community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Section: Influence of El Greco

Question: When did Picasso begin Les Demoiselles?

In 1907, when Picasso began to work on "Les Demoiselles", one of the old master painters he greatly admired was El Greco (1541–1614).
At the time El Greco was largely obscure and under-appreciated.
Picasso's friend Ignacio Zuloaga (1870–1945) acquired El Greco's masterpiece, the "Opening of the Fifth Seal", in 1897 for 1000 pesetas.
While Picasso was working on , he visited his friend Ignacio Zuloaga in his studio in Paris and studied El Greco's "Opening of the Fifth Seal."
The relation between and the "Opening of the Fifth Seal" was pinpointed in the early 1980s, when the stylistic similarities and the relationship between the motifs and visually identifying qualities of both works were analysed.
El Greco's painting which Picasso studied over and over in Zuloaga's house inspired not only the size, format, and composition of "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" but it inspired its apocalyptic power.
Later, speaking of the work to Dor de la Souchère in Antibes, Picasso said: "In any case, only the execution counts.
From this point of view, it is correct to say that Cubism has a Spanish origin and that I invented Cubism.
We must look for the Spanish influence in Cézanne.
Things themselves necessitate it, the influence of El Greco, a Venetian painter, on him.
But his structure is Cubist.
"The relationship of the painting to other group portraits in the Western tradition, such as "Diana and Callisto" by Titian (1488–1576), and the same subject by Rubens (1577–1640), in the Prado, has also been discussed.
Article: Call Me Maybe
Section: Composition

Question: The song Call Me Maybe has what kind of tempo?

Melody Lau of "Rolling Stone" wrote that "Call Me Maybe" is a "Taylor Swift meets Robyn" song.
Jon O'Brien of Allmusic stated that the songs of "Curiosity" recall the bubblegum pop era of Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera, and added that "Call Me Maybe" is a combination of teen pop and synthpop with "a chorus that just about straddles that fine line between sugary sweet and sickly."
Tiffany Lee of Yahoo!
Music deemed it as an instant summer hit, and added that "Call Me Maybe" has "a good beat, great melody and catchy lyrics; something you and your friends can belt out in the car while driving to the beach, a party, and pretty much anywhere."
Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" wrote that the song is "breezy and sweet, an eyelash-fluttering flirtation run hard through the Disney-pop model of digitized feelings and brusque, chipper arrangements.
"According to Musicnotes.com, "Call Me Maybe" is written in the key of G major with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute.
Jepsen's vocals span from G3 to C5, and the song follows a key progression of Cmaj7–G/D–Cmaj7–G/D.
Article: Solar System
Section: Heliopause

Question: How many regions is the heliosphere divided in

The heliosphere is divided into two separate regions.
The solar wind travels at roughly 400 km/s until it collides with the interstellar wind; the flow of plasma in the interstellar medium.
The collision occurs at the termination shock, which is roughly 80–100 AU from the Sun upwind of the interstellar medium and roughly 200 AU from the Sun downwind.
Here the wind slows dramatically, condenses, and becomes more turbulent, forming a great oval structure known as the heliosheath.
This structure is believed to look and behave very much like a comet's tail, extending outward for a further 40 AU on the upwind side but tailing many times that distance downwind; evidence from the Cassini and Interstellar Boundary Explorer spacecraft has suggested that it is forced into a bubble shape by the constraining action of the interstellar magnetic field.
The outer boundary of the heliosphere, the heliopause, is the point at which the solar wind finally terminates and is the beginning of interstellar space.
Both "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2" are reported to have passed the termination shock and entered the heliosheath, at 94 and 84 AU from the Sun, respectively.
"Voyager 1" is also reported to have reached the heliopause.
The shape and form of the outer edge of the heliosphere is likely affected by the fluid dynamics of interactions with the interstellar medium as well as solar magnetic fields prevailing to the south, e.g.
it is bluntly shaped with the northern hemisphere extending 9 AU farther than the southern hemisphere.
Beyond the heliopause, at around 230 AU, lies the bow shock, a plasma "wake" left by the Sun as it travels through the Milky Way.
Due to a lack of data, the conditions in local interstellar space are not known for certain.
It is expected that NASA's Voyager spacecraft, as they pass the heliopause, will transmit valuable data on radiation levels and solar wind back to Earth.
How well the heliosphere shields the Solar System from cosmic rays is poorly understood.
A NASA-funded team has developed a concept of a "Vision Mission" dedicated to sending a probe to the heliosphere.
Article: Bacteria
Section: Movement

Question: What are Flagella?

Many bacteria can move using a variety of mechanisms: flagella are used for swimming through fluids; bacterial gliding and twitching motility move bacteria across surfaces; and changes of buoyancy allow vertical motion.
Swimming bacteria frequently move near 10 body lengths per second and a few as fast as 100.
This makes them at least as fast as fish, on a relative scale.
In bacterial gliding and twitching motility, bacteria use their type IV pili as a grappling hook, repeatedly extending it, anchoring it and then retracting it with remarkable force (>80 pN).
Flagella are semi-rigid cylindrical structures that are rotated and function much like the propeller on a ship.
Objects as small as bacteria operate a low Reynolds number and cylindrical forms are more efficient than the flat, paddle-like, forms appropriate at human-size scale.
Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell (peritrichous).
The bacterial flagella is the best-understood motility structure in any organism and is made of about 20 proteins, with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly.
The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power.
This motor drives the motion of the filament, which acts as a propeller.
Many bacteria (such as "E. coli") have two distinct modes of movement: forward movement (swimming) and tumbling.
The tumbling allows them to reorient and makes their movement a three-dimensional random walk.
(See external links below for link to videos.)
The flagella of a unique group of bacteria, the spirochaetes, are found between two membranes in the periplasmic space.
They have a distinctive helical body that twists about as it moves.
Motile bacteria are attracted or repelled by certain stimuli in behaviors called taxes: these include chemotaxis, phototaxis, energy taxis, and magnetotaxis.
In one peculiar group, the myxobacteria, individual bacteria move together to form waves of cells that then differentiate to form fruiting bodies containing spores.
The myxobacteria move only when on solid surfaces, unlike "E. coli", which is motile in liquid or solid media.
Several "Listeria" and "Shigella" species move inside host cells by usurping the cytoskeleton, which is normally used to move organelles inside the cell.
By promoting actin polymerization at one pole of their cells, they can form a kind of tail that pushes them through the host cell's cytoplasm.
Article: American Hustle
Section: Cast

Question: Who is uncredited as Victor Tellegio?

Several of the characters are fictional versions of specific real-life counterparts:
 Christian Bale as Irving Rosenfeld (based on Melvin Weinberg )
 Bradley Cooper as FBI Agent Richard "Richie" DiMaso (based on Anthony Amoroso, Jr.)
 Amy Adams as Sydney Prosser / Lady Edith Greensly (based on Evelyn Knight)
 Jeremy Renner as Mayor Carmine Polito (based on Angelo Errichetti)
 Jennifer Lawrence as Rosalyn Rosenfeld (based on Cynthia Marie Weinberg)
 Louis C.K.
as Stoddard Thorsen
 Jack Huston as Pete Musane
 Saïd Taghmaoui as Irving's Sheikh Plant
 Michael Peña as Paco Hernandez / Sheikh Abdullah
 Shea Whigham as Carl Elway
 Erica McDermott as Carl Elway's Assistant / Addie Abrams
 Alessandro Nivola as Anthony Amado
 Elisabeth Röhm as Dolly Polito (based on Dolores "Dodie" Errichetti)
 Colleen Camp as Brenda
 Paul Herman as Alfonse Simone
 Anthony Zerbe as a US Senator from New Jersey (based on US Senator Harrison A.
"Pete" Williams)
 Robert De Niro (uncredited) as Victor Tellegio (based on mobster Vincent Alo)
Article: Party Rock Anthem
Section: Chart and sales performance

Question: How long was Part Rock Anthem number one?

The song reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming the duo's first number one hit in the US, and remained there for six straight weeks.
The song spent 68 weeks on the chart, becoming the third most total weeks on Billboard Hot 100 history.
It topped the 7 million downloads mark in the United States in July 2012, becoming the second fastest song in digital history to reach this plateau (in 68 weeks) just behind Adele's "Rolling in the Deep" which achieved it in 67 weeks, and the third-biggest selling digital single since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking digital sales in 2003.
It has also sold 7,695,000 copies in the US as of May 2013, and over one million copies in the UK.
The song spent eleven weeks at number one in New Zealand and ten weeks in Australia.
It is the longest-running number one single in New Zealand since Smashproof's hit single "Brother" in 2009, selling over 45,000 copies there, whereas in Australia, it is the longest-running number-one single since "I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair)" by Sandi Thom in 2006 and the best-selling single of 2011.
Certified thirteen-times platinum, it is the second biggest-selling single of all time in Australia, behind only Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997".
Article: Korean War
Section: Media

Question: How many maps were adapted from the West Point Atlas of American Wars?

 The Korean War You Never Knew & Life in the Korean War – slideshows by "Life magazine"
 QuickTime sequence of 27 maps adapted from the West Point Atlas of American Wars
 Animation for operations in 1950
 Animation for operations in 1951
 US Army Korea Media Center official Korean War online image archive
 Rare pictures of the Korean War from the U.S. Library of Congress and National Archives
 "Land of the Morning Calm Canadians in Korea" – multimedia project including veteran interviews
 Pathé Online newsreel archive featuring films on the war
 CBC Digital Archives—Forgotten Heroes: Canada and the Korean War
Article: Las Vegas Strip
Section: Current

Question: Where is Las Vegas's only Barney's located?

 Bonanza Gift Shop is billed as the "World's Largest Gift Shop", with over of shopping space.
 The Shoppes at The Palazzo feature luxury stores including the only Barneys New York department store in Las Vegas.
 Fashion Show Mall is adjacent to Treasure Island and opposite Wynn Las Vegas.
 Grand Canal Shoppes is a luxury mall connected to The Venetian with canals, gondolas and singing gondoliers.
 Miracle Mile is part of the Planet Hollywood hotel.
 The Forum Shops at Caesars is a luxury mall connected to Caesars Palace, with more than 160 shops and 11 restaurants.
 Crystals at CityCenter is a luxury high-fashion mall at CityCenter.
 Harmon Corner is a three story retail center located next to Planet Hollywood with shops and restaurants.
Article: Silver Linings Playbook
Section: Cast

Question: Who plays the role of Randy in the movie "Silver Linings Playbook"?

 Bradley Cooper as Patrick "Pat" Solatano, Jr.
 Jennifer Lawrence as Tiffany Maxwell
 Robert De Niro as Patrizio "Pat" Solatano, Sr.
 Jacki Weaver as Dolores Solatano
 Anupam Kher as Dr. Cliff Patel
 Chris Tucker as Danny McDaniels
 Julia Stiles as Veronica
 Brea Bee as Nikki Solatano
 Shea Whigham as Jake Solatano
 John Ortiz as Ronnie
 Paul Herman as Randy
 Dash Mihok as Officer Keogh
Article: Chemotherapy
Section: Cytotoxics and targeted therapies

Question: For how many proteins were targeted therapeutics initially conceived?

Targeted therapies are a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics.
They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies.
The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs.
They will kill any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal.
Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells.
This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues.
As different proteins are utilised by different cancer types, the targeted therapy drugs are used on a cancer type specific, or even on a patient specific basis.
Although the side effects are often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur.
Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein.
Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind.
An example target for targeted therapy is the protein produced by the Philadelphia chromosome, a genetic lesion found commonly in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
This fusion protein has enzyme activity that can be inhibited by imatinib, a small molecule drug.
Article: Marzipan
Section: Southern Europe

Question: In where we can find in the world that  marzipan left white?

Around the world.
Southern Europe.
In Italy, particularly in Palermo, marzipan (') is often shaped and painted with food colorings to resemble fruit—'—especially during the Christmas season and on ' (All Souls' Day) on November 2.
May 9 and 10 are also special days for eating marzipan in Sicily.
In Portugal, where the confection has been made by nuns since olden times, traditional marzipan (') fruit-shaped sweets made in the Algarve region are a very common sweet.
There are other regions, as Toledo in Spain in which marzipan is shaped into simple animal shapes, and usually filled in with egg yolk ("") and sugar.
In Greece and Cyprus, marzipan is made in a variety of shapes and sizes and is almost always left white.
In the islands of the Aegean in particular, white marzipan is considered a wedding treat and is served to guests at wedding feasts.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Anatomy

Question: How many detailed drawing did he have on anatomy?

Leonardo's formal training in the anatomy of the human body began with his apprenticeship to Andrea del Verrocchio, who insisted that all his pupils learn anatomy.
As an artist, he quickly became master of "topographic anatomy", drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.
As a successful artist, he was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome.
From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre.
Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words towards a treatise on anatomy.
These papers were left to his heir, Francesco Melzi, for publication, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.
It was left incomplete at the time of Melzi's death more than fifty years later, with only a small amount of the material on anatomy included in Leonardo's "Treatise on painting", published in France in 1632.
During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer who made a number of drawings from them.
Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and studies muscles and sinews.
He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.
He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus "in utero".
The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published, would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.
As an artist, Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.
He also drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.
Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans.
He also made a number of studies of horses.
Article: Invasion of Poland
Section: Abstract

Question: German invaded Poland during WWII during which years?

The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign or 1939 Defensive War or the Fourth Partition of Poland (Polish: "Kampania wrześniowa" or "Wojna obronna 1939 roku" or "IV rozbiór Polski") in Poland and the Poland Campaign (German: "Polenfeldzug") or Fall Weiß (Case White) in Germany, was an invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II in Europe.
The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, while the Soviet invasion commenced on 17 September 1939 following the Molotov-Tōgō agreement which terminated the Russian and Japanese hostilities (Nomonhan incident) in the east on 16 September 1939.
The campaign ended on 6 October 1939 with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland.
The morning after the Gleiwitz incident, German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west.
As the Germans advanced, Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Polish–German border to more established lines of defence to the east.
After the mid-September Polish defeat in the Battle of the Bzura, the Germans gained an undisputed advantage.
Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast where they prepared for a long defence of the Romanian Bridgehead and awaited expected support and relief from France and the United Kingdom.
The two countries had pacts with Poland and had declared war on Germany on 3 September, though in the end their aid to Poland in the September campaign was very limited.
The Soviet Red Army's invasion of Eastern Poland on 17 September, in accordance with a secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, rendered the Polish plan of defence obsolete.
Facing a second front, the Polish government concluded the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead was no longer feasible and ordered an emergency evacuation of all troops to neutral Romania.
On 6 October, following the Polish defeat at the Battle of Kock, German and Soviet forces gained full control over Poland.
The success of the invasion marked the end of the Second Polish Republic, though Poland never formally surrendered.
On 8 October, after an initial period of military administration, Germany directly annexed western Poland and the former Free City of Danzig and placed the remaining block of territory under the administration of the newly established General Government.
The Soviet Union incorporated its newly acquired areas into its constituent Belarusian and Ukrainian republics, and immediately started a campaign of sovietization.
In the aftermath of the invasion, a collective of underground resistance organizations formed the Polish Underground State within the territory of the former Polish state.
Many of the military exiles that managed to escape Poland subsequently joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West, an armed force loyal to the Polish government in exile.
Article: Treaty of Versailles
Section: United States

Question: What year was the German Peace Treaty signed?

After the Versailles conference Wilson claimed that "at last the world knows America as the savior of the world!
"The Republican Party—led by Henry Cabot Lodge—controlled the U.S. Senate after the election of 1918, but the Senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question.
It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two-thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty.
An angry bloc of 12–18 "Irreconcilables", mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats, fiercely opposed the Treaty.
One block of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty, even with reservations added by Lodge.
A second group of Democrats supported the Treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations.
The largest bloc—led by Senator Lodge— comprised a majority of the Republicans.
They wanted a treaty with reservations, especially on Article X, which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the U.S. Congress.
All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them.
However, Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills.
The closest the Treaty came to passage was on November 19, 1919, as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations, but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to permanently end the chances for ratification.
Among the American public as a whole, the Irish Catholics and the German Americans were intensely opposed to the Treaty, saying it favored the British.
After Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the League of Nations, Congress passed the Knox–Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the U.S. and the Central Powers.
It was signed into law by Harding on July 21, 1921.
The U.S.–German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on , the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on , and the US–Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on .
Article: Nucleic acid sequence
Section: Genetic testing

Question: How many variations of a gene does a person normally carry?

The DNA in an organism's genome can be analyzed to diagnose vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a child's paternity (genetic father) or a person's ancestry.
Normally, every person carries two variations of every gene, one inherited from their mother, the other inherited from their father.
The human genome is believed to contain around 20,000 - 25,000 genes.
In addition to studying chromosomes to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders.
Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.
Usually, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders.
The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder.
Several hundred genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed.