community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Friends
Section: Awards

Question: The series Friends won an Emmy award in what years?

To maintain the series' ensemble format, the main cast members decided to enter themselves in the same acting categories for awards.
Beginning with the series' eighth season, the actors decided to submit themselves in the lead actor balloting, rather than in the supporting actor fields.
The series was nominated for 63 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning six.
Aniston and Kudrow are the only main cast members to win an Emmy, while Cox is the only actor not to be nominated.
The series won the 2002 Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, with nominations in 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000 and 2003.
The series also won an American Comedy Award, one GLAAD Media Award, one Golden Globe Award, three Logie Awards, six People's Choice Awards, one Satellite Award, and one Screen Actors Guild Award.
Article: Ketchup
Section: Viscosity

Question: What additive allows ketchup to flow more freely?

Tomato ketchup has an additive, usually xanthan gum, which gives the condiment a pseudoplastic or "shear thinning" property.
This increases the viscosity of the ketchup considerably with a relatively small amount added - usually 0.5%.
- which can make it difficult to pour from a container.
However, the shear thinning property of the gum ensures that when a force is applied to the ketchup it will lower the viscosity enabling the sauce to flow.
A common method to getting ketchup out of the bottle involves inverting the bottle and shaking it or hitting the bottom with the heel of the hand, which causes the ketchup to flow rapidly.
A technique involves inverting the bottle and forcefully tapping its upper neck with two fingers (index and middle finger together).
Specifically, with a Heinz ketchup bottle, one taps the 57 circle on the neck.
This helps the ketchup flow by applying the correct shearing force.
These techniques work because of how pseudoplastic fluids behave: their viscosity (resistance to flow) decreases with increasing shear rate.
The faster the ketchup is sheared (by shaking or tapping the bottle), the more fluid it becomes.
After the shear is removed the ketchup thickens to its original viscosity.
Article: The Persistence of Memory
Section: Landscape

Question: Dali received much inspiration for his paintings from where?

The craggy rocks to the right represent a tip of Cap de Creus peninsula in north-eastern Catalonia.
Many of Dalí's paintings were inspired by the landscapes of his life in Catalonia.
The strange and foreboding shadow in the foreground of this painting is a reference to Mount Pani.
Article: Viva la Vida
Section: Other recorded cover versions

Question: Who has covered the song Viva la Vida?

 2Cellos performed an instrumental cover of "Viva la Vida" in their debut album "2Cellos".
 Weezer included their cover version of the song on the deluxe edition of their 2010 album "Hurley.
"
 Electropop artist Joy Electric covered the song on the 2009 album "Favorites at Play".
Article: The Act of Killing
Section: Production

Question: Who signed on as the executive producers of the film "The Act of Killing"?

In 2001, while conducting interviews for their 2003 film "The Globalisation Tapes", Oppenheimer and Cynn began delving into the Indonesian killings of 1965–66.
After moving up the ranks of those involved with the killings, Oppenheimer's interviews led him to meet Anwar Congo in 2005.
The film was shot mostly in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, between 2005 and 2011.
After seeing an early preview of "The Act of Killing", filmmakers Werner Herzog and Errol Morris signed on as executive producers.
The name "Anonymous" appears 49 times under 27 different crew positions in the credits.
These crew members still fear revenge from the death-squad killers.
Article: Diving
Section: Entry

Question: According to the rules who should a diver jump into the water?

The rules state that the body should be vertical, or nearly so, for entry.
Strictly speaking, it is physically impossible to achieve a literally vertical position throughout the entry as there will inevitably still be some rotational momentum while the body is entering the water.
Divers therefore attempt to create the illusion of being vertical, especially when performing rapidly rotating multiple somersault movements.
One technique is to allow the upper body to enter slightly short of vertical so that the continuing rotation leaves the final impression of the legs entering vertically.
Another is to use "entry save" movements of scooping the upper body underwater in the direction of rotation so as to counteract the rotation of the legs.
The arms must be beside the body for feet-first dives, which are typically competed only on the 1m springboard and only at fairly low levels of competition, and extended forwards in line for "head-first" dives, which are much more common competitively.
It used to be common for the hands to be interlocked with the fingers extended towards the water, but a different technique has become favoured during the last few decades.
Now the usual practice is for one hand to grasp the other with palms down to strike the water with a flat surface.
This creates a vacuum between the hands, arms and head which, with a vertical entry, will pull down and under any splash until deep enough to have minimal effect on the surface of the water (the so-called "rip entry").
Once a diver is completely under the water they may choose to roll or scoop in the same direction their dive was rotating to pull their legs into a more vertical position.
Article: Japan
Section: Languages

Question: In Japan what percentage of the population speak Japanese as their first language?

More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language.
Japanese is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary indicating the relative status of speaker and listener.
Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals.
Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), also part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain.
Few children learn these languages, but in recent years the local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages.
The Okinawan Japanese dialect is also spoken in the region.
The Ainu language, which has no proven relationship to Japanese or any other language, is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido.
Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.
Article: Russia
Section: Geography

Question: How many national parks are in Russia?

Russia is the largest country in the world; its total area is .
There are 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia, 40 UNESCO biosphere reserves, 41 national parks and 101 nature reserves.
It lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W. Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, ores and other mineral resources.
Article: Virus
Section: Etymology

Question: When does the adjective "viral" date?

The word is from the Latin "virus" referring to poison and other noxious substances, first used in English in 1392.
"Virulent", from Latin "virulentus" (poisonous), dates to 1400.
A meaning of "agent that causes infectious disease" is first recorded in 1728, before the discovery of viruses by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892.
The English plural is "viruses", whereas the Latin word is a mass noun, which has no classically attested plural.
The adjective "viral" dates to 1948.
The term "virion" (plural "virions"), which dates from 1959, is also used to refer to a single, stable infective viral particle that is released from the cell and is fully capable of infecting other cells of the same type.
Article: Black hole
Section: Entropy and thermodynamics

Question: What did Bekenstein propose about black holes?

Open questions.
Entropy and thermodynamics.
In 1971, Hawking showed under general conditions that the total area of the event horizons of any collection of classical black holes can never decrease, even if they collide and merge.
This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of a system can never decrease.
As with classical objects at absolute zero temperature, it was assumed that black holes had zero entropy.
If this were the case, the second law of thermodynamics would be violated by entropy-laden matter entering a black hole, resulting in a decrease of the total entropy of the universe.
Therefore, Bekenstein proposed that a black hole should have an entropy, and that it should be proportional to its horizon area.
The link with the laws of thermodynamics was further strengthened by Hawking's discovery that quantum field theory predicts that a black hole radiates blackbody radiation at a constant temperature.
This seemingly causes a violation of the second law of black hole mechanics, since the radiation will carry away energy from the black hole causing it to shrink.
The radiation, however also carries away entropy, and it can be proven under general assumptions that the sum of the entropy of the matter surrounding a black hole and one quarter of the area of the horizon as measured in Planck units is in fact always increasing.
This allows the formulation of the first law of black hole mechanics as an analogue of the first law of thermodynamics, with the mass acting as energy, the surface gravity as temperature and the area as entropy.
One puzzling feature is that the entropy of a black hole scales with its area rather than with its volume, since entropy is normally an extensive quantity that scales linearly with the volume of the system.
This odd property led Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind to propose the holographic principle, which suggests that anything that happens in a volume of spacetime can be described by data on the boundary of that volume.
Although general relativity can be used to perform a semi-classical calculation of black hole entropy, this situation is theoretically unsatisfying.
In statistical mechanics, entropy is understood as counting the number of microscopic configurations of a system that have the same macroscopic qualities (such as mass, charge, pressure, etc.).
Without a satisfactory theory of quantum gravity, one cannot perform such a computation for black holes.
Some progress has been made in various approaches to quantum gravity.
In 1995, Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa showed that counting the microstates of a specific supersymmetric black hole in string theory reproduced the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy.
Since then, similar results have been reported for different black holes both in string theory and in other approaches to quantum gravity like loop quantum gravity.
Article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Section: Original plan: Kidnapping the president

Question: When did the Confederate capital call to the Union army?

In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant, the commanding general of all the Union's armies, decided to suspend the exchange of prisoners-of-war.
As harsh as it may have been on the prisoners of both sides, Grant realized the exchange was prolonging the war by returning soldiers to the outnumbered and manpower-starved South.
John Wilkes Booth, a Southerner and outspoken Confederate sympathizer, conceived a plan to kidnap President Lincoln and deliver him to the Confederate Army, to be held hostage until the North agreed to resume exchanging prisoners.
Booth recruited Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael O'Laughlen, Lewis Powell (also known as "Lewis Paine"), and John Surratt to help him.
Surratt's mother, Mary Surratt, left her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland, and moved to a house in Washington, D.C., where Booth became a frequent visitor.
In late 1860, Booth had been initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore.
He attended Lincoln's second inauguration on March 4, 1865, as the invited guest of his secret fiancée Lucy Hale, daughter of John P. Hale, soon to become United States Ambassador to Spain.
Booth afterwards wrote in his diary, "What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, to kill the President on Inauguration day!
"On March 17, 1865, Booth informed his conspirators that Lincoln would be attending a play, "Still Waters Run Deep", at Campbell Military Hospital.
He assembled his men in a restaurant at the edge of town, intending that they should soon join him on a nearby stretch of road in order to capture the President on his way back from the hospital.
But Booth found out that Lincoln had not gone to the play after all.
Instead, he had attended a ceremony at the National Hotel in which officers of the 142nd Indiana Infantry presented Governor Oliver Morton with a captured Confederate battle flag.
Booth was living at the National Hotel at the time and could have had an opportunity to kill Lincoln had Booth not been at the hospital.
Meanwhile, the Confederacy was falling apart.
On April 3, Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, fell to the Union army.
On April 9, the Army of Northern Virginia, the main army of the Confederacy, surrendered to the Army of the Potomac at Appomattox Court House.
Confederate President Jefferson Davis and the rest of his government were in full flight.
Despite many Southerners giving up hope, Booth continued to believe in his cause.
On April 11, 1865, two days after Lee's army surrendered to Grant, Booth attended a speech at the White House in which Lincoln supported the idea of enfranchising the former slaves.
Furiously provoked, Booth decided on assassination and is quoted as saying:That means
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: Neutral medium

Question: How are electrons used in acid and basic medium?

The same procedure as used on acid medium is applied, for example on balancing using electron ion method to complete combustion of propane.
"Unbalanced reaction": C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
"Reduction": 4 H+ + O2 + 4 e– → 2 H2O
"Oxidation": 6 H2O + C3H8 → 3 CO2 + 20 e– + 20 H+
As in acid and basic medium, electrons which were used to compensate oxidation changes are multiplied to opposite half reactions, thus solving the equation.
20 H+ + 5 O2 + 20 e– → 10 H2O
6 H2O + C3H8 → 3 CO2 + 20 e– + 20 H+
Equation balanced:
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Article: French toast
Section: "Pain perdu"

Question: What does pain perdu mean in English?

In France, Belgium, New Orleans, Acadiana and the Congo, French toast is called "pain perdu", which means "lost bread" in French.
It is called "lost bread" because it is a way to reclaim stale or "lost" bread.
The hard bread is softened by dipping in a mixture of milk and eggs, and then fried.
The bread is sliced on a bias and dipped into a mixture of egg, milk, sugar, cinnamon and vanilla.
The slices are pan-fried in butter and traditionally dusted with powdered sugar and served with jam or syrup on the side.
In New Orleans, "pain perdu" is a local variation of French toast and often shows up on menus as "Lost Bread".
It is made from leftover New Orleans–style French bread.
The bread resembles a French baguette, but has a crunchier exterior and a lighter interior and is usually fried in oil.
It is eaten for breakfast in New Orleans.
In France, "pain perdu" is considered to be a dessert, a breakfast as well as an afternoon tea snack ("goûter").
In Quebec, French toast is called "pain doré", which means "golden bread".
Article: The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)
Section: Self-portrait

Question: Michelangelo's art contained hints of what universal elements?

Some have hypothesized that Michelangelo depicted himself in the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew (see below) based on feelings of contempt Michelangelo may have had for being commissioned to paint "The Last Judgment."
Michelangelo often drew himself in a way where he had lost all his power and might.
He questioned over thoughts of dying and the Day of Judgement, which is seen as a reference to this work.
Michelangelo was in his late sixties when he finished this painting, and it has been argued that the peeling of Bartholomew signifies the peeling of the flesh awaiting a new rebirth.
The bearded figure of St. Bartholomew holding the skin was theorized to depict the satirist and erotic writer Pietro Aretino, who had tried to extort a valuable drawing from Michelangelo; this theory has been conclusively refuted because the conflict between Michelangelo and zed Aretino did not occur until 1545, seven years after the fresco's completion.
Article: Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Section: Composition

Question: What books are displayed on the table?

Van Gogh painted Gachet resting his right elbow on a red table, head in hand.
Two yellow books as well as the purple medicinal herb foxglove are displayed on the table.
The foxglove in the painting is a plant from which digitalis is extracted for the treatment of certain heart complaints, perhaps an attribute of Gachet as a doctor.
The doctor's "sensitive face", which Van Gogh famously wrote to Paul Gauguin carried "the heartbroken expression of our time", is described by Robert Wallace as the portrait's focus.
Wallace described the ultramarine blue coat of Gachet, set against a background of hills painted a lighter blue, as highlighting the "tired, pale features and transparent blue eyes that reflect the compassion and melancholy of the man."
Van Gogh himself claimed this expression of melancholy "would seem to look like a grimace to many who saw the canvas".
With the "Portrait of Dr. Gachet", Van Gogh sought to create a "modern portrait," which he wrote to his sister "impassions me most - much, much more than all the rest of my "métier"."
Elaborating on this quote, Van Gogh scholar Jan Hulsker noted "...much later generations experience it not only as psychologically striking, but also as a very unconventional and 'modern' portrait."
He also wrote, "My self-portrait is done in nearly the same way but the blue is the fine blue of the Midi, and the clothes are a light lilac," which would refer to one of his final self-portraits painted in September the year previous.
Van Gogh also wrote to Wilhelmina regarding the Portraits of Madame Ginoux he painted first in Arles in 1888 and again in February 1890 while at the hospital in Saint-Rémy.
The second set were styled after the portrait of the same figure by Gauguin, and Van Gogh described Gachet's enthusiasm upon viewing the version painted earlier that year, which the artist had carried with him to the home in Auvers.
Van Gogh subsequently carried compositional elements from this portrait to that of Dr. Gachet, including the table-top with two books and pose of the figure with head leaning on one hand.
Article: The Good Wife
Section: Season 4

Question: What office does Peter Florrick run for in the Good Wife?

Season 4 focuses on Lockhart & Gardner's efforts to come out from bankruptcy after rival lawyers Louis Canning and Patti Nyholm team up to take them down.
A trustee, Clarke Hayden, is appointed to watch over the firm, but Will and Diane are not happy once he starts getting in their way.
Trying to gain money, the firm offers partnership to some associates, because they need their initial payment.
When the debt is cleared, only Alicia is made partner and the other offers are delayed.
Feeling angry, Cary teams up with the other four-years to start a new firm.
Meanwhile, Peter Florrick runs for Governor.
Eli is once again leading his campaign, although things get complicated when he finds out he is being investigated.
Alicia befriends Maddi Haylord, who sponsors her husband's campaign, but ultimetely it turns out she is running up against him and Mike Kresteva.
In a B plot Kalinda's past comes to haunt her in the form of her husband Nick.
Once he starts threatening people in her life, she needs to get rid of him.
The firm also hires a new investigator to help her at work - Robyn Burdine.
On top of all, Alicia is back with Peter, but having a hard time supressing her feelings for Will.
Article: Astronomy
Section: Abstract

Question: When was the field of professional astronomy divided into observational and theoretical branches?

Astronomy is a natural science that is the study of celestial objects (such as moons, planets, stars, nebulae, and galaxies), the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth, including supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic background radiation.
A related but distinct subject, cosmology, is concerned with studying the universe as a whole.
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences.
Prehistoric cultures have left astronomical artifacts such as the Egyptian monuments and Nubian monuments, and early civilizations such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, Indians, Iranians and Maya performed methodical observations of the night sky.
However, the invention of the telescope was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science.
Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars, but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics.
During the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches.
Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects, which is then analyzed using basic principles of physics.
Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.
The two fields complement each other, with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain the observational results and observations being used to confirm theoretical results.
Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena.
Amateur astronomers have contributed to many important astronomical discoveries.
Astronomy is not to be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects.
Although the two fields share a common origin they are now entirely distinct.
Article: Magnetic resonance imaging
Section: T1rho MRI

Question: What is the description of T1p (T1rho) MRI?

T1ρ (T1rho): Molecules have a kinetic energy that is a function of the temperature and is expressed as translational and rotational motions, and by collisions between molecules.
The moving dipoles disturb the magnetic field but are often extremely rapid so that the average effect over a long time-scale may be zero.
However, depending on the time-scale, the interactions between the dipoles do not always average away.
At the slowest extreme the interaction time is effectively infinite and occurs where there are large, stationary field disturbances (e.g., a metallic implant).
In this case the loss of coherence is described as a "static dephasing".
T2* is a measure of the loss of coherence in an ensemble of spins that includes all interactions (including static dephasing).
T2 is a measure of the loss of coherence that excludes static dephasing, using an RF pulse to reverse the slowest types of dipolar interaction.
There is in fact a continuum of interaction time-scales in a given biological sample, and the properties of the refocusing RF pulse can be tuned to refocus more than just static dephasing.
In general, the rate of decay of an ensemble of spins is a function of the interaction times and also the power of the RF pulse.
This type of decay, occurring under the influence of RF, is known as T1ρ.
It is similar to T2 decay but with some slower dipolar interactions refocused, as well as static interactions, hence T1ρ≥T2.