community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Peru
Section: Culture

Question: When was writing first introduced by the Spaniards?

Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various Asian, African, and other European ethnic groups.
Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures.
The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu.
Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions.
During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative.
Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of "Indigenismo" in the early 20th century.
Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents.
Peruvian literature is rooted in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations.
Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature.
After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma.
The early 20th century's "Indigenismo" movement was led by such writers as Ciro Alegría and José María Arguedas.
César Vallejo wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse.
Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom.
Peruvian cuisine blends Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.
Common dishes include "anticuchos", "ceviche", and "pachamanca".
Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.
Peru's diversity of ingredients and cooking techniques is receiving worldwide acclaim.
Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish, and African roots.
In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the "quena" and the "tinya" were two common instruments.
Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the "charango".
African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the "cajón", a percussion instrument.
Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero, zamacueca, diablada and huayno.
Article: Switzerland
Section: Urbanization

Question: Why is there growing concerns about land use in Switzerland?

Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas.
Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years.
Since 1935 urban development has claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the previous 2,000 years.
This urban sprawl does not only affect the plateau but also the Jura and the Alpine foothills and there are growing concerns about land use.
However from the beginning of the 21st century, the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.
Switzerland has a dense network of cities, where large, medium and small cities are complementary.
The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of man's presence.
The weight of the largest metropolitan areas, which are Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern tend to increase.
In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests.
In addition the two main centers of Zürich and Geneva are recognized for their particularly great quality of life.
Article: The Bachelor (U.S. TV series)
Section: Questions of authenticity

Question: The Bachelor is produced by which two studios?

On February 26, 2009, in an exclusive interview between "The Bachelor" Season 13 contestant Megan Parris, and Steve Carbone, Megan commented that the producers edit the footage to create a fictional storyline.
"I don't think producers showed any real conversation I had with anyone...
The viewers fail to realize that editing is what makes the show... You'll hear someone make one comment and then they'll show a clip of somebody's face to make it look like "that" is their facial reaction to that statement, but really, somebody made that face the day before to something else.
It's just piecing things together to make a story.
"On March 26, 2009, Megan Parris argued that not only was the show scripted, but that producers bullied contestants into saying things to the camera that contestants did not want to say.
"'There's nothing real about it,' she said of the show's trademark "confessionals," in which contestants talk to the camera about the latest goings-on.
"It is scripted," she said.
"They basically will call you names, berate you, curse at you until they get you to say what they want you to say."
Both ABC and Warner Bros., the studio that produces "The Bachelor," had no comment.
"On March 15, 2010, creator Mike Fleiss appeared on "20/20" and said that he develops contestants into characters that will cater to his audience's tastes and that they "need fair share of villains every season."
Fleiss has come under fire for admitting that "The Bachelor" has less to do with reality than it does making good television.
On February 24, 2012, during the taping of "The Women Tell All" episode of "The Bachelor," a private conversation between contestant Courtney Robertson and a show producer went public when microphones were accidentally left on in between camera takes.
The conversation revealed the producer's role as a coach encouraging Robertson to fake certain emotions for the camera which she was not feeling.
Article: Astronomy
Section: Solar astronomy

Question: What is agreed to have caused the Little Ice Age during the Middle Ages?

Specific subfields.
Solar astronomy.
At a distance of about eight light-minutes, the most frequently studied star is the Sun, a typical main-sequence dwarf star of stellar class G2 V, and about 4.6 billion years (Gyr) old.
The Sun is not considered a variable star, but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the sunspot cycle.
This is an 11-year fluctuation in sunspot numbers.
Sunspots are regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.
The Sun has steadily increased in luminosity over the course of its life, increasing by 40% since it first became a main-sequence star.
The Sun has also undergone periodic changes in luminosity that can have a significant impact on the Earth.
The Maunder minimum, for example, is believed to have caused the Little Ice Age phenomenon during the Middle Ages.
The visible outer surface of the Sun is called the photosphere.
Above this layer is a thin region known as the chromosphere.
This is surrounded by a transition region of rapidly increasing temperatures, and finally by the super-heated corona.
At the center of the Sun is the core region, a volume of sufficient temperature and pressure for nuclear fusion to occur.
Above the core is the radiation zone, where the plasma conveys the energy flux by means of radiation.
Above that are the outer layers that form a convection zone where the gas material transports energy primarily through physical displacement of the gas.
It is believed that this convection zone creates the magnetic activity that generates sun spots.
A solar wind of plasma particles constantly streams outward from the Sun until, at the outermost limit of the solar system, it reaches the heliopause.
This solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere of the Earth to create the Van Allen radiation belts about the Earth, as well as the aurora where the lines of the Earth's magnetic field descend into the atmosphere.
Article: Bourbon Street
Section: Issues

Question: In what year was "Yokum v. 615 Bourbon Street"?

Historically noise violations were the responsibility of the party making the noise.
This changed in 1996 with "Yokum v. 615 Bourbon Street".
The case ruled that the property owner, not the noise-maker is responsible for noise violations.
A 2010 city ordinance stipulates that no music may be played in the French Quarter between 8 pm and 9 am.
Enforcement has been inconsistent and critics claim its goals are vague.
Some even state that is unconstitutional.
Besides being difficult to enforce, music aficionados claim that noise ordinances threaten the city's music culture.
Local jazz bands, such as the To Be Continued Brass Band, who play in the streets would be prohibited from doing so under such ordinances.
Aggressive solicitation bans are a newer issue on Bourbon Street.
In 2011, an ordinance was passed that banned individuals and groups from "disseminating any social, political or religious message" at night.
The ordinance does not explain the justification for this ban.
On September 21, 2012, the ACLU of Louisiana won a temporary restraining order against the ban on behalf of Kelsey McCauley, a woman who converted to Christianity through a religious group's activities on Bourbon Street which had several of its members arrested, and some of which were cited, on September 14, 2012 for violating the ordinance.
A hearing was set for October 1, 2012.
On July 25, 2013, the New Orleans City Council voted 6-0 to amend the law to remove the Bourbon Street ban, with language that was acceptable to attorneys on all opposing sides.
Article: Mongolia
Section: Architecture

Question: Who designed Batu-Tsagaan?

The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as a "ger".
In the past it was known by the Russian term "yurt", but this is changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known among English-speaking countries.
According to Mongolian artist and art critic N. Chultem, the "ger" was the basis for development of traditional Mongolian architecture.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country.
Many of them started as "ger"-temples.
When they needed to be enlarged to accommodate the growing number of worshippers, the Mongolian architects used structures with 6 and 12 angles with pyramidal roofs to approximate to the round shape of a "ger".
Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples.
The roofs were made in the shape of marquees.
The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent.
Chultem distinguished three styles in traditional Mongolian architecture: Mongolian, Tibetan and Chinese as well as combinations of the three.
Among the first quadratic temples was Batu-Tsagaan (1654) designed by Zanabazar.
An example of the "ger"-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar.
The temple Lavrin (18th century) in the Erdene Zuu lamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition.
An example of a temple built in the Chinese tradition is the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), which is a museum today.
The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulaanbaatar is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition.
The temple of Maitreya (disassembled in 1938) is an example of the Tibeto-Mongolian architecture.
Dashi-Choiling monastery has commenced a project to restore the temple and the sculpture of Maitreya.
Article: Venezuela
Section: Languages

Question: How many indigenous language does the constitution recognize?

Although the country is mostly monolingual Spanish, many languages are spoken in Venezuela.
In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes more than thirty indigenous languages, including Wayuu, Warao, Pemón, and many others for the official use of the indigenous peoples, mostly with few speakers – less than 1% of the total population.
Immigrants, in addition to Spanish, speak their own languages.
Arabic is spoken by Lebanese and Syrian colonies on Isla de Margarita, Maracaibo, Punto Fijo, Puerto la Cruz, El Tigre, Maracay, and Caracas.
Portuguese is spoken not only by the Portuguese community in Santa Elena de Uairén but also by much of the population due to its proximity to Brazil.
The German community speaks their native language, while the Colonia Tovar speaks mostly an Alemannic dialect of German called "coloniero".
English is the most widely used foreign language in demand and is spoken by many professionals, academics, and members of the upper and middle classes as a result of oil exploration by foreign companies, in addition to its acceptance as a lingua franca.
Culturally, English is common in southern towns like El Callao, for the English-speaking native influence evident in folk songs and calypso Venezuelan and French with English voices.
Italian instruction is guaranteed by the presence of a constant number of schools and private institutions because the Italian government considered mandatory language teaching at school level.
Other languages spoken by large communities in the country are Chinese and Galician, among others.
Article: Baseball
Section: No clock to kill

Question: When did the NPB shorten games?

In clock-limited sports, games often end with a team that holds the lead killing the clock rather than competing aggressively against the opposing team.
In contrast, baseball has no clock; a team cannot win without getting the last batter out and rallies are not constrained by time.
At almost any turn in any baseball game, the most advantageous strategy is some form of aggressive strategy.
In contrast, again, the clock comes into play even in the case of multi-day Test and first-class cricket: the possibility of a draw often encourages a team that is batting last and well behind to bat defensively, giving up any faint chance at a win to avoid a loss.
Baseball offers no such reward for conservative batting.
While nine innings has been the standard since the beginning of professional baseball, the duration of the average major league game has increased steadily through the years.
At the turn of the 20th century, games typically took an hour and a half to play.
In the 1920s, they averaged just less than two hours, which eventually ballooned to 2:38 in 1960.
By 1997, the average American League game lasted 2:57 (National League games were about 10 minutes shorter—pitchers at the plate making for quicker outs than designated hitters).
In 2004, Major League Baseball declared that its goal was an average game of merely 2:45.
The lengthening of games is attributed to longer breaks between half-innings for television commercials, increased offense, more pitching changes, and a slower pace of play with pitchers taking more time between each delivery, and batters stepping out of the box more frequently.
Other leagues have experienced similar issues.
In 2008, Nippon Professional Baseball took steps aimed at shortening games by 12 minutes from the preceding decade's average of 3:18.
Article: We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together
Section: Composition and lyrics

Question: What key was the song written in?

The three minute and twelve second song features electronic heavy production and a pop music vocal styling, a musical transition for Swift.
An alternate edition was recorded for country radio featuring a different instrumental arrangement.
The country arrangement replaced the guitar, drum machine, and synthesisers with a banjo, mandolin, fiddle, steel guitar and snare drums.
It was written in the key of G Major with a common time signature and a slow tempo of eighty-six beats per minute Moderate Rock beat, with Swift's vocals spanning one octave & four notes, from G3 to D5.
The track features an acoustic guitar (some of its sounds are reversed) and various synthesizers over an electronic drum beat.
The song was written by Swift, along with Max Martin and Shellback.
The lyrics discuss Swift's frustration towards a former male lover who wants to rekindle their relationship.
Article: Golden Gate Park
Section: Music Concourse Area

Question: Golden Gate Park contains how many fountains?

Major features.
Music Concourse Area.
The Music Concourse is a sunken, oval-shaped open-air plaza originally excavated for the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894.
Its focal point is the Spreckels Temple of Music, also called the "Bandshell," where numerous music performances have been staged.
It includes a number of statues of various historic figures, four fountains, and a regular grid array of heavily pollarded trees.
Since 2003, the Music Concourse has undergone a series of improvements to include an underground 800-car parking garage and pedestrianization of the plaza itself.
It is surrounded by various cultural attractions, including:
Article: Palace of Versailles
Section: The four building campaigns (1664–1710)

Question: Which architect put together the modern design at Palace of Versailles?

The four building campaigns (1664–1710).
The first building campaign (1664–1668) commenced with the "Plaisirs de l'Île enchantée" (Pleasures of the Enchanted Island) of 1664, a fête that was held between 7 and 13 May 1664.
The campaign involved alterations in the château and gardens to accommodate the 600 guests invited to the party.
(Nolhac, 1899, 1901; Marie, 1968; Verlet, 1985).
The second building campaign (1669–1672) was inaugurated with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the War of Devolution.
During this campaign, the château began to assume some of the appearance that it has today.
The most important modification of the château was Le Vau's envelope of Louis XIII's hunting lodge.
(Nolhac, 1901; Marie, 1972; Verlet, 1985).
Significant to the design and construction of the "grands appartements" is that the rooms of both apartments are of the same configuration and dimensions – a hitherto unprecedented feature in French palace design.
Both the "grand appartement du roi" and the "grand appartement de la reine" formed a suite of seven enfilade rooms.
The decoration of the rooms, which was conducted under Le Brun's direction, depicted the "heroic actions of the king" and were represented in allegorical form by the actions of historical figures from the antique past (Alexander the Great, Augustus, Cyrus, etc.).
(Berger, 1986; Félibien, 1674; Verlet, 1985).
With the signing of the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678, which ended the Dutch War, the third building campaign at Versailles began (1678–1684).
Under the direction of the architect, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, the Palace of Versailles acquired much of the look that it has today.
In addition to the Hall of Mirrors, Hardouin-Mansart designed the north and south wings and the "Orangerie".
Le Brun was occupied not only with the interior decoration of the new additions of the palace, but also collaborated with Le Nôtre's in landscaping the palace gardens (Berger, 1985; Thompson, 2006; Verlet, 1985).
Soon after the defeat of the War of the League of Augsburg (1688–1697), Louis XIV undertook his last building campaign at Versailles.
The fourth building campaign (1699–1710) concentrated almost exclusively on construction of the royal chapel designed by Hardouin-Mansart and finished by Robert de Cotte.
There were also some modifications in the "appartement du roi", namely the construction of the "Salon de l'Œil de Bœuf" and the King's Bedchamber.
With the completion of the chapel in 1710, virtually all construction at Versailles ceased; building would not be resumed at Versailles until some twenty one years later during the reign of Louis XV (Nolhac, 1911; Marie, 1976, 1984; Verlet, 1985).
Article: Sweden
Section: Law, law enforcement, and judicial system

Question: How many Councillors of Justice are there on the Supreme Court?

The Supreme Court of Sweden is the third and final instance in all civil and criminal cases in Sweden.
Before a case can be decided by the Supreme Court, leave to appeal must be obtained, and with few exceptions, leave to appeal can be granted only when the case is of interest as a precedent.
The Supreme Court consists of 16 Councillors of Justice, or "justitieråd", which are appointed by the government, but the court as an institution is independent of the Riksdag, and the government is not able to interfere with the decisions of the court.
The law is enforced in Sweden by several government entities.
The Swedish Police Service is a Government agency concerned with police matters.
The National Task Force is a national SWAT unit within the National Criminal Investigation Department.
The Swedish Security Service's responsibilities are counter-espionage, anti-terrorist activities, protection of the constitution and protection of sensitive objects and people.
According to a victimization survey of 1,201 residents in 2005, Sweden has above-average crime rates compared to other EU countries.
Sweden has high or above-average levels of assaults, sexual assaults, hate crimes, and consumer fraud.
Sweden has low levels of burglary, car theft and drug problems.
Bribe seeking is rare.
A mid-November 2013 news report announced that four prisons in Sweden were closed during the year due to a significant drop in the number of inmates.
The decrease in the number of Swedish prisoners was considered "out-of-the-ordinary" by the head of Sweden's prison and probation services, with prison numbers in Sweden falling by around 1% a year since 2004.
Prisons were closed in the towns of Åby, Håja, Båtshagen, and Kristianstad.
Article: The Selfish Giant (2013 film)
Section: Awards and reception

Question: What did they show at the Contemporary World Cinema during the Toronto International Film Festival?

It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Europa Cinemas award.
It was also nominated for the 2013 Lux Prize.
The film was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.
It won Best Film at the 24th Stockholm International Film Festival in November 2013.
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars.
The film was nominated for the 2014 Bafta for Best British Film.
Article: Salad
Section: Vegetable salad

Question: What are some common raw vegetables used in salad?

Vegetables other than greens may be used in a salad.
Common raw vegetables used in a salad include cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, spring onions, red onions, carrots, celery, and radishes.
Other ingredients, such as mushrooms, avocado, olives, hard boiled egg, artichoke hearts, heart of palm, roasted red bell peppers, green beans, croutons, cheeses, meat (e.g.
bacon, chicken), or seafood (e.g.
tuna, shrimp), are sometimes added to salads.