others are his most monumental prints.
A few erotic, or just obscene, compositions have no equivalent in his paintings.
He owned, until forced to sell it, a magnificent collection of prints by other artists, and many borrowings and influences in his work can be traced to artists as diverse as Mantegna, Raphael, Hercules Segers, and Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione.
Article: Chemotherapy
Section: Cytotoxics and targeted therapies

Question: What is the amount of proteins that targeted therapeutics initially conceived?

Targeted therapies are a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics.
They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies.
The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs.
They will kill any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal.
Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells.
This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues.
As different proteins are utilised by different cancer types, the targeted therapy drugs are used on a cancer type specific, or even on a patient specific basis.
Although the side effects are often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur.
Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein.
Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind.
An example target for targeted therapy is the protein produced by the Philadelphia chromosome, a genetic lesion found commonly in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
This fusion protein has enzyme activity that can be inhibited by imatinib, a small molecule drug.