community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Astronomy
Section: Solar astronomy

Question: How long are the fluctuations in sunspot numbers?

Specific subfields.
Solar astronomy.
At a distance of about eight light-minutes, the most frequently studied star is the Sun, a typical main-sequence dwarf star of stellar class G2 V, and about 4.6 billion years (Gyr) old.
The Sun is not considered a variable star, but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the sunspot cycle.
This is an 11-year fluctuation in sunspot numbers.
Sunspots are regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.
The Sun has steadily increased in luminosity over the course of its life, increasing by 40% since it first became a main-sequence star.
The Sun has also undergone periodic changes in luminosity that can have a significant impact on the Earth.
The Maunder minimum, for example, is believed to have caused the Little Ice Age phenomenon during the Middle Ages.
The visible outer surface of the Sun is called the photosphere.
Above this layer is a thin region known as the chromosphere.
This is surrounded by a transition region of rapidly increasing temperatures, and finally by the super-heated corona.
At the center of the Sun is the core region, a volume of sufficient temperature and pressure for nuclear fusion to occur.
Above the core is the radiation zone, where the plasma conveys the energy flux by means of radiation.
Above that are the outer layers that form a convection zone where the gas material transports energy primarily through physical displacement of the gas.
It is believed that this convection zone creates the magnetic activity that generates sun spots.
A solar wind of plasma particles constantly streams outward from the Sun until, at the outermost limit of the solar system, it reaches the heliopause.
This solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere of the Earth to create the Van Allen radiation belts about the Earth, as well as the aurora where the lines of the Earth's magnetic field descend into the atmosphere.
Article: 30 Rock
Section: Season 5

Question: When did 30 Rock premiere its fifth season?

"30 Rock" premiered its fifth season on September 23, 2010 in the Thursday 8:30 p.m. time slot.
An episode of 30 Rock's fifth season was filmed and broadcast live, twice, on the evening of October 14, 2010.
The two separate recordings resulted in a live telecast of the episode to American viewers in both the West and East Coast, to ensure both would view a live performance.
Filmed in front of a live audience, the episode aired at 8:30 pm EDT and PDT on NBC.
A ratings success, the episode was also met with positive reviews.
"30 Rock" moved to the 10/9c from January 20, 2011.
Season 5 focuses on Liz Lemon's continuing relationship with Carol Burnett (Matt Damon), Jack's start into fatherhood with fiancée Avery (Elizabeth Banks), struggling with the merger of NBCUniversal with Kabletown, Tracy's foray into getting an EGOT, and Kenneth's attempt to get back to NBC.
Aside from featuring the return of Rachel Dratch in the Live Show, other guest stars include Matt Damon, Elizabeth Banks, Susan Sarandon (as Frank's former teacher- who was in prison due to their relationship while he was a student- and present girlfriend), Paul Giamatti, Sherri Shepherd, Queen Latifah, Rob Reiner, John Amos, Jon Hamm, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Bill Hader, Chris Parnell, Kelsey Grammer, Buck Henry, David Gregory, John Slattery, Daniel Sunjata, Will Forte, Kelly Coffield Park, Elaine Stritch, Dr. Condoleezza Rice, Alan Alda, Cheyenne Jackson, Robert De Niro, Dean Winters, Ken Howard, Vanessa Minnillo, Brian Williams, Richard Belzer, Ice-T, John Cho, Chloë Grace Moretz, Terrance Mann (as oceanographer Robert Ballard), Cristin Milioti (as Abby Flynn in "TGS Hates Women"), Eion Bailey, Adriane Lenox, Michael Keaton, Margaret Cho (as Avery's kidnapper, Korean dictator Kim Jong-il), and Tom Hanks.
Article: Turn Me On (David Guetta song)
Section: Synopsis

Question: Who did David Guetta make out of mechanical parts?

Set in a steampunk world, Guetta plays a mad scientist creating his very own Nicki Minaj from mechanical parts.
The clip opens on Guetta, perhaps trying out some early cosmetic-surgery tactics, putting the final touches on his Minaj doll plans.
Then it focuses on the mechanisms behind the Nicki being: latex lips, brass wiring, tubing and various other gizmos.
As the song hits the chorus for the first time, fans get a view of his creation.
Her plastic skin is shiny and completely bare as she slowly transforms into the very human-looking Nicki.
Seemingly pleased with his creation, Guetta unleashes it onto the world.
The entrance to the second verse shows Minaj, dressed in a long black dress, black top hat and shocking pink hip-length hair, leaving Guetta's studio through two black gates and is now free to roam the streets, filled with other doll-like creatures who can't help but stare at Guetta's incredibly lifelike creation.
With Minaj continuing her journey through town, the other jealous doll creatures make their way to Guetta's lab, where he begins to work on them too, giving them more lifelike appearances.
The female creatures then discover that he is a doll himself, however, his interior resembles chainmail.
The female dolls then start to feel him.
Meanwhile, Nicki is surrounded by the male dolls as she belts out the song.
As the video finishes, Minaj is spotted riding her horse around town, as the female dolls make their escape from Guetta's place of business.
Article: Galatea of the Spheres
Section: Dalí's motivation

Question: When was the first atomic bomb explosion?

Dalí had been greatly interested in nuclear physics since the first atomic bomb explosions of August 1945, and described the atom as his "favourite food for thought".
Recognising that matter was made up of atoms which did not touch each other, he sought to replicate this in his art at the time, with items suspended and not interacting with each other, such as in "The Madonna of Port Lligat".
This painting was also symbolic of his attempt to reconcile his new faith in Catholicism with nuclear physics.
His friend, painter Antoni Pitxot, recalled that Dalí held in high regard the depth of perspective in the painting and the spheres he had painted.
Dalí wished for this painting to be displayed on an easel, which had been owned by French painter Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, in a suite of three rooms called the Palace of the Winds (named for the "tramontana") in the Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres.
It remains on display there to this day.
It was transported to and exhibited at the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne in 2009, along with many other Dalí paintings in the "Liquid Desire" exhibition.
Article: Malaysia
Section: Conservation issues

Question: Where is most remaining forest found?

Logging, along with cultivation practices has devastated tree cover, causing severe environmental degradation in the country.
Over 80 per cent of Sarawak's rainforest has been cleared.
Floods in East Malaysia have been worsened by the loss of trees, and over 60 per cent of the Peninsular's forest have been cleared.
With current rates of deforestation, the forests are predicted to be extinct by 2020.
Deforestation is a major problem for animals, fungi and plants, as the forest is cut to make room for plantations.
Most remaining forest is found inside national parks.
Habitat destruction has proved a threat for marine life.
Illegal fishing is another major threat, with fishing methods such as dynamite fishing and poisoning depleting marine ecosystems.
Leatherback turtle numbers have dropped 98 per cent since the 1950s.
Hunting has also been an issue for some animals, with overconsumption and the use of animal parts for profit endangering many animals, from marine life to tigers.
Marine life is also detrimentally affected by uncontrolled tourism.
The Malaysian government aims to balance economic growth with environmental protection, but has been accused of favouring big business over the environment.
Some state governments are now trying to counter the environmental impact and pollution created by deforestation; and the federal government is trying to cut logging by 10 per cent each year.
28 national parks have been established; 23 in East Malaysia and five in the Peninsular.
Tourism has been limited in biodiverse areas such as Sipadan island.
Animal trafficking is a large issue, and the Malaysian government is holding talks with the governments of Brunei and Indonesia to standardise anti-trafficking laws.
Article: Archery
Section: Mounted archery

Question: When bow is recommended for use on horseback?

Central Asian tribesmen (after the domestication of the horse) and American Plains Indians (after gaining access to horses) became extremely adept at archery on horseback.
Lightly armoured, but highly mobile archers were excellently suited to warfare in the Central Asian steppes, and they formed a large part of armies that repeatedly conquered large areas of Eurasia.
Shorter bows are more suited to use on horseback, and the composite bow enabled mounted archers to use powerful weapons.
Empires throughout the Eurasian landmass often strongly associated their respective "barbarian" counterparts with the usage of the bow and arrow, to the point where powerful states like the Han Dynasty referred to their neighbours, the Xiong-nu, as "Those Who Draw the Bow" For example, Xiong-nu mounted bowmen made them more than a match for the Han military, and their threat was at least partially responsible for Chinese expansion into the Ordos region, to create a stronger, more powerful buffer zone against them.
It is possible that "barbarian" peoples were responsible for introducing archery or certain types of bows to their "civilized" counterparts—the Xiong-nu and the Han being one example.
Similarly, short bows seem to have been introduced to Japan by northeast Asian groups.
Article: Wadjda
Section: Production

Question: Which actress who portrayed Wadjda was also a first time actress?

According to the director Haifaa al-Mansour, it took five years to make "Wadjda".
Most of the time was spent trying to find financial backing and getting filming permission, since she insisted on filming in Saudi Arabia for reasons of authenticity.
She received backing from Rotana, the film production company of Prince Alwaleed bin Talal.
However, she was very interested in finding a foreign co-producer because "in Saudi there are no movie theatres, there is no film industry to speak of and, therefore, little money for investment".
After being chosen for a Sundance Institute writer's lab in Jordan, al-Mansour got in touch with the German production company Razor Film, which had previously produced films with Middle-Eastern topics ("Paradise Now" and "Waltz with Bashir").
The production involved co-operation with two German public TV broadcasters, Norddeutscher Rundfunk and Bayerischer Rundfunk.
Additional funding came from (FFA, Berlin); Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH (MBB, Potsdam); Mitteldeutsche Medienförderung GmbH (MDM, Leipzig) and Filmfonds Babelsberg (ILB, Potsdam-Babelsberg).
Al-Mansour's screenplay was influenced by neorealist cinema like Vittorio de Sica's "Bicycle Thieves", Jafar Panahi's "Offside" or "Rosetta".
The final scene recalls the final scene of François Truffaut 's The 400 Blows.
Al-Mansour says that the original version of her screenplay was much bleaker than the finished product: "I decided I didn't want the film to carry a slogan and scream, but just to create a story where people can laugh and cry a little."
Al-Mansour based the character of Wadjda on one of her nieces and also on her own experiences when growing up.
The main themes of the story are freedom, as represented by the bicycle, and the fear of emotional abandonment, as Wadjda's father wants to take a second wife who will provide him with a son.
"Wadjda" was filmed on the streets of Riyadh, which often made it necessary for the director to work from the back of a van, as she could not publicly mix with the men in the crew.
Often, she could only communicate via walkie-talkie and had to watch the actors on a monitor.
This made it difficult to direct: "It made me realise the need to rehearse and to develop an understanding for each scene before we shot it."
Waad Mohammed, who plays Wadjda, was a first time actress.
Article: Somebody That I Used to Know
Section: Track listing

Question: How long is the song "bronte"

Digital download
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:04
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" (Radio Mix) – 3:33
Digital download – Remix
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:33
7" Vinyl single
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:04
 "Bronte" – 3:13
CD single
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:04
 "Easy Way Out" – 1:57
Article: Space Race
Section: Rocket teams assembled

Question: What was the weight of the Soviet engine?

The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation.
On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems.
The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev.
He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia.
After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun.
His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer."
In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.
After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about northwest of Moscow.
They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to the Soviet engineers.
They helped in the following areas: the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4; work on "organizational schemes"; research in improving the A-4 main engine; development of a 100-ton engine; assistance in the "layout" of plant production rooms; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components.
With their help, particularly Helmut Groettrup's group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948.
Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Groettrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949.
The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951–53.
In America, Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945.
They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation.
These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949.
The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950.
From here, Von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions.
It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets.
Article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Section: The bombing

Question: Which squadron was the "Enola Gay" a part of?

Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets.
The 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 "Enola Gay", piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan.
The "Enola Gay" (named after Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s.
"The Great Artiste", commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called "Necessary Evil", commanded by Captain George Marquardt, served as the photography aircraft.
After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05:55 at , and set course for Japan.
The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at .
Parsons, who was in command of the mission, armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff.
He had witnessed four B-29s crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B-29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board.
His assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area.
During the night of August 5–6, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan.
Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga, 102 bound for Maebashi, 261 en route to Nishinomiya, 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari.
An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima.
The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05.
About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as "Straight Flush" flew over the city.
It broadcast a short message which was picked up by "Enola Gay".
It read: "Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes.
Advice: bomb primary."
The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09.
At 08:09 Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee.
The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about to a detonation height of about above the city.
"Enola Gay" traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast.
Due to crosswind, the bomb missed the aiming point, the Aioi Bridge, by approximately and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic at .
It created a blast equivalent to , ± 2 kt.
The weapon was considered very inefficient, with only 1.7% of its material fissioning.
The radius of total destruction was about , with resulting fires across .
People on the ground reported seeing a "pika" or brilliant flash of light followed by a "don", a loud booming sound.
Some 70,000–80,000 people, of whom 20,000 were soldiers, or around 30% of the population of Hiroshima, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm.
and another 70,000 injured.
Article: Sistine Chapel ceiling
Section: Treatment

Question: Which lunettes were painted first?

Michelangelo's depiction of the Genealogy of Jesus departs from an artistic tradition for this topic that was common in medieval times, especially in stained-glass windows.
This so-called Jesse Tree shows Jesse lying prone and a tree growing from his side with the ancestors on each branch, in a visual treatment of a biblical verse.
The figures in the lunettes appear to be families, but in every case they are families that are divided.
The figures in them are physically divided by the name tablet but they are also divided by a range of human emotions that turn them outward or in on themselves and sometimes towards their partner with jealousy, suspicion, rage or simply boredom.
In them Michelangelo has portrayed the anger and unhappiness of the human condition, painting "the daily round of merely domestic life as if it were a curse".
In their constraining niches, the ancestors "sit, squat and wait".
Of the fourteen lunettes, the two that were probably painted first, the families of Eleazar and Mathan and of Jacob and Joseph are the most detailed.
They become progressively broader towards the altar end, one of the last being painted in only two days.
The Eleazar and Mathan picture contains two figures with a wealth of costume detail that is not present in any other lunette.
Prior to restoration, of all the paintings in the Sistine Chapel, the lunettes and spandrels were the dirtiest.
Added to this, there has always been a problem of poor daytime visibility of the panels nearest the windows because of "halination".
Consequently, they were the least well known of all Michelangelo's publicly accessible works.
The recent restoration has made these masterly studies of human nature and inventive depiction of the human form known once more.
Section References
Article: The Act of Killing
Section: Abstract

Question: Who served as executive producers of The Act of Killing?

The Act of Killing (, meaning "Butcher") is a 2012 documentary film directed by Joshua Oppenheimer, and co-directed by Christine Cynn and an anonymous Indonesian.
It is a Danish-British-Norwegian co-production, presented by Final Cut for Real in Denmark and produced by Signe Byrge Sørensen.
The executive producers were Werner Herzog, Errol Morris, Joram ten Brink, and Andre Singer.
It is a Docwest project of the University of Westminster.
It won the 2013 European Film Award for Best Documentary, the Asia Pacific Screen Award, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 86th Academy Awards.
"The Act of Killing" won best documentary at the 2014 BAFTA awards.
In accepting the award, Oppenheimer asserted that the United States and the United Kingdom have "collective responsibility" for "participating in and ignoring" the crimes, which was omitted from the video BAFTA posted online.
After a screening for US Congress members, Oppenheimer demanded that the US acknowledge its role in the killings.
Article: England
Section: Economy

Question: How much is England's average GDP per capita?

England's economy is one of the largest in the world, with an average GDP per capita of £22,907.
Usually regarded as a mixed market economy, it has adopted many free market principles, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure.
The official currency in England is the pound sterling, whose ISO 4217 code is GBP.
Taxation in England is quite competitive when compared to much of the rest of Europe—as of 2009 the basic rate of personal tax is 20% on taxable income up to £37,400, and 40% on any additional earnings above that amount.
The economy of England is the largest part of the UK's economy, which has the 18th highest GDP PPP per capita in the world.
England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry, and the manufacturing side of the software industry.
London, home to the London Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's main stock exchange and the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre—100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations are based in London.
London is the largest financial centre in Europe, and is also the largest in the world.
The Bank of England, founded in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson, is the United Kingdom's central bank.
Originally established as private banker to the Government of England, since 1946 it has been a state-owned institution.
The Bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, although not in other parts of the United Kingdom.
The government has devolved responsibility to the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates.
England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more service industry oriented economy.
Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year.
The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals, cars—although many English marques are now foreign-owned, such as Rolls-Royce, Lotus, Jaguar and Bentley—crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages.
Agriculture is intensive and highly mechanised, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.
Two thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the other to arable crops.