community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: World War I
Section: Russian Revolution

Question: What date did Bolsheviks accept the treaty?

Despite the success of the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia, dissatisfaction with the Russian government's conduct of the war grew.
The offensive's success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory.
Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania's entry into the war on 27 August.
German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro-Hungarian units in Transylvania while a German-Bulgarian force attacked from the south, and Bucharest fell to the Central Powers on 6 December.
Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia, as the Tsar remained at the front.
Empress Alexandra's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite, Rasputin, at the end of 1916.
In March 1917, demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government, which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists.
This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home.
The army became increasingly ineffective.
Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war.
The successful armed uprising by the Bolsheviks of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany.
At first, the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across the Ukraine unopposed, the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918.
The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, the Baltic provinces, parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers.
Despite this enormous apparent German success, the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel.
With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Entente no longer existed.
The Allied powers led a small-scale invasion of Russia, partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources and, to a lesser extent, to support the "Whites" (as opposed to the "Reds") in the Russian Civil War.
Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok as part of the North Russia Intervention.
Article: Chemotherapy
Section: Gastrointestinal distress

Question: What are some side effects?

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and constipation are common side-effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast-dividing cells.
Malnutrition and dehydration can result when the patient does not eat or drink enough, or when the patient vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage.
This can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the patient eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn.
Weight gain can also be caused by some steroid medications.
These side-effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated with antiemetic drugs.
Self-care measures, such as eating frequent small meals and drinking clear liquids or ginger tea, are often recommended.
In general, this is a temporary effect, and frequently resolves within a week of finishing treatment.
However, a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhea and bloating are also symptoms of typhlitis, a very serious and potentially life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
Article: Turkey
Section: Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace

Question: Who founded the first major empire in the Turkish area?

Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace.
The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world.
Various Ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, beginning with the Neolithic period until conquest of Alexander the Great.
Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family.
In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages radiated.
European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since forty thousand years ago, and is known to have been in the Neolithic era by about 6000 B.C.
with its inhabitants starting the practice of agriculture.Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man-made religious structure, a temple dating to 10,000 BC, while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BCE to 5700 BCE.
It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date and in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age.
The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians, non-Indo-European peoples who inhabited central and eastern Anatolia, respectively, as early as ca.
2300 BC.
Indo-European Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed the Hattians and Hurrians ca.
2000–1700 BC.
The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the eighteenth through the 13th century BC.
The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC.
Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC.
The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia.
Article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Section: Planning direct action

Question: What caused Franz Ferinand to throw his weapons out the train of a window?

Planning direct action.
Danilo Ilić was a Bosnian Orthodox Serb.
He had worked as a school teacher and as a bank worker but in 1913 and 1914 he lived with, and outwardly off, his mother, who operated a small boarding house in Sarajevo.
Secretly, Ilić was leader of the Serbian-irredentist Black Hand cell in Sarajevo.
In late 1913, Danilo Ilić came to the Serbian listening post at Užice to speak to the officer in charge, Serbian Colonel C. A. Popović, who was a captain at the time and a member of the Black Hand.
Ilić recommended an end to the period of revolutionary organization building and a move to direct action against Austria-Hungary.
Popović passed Danilo Ilić on to Belgrade to discuss this matter with Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, known more commonly as Apis.
By 1913, Apis and his fellow military conspirators (drawn heavily from the ranks of the May 1903 coup) had come to dominate what was left of the Black Hand.
There are no reports as to what took place between Ilić and Apis, but soon after their meeting, Apis's righthand man and fellow Black Hander, Serbian Major Vojislav Tankosić, who by this time was in charge of guerrilla training, called a Serbian irredentist planning meeting in Toulouse, France.
Amongst those summoned to the Toulouse meeting was Muhamed Mehmedbašić, a carpenter by trade and son of an impoverished Muslim noble from Herzegovina.
He too was a member of the Black Hand, having been sworn into the organization by Black Hand Provincial Director for Bosnia-Herzegovina Vladimir Gacinović and Danilo Ilić.
Mehmedbašić was (here quoting Albertini paraphrasing Mehmedbašić) "eager to carry out an act of terrorism to revive the revolutionary spirit of Bosnia."
During this January 1914 meeting, various possible Austro-Hungarian targets for assassination were discussed, including Franz Ferdinand.
However, the participants decided only to dispatch Mehmed Mehmedbašić to Sarajevo, to kill the Governor of Bosnia, Oskar Potiorek.
On his way to Bosnia-Herzegovina from France, police searched Mehmedbašić's train for a thief.
Thinking the police might be after him, he threw his weapons (a dagger and a bottle of poison) out the train window.
Once he arrived in Bosnia-Herzegovina he had to set about looking for replacement weapons.
Article: Vincent van Gogh
Section: Influence

Question: Who was Francis Bacon inspired by when creating a series of painting starting in 1957?

In his final letter to Theo, Van Gogh admitted that as he did not have any children, he viewed his paintings as his progeny.
Reflecting on this, the historian Simon Schama concluded that he "did have a child of course, Expressionism, and many, many heirs."
Schama mentioned many artists who have adapted elements of Van Gogh's style, including Willem de Kooning, Howard Hodgkin and Jackson Pollock.
The Fauves extended both his use of color and freedom in application, as did German Expressionists of the Die Brücke group, and as other early modernists.
Abstract Expressionism of the 1940s and 1950s is seen as in part inspired from Van Gogh's broad, gestural brush strokes.
In the words of art critic Sue Hubbard: "At the beginning of the twentieth century Van Gogh gave the Expressionists a new painterly language that enabled them to go beyond surface appearance and penetrate deeper essential truths.
It is no coincidence that at this very moment Freud was also mining the depths of that essentially modern domain – the subconscious.
This beautiful and intelligent exhibition places Van Gogh where he firmly belongs; as the trailblazer of modern art.
"In 1957, Francis Bacon (1909–1992) based a series of paintings on reproductions of Van Gogh's "The Painter on the Road to Tarascon", the original of which was destroyed during World War II.
Bacon was inspired by not only an image he described as "haunting", but also Van Gogh himself, whom Bacon regarded as an alienated outsider, a position which resonated with Bacon.
The Irish artist further identified with Van Gogh's theories of art and quoted lines written in a letter to Theo, "painters do not paint things as they are...
They paint them as "they themselves" feel them to be."
An exhibition devoted to Vincent van Gogh's letters took place in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam from October 2009 to January 2010 and then moved to the Royal Academy in London from late January to April.
The Van Gogh Museum hosted an exhibition "Van Gogh at Work" featuring 200 paintings and drawings, 150 of them by van Gogh and others including Paul Gauguin and Émile Bernard; from May 1, 2013 until January 12, 2014.
Article: Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Section: Georgia – massacre in Tbilisi

Question: What events radicalised Georgian politics?

On April 7, 1989 troops and armored personnel carriers were sent onto the streets of Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people gathered in front of the Government and Communist Party headquarters, many with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and urging the full integration into Georgia of the autonomous region of Abkhazia.
On 9 April 9, 1989 at least sixteen people were killed and more than 200 wounded when troops attacked the peaceful demonstrators.
This event radicalised Georgian politics, prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule.
On 14 April 1989 Gorbachev removed Jumber Patiashvili as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party for his poor handling of the April events and replaced him with the former Georgian KGB chief Givi Gumbaridze.
On July 16, 1989 in Sukhumi capital of Abkhazia a protest against the opening of a Georgian university branch in the town led to violence that quickly degenerated into a large-scale inter-ethnic confrontation in which 18 died and hundreds were injured before Soviet troops restored order.
This riot marked the start of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict.
Article: Bacon
Section: Process

Question: When in the process of making bacon is it smoked?

First, pork bellies are sorted by size and fat percentage.
They are then placed into a large machine that rotates (often called a tumbler).
This softens the bellies, which makes it easier to remove the rinds.
The bellies are then cut, either manually or mechanically, to remove the skin from the meat.
The skins may be used to be processed into pork rinds.
The bacon is then treated by a brine solution.
The brine solution may contain the flavorings, or the flavorings may be added later.
After being brined, the bacon is smoked.
Depending on where the bacon is made, the smoking process is different.
The bacon is then cooked in an oven and soon after chilled for a few days.
The cooling makes the meat firm which makes it easier to slice.
After being cooled, the bacon is sliced into strips.
The bacon is then cooked.
The fat that cooks off the bacon is sometimes collected to be used for things like gravy and pet foods.
The bacon strips are then ready for consumption.
If the bacon is made for commercial use then the strips are packaged.
Article: Falling Skies
Section: Online promotion

Question: Which series were before "Falling Skies"?

Online promotion.
For the first season, character videos were made available online.
The videos explore the main characters of the series.
As part of the promotional campaign, a vehicle, with the TNT logo and called "Falling Skies Technical", was released as a free gift in the social networking game "Mafia Wars" on June 14, 2011.
Following the second season premiere on June 17, 2012, a live after-show titled "2nd Watch" hosted by Wil Wheaton premiered.
The series airs after encore presentations of "Falling Skies" on TNT's official site.
Wheaton discusses the latest episode with actors and producers of the series.
Article: Chemical reaction
Section: History

Question: Which chemical reactions have been known since antiquity?

Chemical reactions such as combustion in the fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity.
Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers, such as the Four-Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements – fire, water, air and earth.
In the Middle Ages, chemical transformations were studied by Alchemists.
They attempted, in particular, to convert lead into gold, for which purpose they used reactions of lead and lead-copper alloys with sulfur.
The production of chemical substances that do not normally occur in nature has long been tried, such as the synthesis of sulfuric and nitric acids attributed to the controversial alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān.
The process involved heating of sulfate and nitrate minerals such as copper sulfate, alum and saltpeter.
In the 17th century, Johann Rudolph Glauber produced hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid and sodium chloride.
With the development of the lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process, allowing large-scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate, respectively, chemical reactions became implemented into the industry.
Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in 1880s, and the Haber process was developed in 1909–1910 for ammonia synthesis.
From the 16th century, researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of the experimentally observed chemical transformations.
The phlogiston theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher.
It postulated the existence of a fire-like element called "phlogiston", which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion.
This proved to be false in 1785 by Antoine Lavoisier who found the correct explanation of the combustion as reaction with oxygen from the air.
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other.
Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton, Joseph Proust had developed the law of definite proportions, which later resulted in the concepts of stoichiometry and chemical equations.
Regarding the organic chemistry, it was long believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be obtained synthetically.
According to the concept of vitalism, organic matter was endowed with a "vital force" and distinguished from inorganic materials.
This separation was ended however by the synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.
Other chemists who brought major contributions to organic chemistry include Alexander William Williamson with his synthesis of ethers and Christopher Kelk Ingold, who, among many discoveries, established the mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Article: Starships (song)
Section: Live performances

Question: On what date did Minaj perform on the 'Ellen DeGeneres Show'?

On February 26, 2012, Minaj performed the single live for the first time along with "Moment 4 Life", "Turn Me On" and "Super Bass" at the 2012 NBA All-Star Game.
Minaj also performed the single on the eleventh season of "American Idol" results show on March 29, 2012, and on "Today" on April 6.
Minaj performed the song in a mash-up with "Right by My Side" at "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on May 10, 2012.
Minaj also performed the single on her Pink Friday Tour.
The song was also the encore song of Minaj's .
Article: Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)
Section: Meaning

Question: What type of painting was Soft Construction with Boiled Beans?

This painting expresses the destruction during the Spanish Civil War.
The monster in this painting is self-destructive just as a Civil War is.
This painting is not meant to depict choosing sides although Dalí had many reasons to choose sides in the Spanish Civil War.
His sister was tortured and imprisoned by communist soldiers fighting for the Republic and his good friend from art school was murdered by a fascist firing squad.
Dalí also made this painting look very realistic and yet continued to bring in surreal concepts.
Although humans do not have the potential to look like the creatures in this painting, it retains a realistic feel, reminding the viewer of the levity of the ideas behind it.
Dalí also brought ideas of tradition to this piece with a beautiful Catalonian sky, creating contrast to the idea of revolution.
There are many boiled beans in this painting.
Dalí is quoted as saying the reason he included boiled beans was "one could not imagine swallowing all that unconscious meat without the presence of some mealy and melancholy vegetable."
By this he meant that there were many hardships in the war so the Spanish citizens had to do their best to deal with their problems.
He played with themes of love, eating, and the war and how they are all related.
Article: Association football
Section: Abstract

Question: What is association football commonly known as?

Association football, commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball.
It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries, making it the world's most popular sport.
The game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end.
The object of the game is to score by using any part of the body besides the arms and hands to get the football into the opposing goal.
The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and then only in their penalty area.
Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may use their head or torso to strike the ball instead.
The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins.
If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition.
The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863.
Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; ) which organises a World Cup every four years.
Article: Eiffel Tower
Section: Restaurants

Question: Who runs the restraunt?

The tower has two restaurants: "Le 58 tour Eiffel", on the first floors and the "Le Jules Verne", a gourmet restaurant on the second floor, with a private lift.
This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide.
It is run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse.
Article: Physiology
Section: History

Question: How did Walter Cannon derive homeostasis?

The study of human physiology dates back to at least 420  BC to the time of Hippocrates, also known as the father of medicine.
The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c. 126–199 AD), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of the body.
Galen was the founder of experimental physiology.
Jean Fernel, a French physician, introduced the term "physiology" in 1525.
In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.
It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells.
Claude Bernard's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of "milieu interieur" (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as "homeostasis" by American physiologist Walter Cannon.
In the 20th century, biologists also became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology.
Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew.
Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.
Article: Football
Section: Cambridge rules

Question: Where are the revised rules located?

In 1848, at Cambridge University, Mr. H. de Winton and Mr. J.C. Thring, who were both formerly at Shrewsbury School, called a meeting at Trinity College, Cambridge with 12 other representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury.
An eight-hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules, known as the "Cambridge rules".
No copy of these rules now exists, but a revised version from circa 1856 is held in the library of Shrewsbury School.
The rules clearly favour the kicking game.
Handling was only allowed "when a player catches the ball directly from the foot" entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule, disallowing players from "loitering" around the opponents' goal.
The Cambridge rules were not widely adopted outside English public schools and universities (but it was arguably the most significant influence on the Football Association committee members responsible for formulating the rules of Association football).
Article: Captain Phillips (film)
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the movie Capitain Phillips?

Captain Phillips (film)Captain Phillips is a 2013 American thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass and starring Tom Hanks and Barkhad Abdi.
The film is based on the true story of the 2009 "Maersk Alabama" hijacking, an incident during which merchant mariner Captain Richard Phillips was taken hostage by pirates in the Indian Ocean led by Abduwali Muse.
The screenplay was written by Billy Ray, and is based on the 2010 book "A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy SEALs, and Dangerous Days at Sea" by Richard Phillips with Stephan Talty.
Scott Rudin, Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca served as producers on the project.
It premiered at the 2013 New York Film Festival, and was theatrically released on October 11, 2013.
The film emerged as a box office success with earnings of over $217 million against a budget of $55 million.
In 2014, "Captain Phillips" received six Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Supporting Actor for Abdi, but did not win in any of the categories.