community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Space Needle
Section: Architecture

Question: Who was the person who added the hourglass profile to the tower?

The architecture of the Space Needle is the result of a compromise between the designs of two men, Edward E. Carlson and John Graham, Jr.
The two leading ideas for the World Fair involved businessman Edward Carlson's sketch of a giant balloon tethered to the ground (see the gently sloping base) and architect John Graham's concept of a flying saucer (see the halo that houses the restaurant and observation deck).
Victor Steinbrueck introduced the hourglass profile of the tower.
The Space Needle was built to withstand wind speeds of 200 mph, double the requirements in the building code of 1962.
An earthquake registering 6.8 on the Richter Scale jolted the Needle enough in 2001 for water to slosh out of the toilets in the restrooms.
The Space Needle can endure serious structural damage during earthquakes of magnitudes below 9.
Also made to withstand Category 5 hurricane-force winds, the Space Needle sways only 1 inch per 10 mph (16 mm per 10 km/h) of wind speed.
For decades, the "hovering disk" of the Space Needle was home to two restaurants above the ground: the Space Needle Restaurant, which was originally named Eye of the Needle, and Emerald Suite.
These were closed in 2000 to make way for SkyCity, a larger restaurant that features Pacific Northwest cuisine.
It rotates 360 degrees in exactly forty-seven minutes.
In 1993, the elevators were replaced with new computerized versions.
The new elevators descend at a rate of .
On December 31, 1999 (New Year's Eve), a powerful beam of light was unveiled for the first time.
Called the Legacy Light or Skybeam, it is powered by lamps that total 85 million candela shining skyward from the top of the Space Needle to honor national holidays and special occasions in Seattle.
The concept of this beam was derived from the official 1962 World's Fair poster, which depicted such a light source although none was incorporated into the original design.
It is somewhat controversial because of the light pollution it creates.
Originally planned to be turned on 75 nights per year, it has generally been used fewer than a dozen times per year.
It did remain lit for eleven days in a row from September 11, 2001, to September 22, 2001, in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks.
The same 1962 World's Fair original poster showed a grand spiral entryway leading to the elevator, but this, too, was omitted from the final building plans.
This stairway was added as part of the Pavilion and Spacebase addition/remodel in June 2000.
The main stairwell (generally emergency access) has 848 steps in all from the basement to the top of the observation deck.
At approximately , the Space Needle was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River at the time it was built by Howard S. Wright Construction Co., but is now dwarfed by other structures along the Seattle skyline, among them the Columbia Center, at .
Unlike many other similar structures, such as the CN Tower in Toronto, the Space Needle is not used for broadcasting purposes.
Article: Galbi
Section: History

Question: What are the ingredients for Galbi?

The ingredients (often, ribs or meats) are marinated in a sauce made primarily from soy sauce, garlic, and sugar.
However, several variations on the marinade exist, including recipes that utilize sesame oil, rice wine or hot pepper paste.
Fruit juice, lemon-lime soda and honey have become more common additions to Korean marinades in recent years, and is present in some incarnations of the dish.
When cooked on a griddle or grill, the meat is usually cut in thin slices across the bones.
This style of cut, called L.A. Galbi, permits the marinade to penetrate the meat faster.
It also allows the meat to cook more quickly, creates a more tender cut, and makes it easier to eat the finished dish with chopsticks.
The traditional cut is called Wang Galbi, literally meaning King Ribs.
In this version, the ribs are cut into 2 to 5 inch segments, and the meat is filleted in layers away from the bone to form a uniformly thin layer.
Wang Galbi is usually what is served in traditional Korean restaurants, as the traditional cut is considered more genuine.
Rarely, if ever, are L.A. Galbi served at top establishments.
Pre-cut galbi is available from many meat markets in Korea and elsewhere.
"Galbi" is generally served in restaurants known as "galbi houses", and the meat is cooked right at customers' tables on grills set in the tables (usually by the customers themselves).
It is typically served with lettuce, perilla, or other leafy vegetables used to wrap the meat, which is then dipped in "ssamjang" (쌈장), a sauce made of fermented bean paste and red pepper paste.
It is often accompanied by side dishes known as banchan.
Many Korean dishes incorporate ribs, including soups and stews.
Some restaurants serve "pork galbi", and chicken galbi is a specialty of the Chuncheon region.
"Galbitang" is a clear soup containing pieces of "galbi".
"Galbi jjigae" is a thick stew with many large pieces of galbi, usually single bone cuts, which may also contain red peppers, green peppers, kimchi, and "doenjang" (Korean bean paste).
"Galbi Jjim" is short ribs braised in a sweet soy sauce based sauce.
Article: Operation Barbarossa
Section: Nazi Germany policy towards the Soviet Union

Question: What was the stated Nazi policy towards Russian and other Slavic populations?

German intentions.
Nazi Germany policy towards the Soviet Union.
As early as 1925, Hitler suggested in "Mein Kampf" that he would invade the Soviet Union, asserting that the German people needed "Lebensraum" ("living space", i.e., land and raw materials) and that these should be sought in the East.
Nazism viewed the Soviet Union (and all of Eastern Europe) as populated by ""Untermensch"" Slavs, ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" masters.
"Mein Kampf" said Germany's destiny was to turn "to the East" as it did "six hundred years ago" and "the end of the Jewish domination in Russia will also be the end of Russia as a State."
Thereafter, Hitler spoke of an inescapable battle against "pan-Slav ideals", in which victory would lead to "permanent mastery of the world", although he also said they would "walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us".
Accordingly, it was stated Nazi policy to kill, deport, or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land with Germanic peoples (see Generalplan Ost).
Before World War II, observers believed that in a war with the Soviet Union, Germany would attack through the Baltic states while the "Kriegsmarine" would seize Leningrad from the sea.
They assumed that possessing the entire Baltic basin would satisfy Hitler, who would not repeat Napoleon's mistake of attacking Moscow.
Article: Golden Gate Park
Section: Windmills

Question: What is the first name of the windmill made in 1903?

In 1902, the parks commission authorized construction of two windmills to pump subterranean water to supply the park.
The first, on the north side of the park facing the Pacific Ocean, was completed in 1903 and became known first as the North Windmill and later as the Dutch Windmill; it is now paired with the Queen Wilhelmina Tulip Garden.
The second, Murphy's Windmill, on the south side of the park, began operation in 1908.
They operated for several decades, but fell into disrepair after the park switched to electric water pumps.
The Dutch Windmill was restored in 1981, with Murphy's Windmill's restoration completed in September 2011.
Article: The Christmas Song
Section: Parodies

Question: The popular song "Chipmunks Roasting on an Open Fire" was sung by what artist?

The title of "The Simpsons" episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" is a parody of the song.
Bob Rivers parodied the song with his 2000 album, and the title track from said album, "Chipmunks Roasting On an Open Fire".
Christy Darlington did a "punk rock" style arrangement of the song for his "All the wrong moves" album.
Stan Freberg's "Green Chri$tma$" includes several snippets of holiday songs.
One segment begins with a sincere-sounding "Chestnuts roasting..." and quickly segués into a mock 1950s radio or TV ad, for a brand of chestnuts, being described as if they were toothpaste or cigarettes.
Ariana Grande and Elizabeth Gillies parodied the song in 2011.
Taylor Schlicht parodied the song in 2012.
Article: Family Guy
Section: Humor

Question: What kind of humor does Family Guy often use?

"Family Guy" uses the filmmaking technique of cutaways, which occur in the majority of "Family Guy" episodes.
Emphasis is often placed on gags which make reference to current events and/or modern cultural icons.
Early episodes based much of their comedy on Stewie's "super villain" antics, such as his constant plans for total world domination, his evil experiments, plans and inventions to get rid of things he dislikes, and his constant attempts at matricide.
As the series progressed, the writers and MacFarlane agreed that his personality and the jokes were starting to feel dated, so they began writing him with a different personality.
"Family Guy" often includes self-referential humor.
The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting, and occasions where the characters break the fourth wall by addressing the audience.
For example, in "North by North Quahog", the first episode that aired after the show's revival, included Peter telling the family that they had been cancelled because Fox had to make room in their schedule for shows like "Dark Angel", "Titus", "Undeclared", "Action", "That '80s Show", "Wonderfalls", "Fastlane", "Andy Richter Controls the Universe", "Skin", "Girls Club", "Cracking Up", "The Pitts", "Firefly", "Get Real", "Freakylinks", "Wanda at Large", "Costello", "The Lone Gunmen", "A Minute with Stan Hooper", "Normal, Ohio", "Pasadena", "Harsh Realm", "Keen Eddie", "The $treet", "The American Embassy", "Cedric the Entertainer Presents", "The Tick", "Luis", and "Greg the Bunny".
Lois asks whether there is any hope, to which Peter replies that if all these shows are canceled they might have a chance; the shows were indeed canceled during "Family Guy"s hiatus.
The show uses catchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have them.
Notable expressions include Quagmire's "Giggity giggity goo", Peter's "Freakin' sweet", and Joe's "Bring it on!"
The use of many of these catchphrases declined in later seasons.
The episode "Big Man on Hippocampus" mocks catchphrase-based humor: when Peter, who has forgotten everything about his life, is introduced to Meg, he exclaims "D'oh!
", to which Lois replies, "No, Peter, that's not your catchphrase."
Article: Space Race
Section: Soviet Moon program

Question: How big was the crew on the "Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl"?

The Soviet Union had planned to divide their lunar program into two separate manned programs: circumlunar flights in 1967 and lunar landings from 1968.
The circumlunar missions were to be launched by a UR-500 rocket, later known as the Proton.
The cosmonauts would be flown to the Moon in the Soyuz 7K-L1 (Zond), which made four unsuccessful unmanned flights between 1967 and 1970.
One flight of the Zond was, however, successful and returned its non-human passengers (tortoises) to Earth; had it been used for a manned circumlunar mission, the flight would have carried two cosmonauts.
The Soviet lunar landing missions would use spacecraft derived from the Soyuz 7K-L1.
The orbital module (Soyuz 7K-L3), the ""Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl"" (LOK), had a crew of two.
The LOK and a separate lunar lander, the ""Lunniy Korabl"" (LK), had 40% of the mass of the Apollo CSM/LM due to the launch vehicle's capabilities.
The launch vehicle would have been the N1 rocket, which was roughly the same height and takeoff mass as the American Saturn V, exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28%, and yet had roughly half the TLI payload capability.
The N1 was unsuccessfully tested four times, exploding each time due to problems with the first stage's thirty engines.
The Soviet leadership cancelled the program in 1970 after the first two successful American Moon landings.
Article: Biomolecule
Section: Types of biomolecules

Question: What are biomolecules?

A diverse range of biomolecules exist, including:
 Small molecules:
* Lipids, polysaccharides, glycolipids, sterols, glycerolipids
* Vitamins
* Hormones, neurotransmitters
*Metabolites
 Monomers, oligomers and polymers:
Article: Boston Tea Party
Section: Townshend duty crisis

Question: Why did the American Whigs believe Parliament couldn't tax the colonies?

Controversy between Great Britain and the colonies arose in the 1760s when Parliament sought, for the first time, to impose a direct tax on the colonies for the purpose of raising revenue.
Some colonists, known in the colonies as Whigs, objected to the new tax program, arguing that it was a violation of the British Constitution.
Britons and British Americans agreed that, according to the constitution, British subjects could not be taxed without the consent of their elected representatives.
In Great Britain, this meant that taxes could only be levied by Parliament.
Colonists, however, did not elect members of Parliament, and so American Whigs argued that the colonies could not be taxed by that body.
According to Whigs, colonists could only be taxed by their own colonial assemblies.
Colonial protests resulted in the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1765, but in the 1766 Declaratory Act, Parliament continued to insist that it had the right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever".
When new taxes were levied in the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, Whig colonists again responded with protests and boycotts.
Merchants organized a non-importation agreement, and many colonists pledged to abstain from drinking British tea, with activists in New England promoting alternatives, such as domestic Labrador tea.
Smuggling continued apace, especially in New York and Philadelphia, where tea smuggling had always been more extensive than in Boston.
Dutied British tea continued to be imported into Boston, however, especially by Richard Clarke and the sons of Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson, until pressure from Massachusetts Whigs compelled them to abide by the non-importation agreement.
Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770, except for the tea duty, which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert "the right of taxing the Americans".
This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770.
From 1771 to 1773, British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts, with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence per pound.
Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea; smugglers still dominated the market in New York and Philadelphia.
Article: Croissant
Section: Origin

Question: What food item is the Kipferl a descendant of?

The Kipferl, ancestor of the croissant, has been documented in Austria going back at least as far as the 13th century, in various shapes.
The Kipferl can be made plain or with nut or other fillings (some consider the rugelach a form of Kipferl).
The "birth" of the croissant itself – that is, its adaptation from the plainer form of Kipferl, before the invention of Viennoiserie – can be dated with some precision to at latest 1839 (some say 1838), when an Austrian artillery officer, August Zang, founded a Viennese bakery ("Boulangerie Viennoise") at 92, rue de Richelieu in Paris.
This bakery, which served Viennese specialities including the Kipferl and the Vienna loaf, quickly became popular and inspired French imitators (and the concept, if not the term, viennoiserie, a 20th-century term for supposedly Vienna-style pastries).
The French version of the Kipferl was named for its crescent ("croissant") shape and has become a identifiable shape across the world.
Alan Davidson, editor of the "Oxford Companion to Food", found no printed recipe for the present-day croissant in any French recipe book before the early 20th century; the earliest French reference to a croissant he found was among the "fantasy or luxury breads" in Payen's "Des substances alimentaires", 1853.
However, early recipes for non-laminated croissants can be found in the nineteenth century and at least one reference to croissants as an established French bread appeared as early as 1850.
Zang himself returned to Austria in 1848 to become a press magnate, but the bakery remained popular for some time after, and was mentioned in several works of the time: "This same M. Zank ...founded around 1830 , in Paris, the famous Boulangerie viennoise".
Several sources praise this bakery's products: "Paris is of exquisite delicacy; and, in particular, the succulent products of the Boulangerie Viennoise"; "which seemed to us as fine as if it came from the Viennese bakery on the rue de Richelieu".
By 1869, the croissant was well established enough to be mentioned as a breakfast staple, and in 1872, Charles Dickens wrote (in his periodical "All the Year Round") of: the workman's pain de ménage and the soldier's pain de munition, to the dainty croissant on the boudoir tableThe puff pastry technique which now characterizes the croissant was already mentioned in the late 17th century, when La Varenne's "Le Cuisinier françois" gave a recipe for it in the 1680 – and possibly earlier – editions.
It was typically used, not on its own, but for shells holding other ingredients (as in a vol-au-vent).
But it does not appear to be mentioned in relation to the croissant until the twentieth century.
Article: American Revolution
Section: The end of the war

Question: When were the Americans on their own during the American Revolution?

Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain, where many sympathized with the rebels, but now it reached a new low.
Although King George III personally wanted to fight on, his supporters lost control of Parliament, and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater.
Washington could not know that after Yorktown the British would not reopen hostilities.
They still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City, Charleston and Savannah, together with a powerful fleet.
The French army and navy departed, so the Americans were on their own in 1782–83.
The treasury was empty, and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive, almost to the point of mutiny or possible "coup d'état".
The unrest among officers of the Newburgh Conspiracy was personally dispelled by Washington in 1783, and Congress subsequently created the promise of a five years bonus for all officers.
Article: Rolling in the Deep
Section: Media usage

Question: The song Rolling in the Deep was featured how many times in tv?

"Rolling in the Deep" first gained attention when it was used in a trailer for the film "I Am Number Four" and in the film itself.
It has since been featured in several television series such as in "90210" third season, in "Doctor Who" sixth series premiere, in "One Tree Hill" eighth season, in "Gossip Girl" fourth season finale, and in "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" fourth season.
"Rolling in the Deep" was used as the theme song for E4's reality series "Made in Chelsea" and appeared in "So You Think You Can Dance" eighth season during contestant Mitchell Kelly's solo performance.
The instrumental of the song was used in Apple Inc's marketing video for the iPhone 4S.
It was also featured in CBC's intro to Game 1 of the hockey 2011 Stanley Cup Finals between the Vancouver Canucks and the Boston Bruins.
while the song's instrumentals were played heavily in promos during the 2011 NBA Draft.
The song was played in the background during the parade of athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games.
Article: It Will Rain
Section: Abstract

Question: Who penned the tune "It Will Rain"?

"It Will Rain" is a song by American artist Bruno Mars.
The song was released on iTunes for purchase on September 27, 2011.
An accompanying music video was planned to premiere on October 26, 2011 on MTV.
However, on October 24, 2011 Mars announced via Twitter that the music video had been delayed until a couple of weeks.
It eventually premiered on November 10, 2011.
The track appears on the soundtrack to the film ".
In his live tour in Europe, Skylar Grey was with him singing the song.
Article: American Hustle
Section: Cast

Question: Who plays Alphonse Simone on American Hustle?

Several of the characters are fictional versions of specific real-life counterparts:
 Christian Bale as Irving Rosenfeld (based on Melvin Weinberg )
 Bradley Cooper as FBI Agent Richard "Richie" DiMaso (based on Anthony Amoroso, Jr.)
 Amy Adams as Sydney Prosser / Lady Edith Greensly (based on Evelyn Knight)
 Jeremy Renner as Mayor Carmine Polito (based on Angelo Errichetti)
 Jennifer Lawrence as Rosalyn Rosenfeld (based on Cynthia Marie Weinberg)
 Louis C.K.
as Stoddard Thorsen
 Jack Huston as Pete Musane
 Saïd Taghmaoui as Irving's Sheikh Plant
 Michael Peña as Paco Hernandez / Sheikh Abdullah
 Shea Whigham as Carl Elway
 Erica McDermott as Carl Elway's Assistant / Addie Abrams
 Alessandro Nivola as Anthony Amado
 Elisabeth Röhm as Dolly Polito (based on Dolores "Dodie" Errichetti)
 Colleen Camp as Brenda
 Paul Herman as Alfonse Simone
 Anthony Zerbe as a US Senator from New Jersey (based on US Senator Harrison A.
"Pete" Williams)
 Robert De Niro (uncredited) as Victor Tellegio (based on mobster Vincent Alo)
Article: Cheese
Section: Dental health

Question: What in cheese allows it to protect tooth enamel?

Some studies claim that cheddar, mozzarella, Swiss and American cheeses can help to prevent tooth decay.
Several mechanisms for this protection have been proposed:
 The calcium, protein, and phosphorus in cheese may act to protect tooth enamel.
 Cheese increases saliva flow, washing away acids and sugars.
Article: As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song)
Section: Synopsis

Question: Which artist preformed "Bad", which inspired Justin Beiber?

The video starts off with some flashbacks foreshadowing of what's going to be shown or happen in the video.
Then presently, at a mansion gate, Bieber appears as a loyal-but-troublemaking boyfriend to the daughter of an overprotective father, played by Madsen.
In what can be seen as a prelude to the main events of the video, Madsen finds the words "You r so sexy" written on his daughter's neck.
Outside their house, Madsen threatens Bieber to stay away from his daughter, despite Bieber's insistence that he loves her.
Bieber and his love interest secretly plan to meet at a train station late at night, to escape the clutches of her father.
However, their plans are foiled when Madsen finds his daughter's bedroom empty and races off, only to catch up with them in the middle of the street.
Bieber is assaulted by Madsen multiple times, only to rise to his feet and stand up again as the daughter watches and screams in horror.
As the video fades, representing that Bieber is passing out from the pain, Madsen drags his daughter to their car.
Throughout the video, scenes of Bieber and his love interest in various scenes (such as on her bed, at the park and on a rooftop) are shown, displaying their love.
The video also features a complicated dance routine performed in a parking garage, which is rumored by multiple critics to be a nod to the video for Michael Jackson's "Bad" (coincidentally, Madsen also appeared in the video for Jackson's "You Rock My World").