community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Electron
Section: Other applications

Question: What technology supplanted vacuum tubes?

In the free-electron laser (FEL), a relativistic electron beam passes through a pair of undulators that contain arrays of dipole magnets whose fields point in alternating directions.
The electrons emit synchrotron radiation that coherently interacts with the same electrons to strongly amplify the radiation field at the resonance frequency.
FEL can emit a coherent high-brilliance electromagnetic radiation with a wide range of frequencies, from microwaves to soft X-rays.
These devices may find manufacturing, communication and various medical applications, such as soft tissue surgery.
Electrons are important in cathode ray tubes, which have been extensively used as display devices in laboratory instruments, computer monitors and television sets.
In a photomultiplier tube, every photon striking the photocathode initiates an avalanche of electrons that produces a detectable current pulse.
Vacuum tubes use the flow of electrons to manipulate electrical signals, and they played a critical role in the development of electronics technology.
However, they have been largely supplanted by solid-state devices such as the transistor.
Article: Photoelectric effect
Section: Cross section

Question: How many interactions between photons and atoms are theoretically possible?

The photoelectric effect is one interaction mechanism between photons and atoms.
It is one of 12 theoretically possible interactions.
At the high photon energies comparable to the electron rest energy of , Compton scattering, another process, may take place.
Above twice this () pair production may take place.
Compton scattering and pair production are examples of two other competing mechanisms.
Indeed, even if the photoelectric effect is the favoured reaction for a particular single-photon bound-electron interaction, the result is also subject to statistical processes and is not guaranteed, albeit the photon has certainly disappeared and a bound electron has been excited (usually K or L shell electrons at gamma ray energies).
The probability of the photoelectric effect occurring is measured by the cross section of interaction, σ.
This has been found to be a function of the atomic number of the target atom and photon energy.
A crude approximation, for photon energies above the highest atomic binding energy, is given by:formula_19Here Z is atomic number and "n" is a number which varies between 4 and 5.
(At lower photon energies a characteristic structure with edges appears, K edge, L edges, M edges, etc.)
The obvious interpretation follows that the photoelectric effect rapidly decreases in significance, in the gamma ray region of the spectrum, with increasing photon energy, and that photoelectric effect increases steeply with atomic number.
The corollary is that high-Z materials make good gamma-ray shields, which is the principal reason that lead (Z = 82) is a preferred and ubiquitous gamma radiation shield.
Article: Amélie
Section: Abstract

Question: Who directed 'The Fabulous Destiny of Amelie Poulain?'

Amélie ( (); "The Fabulous Destiny of Amélie Poulain") is a 2001 romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet.
Written by Jeunet with Guillaume Laurant, the film is a whimsical depiction of contemporary Parisian life, set in Montmartre.
It tells the story of a shy waitress, played by Audrey Tautou, who decides to change the lives of those around her for the better, while struggling with her own isolation.
The film was an international co-production between companies in France and Germany.
Grossing over $33 million in limited theatrical release, it is still the highest-grossing French-language film released in the United States.
The film met with critical acclaim and was a major box-office success.
"Amélie" won Best Film at the European Film Awards; it won four César Awards (including Best Film and Best Director), two BAFTA Awards (including Best Original Screenplay), and was nominated for five Academy Awards.
A Broadway adaptation is in development.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Marketing

Question: What was Lots-O Huggin Bear known as in Japan?

The film's first teaser trailer was released with "Up" in Disney Digital 3-D, on May 29, 2009.
On October 2, 2009, "Toy Story" and "Toy Story 2" were re-released as a double feature in Disney Digital 3-D.
The first full-length trailer was attached as an exclusive sneak peek and a first footage to the "Toy Story" double feature, on October 12, 2009.
A second teaser was released on February 10, 2010, followed by a second full-length trailer on February 11, and appeared in 3D showings of "Alice in Wonderland" and "How to Train Your Dragon".
On March 23, 2010, "Toy Story" was released on Blu-ray/DVD combo pack, which included a small feature of "The Story of "Toy Story 3"".
In addition, "Toy Story 2" was released on the same day in the same format, which had a small feature on the "Characters of "Toy Story 3"".
Mattel, Thinkway Toys, and Lego are among companies who produced toys to promote the film.
Fisher Price, a Mattel Company, has released "Toy Story 3" with twenty-one 3D images for viewing with the View-Master viewer.
Disney Interactive Studios also produced a video game based on the film, "", which was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and PSP on June 15, 2010.
A PlayStation 2 version was released on October 30, 2010, as part of a PS2 bundle and separately on November 2, 2010 (the same day "Toy Story 3" was released on DVD and Blu-ray).
It was also the last Disney/Pixar game to be released on PlayStation 2.
"Toy Story 3" was featured in Apple's iPhone OS 4 Event on April 8, 2010, with Steve Jobs demonstrating a "Toy Story 3" themed iAd written in HTML5.
Pixar designed a commercial for the toy, Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear, and formatted it to appear as if it came from an old VCR recording.
The recording was altered with distorted sound, noise along the bottom of the screen, and flickering video, all designed to make it look like a converted recording from around 1983.
A Japanese version of the commercial was also released online, with the name "Lots-O'-Huggin Bear" replaced with "Little Hug-Hug Bear" (Japanese:ハグハグベアちゃん/"Hagu Hagu Beya-Chan").
On "Dancing with the Stars" May 11, 2010, episode, the Gipsy Kings performed a Spanish-language version of the song "You've Got a Friend in Me," which featured a paso doble dance choreographed by Cheryl Burke and Tony Dovolani.
Both the song and dance are featured in the film.
"Toy Story 3" was promoted with airings of the first and second film on several channels in the weeks preceding the film's release, including Disney Channel, Disney XD, and ABC Family.
Sneak peeks of "Toy Story 3" were also revealed, primarily on Disney Channel.
Article: Forbidden City
Section: Symbolism

Question: How was the Forbidden City designed?

The design of the Forbidden City, from its overall layout to the smallest detail, was meticulously planned to reflect philosophical and religious principles, and above all to symbolise the majesty of Imperial power.
Some noted examples of symbolic designs include:
 Yellow is the color of the Emperor.
Thus almost all roofs in the Forbidden City bear yellow glazed tiles.
There are only two exceptions.
The library at the Pavilion of Literary Profundity () had black tiles because black was associated with water, and thus fire-prevention.
Similarly, the Crown Prince's residences have green tiles because green was associated with wood, and thus growth.
 The main halls of the Outer and Inner courts are all arranged in groups of three – the shape of the Qian triagram, representing Heaven.
The residences of the Inner Court on the other hand are arranged in groups of six – the shape of the Kun triagram, representing the Earth.
 The sloping ridges of building roofs are decorated with a line of statuettes led by a man riding a phoenix and followed by an imperial dragon.
The number of statuettes represents the status of the building – a minor building might have 3 or 5.
The Hall of Supreme Harmony has 10, the only building in the country to be permitted this in Imperial times.
As a result, its 10th statuette, called a ""Hangshi"", or "ranked tenth" (), is also unique in the Forbidden City.
 The layout of buildings follows ancient customs laid down in the "Classic of Rites".
Thus, ancestral temples are in front of the palace.
Storage areas are placed in the front part of the palace complex, and residences in the back.
Article: Netball
Section: Abstract

Question: Explain to me the rules of Netball.

Netball is a ball sport played by two teams of seven players.
Its development, derived from early versions of basketball, began in England in the 1890s.
By 1960, international playing rules had been standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball (later renamed the International Netball Federation (INF)) was formed.
As of 2011, the INF comprises more than 60 national teams organized into five global regions.
Games are played on a rectangular court with raised goal rings at each end.
Each team attempts to score goals by passing a ball down the court and shooting it through its goal ring.
Players are assigned specific positions, which define their roles within the team and restrict their movement to certain areas of the court.
During general play, a player with the ball can hold onto it for only three seconds before shooting for a goal or passing to another player.
The winning team is the one that scores the most goals.
Netball games are 60 minutes long.
Variations have been developed to increase the game's pace and appeal to a wider audience.
Netball is most popular in Commonwealth nations, specifically in schools, and is predominantly played by women.
According to the INF, netball is played by more than 20 million people in more than 80 countries.
Major transnational competitions take place, including the Netball Superleague in Great Britain and the ANZ Championship in Australia and New Zealand.
Three major competitions take place internationally: the quadrennial World Netball Championships, the Commonwealth Games, and the yearly World Netball Series.
In 1995, netball became an International Olympic Committee recognised sport.
Article: Great Depression
Section: Japan

Question: What negative thing happened because of deficit spending?

The Great Depression did not strongly affect Japan.
The Japanese economy shrank by 8% during 1929–31.
Japan's Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo was the first to implement what have come to be identified as Keynesian economic policies: first, by large fiscal stimulus involving deficit spending; and second, by devaluing the currency.
Takahashi used the Bank of Japan to sterilize the deficit spending and minimize resulting inflationary pressures.
Econometric studies have identified the fiscal stimulus as especially effective.
The devaluation of the currency had an immediate effect.
Japanese textiles began to displace British textiles in export markets.
The deficit spending proved to be most profound.
The deficit spending went into the purchase of munitions for the armed forces.
By 1933, Japan was already out of the depression.
By 1934, Takahashi realized that the economy was in danger of overheating, and to avoid inflation, moved to reduce the deficit spending that went towards armaments and munitions.
This resulted in a strong and swift negative reaction from nationalists, especially those in the army, culminating in his assassination in the course of the February 26 Incident.
This had a chilling effect on all civilian bureaucrats in the Japanese government.
From 1934, the military's dominance of the government continued to grow.
Instead of reducing deficit spending, the government introduced price controls and rationing schemes that reduced, but did not eliminate inflation, which would remain a problem until the end of World War II.
The deficit spending had a transformative effect on Japan.
Japan's industrial production doubled during the 1930s.
Further, in 1929 the list of the largest firms in Japan was dominated by light industries, especially textile companies (many of Japan's automakers, like Toyota, have their roots in the textile industry).
By 1940 light industry had been displaced by heavy industry as the largest firms inside the Japanese economy.
Article: Coffee
Section: Health benefits

Question: What can coffee extracts hinder?

According to Cancer Research UK, the results of the large-scale study published in 2012 clarified the evidence of the effect of coffee drinking on cancer, and that evidence beforehand had been conflicting.
They say the study showed that drinking coffee "had no effect on the risk of dying from cancer.
"Other studies suggest coffee consumption reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and gout.
The fact that decaffeinated coffee also exhibits preventative effects against diseases such as prostate cancer and type 2 diabetes suggests that coffee's health benefits are not solely a product of its caffeine content.
Specifically, the antidiabetic effect of caffeine has been attributed to caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid.
The presence of antioxidants in coffee has been shown to prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.
Evidence suggests that roasted coffee has a stronger antioxidant effect than green coffee.
Coffee is no longer thought to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate of heart failure, with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day.
Moreover, habitual coffee consumption is associated with improved vascular function.
In a ten year study among 50,739 US women (mean age, 63 years) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (in 1996), coffee consumption was negatively correlated with risk of developing depression.
A review published in 2004 indicated a negative correlation between suicide rates and coffee consumption.
It was suggested that the action of caffeine in blocking the inhibitory effects of adenosine on dopamine nerves in the brain reduced feelings of depression.
Coffee consumption is also associated with improved endothelial function.
Coffee extracts have been shown to inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, enzyme which converts cortisone to cortisol and is a current pharmaceutical target for the treatment of diabetes type 2 and the metabolic syndrome.
Article: Association football
Section: International competitions

Question: Which organization is responsibile for the World Cup in football?

The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA.
This competition takes place over every four years.
Approximately 190–200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals.
The finals tournament, which is held every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a four-week period.
The most recent tournament, the 2010 FIFA World Cup, was held in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July, the first to be held on the African continent.
There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles.
Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup.
Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides.
The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level.
In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team;.
A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.
After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams.
These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC).
The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup.
This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself.
The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores de América in South America.
The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.
Article: Everybody Talks
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the number of digital downloads sold?

"Everybody Talks" is the lead single from American rock band Neon Trees' second studio album "Picture Show".
It was released on December 20, 2011 in the United States as a digital download on iTunes.
It soon became a sleeper hit.
The song made it to #6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making this song their highest charting single to date, as well as their first top 10 hit.
The song was mixed and engineered by Billy Bush and mastered by Joe LaPorta.
As of October 2012, the song has sold over 2 million digital downloads.
It also hit #7 on the Alternative Songs chart, their 1st Top 10 hit after Animal, it also hit #1 on the Adult Pop Songs, their 1st song to do so.
"Everybody Talks" was inspired by early 1960s pop music; Tyler Glenn said that "We fell in love with a lot of like Roy Orbison and the Motown music that my dad listens to."
Article: Racquetball
Section: Ball Colors

Question: What are the red balls known as?

Racquetballs are manufactured in a variety of colors such as blue, green, purple, black, red, and pink, and some are for specific purposes (e.g., outdoor play and indoor play), but the differences are unlikely to make much difference for recreational play.
Beginners are recommended to use a blue ball by Penn, Ektelon, or Wilson.
The blue ball is the most commonly used and it is the most neutral ball for average speed and accuracy of contact.
Green balls are similar to blue balls.
In the USA the main choices of ball are blue and green for tournament play.
In some cases the International Pro Racquetball Tour (IRT) will use a purple Penn HD ball as the official ball.
A black ball is often used in tournaments for senior players because the ball is designed to be slower moving and allows for longer rallies.
The red ball is the fastest in production and they are known as Red Ektelon Fireballs.
This ball is heavier and allows for a quicker pace.
The pink ball tends to be the favorite of most recreational players and even some pro level players.
This pink ball allows for the highest level of visibility due to the bright pink color.
Also, the speed and durability of the ball is very close to that of the blue and green.
Finally, the pink ball was created to support breast cancer research and the manufacturers of the ball Wilson, donate $1.00 to the breast cancer awareness association every time a package is sold.
Balls do break occasionally, and will lose their bounce over time even without breaking.
To keep balls around for a long time it is best to keep them in a room temperature setting and keep them out of extreme cold or heat because this will cause the balls to become less effective and lose their bounce.
Article: Apollo 11
Section: Landing

Question: Wha month did Apollo 11 land on the moon?

When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a diameter crater (later determined to be "West crater," named for its location in the western part of the originally planned landing ellipse).
Armstrong took semi-automatic control and, with Aldrin calling out altitude and velocity data, landed at 20:17:40 UTC on July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left.
Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than other missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning.
This was later found to be the result of greater propellant 'slosh' than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor.
On subsequent missions, extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this.
Throughout the descent Aldrin had called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting the LM.
A few moments before the landing, a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the probes hanging from "Eagle"'s footpads had touched the surface, and he said "Contact light!"
Three seconds later, "Eagle" landed and Armstrong said "Shutdown."
Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop.
ACA - out of detent."
Armstrong acknowledged "Out of detent.
Auto" and Aldrin continued "Mode control - both auto.
Descent engine command override off.
Engine arm - off.
413 is in.
"Charles Duke, acting as CAPCOM during the landing phase, acknowledged their landing by saying "We copy you down, Eagle.
"Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post landing checklist with "Engine arm is off," before responding to Duke with the words, "Houston, Tranquility Base here.
The "Eagle" has landed."
Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful.
Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan-- Tranquility, we copy you on the ground.
You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue.
We're breathing again.
Thanks a lot.
"Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin broadcast that:The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, since they had been awake since early morning.
However, they elected to forgo the sleep period and begin the preparations for the EVA early, thinking that they would be unable to sleep.
Article: Rendang
Section: History

Question: What are the origins of Redang?

Rendang originates from the Sumatran Minangkabau region.
One of the earliest written records of rendang is from the early 16th century Hikayat Amir Hamzah.
The making of rendang spreads from Minangkabau region to Mandailing, Riau, Jambi, across the strait to Malacca and Negeri Sembilan, resulting in a variety of rendang traditions.
The popularity of rendang has spread widely from its original domain because of the "merantau" (migrating) culture of Minangkabau people.
Overseas Minangkabau leave their hometown to start a career in other Indonesian cities as well as neighboring countries, and Padang restaurants, Minangkabau eating establishments that are ubiquitous in Indonesian cities, spring up.
These Padang restaurants have introduced and popularized rendang and other Padang food dishes across Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the wider world.
Andalas University historian, Prof. Gusti Asnan suggests that rendang began to spread across the region when Minangkabau merchants and migrant workers began to trade and migrate to Malacca in the 16th century.
“Because the journey through the river waterways in Sumatra took much time, a durable preserved dry rendang is suitable for long journey.” The dried Padang rendang is a durable food, good to consume for weeks, even when left at room temperature.