community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Lincoln Memorial
Section: Interior

Question: When was the elevator at the Lincoln Memorial installed?

The area where the statue stands is 60 feet wide, 74 feet long, and 60 feet high.
The interior of the Memorial is divided into three chambers by two rows of Ionic columns.
These columns, four in each row, are tall and in diameter at their base.
The north and south side chambers contain carved inscriptions of Lincoln's second inaugural address and his Gettysburg Address.
Bordering these inscriptions are pilasters ornamented with fasces, eagles, and wreaths.
The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation were done by Evelyn Beatrice Longman.
The Memorial is filled with symbolism: the 36 columns represent the states in the union at the time of Lincoln's death, the 48 stone festoons on the attic above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922.
Above each of the inscriptions is a mural painted by Jules Guerin graphically portraying governing principles evident in Lincoln's life.
On the south wall mural, Freedom, Liberty, Immortality, Justice, and the Law are pictured, while the north wall portrays Unity, Fraternity, and Charity.
Both scenes contain a background of cypress trees, the emblem of Eternity.
The murals were crafted with a special mixture of paint which included elements of kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture conditions.
The ceiling of the Memorial, above the floor, is composed of bronze girders, ornamented with laurel and oak leaves.
Between the girders are panels of Alabama marble, saturated with paraffin to increase their translucency.
Despite the increased light from this device, Bacon and French felt the statue required even more light.
They decided upon an artificial lighting system in which a louvered lighting panel would be set in the ceiling with metal slats to conceal the great floodlights.
Custodians could adjust the lights from a control room, varying them according to the outside light.
Funds for this expensive system were appropriated by Congress in 1926, and in 1929, seven years after the dedication, the statue was properly lighted.
Since that time, only one major alteration has taken place in the Memorial's design.
This was the addition of an elevator within the structure to aid handicapped visitors, which was installed in the mid-1970s.
Article: Captain Phillips (film)
Section: Abstract

Question: Whether true story depends captain phillip?

Captain Phillips (film)Captain Phillips is a 2013 American thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass and starring Tom Hanks and Barkhad Abdi.
The film is based on the true story of the 2009 "Maersk Alabama" hijacking, an incident during which merchant mariner Captain Richard Phillips was taken hostage by pirates in the Indian Ocean led by Abduwali Muse.
The screenplay was written by Billy Ray, and is based on the 2010 book "A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy SEALs, and Dangerous Days at Sea" by Richard Phillips with Stephan Talty.
Scott Rudin, Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca served as producers on the project.
It premiered at the 2013 New York Film Festival, and was theatrically released on October 11, 2013.
The film emerged as a box office success with earnings of over $217 million against a budget of $55 million.
In 2014, "Captain Phillips" received six Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Supporting Actor for Abdi, but did not win in any of the categories.
Article: Black hole
Section: Information loss paradox

Question: Why is most of the information about the matter that went into forming the black hole lost?

Because a black hole has only a few internal parameters, most of the information about the matter that went into forming the black hole is lost.
Regardless of the type of matter which goes into a black hole, it appears that only information concerning the total mass, charge, and angular momentum are conserved.
As long as black holes were thought to persist forever this information loss is not that problematic, as the information can be thought of as existing inside the black hole, inaccessible from the outside.
However, black holes slowly evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation.
This radiation does not appear to carry any additional information about the matter that formed the black hole, meaning that this information appears to be gone forever.
The question whether information is truly lost in black holes (the black hole information paradox) has divided the theoretical physics community (see Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet).
In quantum mechanics, loss of information corresponds to the violation of vital property called unitarity, which has to do with the conservation of probability.
It has been argued that loss of unitarity would also imply violation of conservation of energy.
Over recent years evidence has been building that indeed information and unitarity are preserved in a full quantum gravitational treatment of the problem.
Article: Gymnastics
Section: TeamGym

Question: The first TeamGym Contest took place on what date?

The TeamGym competition is one of the latest new events within the UEG.
The first official competition was held in Finland in 1996 and it takes place every even-numbered year.
TeamGym is a team competition for clubs and consist of three sections: women, men and mixed teams.
TeamGym competitions exhibit gymnastic skills in three different disciplines; floor, tumbling and trampette.
In common for the performance is effective teamwork, good technique in the element and spectacular acrobatic elements.
The event is attractive for spectators and media as well as sponsors.
 Floor Programme: All members of the Team take part in the floor program, composed of a mixture of dance, flexibility and skill.
The routine has to be skillfully choreographed and the judges look out for changes in shape.
There needs to be at least two spins, two jumps/leaps, two acrobatic elements, two balance/power elements, two section elements and one combination of elements.
These section elements are bodywaves for women's teams, power elements for men's teams and lifts for mixed teams.
Floor routines are performed to music.
 Trampette: There are two components of this section of floor pregame.
Vault and trampette on its own.
One of the three total runs that the gymnasts make must be a vault run.
Generally the first round is chosen for each individual gymnast to perform the same move.
These are also performed to music.
 Tumbling: Again, here there are three runs (rounds) involved.
One of which has to include all six gymnasts doing a forwards series.
Another run also has to include the gymnasts completing the same move.
Each series must have at least three different acrobatic elements.
Article: Chemotherapy
Section: The term "chemotherapy"

Question: What does chemotherapy mean?

Chemotherapy is described in one dictionary entry as "the treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs."
The word "chemotherapy" without a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning is broader.
The term was historically used for non-oncological references, such as the use of antibiotics ("antibacterial chemotherapy").
The first modern chemotherapeutic agent was arsphenamine, an arsenic compound discovered in 1909 and used to treat syphilis.
This was later followed by sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) and penicillin.
Other uses that have been termed chemotherapy are the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Article: Lacrosse
Section: Box Lacrosse

Question: How many US and Canadian cities eventually acquired lacrosse clubs?

Up until the 1930s, all lacrosse was played on large fields outdoors.
The owners of Canadian hockey arenas invented a reduced-size version of the game, called box lacrosse, as a means to make more profit from their arena investments, and because severe winter weather in many areas limits outdoor play.
Since 1985, when the Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association (CUFLA) began operating a collegiate men's league, field lacrosse has witnessed a revival in Canada.
There are now 12 varsity teams.
In 1994, Canada declared lacrosse its national summer sport in the .
In 1987, a men's professional box lacrosse league was started, called the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League.
This league changed its name to the Major Indoor Lacrosse League, then later to the Lacrosse League.
It grew to encompass men's lacrosse clubs in 14 cities throughout the United States and Canada.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Spin-off

Question: In what year was Better Call Saul created?

In April 2013, it was revealed that AMC and Sony were interested in a spin-off series that would focus on Saul Goodman (Bob Odenkirk), with Gilligan and series writer Peter Gould developing the project.
Gilligan had previously hinted at a possible spin-off series focused on Saul Goodman in July 2012.
In September 2013, AMC and Sony Pictures Television officially ordered "Better Call Saul" to series, and it will be a prequel.
Article: Nucleic acid sequence
Section: Abstract

Question: What words do people often confuse in place of primary structure?

A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.
By convention, sequences are usually presented from the 5' end to the 3' end.
Because nucleic acids are normally linear (unbranched) polymers, specifying the sequence is equivalent to defining the covalent structure of the entire molecule.
For this reason, the nucleic acid sequence is also termed the primary structure.
The sequence has capacity to represent information.
Biological DNA represents the information which directs the functions of a living thing.
In that context, the term genetic sequence is often used.
Sequences can be read from the biological raw material through DNA sequencing methods.
Nucleic acids also have a secondary structure and tertiary structure.
Primary structure is sometimes mistakenly referred to as "primary sequence".
Conversely, there is no parallel concept of secondary or tertiary sequence.
Article: Gravity (film)
Section: Development

Question: What's the name of the writer of the film Gravity?

Alfonso Cuarón wrote the screenplay with his son Jonás.
Cuarón told "Wired" magazine, "I watched the Gregory Peck movie "Marooned" over and over as a kid."
That film is about the first crew of an experimental space station returning to Earth in an Apollo capsule that suffers a thruster malfunction.
Cuarón attempted to develop his project at Universal Pictures, where it stayed in development for several years.
After the rights to the project were sold, the project began development at Warner Bros, who acquired the project.
In February 2010, it attracted the attention of Angelina Jolie, who had rejected a sequel to "Wanted".
Later in the month, she rejected "Wanted 2", partially because the studio did not want to pay the fee she had received for her latest two movies and because she wanted to direct her Bosnian war film "In the Land of Blood and Honey".
In March, Robert Downey, Jr. entered talks to be cast in the male lead role.
In mid-2010, Marion Cotillard tested for the female lead role.
By August 2010, Scarlett Johansson and Blake Lively were in the running for the role.
In September, Cuarón received approval from Warner Bros. to offer the role without a screen test to Natalie Portman, who was being praised for her performance in the recently released "Black Swan".
Portman rejected the project because of scheduling conflicts and Warner Bros. then approached Sandra Bullock for the role.
In November 2010, Downey left the project to star in "How to Talk to Girls"a project in development with Shawn Levy attached to direct.
The following December, with Bullock signed for the co-lead role, George Clooney replaced Downey.
The problem of shooting long scenes in a zero-g environment was a challenge.
Eventually, the team decided to use computer-generated imagery for the spacewalk scenes and automotive robots to move Bullock's character for interior space station scenes.
This meant that shots and blocking had to be planned well in advance for the robots to be programmed.
It also made the production period much longer than expected.
When the script was finished, Cuarón assumed it would take about a year to complete the film, but it took four and a half years.
Article: Six Flags
Section: TV Commercials

Question: How long was the Mr. Six mascot retired?

In 2004, Six Flags began a series of commercials linking all of the parks.
The commercials were notable for a new mascot, "Mr. Six", an apparently feeble old man in a tuxedo and red bow tie.
In many of the commercials, Mr. Six would slowly exit a multi-colored bus, only to start frenetically dancing to the Vengaboys' "We Like to Party".
The commercials were an immediate hit and Mr. Six almost instantly became the official mascot, although he was initially retired after the 2005 season.
These ads have become widely parodied on the Internet, with faces from other Internet memes being superimposed over Mr. Six's face.
From 2008 to 2010, Six Flags' TV ads have a "Fun-O-Meter" in which the beginning of the ad may show something boring or embarrassing and a man's face judges it "One Flag!"
or sometimes "Two Flags!"
Then roller coasters and attractions of Six Flags are shown and says "Six Flags, More Flags, More Fun!"
for Six Flags parks.
However, the thick accent of the Asian man in the original commercials had drawn criticism for being an offensive caricature.
In 2009, the Mr. Six character came back from retirement and replaced the Asian man in Six Flags' ads, still using the Fun-O-Meter.
Since 2011, Six Flags' TV ads got a brand-new slogan "Go Big!
Go Six Flags!"
for its current Six Flags theme parks.
Article: Yellowstone National Park
Section: Climate

Question: What influences Yellowstone's climate?

Yellowstone climate is greatly influenced by altitude, with lower elevations generally found to be warmer year round.
The record high temperature was in 2002, while the coldest temperature recorded is in 1933.
During the summer months of June through early September, daytime highs are normally in the range, while nighttime lows can go to below freezing (0 °C)—especially at higher altitudes.
Summer afternoons are frequently accompanied by thunderstorms.
Spring and fall temperatures range between with cold nights in the teens to single digits (−5 to −20 °C).
Winter in Yellowstone is very cold with high temperatures usually between zero to 20 °F (−20 to −5 °C) and nighttime temperatures below zero °F (−20 °C) for most of the winter.
Precipitation in Yellowstone is highly variable and ranges from annually near Mammoth Hot Springs, to in the southwestern sections of the park.
The precipitation of Yellowstone is greatly influenced by the moisture channel formed by the Snake River Plain to the west that was, in turn, formed by Yellowstone itself.
Snow is possible in any month of the year, with averages of annually around Yellowstone Lake, to twice that amount at higher elevations.
Tornadoes in Yellowstone are rare; however, on July 21, 1987, the most powerful tornado recorded in Wyoming touched down in the Teton Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest and hit Yellowstone National Park.
Called the Teton–Yellowstone tornado, it was classified as an F4, with wind speeds estimated at between .
The tornado left a path of destruction wide, and long, and leveled of mature pine forest.
Both high elevation areas are classified as humid continental (Dfb), according to Köppen-Geiger climate classification.
Article: What Makes You Beautiful
Section: Live performances

Question: On what date did One Direction first perform "What makes you beautiful"?

One Direction performed "What Makes You Beautiful" for the first time on "Red or Black?"
on 10 September 2011.
The performance started with hosts Ant & Dec announcing that the band was supposedly running late for their appearance, and cut to a video of One Direction boarding a London Tube carriage full of fans, as the studio version of the song began playing.
Each fan on the tube was given a numbered ticket.
The band and fans disembarked the tube and made their way to the television studio, where the remainder of the song was sung live.
After the song, Styles caught a numbered ticket raining onstage.
The number corresponded to a ticket held by a fan from the tube; the colour of the fan's shirt was the correct answer for the "Red or Black?"
challenge.
The band performed "What Makes You Beautiful" after its B-side, "Na Na Na", at the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards on 9 October 2011.
The band also performed the song to open telethon "Children in Need 2011" on 19 November 2011.
After "Gotta Be You" and "One Thing", One Direction performed "What Makes You Beautiful" at Capital FM's "Jingle Bell Ball" on 4 December 2011, at The O2 Arena.
They performed a medley of "She Makes Me Wanna" and "What Makes You Beautiful" with JLS on the "The X Factor" eighth series final on 10 December 2011.
The group performed "One Thing" and "What Makes You Beautiful" on "Dancing on Ice" on 5 February 2012.
In Italy, the band performed the song at the 2012 Sanremo Music Festival on 14 February 2012.
In France, they performed "What Makes You Beautiful" and "One Thing" on "Le Grand Journal" on 22 February 2012.
In the United States, One Direction performed the song along with "More than This" and "One Thing" for the first time on "The Today Show" at the Rockefeller Center on 12 March 2012.
An estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza.
Melissa Lonner, senior entertainment producer for "The Today Show", said: "One Direction is relatively unknown with no hits yet.
They basically exploded, and all the adults are saying, 'Who are these people, and how do they know about it?'".
They also performed the song at the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards on 31 March 2012.
One Direction performed "What Makes You Beautiful" and "One Thing" on the NBC comedy television show "Saturday Night Live" on 7 April 2012, and also appeared in a comedy sketch with Sofía Vergara.
In Australia, they performed "One Thing" and "What Makes You Beautiful" at the 54th Logie Awards, where they also presented an award for "Most Popular New Female Talent" on 15 April 2012.
On 12 August 2012, One Direction performed "What Makes You Beautiful" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.
It was included on the set list of the group's headlining sold-out show at Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012.
One Direction performed the song on two of their major concert tours: Up All Night Tour (2011–12) and Take Me Home Tour (2013).
Article: General relativity
Section: Quantum gravity

Question: How can you test quantum gravity predictions?

The demand for consistency between a quantum description of matter and a geometric description of spacetime, as well as the appearance of singularities (where curvature length scales become microscopic), indicate the need for a full theory of quantum gravity: for an adequate description of the interior of black holes, and of the very early universe, a theory is required in which gravity and the associated geometry of spacetime are described in the language of quantum physics.
Despite major efforts, no complete and consistent theory of quantum gravity is currently known, even though a number of promising candidates exist.
Attempts to generalize ordinary quantum field theories, used in elementary particle physics to describe fundamental interactions, so as to include gravity have led to serious problems.
At low energies, this approach proves successful, in that it results in an acceptable effective (quantum) field theory of gravity.
At very high energies, however, the result are models devoid of all predictive power ("non-renormalizability").
One attempt to overcome these limitations is string theory, a quantum theory not of point particles, but of minute one-dimensional extended objects.
The theory promises to be a unified description of all particles and interactions, including gravity; the price to pay is unusual features such as six extra dimensions of space in addition to the usual three.
In what is called the second superstring revolution, it was conjectured that both string theory and a unification of general relativity and supersymmetry known as supergravity form part of a hypothesized eleven-dimensional model known as M-theory, which would constitute a uniquely defined and consistent theory of quantum gravity.
Another approach starts with the canonical quantization procedures of quantum theory.
Using the initial-value-formulation of general relativity (cf.
evolution equations above), the result is the Wheeler–deWitt equation (an analogue of the Schrödinger equation) which, regrettably, turns out to be ill-defined.
However, with the introduction of what are now known as Ashtekar variables, this leads to a promising model known as loop quantum gravity.
Space is represented by a web-like structure called a spin network, evolving over time in discrete steps.
Depending on which features of general relativity and quantum theory are accepted unchanged, and on what level changes are introduced, there are numerous other attempts to arrive at a viable theory of quantum gravity, some examples being dynamical triangulations, causal sets, twistor models or the path-integral based models of quantum cosmology.
All candidate theories still have major formal and conceptual problems to overcome.
They also face the common problem that, as yet, there is no way to put quantum gravity predictions to experimental tests (and thus to decide between the candidates where their predictions vary), although there is hope for this to change as future data from cosmological observations and particle physics experiments becomes available.