community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Gossip Girl
Section: Product placement

Question: Which company had a contract with Gossip Girl for its first five seasons?

"Gossip Girl" is known for its product placement.
The show had a contract with Verizon Wireless for its first five seasons; all the characters were seen with phones chosen by the brand until the deal ended by the sixth season.
During their contract, Verizon Wireless offered exclusive "Gossip Girl" content and created a website where ringtones of the songs featured on the show could be downloaded.
In the summer of 2008, executives of VitaminWater approached The CW for a placement deal.
During the second season, the drinks were mentioned several times in dialogues.
The partnership helped pay the costs of shooting on location in the Hamptons.
An HP TouchPad was prominently displayed in an episode of the sixth season.
According to OneNewsNow.com, other sponsors have included Procter & Gamble, L'Oreal, Target and Johnson & Johnson, which allowed the series to earn $28.2 million in ad dollars in 2007.
Article: Salad
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the difference between a main course salad and an appetizer salad?

Salad is a popular ready-to-eat dish often containing leafy vegetables, usually served chilled or at a moderate temperature and often served with a sauce or dressing.
Salads may also contain ingredients such as fruit, grain, meat, seafood and sweets.
Though many salads use raw ingredients, some use cooked ingredients.
Most salads are served cold, although some, such as south German potato salad, are served warm.
Some consider the warmth of a dish a factor that excludes it from the salad category calling the warm mixture a casserole, a sandwich topping or more specifically, name it for the ingredients which comprise it.
Leafy vegetable salads are generally served with a dressing, as well as various garnishes such as nuts or croutons, and sometimes with meat, fish, pasta, cheese, eggs, or whole grains.
Salads may be served at any point during a meal, such as:
Appetizer salads, light salads to stimulate the appetite as the first course of the meal.
Side salads, to accompany the main course as a side dish.
Main course salads, usually containing a portion of heartier fare, such as chicken breast or slices of beef.
Palate-cleansing salads, to settle the stomach after the main course.
Dessert salads, sweet versions often containing fruit, gelatin and/or whipped cream.
Article: Baseball
Section: Batting and baserunning tactics

Question: What is a squeeze play?

Several basic offensive tactics come into play with a runner on first base, including the fundamental choice of whether to attempt a steal of second base.
The hit and run is sometimes employed with a skillful contact hitter: the runner takes off with the pitch drawing the shortstop or second baseman over to second base, creating a gap in the infield for the batter to poke the ball through.
The sacrifice bunt calls for the batter to focus on making contact with the ball so that it rolls a short distance into the infield, allowing the runner to advance into scoring position even at the expense of the batter being thrown out at first—a batter who succeeds is credited with a sacrifice.
(A batter, particularly one who is a fast runner, may also attempt to bunt for a hit.)
A sacrifice bunt employed with a runner on third base, aimed at bringing that runner home, is known as a squeeze play.
With a runner on third and fewer than two outs, a batter may instead concentrate on hitting a fly ball that, even if it is caught, will be deep enough to allow the runner to tag up and score—a successful batter in this case gets credit for a sacrifice fly.
The manager will sometimes signal a batter who is ahead in the count (i.e., has more balls than strikes) to take, or not swing at, the next pitch.
Article: The Lord of the Rings
Section: Reception

Question: What 2009 award did Lord of the Rings win?

While early reviews for The Lord of the Rings were mixed, reviews in various media have been, on the whole, highly positive and acknowledge Tolkien's literary achievement as a significant one.
On its initial review the "Sunday Telegraph" felt it was "among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century."
The "Sunday Times" seemed to echo these sentiments when in its review it was stated that "the English-speaking world is divided into those who have read "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Hobbit" and those who are going to read them."
The "New York Herald Tribune" also seemed to have an idea of how popular the books would become, writing in its review that they were "destined to outlast our time."
W. H. Auden, an admirer of Tolkien's writings, regarded "The Lord of the Rings" as a "masterpiece", further stating that in some cases it outdid the achievement of John Milton's "Paradise Lost".
"New York Times" reviewer Judith Shulevitz criticized the "pedantry" of Tolkien's literary style, saying that he "formulated a high-minded belief in the importance of his mission as a literary preservationist, which turns out to be death to literature itself."
Critic Richard Jenkyns, writing in "The New Republic", criticized the work for a lack of psychological depth.
Both the characters and the work itself are, according to Jenkyns, "anemic, and lacking in fibre."
Even within Tolkien's literary group, The Inklings, reviews were mixed.
Hugo Dyson complained loudly at its readings.
However, another Inkling, C. S. Lewis, had very different feelings, writing, "here are beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron.
Here is a book which will break your heart."
Despite these reviews and its lack of paperback printing until the 1960s, "The Lord of the Rings" initially sold well in hardback.
In 1957, "The Lord of the Rings" was awarded the International Fantasy Award.
Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped "The Lord of the Rings" become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s.
The book has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys.
In the 2003 "Big Read" survey conducted in Britain by the BBC, "The Lord of the Rings" was found to be the "Nation's best-loved book."
In similar 2004 polls both Germany and Australia also found "The Lord of the Rings" to be their favourite book.
In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, "The Lord of the Rings" was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium."
"The Lord of the Rings" was awarded the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in 2009.
Article: Russia
Section: Architecture

Question: How many Orthodox churches have been rebuilt since 1991?

Since the Christianization of Kievan Rus' for several ages Russian architecture was influenced predominantly by the Byzantine architecture.
Apart from fortifications (kremlins), the main stone buildings of ancient Rus' were Orthodox churches with their many domes, often gilded or brightly painted.
Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia since the late 15th century, while the 16th century saw the development of unique tent-like churches culminating in Saint Basil's Cathedral.
By that time the onion dome design was also fully developed.
In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s.
After the reforms of Peter the Great the change of architectural styles in Russia generally followed that in the Western Europe.
The 18th-century taste for rococo architecture led to the ornate works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers.
The reigns of Catherine the Great and her grandson Alexander I saw the flourishing of Neoclassical architecture, most notably in the capital city of Saint Petersburg.
The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the Neo-Byzantine and Russian Revival styles.
Prevalent styles of the 20th century were the Art Nouveau, Constructivism, and the Stalin Empire style.
In 1955, a new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, condemned the "excesses" of the former academic architecture, and the late Soviet era was dominated by plain functionalism in architecture.
This helped somewhat to resolve the housing problem, but created a large quantity of buildings of low architectural quality, much in contrast with the previous bright styles.
The situation improved in the recent two decades.
Many temples demolished in Soviet times were rebuilt, and this process continues along with the restoration of various historical buildings destroyed in World War II.
A total of 23,000 Orthodox churches have been rebuilt between 1991 and 2010, which effectively quadrapled the number of operating churches in Russia.
Article: The Terminator
Section: Cast

Question: Who played Sarah Connor, the Terminator's main target, in the movie "Terminator"?

Arnold Schwarzenegger as The Terminator, a cyborg disguised as a human being sent back in time to assassinate Sarah Connor.
Schwarzenegger speaks only 18 lines in the film, and less than 100 words.
James Cameron said that "Somehow, even his accent worked...
It had a strange synthesized quality, like they hadn't gotten the voice thing quite worked out.
"
Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor, the Terminator's target who is soon to be the mother of the future Resistance leader John Connor.
Michael Biehn as Kyle Reese, a human Resistance fighter sent back in time to protect Sarah.
Paul Winfield as Ed Traxler, a police Lieutenant who questions Sarah.
Lance Henriksen as Hal Vukovich, a police detective who questions Sarah.
Earl Boen as Dr. Silberman, a criminal psychologist.
Additional actors included Bess Motta as Ginger Ventura; Rick Rossovich as Matt Buchanan; Dick Miller as the gun shop clerk; Shawn Schepps as Nancy; Bruce M. Kerner as the desk sergeant; Schwarzenegger's friend and workout partner, professional bodybuilder Franco Columbu as a Terminator in 2029; and Bill Paxton, Brad Rearden, and Brian Thompson as punks who are confronted by the Terminator; Marianne Muellerleile as one of the other women with the name "Sarah Connor" who was shot by the Terminator.
Article: RNA
Section: In RNA processing

Question: How do snoRNAs guide enzymes to spots along an RNA strand?

Many RNAs are involved in modifying other RNAs.
Introns are spliced out of pre-mRNA by spliceosomes, which contain several small nuclear RNAs (snRNA), or the introns can be ribozymes that are spliced by themselves.RNA can also be altered by having its nucleotides modified to other nucleotides than A, C, G and U.
In eukaryotes, modifications of RNA nucleotides are in general directed by small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA; 60-300 nt), found in the nucleolus and cajal bodies.
snoRNAs associate with enzymes and guide them to a spot on an RNA by basepairing to that RNA.
These enzymes then perform the nucleotide modification.
rRNAs and tRNAs are extensively modified, but snRNAs and mRNAs can also be the target of base modification.
RNA can also be methylated.
Article: Das Boot
Section: Reception

Question: What rank did Das Boot hold in Empire Magazine?

The film drew highest critical acclaim and is seen as one of the greatest of all German films.
For its unsurpassed authenticity in tension and realism, it is regarded internationally as pre-eminent among all submarine films.
The film was ranked #25 in "Empire" magazine's "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010.
It currently holds a 98% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, well into the 32-nd year of its release (as of July 2013).
In late 2007, there was an exhibition about the film "Das Boot", as well as about the real U-Boat "U-96", at the Haus der Geschichte (House of German History) in Bonn.
Over 100,000 people visited the exhibition during its four-month run.
Article: Cloning
Section: Ethical issues of cloning

Question: what are bioethics views on the ethics of cloning?

In bioethics, the ethics of cloning' refers to a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning.
While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well.
Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in livestock production.
Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning in order to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, to avoid the need for immunosuppressive drugs, and to stave off the effects of aging.
Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology.
Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe, that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), and have concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.
Religious groups are divided, with some opposing the technology as usurping God's place and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits.
Cloning of animals is opposed by animal-groups due to the number of cloned animals that suffer from malformations before they die, and while food from cloned animals has been approved by the US FDA, its use is opposed by groups concerned about food safety.
Article: American Hustle
Section: Critical response

Question: Who is the reporter that was critical of the film American Hustle?

"American Hustle" received critical acclaim upon its release.
The cast received praise for their performances, notably Adams and Lawrence.
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 93% rating, based on reviews from 240 critics with an average score of 8.2/10.
The site's consensus reads, "Riotously funny and impeccably cast, "American Hustle" compensates for its flaws with unbridled energy and some of David O. Russell's most irrepressibly vibrant direction."
Metacritic gives a score of 90/100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on reviews from 47 critics.
Christy Lemire awarded the film four out of four stars, praising David O. Russell's directing and the relationship between Irving and Sydney, as well as Jennifer Lawrence's portrayal of Rosalyn.
She writes: "For all its brashness and big personality, "American Hustle" is a character study at its core—an exploration of dissatisfaction and drive, and the lengths to which we're willing to go for that elusive thing known as a better life."
Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film an A+, especially complimenting Bradley Cooper's performance and stating that "American Hustle" was "the best time I've had at the movies all year."
He later named it the year's best film.
"Time" magazine's Richard Corliss wrote, ""American Hustle" is an urban eruption of flat-out fun — the sharpest, most exhilarating comedy in years.
Anyone who says otherwise must be conning you.
"Peter Debruge of "Variety" was critical of the film, calling it "a sloppy sprawl of a movie" and complaining that the improvisational performances overwhelm instead of adding to a coherent plot."
He also went on to write that it "makes your brain hurt — and worse, overwhelms the already overcomplicated Abscam retelling at the center of the film."
Article: Spain
Section: Music and dance

Question: Are the genres of pop, rock, hiphop, and heavy metal popular?

Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with flamenco, a West Andalusian musical genre, which, contrary to popular belief, is not widespread outside that region.
Various regional styles of folk music abound in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Castile, the Basque Country, Galicia and Asturias.
Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.
In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as Isaac Albéniz, Manuel de Falla and Enrique Granados and singers and performers such as Plácido Domingo, José Carreras, Montserrat Caballé, Alicia de Larrocha, Alfredo Kraus, Pablo Casals, Ricardo Viñes, José Iturbi, Pablo de Sarasate, Jordi Savall and Teresa Berganza.
In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona, Orquesta Nacional de España and the Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid.
Major opera houses include the Teatro Real,the Gran Teatre del Liceu, Teatro Arriaga and the El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía.
Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognised summer music festivals Sónar which often features the top up and coming pop and techno acts, and Benicàssim which tends to feature alternative rock and dance acts.
Both festivals mark Spain as an international music presence and reflect the tastes of young people in the country.
The most popular traditional musical instrument, the guitar, originated in Spain.
Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or "gaiteros", mainly in Asturias and Galicia.
Article: Zero Dark Thirty
Section: Accolades

Question: Who won won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, tying with "Skyfall"?

"Zero Dark Thirty" was nominated for five Academy Awards at the 85th Academy Awards, including Best Picture,Best Actress, Best Original Screenplay, Best Sound Editing and Best Film Editing.
Paul N. J. Ottosson won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, tying with "Skyfall".
This was only the sixth tie in Academy Awards history, and the first since 1994.
"Zero Dark Thirty" was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards at the 70th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director, Best Screenplay, with Chastain winning Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama.
The Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association's award for Best Director was given to Bigelow, the second time the honor has gone to a woman (the first also being Bigelow for "The Hurt Locker").
The film swept critics groups' awards for Best Director and Best Picture including the Washington D.C., New York Film Critics Online, Chicago and Boston film critics associations.
Article: Astrophysics
Section: Theoretical astrophysics

Question: Which tool gauges the properties of big structures?

Theoretical astrophysicists use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes to approximate the behaviors of a star) and computational numerical simulations.
Each has some advantages.
Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on.
Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen.
Theorists in astrophysics endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models.
This helps allow observers to look for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between several alternate or conflicting models.
Theorists also try to generate or modify models to take into account new data.
In the case of an inconsistency, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model to fit the data.
In some cases, a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to total abandonment of a model.
Topics studied by theoretical astrophysicists include: stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics.
Astrophysical relativity serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large scale structures for which gravitation plays a significant role in physical phenomena investigated and as the basis for black hole ("astro")physics and the study of gravitational waves.
Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astrophysics, now included in the Lambda-CDM model are the Big Bang, Cosmic inflation, dark matter, dark energy and fundamental theories of physics.
Wormholes are examples of hypotheses which are yet to be proven (or disproven).
Article: NASA
Section: Space Shuttle program (1972–2011)

Question: How long did the Space Shuttle program last?

Space Shuttle program (1972–2011).
The Space Shuttle became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s and the 1980s.
Planned as a frequently launchable and mostly reusable vehicle, four space shuttle orbiters were built by 1985.
The first to launch, "Columbia", did so on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of the first space flight by Yuri Gagarin.
Its major components were a spaceplane orbiter with an external fuel tank and two solid fuel launch rockets at its side.
The external tank, which was bigger than the spacecraft itself, was the only component that was not reused.
The shuttle could orbit in altitudes of 185–643 km (115–400 miles) and carry a maximum payload (to low orbit) of 24,400 kg (54,000 lb).
Missions could last from 5 to 17 days and crews could be from 2 to 8 astronauts.
On 20 missions (1983–98) the Space Shuttle carried Spacelab, designed in cooperation with the ESA.
Spacelab was not designed for independent orbital flight, but remained in the Shuttle's cargo bay as the astronauts entered and left it through an airlock.
Another famous series of missions were the launch and later successful repair of the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990 and 1993, respectively.
In 1995 Russian-American interaction resumed with the Shuttle-Mir missions (1995–1998).
Once more an American vehicle docked with a Russian craft, this time a full-fledged space station.
This cooperation has continued with Russia and the United States as the two of the biggest partners in the largest space station built: the International Space Station (ISS).
The strength of their cooperation on this project was even more evident when NASA began relying on Russian launch vehicles to service the ISS during the two-year grounding of the shuttle fleet following the 2003 Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster.
The Shuttle fleet lost two orbiters and 14 astronauts in two disasters: "Challenger" in 1986, and "Columbia" in 2003.
While the 1986 loss was mitigated by building the Space Shuttle "Endeavour" from replacement parts, NASA did not build another orbiter to replace the second loss.
NASA's Space Shuttle program had 135 missions when the program ended with the successful landing of the Space Shuttle "Atlantis" at the Kennedy Space Center on July 21, 2011.
The program spanned 30 years with over 300 astronauts sent into space.