community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Space Race
Section: World War II

Question: What become the basis of early Soviet and American rocket designs after the second world war?

World War II.
The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles.
Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances.
The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons.
Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932.
Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology.
During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program.
They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943.
By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a range carrying a warhead at .
Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning.
Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945.
After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.
At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based.
Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs.
The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets.
Article: Wadjda
Section: Abstract

Question: Where was the film Wadjda filmed?

Wadjda () is a 2012 Saudi Arabian–German film, written and directed by Haifaa al-Mansour.
It is the first feature film shot entirely in Saudi Arabia and is the first feature-length film made by a female Saudi director.
It has won numerous awards at film festivals around the world.
The film was selected as the Saudi Arabian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 86th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.
It was the first time Saudi Arabia submitted a film for the Best Foreign Language Oscar.
Article: The Act of Killing
Section: Top ten lists

Question: "The Act of Killing" was ranked the number 1 film in 2013 by what 4 critics?

"The Act of Killing" has been named as one of the best films of 2013 by various critics:
 1st – "Sight & Sound"
 1st – The Guardian
 1st – LA Weekly
 1st – Nick Schager, "The A.V.
Club"
 2nd – Mark Kermode, "The Observer"
 3rd – David Edelstein, "New York"
 3rd – David Sexton, "London Evening Standard"
 4th – Eric Kohn, "Indiewire"
 4th – People Magazine
 7th – Bill Goodykoontz, "Arizona Republic"
 7th – A.
A. Dowd, "The A.V.
Club"
 7th – David Chen – slashfilm.com "[http://www.slashfilm.com/the-filmcasts-top-10-films-of-2013/]"
 8th – Sam Adams, "The A.V.
Club"
 8th – Ignatiy Vishnevetsky, "The A.V.
Club"
 8th – Richard Corliss, "Time"
 10th – "Time Out London"
 10th – Devindra Hardawar – slashfilm.com "[http://www.slashfilm.com/the-filmcasts-top-10-films-of-2013/]"
Article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Section: Funeral

Question: If we went to see Kennedy's coffin, where would we go?

The state funeral took place in Washington, DC during the three days that followed the assassination.
The body of President Kennedy was brought back to Washington, D.C. and placed in the East Room of the White House for 24 hours.
On the Sunday after the assassination, his coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the U.S. Capitol to lie in state.
Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket.
Representatives from over 90 countries attended the state funeral on Monday, November 25.
After the Requiem Mass at St. Matthew's Cathedral, the late President was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.
Article: Balkan Wars
Section: Young Turk revolution

Question: Who was forced to readopt the Ottoman constitution of 1876?

It is no surprise that the "Young Turk" revolution occurred in the troubled European provinces of the Empire.
There the threat to its integrity was the most pronounced, and the need for reforms was most evident.
When the revolt broke out, it was supported by intellectuals, the army, and almost all the ethnic minorities of the Empire, and forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to re-adopt the long defunct Ottoman constitution of 1876, ushering in the Second Constitutional Era.
Hopes were raised among the Balkan ethnicities of reforms and autonomy, and elections were held to form a representative, multi-ethnic, Ottoman parliament.
However, following the Sultan's attempted counter-coup, the liberal element of the Young Turks was sidelined and the nationalist element became dominant.
At the same time, in October 1908, Austria-Hungary seized the opportunity of the Ottoman political upheaval to annex the "de jure" Ottoman province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878 (see "Bosnian Crisis"), and Bulgaria declared itself a fully independent kingdom.
The Greeks of the autonomous Cretan State proclaimed unification with Greece, though the opposition of the Great Powers prevented the latter action from taking practical effect.
Article: Falling Skies
Section: Ratings

Question: The premiere episode of Falling Skies was watched by how many people?

The two-hour premiere of "Falling Skies" was watched by 5.9 million viewers, making it cable television's biggest series launch of the year, with more than 2.6 million adults 18–49 and 3.2 million adults 25–54.
The eighth episode was watched by 4.31 million viewers and scored a 1.5 ratings share among adults 18-49 and "Falling Skies" became TNT's highest rated series in target demos.
The first season finale received 5.6 million viewers, the highest rated episode since the series premiere; with 2.5 million viewers in the 18–49 demographic.
The first season tied with the FX series "American Horror Story" as the biggest new cable series of the year among adults 18-49.
In the UK, it premiered on non-terrestrial channel FX, with 402,000 viewers.
Article: Batman Begins
Section: Accolades

Question: Who was nominated for an Academy Award for Batman Begins?

Wally Pfister was nominated for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards, receiving the film's only Academy Award nomination.
The film received three nominations at the 59th British Academy Film Awards.
Just months after its release, "Batman Begins" was voted by "Empire" readers as the 36th greatest film of all time.
In 2006, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored James Newton Howard, Hans Zimmer, and Ramin Djawadi with an ASCAP award for composing a film that became one of the top grossing films of 2005.
The film was awarded three Saturn Awards in 2006 as well: Best Fantasy Film, Best Actor for Christian Bale, and Best Writing for Nolan and Goyer.
Christian Bale would go on to win an MTV Movie Award for Best Hero.
However, Katie Holmes's performance was not well received, and she was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress.
"Batman Begins" won the fan-based "Total Film" award for Best Film.
In November 2008, "Empire" ranked "Batman Begins" 81 in its 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list.
Article: Rendang
Section: Types

Question: What differentiates the gulai and kalio ingredients?

In Minangkabau culinary tradition, there are three recognised stages in cooking meat in spicy coconut milk.
The dish which results is categorised according to the liquid content of the cooked coconut milk, which ranges from the most wet and soupy to the most dry: Gulai — Kalio — Rendang.
The ingredients of gulai, kalio and rendang are almost identical with the exceptions that gulai usually has less red chilli pepper and more turmeric, while rendang has richer spices.
If pieces of meat are cooked in spicy coconut milk and the process stopped right when the meat is done and the coconut milk has reached its boiling point, the dish is called gulai.
If the process continues until the coconut milk is partly evaporated and the meat has begun to brown, then you have kalio.
For a traditional dry rendang, the process continues hours beyond this, until the liquid has all but completely evaporated and the color turns to a dark brown, almost black color.
Thus not only liquid content but also colour indicate which type of rendang is involved: gulai is light yellow, kalio is brown, and rendang is very dark brown.
Today one mostly only finds two simpler categories of rendang: either dry or wet.
Article: Invasion of Normandy
Section: Armoured reserves

Question: Why were the Panzer division commanders unable to move on June 6?

Rommel's defensive measures were also frustrated by a dispute over armoured doctrine.
In addition to his two army groups, von Rundstedt also commanded the headquarters of "Panzer Group West" under General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg (usually referred to as "von Geyr").
This formation was nominally an administrative HQ for von Rundstedt's armoured and mobile formations, but it was later to be renamed Fifth Panzer Army and brought into the line in Normandy.
Von Geyr and Rommel disagreed over the deployment and use of the vital Panzer divisions.
Rommel recognised that the Allies would possess air superiority and would be able to harass his movements from the air.
He therefore proposed that the armoured formations be deployed close to the invasion beaches.
In his words, it was better to have one Panzer division facing the invaders on the first day, than three Panzer divisions three days later when the Allies would already have established a firm beachhead.
Von Geyr argued for the standard doctrine that the Panzer formations should be concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen, and deployed "en masse" against the main Allied beachhead when this had been identified.
The argument was eventually brought before Hitler for arbitration.
He characteristically imposed an unworkable compromise solution.
Only three Panzer divisions were given to Rommel, too few to cover all the threatened sectors.
The remainder, nominally under Von Geyr's control, were actually designated as being in "OKW Reserve".
Only three of these were deployed close enough to intervene immediately against any invasion of Northern France; the other four were dispersed in southern France and the Netherlands.
Hitler reserved to himself the authority to move the divisions in OKW Reserve, or commit them to action.
On 6 June many Panzer division commanders were unable to move because Hitler had not given the necessary authorisation, and his staff refused to wake him upon news of the invasion.
Article: Czech Republic
Section: Literature

Question: Name an occasion on which the Czech literature and culture was a major influence.

Czech literature is the literature written by Czechs, mostly in the Czech language, although other languages like Old Church Slavonic, Latin or German have been also used, especially in the past.
Non-Czech inhabitants of the Czech lands who had written in German and other languages, such as Franz Kafka, are usually excluded from the corpus of Czech literature, regardless of their own national self-identification.
Czech literature is divided into several main time periods: the Middle Ages; the Hussite period; the years of re-Catholicization and the baroque; the Enlightenment and Czech reawakening in the 19th century; the avantgarde of the interwar period; the years under Communism and the Prague Spring; and the literature of the post-Communist Czech Republic.
Czech literature and culture played a major role on at least two occasions, when Czechs lived under oppression and political activity was suppressed.
On both of these occasions, in the early 19th century and then again in the 1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary effort to strive for political freedom, establishing a confident, politically aware nation.
A famous antiwar comedy novel "The Good Soldier Švejk" by Jaroslav Hašek is the most translated Czech book in history.
It was depicted by Karel Steklý in two color films "The Good Soldier Schweik" in 1956 and 1957.
Article: Ramen
Section: "Tampopo"

Question: What type of shop does the widow have?

Use in motion pictures.
The production and consumption of ramen was a large part of the 1985 Japanese comedy film "Tampopo" by director Juzo Itami.
Two truck drivers, Goro and Gun (Tsutomu Yamazaki and Ken Watanabe), help the widowed Tampopo (Nobuko Miyamoto) with her failing ramen shop.
Food in every aspect of life is the overarching theme, but the art of good ramen is touched upon several times throughout the film as Goro and Gun help her learn how to make the best ramen.
Article: Disney California Adventure
Section: Early changes and expansions

Question: What game show was brought in the first year of operation?

Two of the park's major criticisms in its first year were the lack of attractions appealing to children and the lack of a show or parade at night to keep visitors from leaving at nightfall.
Within the first year of operation, Disney's Electrical Parade and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It!
were brought to the park, and several of its original rides and attractions were closed, including Superstar Limo and "Disney's Steps in Time".
Attractions for children were immediately added including A Bug's Land, The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, and more costumed characters around the park.
Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue!
opened in the former Superstar Limo building in January 2006.
Article: October Revolution
Section: Soviet historiography

Question: How were historians' views on the Bolshevik victory changed by Stalin's death?

Soviet historiography of the October Revolution is intertwined with Soviet historical development.
Many of the initial Soviet interpreters of the Revolution were themselves Bolshevik revolutionaries.
(For example, the revolutionary Leon Trotsky wrote a major narrative of the October Revolution.)
After the initial wave of revolutionary narratives, Soviet historians worked within “narrow guidelines” defined by the Soviet government.
The rigidity of interpretive possibilities reached its height under Joseph Stalin.
Soviet historians of the October Revolution interpreted the Revolution so as to establish the legitimacy of Marxist ideology, and also the Bolshevik regime.
To establish the accuracy of Marxist ideology, Soviet historians generally described the Revolution as the product of class struggle.
They maintained that the Revolution was the supreme event in a world history governed by historical laws.
The Bolshevik Party is placed at the center of the Revolution, exposing the errors of both the moderate Provisional Government and the spurious “socialist” Mensheviks in the Petrograd Soviet.
Guided by Vladimir Lenin's leadership and his firm grasp of scientific Marxist theory, the Party led the “logically predetermined” events of the October Revolution from beginning to end.
The events were, according to these historians, logically predetermined because of the socio-economic development of Russia, where the monopoly industrial capitalism alienated the masses.
In this view, the Bolshevik party took the leading role in organizing these alienated industrial workers, and thereby established the construction of the first socialist state.
Although Soviet historiography of the October Revolution stayed relatively constant until 1991, it did undergo some changes.
Following Stalin’s death, historians such as E. N. Burdzhalov and P. V. Volobuev published historical research that deviated significantly from the party line in refining the doctrine that the Bolshevik victory “was predetermined by the state of Russia’s socio-economic development”.
These historians, who comprised the “New Directions Group”, posited that the complex nature of the October Revolution “could only be explained by a multi-causal analysis, not by recourse to the mono-causality of monopoly capitalism”.
For them, the central actor is still the Bolshevik party, but this party triumphed “because it alone could solve the preponderance of ‘general democratic’ tasks the country faced” (such as the struggle for peace, the exploitation of landlords, and so on.
)During the late Soviet period, the opening of select Soviet archives during glasnost sparked innovative research that broke away from some aspects of Marxism-Leninism, though the key features of the orthodox Soviet view remained intact.
Article: Invasion of Normandy
Section: Codenames

Question: What was the secret name of the officers that were aware of the arrangements for d-day intrusion of Normandy?

The Allies assigned codenames to the various operations involved in the invasion.
"Overlord" was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the northern portion of the Continent.
The first phase, the establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed "Neptune".
According to the D-day museum:
""The armed forces use codenames to refer to the planning and execution of specific military operations.
Operation Overlord was the codename for the Allied invasion of northwest Europe.
The assault phase of Operation Overlord was known as Operation Neptune.
(...) Operation Neptune began on D-Day (June 6th 1944) and ended on 30 June 1944.
By this time, the Allies had established a firm foothold in Normandy.
Operation Overlord also began on D-Day, and continued until Allied forces crossed the River Seine on 19 August 1944.
""
Officers with knowledge of D-Day were not to be sent where there was the slightest danger of being captured.
These officers were given the codename of "Bigot", derived from the words "To Gib" (To Gibraltar) that was stamped on the papers of officers who took part in the North African invasion in 1942.
On the night of 27 April, during Exercise Tiger, a pre-invasion exercise off the coast of Slapton Sands beach, several American LSTs were attacked by German E boats and among the 638 Americans killed in the attack and a further 308 killed by friendly fire, ten "Bigots" were listed as missing.
As the invasion would be cancelled if any were captured or unaccounted for, their fate was given the highest priority and eventually all ten bodies were recovered.
Article: Turn Me On (David Guetta song)
Section: Background

Question: What is Minaj's vocal range in the song?

"Turn Me On" is an uptempo club song, with heavy beats and features Minaj on vocals.
It is the second track from ‘Nothing but the Beat’ that features Minaj, along with the single ‘Where Them Girls At.
Minaj sings, “Doctor doctor, need you back, call me babe / Doctor doctor, where you at, give me something / I need your love, I need your love, I need your loving / You got that kind of medicine to keep me comin.’” She raps for 10 seconds near the end of the track: “D-D-D-D-Don’t let me die young / I just want you to father my young / I just want you to be my doctor / We ‘gon get it crackin,’ chiropractor.” The song is written in the key of C minor, with a simple chord sequence of C minor-Bb major-Ab major.
It is written in common time with a moderate dance groove of 128 beats per minute.
Nicki Minaj's vocals span from G3 to E5 in the song.
Article: Microscope
Section: Electron microscopy

Question: Who started development of the first electron microscope in 1931 which was the transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

In the early 1900s a significant alternative to light microscopy was developed, using electrons rather than light to generate the image.
Ernst Ruska started development of the first electron microscope in 1931 which was the transmission electron microscope (TEM).
The transmission electron microscope works on the same principle as an optical microscope but uses electrons in the place of light and electromagnets in the place of glass lenses.
Use of electrons instead of light allows a much higher resolution.
Development of the transmission electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the scanning electron microscope by Max Knoll.
Electron microscopes quickly became popular following the Second World War.
Ernst Ruska, working at Siemens developed the first commercial transmission electron microscope and major scientific conferences on electron microscopy started being held in the 1950s.
In 1965 the first commercial scanning electron microscope was developed by Professor Sir Charles Oatley and his postgraduate student Gary Stewart and marketed by the Cambridge Instrument Company as the "Stereoscan".
Article: Dairy product
Section: Avoidance of Dairy Products

Question: How do followers of Strict Judaism approach meat and dairy products in a single meal?

Some groups avoid dairy products for non-health related reasons:
Religious - Some religions restrict or do not allow for the consumption of dairy products.
For example, some scholars of Jainism advocate not consuming any dairy products because dairy is perceived to involve violence against cows.
Strict Judaism requires that meat and dairy products not be served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together, as prescribed in .
Ethical - Veganism is the avoidance of all animal products, including dairy products, most often due to the ethics regarding how dairy products are produced.
The ethical reasons for avoiding dairy include how dairy is produced, how the animals are handled, and the environmental effect of dairy production.
Article: Bathsheba
Section: Bathsheba at her Bath

Question: When did the artwork of Bathsheba become popular?

 at her Bath.
Bathsheba at her Bath is the formal name for the subject in art showing Bathsheba bathing, watched by King David.
As an opportunity to feature a large female nude as the focus of a history painting, the subject was popular from the Renaissance onwards.
Sometimes Bathsheba's maids, or the "messengers" sent by David are shown, and often a distant David watching from his roof.
The messengers are sometimes confused with David himself, but most artists follow the Bible in keeping David at a distance in this episode.
Paintings with articles include: 
Bathsheba at Her Bath (Rembrandt), Louvre, the most famous painting of the subject.
Bathsheba at her Bath (Veronese), 1575, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon, France.
Atypically, Bathsheba is clothed in this.