community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Section: Estonia – the first demonstrations

Question: What colors are on the Estonian flag?

In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia.
Signatures were collected and in Tartu, students assembled in the university's main hall to express their lack of confidence in the government.
At the 1st May 1987 demonstration, young people showed up bearing banners and slogans, despite a ban against such actions.
On 15 August 1987, former political prisoners formed the MRP-AEG group (Estonians for the Public Disclosure of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), which was headed by Tiit Madisson.
In September 1987, the Edasi newspaper published a proposal by Edgar Savisaar, Siim Kallas, Tiit Made and Mikk Titma calling for Estonia to make the transition to autonomy.
Initially geared toward economic independence, then toward a certain amount of political autonomy, the project, Isemajandav Eesti (A Self-Managing Estonia) became known according to its Estonian acronym, IME, which means "miracle".
On 21 October, a demonstration dedicated to those who gave their lives in the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence took place in Võru, which culminated in a conflict with the militia.
For the first time in years, the blue, black and white national tricolor was publicly visible.
Article: Botany
Section: Medicine and materials

Question: What stimulants are derived from plants that have proven popular?

Phytochemistry is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during secondary metabolism.
Some of these compounds are toxins such as the alkaloid coniine from hemlock.
Others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g., capsaicin), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies.
Many medicinal and recreational drugs, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (active ingredient in cannabis), caffeine, morphine and nicotine come directly from plants.
Others are simple derivatives of botanical natural products.
For example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy.
Popular stimulants come from plants, such as caffeine from coffee, tea and chocolate, and nicotine from tobacco.
Most alcoholic beverages come from fermentation of carbohydrate-rich plant products such as barley (beer), rice (sake) and grapes (wine).
Plants can synthesise useful coloured dyes and pigments such as the anthocyanins responsible for the red colour of red wine, yellow weld and blue woad used together to produce Lincoln green, indoxyl, source of the blue dye indigo traditionally used to dye denim and the artist's pigments gamboge and rose madder.
Sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products.
Charcoal, a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood, has a long history as a metal-smelting fuel, as a filter material and adsorbent and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder.
Cellulose, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock.
Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane, wallpaper paste, biobutanol and gun cotton.
Sugarcane, rapeseed and soy are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of biofuels, important alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel.
Article: Universal Studios Hollywood
Section: Upper lot

Question: How much time does the Studio Tour take?

The Upper lot is home to a variety of family based shows.
It is also home to many dining and merchandise shops as well as the park's entrance.
For older guests the park offers "Universal's House of Horrors", a year-round haunted house.
The Upper lot is home to all of the park's 5 shows including "The Blues Brothers Revue", the "Universal's Animal Actors Show", the "Special Effects Stage", "" and "Shrek 4-D", a 3-D film which features additional immerse features.
There are 2 rides located on the upper lot which include: the "Studio Tour" and the "The Simpsons Ride" are offered.
The "Studio Tour" is a 45 minute ride which uses tram vehicles to take the visitors to the theme park's back-lot.
The tour is the signature ride at the theme park and the wait time varies by day and seasons.
The wait time ranges from 5–80 minutes, depending on the amount of visitors.
The tour includes:, the world's largest 3-D experience.
The tram closes earlier than other shows and rides at the park.
The trams depart the station and pass directly under the "Starway".
After passing the starway, the tram arrives at the lower lot and passes through the stages where film productions take place.
When filming occurs, the ride operator will notify visitors.
The tram then takes the guests to Courthouse Square section and then other buildings in the backlot.
Afterwards, the tram enters a tunnel leading to the attraction: King Kong 360 3D.
After King Kong 360 3D, the tram travels through sets from Jurassic park and encounter Dilophosauruses.
Following that, the tram travels to the Flash Flood attraction (it is to be noted guests on the left side of the tram usually get wet).
The tram continues to attraction, and Bates motel from Psycho.
The Simpsons Ride is a family simulator ride located next to the entrance to the Studio Tour ride.
The ride contains 24 vehicles, where each vehicles seats 8 guests.
The ride lasts for 4 minutes.
None of the rides at the Upper lot have single rider lines.
There are several themed retail outlets located near their respective rides in the Upper lot.
For the Simpsons merchandise is offered at the Kwik-E-Mart.
Article: Party Rock Anthem
Section: Track listings

Question: Does a dubstep remix for "Party Rock Anthem" exist?

;Download
"Party Rock Anthem" – 4:28
;CD single
"Party Rock Anthem" (Album Version) – 4:23
"Party Rock Anthem" (Audiobot Remix) – 6:01
;Remixes
"Party Rock Anthem" (Wideboys Radio Edit) – 3:25
"Party Rock Anthem" (Wideboys Club Mix) – 5:49
"Party Rock Anthem" (Benny Benassi Radio Edit) – 3:36
"Party Rock Anthem" (Benny Benassi Club Mix) – 6:17
"Party Rock Anthem" (Christopher Lawrence Radio Edit) – 3:38
"Party Rock Anthem" (Christopher Lawrence Club Mix) – 7:11
"Party Rock Anthem" (Arion Dubstep Remix) – 3:23
"Party Rock Anthem" (Russ Chimes Dub) – 6:25
"Party Rock Anthem" (Alesso Remix) – 5:49
"Party Rock Anthem" (Avollo Remix) - 6.17
"Party Rock Anthem" (DJ Enferno Remix) – 4:52
"Party Rock Anthem" (Kim Fai Remix) – 6:53
"Party Rock Anthem" (Millions Like Us Dubstep Remix) – 4:38
"Party Rock Anthem" (Alyn's Goin Hard Remix) – 4:20
"Party Rock Anthem" (Mt Parahaki Dubstep Remix) – 4:22
"Party Rock Anthem" (DJ Bent Dutch Remix) - 5:54
Article: We Are Young
Section: Composition and lyrical interpretation

Question: What comparison of the song's chorus did Andrew Unterberger make?

"We Are Young" is a power ballad that combines the genres of indie pop, alternative rock, and power pop.
The song is written in the key of F major, based almost entirely on the 50s progression (I vi IV V) with the exception of its bridge, and follows a tempo of 116 beats per minute, changing to 92 bpm from the pre chorus to the end.
The song has a slow hip hop groove from the first chorus onward, and the song in its entirety is in common time.
The instrumentation of the original mix session consists of drums, bass guitar, synth bass, electric guitars, synths, piano, horns and other brass, and a hugh amount of vocal tracks, as well as the rough mix and two reference tracks, by Queen and Kanye West, that are both muted in the final master.
In the song, "careful arrangements layer sharp, bright piano melodies with big, booming drums and multiple vocal harmonies."
Ruess shifts from "vulnerable verbal tumbling in the song's sonically sparse intro to the grandiose declaration, 'Tonight, we are young / So let's set the world on fire / We can burn brighter than the sun' in the massive chorus."
According to "Spin", the song incorporates a "marrying fist-pump stadium rock to the prim indie-pop of Grizzly Bear's "Two Weeks," keeping the deliberate beats and soaring melodies but replacing choirboy primness with a percussive whomp."
Andrew Unterberger of "Popdust" compared the song's chorus to that of Pat Benatar's "Love Is a Battlefield" and Supergrass' "Alright," and noted that nearly every word in the chorus is imbued with maximum passion and importance.
Tim Jonze Guardian.co.uk described the chorus as anthemic and compared it to work done by Arcade Fire and stated that the lyrics were "life-affirming and fit for a teen movie soundtrack.
"Lead singer Nate Ruess says the lyrics were inspired by one specific night, after "my worst drinking night of all time."
Ruess told "Rolling Stone" that he was kicked out of a taxi cab for puking all over it.
"The cabbie was demanding all this money, and all I could do was stand on the corner with my head against the wall.
It took me another day before I was a functioning adult and could actually write down the verses," he said.
Article: The Amazing Race 21
Section: Leg 7 (Turkey → Russia)

Question: Who did contestants have to perform in front of in order to receive their next clue?

Leg 7 (Turkey → Russia).
Airdate: November 11, 2012
 Istanbul (Istanbul Atatürk Airport) to Moscow, Russia (Sheremetyevo International Airport)
Moscow (Zurab Tsereteli Sculpture Park) 
Moscow (Moskvoretsky Bridge)
 Moscow (Russian State Library "or" Trud sports complex)
Moscow (Luzhkov Bridge – Trees of Love) 
Moscow (Bolshoi Theatre) 
The Leg's Detour options were Alphabetized and Synchronized.
In Alphabetized, teams went to the Russian State Library and were given a list of books by author, title, and year.
They had to use the paper card catalog system, in Russian, to locate four of the books on the list.
Once they thought they had the correct location in the stacks, a librarian would direct them to the proper room to allow the team to get the books.
Teams then checked their retrieved books with the head librarian to get their next clue.
In Synchronized, teams participated in a synchronized swimming routine with six other swimmers of the Russian national developmental team.
After practicing the routine, they performed it for a judge – who would either pass them and give them their next clue, or would require the teams to practice more.
In both detours, there was a time limit depending on the operating hours of each facility; if they were unable to complete either task before the facilities closed, they would incur a 4 hour penalty (with the Synchronize detour operating longer than the Alphabetize Detour).
In the Roadblock, one team member had to select one of the marked Trees of Love – trees covered in padlocks – and unlock 10 of the locks with the provided set of keys to free a banner held to the tree.
Once they freed the banner and unfolded it, they would find the next clue concealed inside.
Additional tasks
The clue from the Zurab Tsereteli Sculpture Park directed teams to obtain their next clue from Ivan the Terrible's two guards at the Moskvoretsky Most, neighboring the Kremlin.
The clue given to teams at the end of the Roadblock was a 100 ruble banknote; teams were left to figure out that their next destination was the building depicted on the reverse of the note: the Bolshoi Theatre.
Article: Electromagnetism
Section: Abstract

Question: Electromagnetic force plays a major role in what?

Electromagnetism, or the electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature, the other three being the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.
This force is described by electromagnetic fields, and has innumerable physical instances including the interaction of electrically charged particles and the interaction of uncharged magnetic force fields with electrical conductors.
The word "electromagnetism" is a compound form of two Greek terms, ἢλεκτρον, "ēlektron", "amber", and μαγνήτης, "magnetic", from "magnítis líthos" (μαγνήτης λίθος), which means "magnesian stone", a type of iron ore.
The science of electromagnetic phenomena is defined in terms of the electromagnetic force, sometimes called the Lorentz force, which includes both electricity and magnetism as elements of one phenomenon.
During the quark epoch, the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak force.
The electromagnetic force plays a major role in determining the internal properties of most objects encountered in daily life.
Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces between individual molecules in matter.
Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules.
This governs the processes involved in chemistry, which arise from interactions between the electrons of neighboring atoms, which are in turn determined by the interaction between electromagnetic force and the momentum of the electrons.
There are numerous mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field.
In classical electrodynamics, electric fields are described as electric potential and electric current in Ohm's law, magnetic fields are associated with electromagnetic induction and magnetism, and Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents.
The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, in particular the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the "medium" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905.
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: Tourism in recent years

Question: How do I get to Devil's Pool?

By the end of the 1990s almost 300,000 people were visiting the falls annually, and this was expected to rise to over a million in the next decade.
Unlike the game parks, Victoria Falls has more Zimbabwean and Zambian visitors than international tourists; the attraction is accessible by bus and train, and is therefore comparatively inexpensive to reach.
The two countries permit tourists to make day trips from each side and visas can be obtained at the border posts.
Costs vary from US$45-US$80 (as of 01 December 2013).
Visitors with single entry visas will need to purchase a visa each time they cross the border.
Regular changes in visa regulations mean visitors should check the rules before crossing the border.
A famous feature is the naturally formed Devil's Pool, near the edge of the falls on Livingstone Island on the Zambian side.
When the river flow is at a certain level, usually between September and December, a rock barrier forms an eddy with minimal current, allowing adventurous swimmers to splash around in relative safety a few feet from the point where the water cascades over the falls.
Occasional deaths have been reported when people have slipped over the rock barrier.
The numbers of visitors to the Zimbabwean side of the falls has historically been much higher than the number visiting the Zambia side, due to the greater development of the visitor facilities there.
However, the number of tourists visiting Zimbabwe began to decline in the early 2000s as political tensions between supporters and opponents of president Robert Mugabe increased.
In 2006, hotel occupancy on the Zimbabwean side hovered at around 30%, while the Zambian side was at near-capacity, with rates in top hotels reaching US$630 per night.
The rapid development has prompted the United Nations to consider revoking the Falls' status as a World Heritage Site.
In addition, problems of waste disposal and a lack of effective management of the falls' environment are a concern.
Article: Dairy product
Section: Abstract

Question: Do dairy products yield high energy?

A dairy product is food produced from the milk of mammals.
Dairy products are usually high energy-yielding food products.
A production plant for the processing of milk is called a dairy or a dairy factory.
Apart from breastfed infants, the human consumption of dairy products is sourced primarily from the milk of cows, yet goats, sheep, yaks, horses, camels, and other mammals are other sources of dairy products consumed by humans.
Dairy products are commonly found in European, Middle Eastern, and Indian cuisine, whereas aside from Mongolian cuisine they are little-known in traditional Asian cuisine.
Article: Bacteria
Section: Movement

Question: How many body lengths per second can swimming bacteria travel?

Many bacteria can move using a variety of mechanisms: flagella are used for swimming through fluids; bacterial gliding and twitching motility move bacteria across surfaces; and changes of buoyancy allow vertical motion.
Swimming bacteria frequently move near 10 body lengths per second and a few as fast as 100.
This makes them at least as fast as fish, on a relative scale.
In bacterial gliding and twitching motility, bacteria use their type IV pili as a grappling hook, repeatedly extending it, anchoring it and then retracting it with remarkable force (>80 pN).
Flagella are semi-rigid cylindrical structures that are rotated and function much like the propeller on a ship.
Objects as small as bacteria operate a low Reynolds number and cylindrical forms are more efficient than the flat, paddle-like, forms appropriate at human-size scale.
Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell (peritrichous).
The bacterial flagella is the best-understood motility structure in any organism and is made of about 20 proteins, with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly.
The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power.
This motor drives the motion of the filament, which acts as a propeller.
Many bacteria (such as "E. coli") have two distinct modes of movement: forward movement (swimming) and tumbling.
The tumbling allows them to reorient and makes their movement a three-dimensional random walk.
(See external links below for link to videos.)
The flagella of a unique group of bacteria, the spirochaetes, are found between two membranes in the periplasmic space.
They have a distinctive helical body that twists about as it moves.
Motile bacteria are attracted or repelled by certain stimuli in behaviors called taxes: these include chemotaxis, phototaxis, energy taxis, and magnetotaxis.
In one peculiar group, the myxobacteria, individual bacteria move together to form waves of cells that then differentiate to form fruiting bodies containing spores.
The myxobacteria move only when on solid surfaces, unlike "E. coli", which is motile in liquid or solid media.
Several "Listeria" and "Shigella" species move inside host cells by usurping the cytoskeleton, which is normally used to move organelles inside the cell.
By promoting actin polymerization at one pole of their cells, they can form a kind of tail that pushes them through the host cell's cytoplasm.
Article: Fruit
Section: Nonfood uses

Question: What items can be made from a coconut shell?

Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, different cultures have developed many different uses for various fruits that they do not depend on as being edible.
Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements, such as unicorn plant, lotus, wheat, annual honesty and milkweed.
Ornamental trees and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits, including holly, pyracantha, viburnum, skimmia, beautyberry and cotoneaster.
Fruits of opium poppy are the source of opium which contains the drugs morphine and codeine, as well as the biologically inactive chemical theabaine from which the drug oxycodone is synthesized.
Osage orange fruits are used to repel cockroaches.
Bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to make candles.
Many fruits provide natural dyes, e.g.
walnut, sumac, cherry and mulberry.
Dried gourds are used as decorations, water jugs, bird houses, musical instruments, cups and dishes.
Pumpkins are carved into Jack-o'-lanterns for Halloween.
The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the inspiration for the invention of Velcro.
Coir is a fiber from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes, mattresses, floortiles, sacking, insulation and as a growing medium for container plants.
The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make souvenir heads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses.
Fruit is often used as a subject of still life paintings.
Article: Evolution
Section: Evolution of life

Question: What lived on earth 3,000,000,000 years ago?

 of life.
Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3–4 billion years ago.
*</ref> No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years.
The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 – 2.7 billion years ago.
The next major change in cell structure came when bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells, in a cooperative association called endosymbiosis.
The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent co-evolution, with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes.
Another engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.
*</ref>The history of life was that of the unicellular eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the Ediacaran period.
The evolution of multicellularity occurred in multiple independent events, in organisms as diverse as sponges, brown algae, cyanobacteria, slime moulds and myxobacteria.
Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms, a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over approximately 10 million years, in an event called the Cambrian explosion.
Here, the majority of types of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct.
Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.
*</ref>About 500 million years ago, plants and fungi colonised the land and were soon followed by arthropods and other animals.
Insects were particularly successful and even today make up the majority of animal species.
Amphibians first appeared around 364 million years ago, followed by early amniotes and birds around 155 million years ago (both from "reptile"-like lineages), mammals around 129 million years ago, homininae around 10 million years ago and modern humans around 250,000 years ago.
However, despite the evolution of these large animals, smaller organisms similar to the types that evolved early in this process continue to be highly successful and dominate the Earth, with the majority of both biomass and species being prokaryotes.