community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Protestant Reformation
Section: Puritan movement

Question: Did the Puritans object to ecclesiastical courts during the Puritan Movement?

The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age, although it was not until the '40s that England underwent religious strife comparable to what its neighbours had suffered some generations before.
The early "Puritan movement" (late 16th–17th centuries) was Reformed or Calvinist and was a movement for reform in the Church of England.
Its origins lay in the discontent with the Elizabethan Religious Settlement.
The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva.
The Puritans objected to ornaments and ritual in the churches as idolatrous (vestments, surplices, organs, genuflection), which they castigated as "popish pomp and rags".
(See Vestments controversy.)
They also objected to ecclesiastical courts.
They refused to endorse completely all of the ritual directions and formulas of the "Book of Common Prayer"; the imposition of its liturgical order by legal force and inspection sharpened Puritanism into a definite opposition movement.
The later Puritan movement were often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists and eventually led to the formation of various reformed denominations.
The most famous and well-known emigration to America was the migration of the Puritan separatists from the Anglican Church of England, who fled first to Holland, and then later to America, to establish the English colony of Massachusetts in New England, which later became one of the original United States.
These Puritan separatists were also known as "the Pilgrims".
After establishing a colony at Plymouth (which became part of the colony of Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the King of England that legitimised their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of mercantilism.
This successful, though initially quite difficult, colony marked the beginning of the Protestant presence in America (the earlier French, Spanish and Portuguese settlements had been Roman Catholic), and became a kind of oasis of spiritual and economic freedom, to which persecuted Protestants and other minorities from the British Isles and Europe (and later, from all over the world) fled to for peace, freedom and opportunity.
The Pilgrims of New England disapproved of Christmas and celebration was outlawed in Boston from 1659 to 1681.
The ban was revoked in 1681 by Sir Edmund Andros, who also revoked a Puritan ban against festivities on Saturday night.
Despite the removal of the ban, it wouldn't be until the middle of the 19th century that Christmas would become a popular holiday in the Boston region.
The original intent of the colonists was to establish spiritual Puritanism, which had been denied to them in England and the rest of Europe, to engage in peaceful commerce with England and the native American Indians, and to Christianize the peoples of the Americas.
Article: Up Series
Section: Andrew

Question: Who is the only of the three Kensington boys to have appeared in all the "Up" films?

Andrew was one of three boys chosen from the same pre-preparatory school in the wealthy London district of Kensington (the other two being Charles and John).
The three are introduced in "Seven Up!"
singing "Waltzing Matilda" in Latin.
At the age of seven, when asked what newspaper he reads, if any, Andrew stated that he reads "The Financial Times" (although he later revealed he was in fact just repeating what his father had told him when asked the same question).
All three could say which prep schools, public schools and universities they planned to attend (Oxford or Cambridge in all cases); two named the specific Oxbridge college they intended to join.
Andrew Brackfield's academic career culminated in his studying at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Andrew subsequently became a solicitor, married and raised a family.
He is the only one of the three Kensington boys to have appeared in all the "Up" films.
Both Andrew and his wife are most satisfied with how their children have turned out, followed by their relationship.
Article: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)
Section: Abstract

Question: When did the third season of Last Man Standing premiere?

Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen and Nancy Travis that currently airs on ABC.
The series premiered on October 11, 2011.
This is the second sitcom Allen starred in for ABC, the first being "Home Improvement".
On May 11, 2012, the series was renewed for a second season that premiered on November 2, 2012.
On May 10, 2013, ABC renewed "Last Man Standing" for a third season.
It premiered on September 20, 2013.
Article: Electron
Section: Abstract

Question: What causes the chemical bonding?

The electron (symbol: ) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge.
Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure.
The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton.
Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value in units of "ħ", which means that it is a fermion.
Being fermions, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle.
Electrons also have properties of both particles and waves, and so can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light.
Experiments with electrons best demonstrate this duality because electrons have a tiny mass.
Many physical phenomena involve electrons in an essential role, such as electricity, magnetism, and thermal conductivity, and they also participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions.
An electron in space generates an electric field surrounding it.
An electron moving relative to an observer generates a magnetic field.
External magnetic fields deflect an electron.
Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when accelerated.
Laboratory instruments are capable of containing and observing individual electrons as well as electron plasma using electromagnetic fields, whereas dedicated telescopes can detect electron plasma in outer space.
Electrons have many applications, including electronics, welding, cathode ray tubes, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization detectors and particle accelerators.
Interactions involving electrons and other subatomic particles are of interest in fields such as chemistry and nuclear physics.
The Coulomb force interaction between positive protons inside atomic nuclei and negative electrons composes atoms.
Ionization or changes in the proportions of particles changes the binding energy of the system.
The exchange or sharing of the electrons between two or more atoms is the main cause of chemical bonding.
British natural philosopher Richard Laming first hypothesized the concept of an indivisible quantity of electric charge to explain the chemical properties of atoms in 1838; Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney named this charge 'electron' in 1891, and J. J. Thomson and his team of British physicists identified it as a particle in 1897.
Electrons can also participate in nuclear reactions, such as nucleosynthesis in stars, where they are known as beta particles.
Electrons may be created through beta decay of radioactive isotopes and in high-energy collisions, for instance when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere.
The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron; it is identical to the electron except that it carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign.
When an electron collides with a positron, both particles may be totally annihilated, producing gamma ray photons.
Article: Victoria Peak
Section: History

Question: Who built a house on Victoria Peak in the 1800s?

As early as 19th century, the Peak attracted prominent European residents because of its panoramic view over the city and its temperate climate compared to the sub-tropical climate in the rest of Hong Kong.
The sixth Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Richard MacDonnell had a summer residence built on the Peak circa 1868.
Those that built houses named them whimsically, such as The Eyrie, and the Austin Arms.
See First houses on the Peak.
These original residents reached their homes by sedan chairs, which were carried up and down the steep slope of Victoria Peak.
This limited development of the Peak until the opening of the Peak Tram funicular in 1888.
The boost to accessibility caused by the opening of the Peak Tram created demand for residences on the Peak.
Between 1904 and 1930, the Peak Reservation Ordinance designated the Peak as an exclusive residential area reserved for non-Chinese.
They also reserved the Peak Tram for the use of such passengers during peak periods.
The Peak remains an upmarket residential area, although residency today is based on wealth.
Article: Microscope
Section: Rise of modern light microscopy

Question: What year did Van Leeuwenhoek discover micro-organisms?

The first detailed account of the interior construction of living tissue based on the use of a microscope did not appear until 1644, in Giambattista Odierna's "L'occhio della mosca", or "The Fly's Eye".
It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, The Netherlands and England.
Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs.
Robert Hooke's "Micrographia" had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations.
The greatest contribution came from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who discovered red blood cells and spermatozoa and helped popularise microscopy as a technique.
On 9 October 1676, Van Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms.
In 1893 August Köhler developed a key technique for sample illumination, Köhler illumination, which is central to modern light microscopy.
This method of sample illumination gives rise to extremely even lighting and overcomes many limitations of older techniques of sample illumination.
Further developments in sample illumination came from Frits Zernike in 1953 for inventing Phase Contrast, and Georges Nomarski 1955 for his development of differential interference contrast illumination; both of which allow imaging of unstained, transparent samples.
Article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Section: Shot dead

Question: Where did the first bullet hit the Archduke Franz Ferdinand when he was assassinated?

After learning that the first assassination attempt had been unsuccessful, Princip thought about a position to assassinate the archduke on his return journey, and decided to move to a position in front of a nearby food shop (Schiller's delicatessen), near the Latin Bridge.
When Franz Ferdinand's car approached on its return journey, Princip stepped forward and fired two shots from a distance of about one and a half metres (5 feet) using a Belgian-made 9×17mm (.380 ACP) Fabrique Nationale model 1910 semi-automatic pistol.
Pistol serial numbers 19074, 19075, 19120 and 19126 were supplied to the assassins; Princip used #19074.
According to Albertini, "the first bullet wounded the Archduke in the jugular vein, the second inflicted an abdominal wound on the Duchess."
Princip was immediately arrested.
At his sentencing, Princip stated that his intention had been to kill Governor Potiorek, rather than Sophie.
Both victims remained seated upright, but dying while being driven to the Governor's residence for medical treatment.
As reported by Count Harrach, Franz Ferdinand's last words were "Sophie, Sophie!
Don't die!
Live for our children!"
followed by six or seven utterances of "It is nothing."
in response to Harrach's inquiry as to Franz Ferdinand's injury.
These utterances were followed by a long death rattle.
Sophie was dead on arrival at the Governor's residence.
Franz Ferdinand died 10 minutes later.
Article: Popcorn
Section: Expansion and yield

Question: How is popcorn categorized by variety?

Popping results are sensitive to the rate at which the kernels are heated.
If heated too quickly, the steam in the outer layers of the kernel can reach high pressures and rupture the hull before the starch in the center of the kernel can fully gelatinize, leading to partially popped kernels with hard centers.
Heating too slowly leads to entirely unpopped kernels: the tip of the kernel, where it attached to the cob, is not entirely moisture-proof, and when heated slowly, the steam can leak out of the tip fast enough to keep the pressure from rising sufficiently to break the hull and cause the pop.
Producers and sellers of popcorn consider two major factors in evaluating the quality of popcorn: what percentage of the kernels will pop, and how much each popped kernel expands.
Expansion is an important factor to both the consumer and vendor.
For the consumer, larger pieces of popcorn tend to be more tender and are associated with higher quality.
For the grower, distributor, and vendor, expansion is closely correlated with profit: vendors such as theaters buy popcorn by weight and sell it by volume.
For both these reasons, higher-expansion popcorn fetches a higher profit per unit weight.
Popcorn will pop when freshly harvested, but not well: its high moisture content leads to poor expansion and chewy pieces of popcorn.
Kernels with a high moisture content are also susceptible to mold when stored.
For these reasons, popcorn growers and distributors dry the kernels until they reach the moisture level at which they expand the most.
This differs by variety and conditions, but is generally in the range of 14–15% moisture by weight.
If the kernels are over-dried, the expansion rate will suffer and the percentage of kernels that pop at all will decline.
When the popcorn has finished popping, sometimes unpopped kernels remain.
Known in the popcorn industry as "old maids", the kernels don't pop because they do not have enough moisture to create enough steam for an explosion.
Rehydrating prior to popping usually results in eliminating the unpopped kernels.
Popcorn varieties are broadly categorized by the shape of the kernels, the color of the kernels, or the shape of the popped corn.
While the kernels may come in a variety of colors, the popped corn is always off-yellow or white as it is only the hull (or pericarp) that is colored.
"Rice" type popcorns have a long kernel pointed at both ends; "pearl" type kernels are rounded at the top.
Commercial popcorn production has moved mostly to pearl types.
Historically, pearl popcorns were usually yellow and rice popcorns usually white.
Today both shapes are available in both colors, as well as others including black, red, and variegated.
Commercial production is dominated by white and yellow.
Article: Rugby union
Section: Statistics and records

Question: In rugby, what is the largest margin of winning?

According to a 2011 report by the Centre for the International Business of Sport at Coventry University, there are now over four and a half million people playing rugby union or one of its variants organised by the IRB.
This is an increase of 19 percent since the previous report in 2007.
The report also claimed that since 2007 participation has grown by 33 percent in Africa, 22 percent in South America and 18 percent in Asia and North America.
In 2014 the IRB published a breakdown of the total number of players worldwide by national unions.
It recorded a total of 6.6 million players globally, of those, 2.36 million were registered members playing for a club affiliated to their country's union.
Rugby union's premier event, the Rugby World Cup, has continued to grow since its inception in 1987.
The first tournament, in which 16 teams competed for the title, was broadcast to 17 countries with an accumulated total of 230 million television viewers.
Ticket sales during the pool stages and finals of the same tournament was less than a million.
The 2007 World Cup was contested by 94 countries with ticket sales of 3,850,000 over the pool and final stage.
The accumulated television audience for the event, then broadcast to 200 countries, was 4.2 billion.
The most capped international player from the tier 1 nations is Irish and British Lions centre Brian O'Driscoll who has played in 141 internationals.
While the top scoring tier 1 international player is New Zealand's Dan Carter, who has amassed 1442 points during his career.
In April 2010 Lithuania broke the record of consecutive international wins previously held by New Zealand and South Africa, which was 17 consecutive wins against tier 1 nations, with their 18th win in tier 2 in a match against Serbia.
The highest scoring international match between two recognised unions was Hong Kong's 164–13 victory over Singapore on 27 October 1994 While the largest winning margin of 152 points is held by two countries, Japan (a 155–3 win over Chinese Taipei) and Argentina (152–0 over Paraguay) both in 2002.
Article: Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Section: Natural features

Question: How many animal and plant species does the park have?

Elevations in the park range from at the mouth of Abrams Creek to at the summit of Clingmans Dome.
Within the park a total of sixteen mountains reach higher than 6,000 feet (1829 m).
The wide range of elevations mimics the latitudinal changes found throughout the entire eastern United States.
Indeed, ascending the mountains is comparable to a trip from Tennessee to Canada.
Plants and animals common in the country's Northeast have found suitable ecological niches in the park's higher elevations, while southern species find homes in the balmier lower reaches.
During the most recent ice age, the northeast-to-southwest orientation of the Appalachian mountains allowed species to migrate southward along the slopes rather than finding the mountains to be a barrier.
As climate warms, many northern species are now retreating upward along the slopes and withdrawing northward, while southern species are expanding.
The park normally has very high humidity and precipitation, averaging from 55 inches (1,400 mm) per year in the valleys to 85 inches (2,200 mm) per year on the peaks.
This is more annual rainfall than anywhere in the United States outside the Pacific Northwest and parts of Alaska and Hawaii.
It is also generally cooler than the lower elevations below, and most of the park has a humid continental climate more comparable to locations much farther north, as opposed to the humid subtropical climate in the lowlands.
The park is almost 95 percent forested, and almost 36 percent of it, , is estimated by the Park Service to be old growth forest with many trees that predate European settlement of the area.
It is one of the largest blocks of deciduous, temperate, old growth forest in North America.
The variety of elevations, the abundant rainfall, and the presence of old growth forests give the park an unusual richness of biota.
About 10,000 species of plants and animals are known to live in the park, and estimates as high as an additional 90,000 undocumented species may also be present.
Park officials count more than 200 species of birds, 66 species of mammals, 50 species of fish, 39 species of reptiles, and 43 species of amphibians, including many lungless salamanders.
The park has a noteworthy black bear population, numbering about 1,500.
An experimental re-introduction of elk (wapiti) into the park began in 2001.
Over 100 species of trees grow in the park.
The lower region forests are dominated by deciduous leafy trees.
At higher altitudes, deciduous forests give way to coniferous trees like Fraser Fir.
In addition, the park has over 1,400 flowering plant species and over 4,000 species of non-flowering plants.
Article: Machu Picchu
Section: Roads and transportation

Question: Do people still walk the Inca Trail?

As part of their road system, the Incas built a road to the Machu Picchu region.
Today, thousands of tourists walk the Inca Trail to visit Machu Picchu each year.
They congregate at Cusco before starting on the two-, four- or five-day journey on foot from Kilometer 82 or Kilometer 104 (two-day trip) near the town of Ollantaytambo in the Urubamba valley, walking up through the Andes mountain range to the isolated city.
The people of Machu Picchu were connected to long-distance trade, as shown by non-local artifacts found at the site.
As an example, Bingham found unmodified obsidian nodules at the entrance gateway.
In the 1970s, Burger and Asaro determined that these obsidian samples were from the "Titicaca" or Chivay obsidian source, and that the samples from Machu Picchu showed long-distance transport of this obsidian type in pre-Hispanic Peru.
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: Walks

Question: when was wire walking popular at Niagra Falls?

Other daredevils have made crossing the gorge their goal, starting with the successful passage by Jean François "Blondin" Gravelet, who crossed Niagara Gorge in 1859.
Between 1859 and 1896 there was a wire-walking craze, and there were frequent feats over the river below the falls.
One inexperienced walker was able to slide down his safety rope.
Only one man fell to his death, at night and under mysterious circumstances, at the anchoring place for his wire.
These tightrope walkers drew huge crowds to witness their exploits.
Their wires ran across the gorge, near the current Rainbow Bridge, not over the waterfall itself.
Among the many was Ontario's William Hunt, who billed himself as "The Great Farini" and competed with Blondin in performing outrageous stunts over the gorge.
On three separate occasions Blondin carried his manager, Harry Colcord, on his back—on the final time being watched by the Prince of Wales.
In 1876 23-year-old Italian Maria Spelterini was the only woman ever to cross the Niagara Gorge on a tightrope, making four separate crossings over a period of 18 days.
On July 12 she crossed wearing peach baskets strapped to her feet, on July 19 blind-folded, on July 22 with her ankles and wrists manacled and finally on July 26.
Never performing again at Niagara, her personal life remains a mystery and the date and place of her death are unknown.
Tightrope crossings of the falls ended—by law—in 1896, when James Hardy crossed.
On June 15, 2012, high wire artist Nik Wallenda became the first person to walk across the falls in 116 years, after receiving special permission from both governments.
The full length of his tightrope was .
Wallenda crossed near the brink of the Horseshoe Falls, unlike previous walkers who had crossed farther downstream.
According to Wallenda, it was the longest unsupported tightrope walk in history.
He carried his passport on the trip and was required to present it upon arrival on the Canadian side of the falls.
Article: American Revolution
Section: Peace treaty

Question: What signatures are on the treaty of paris?

The peace treaty with Britain, known as the Treaty of Paris, gave the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, though not including Florida (On September 3, 1783, Britain entered into a separate agreement with Spain under which Britain ceded Florida back to Spain.)
The British abandoned the Indian allies living in this region; they were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States.
Issues regarding boundaries and debts were not resolved until the Jay Treaty of 1795.
Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone, American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world, and their businesses flourished.