community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Spain
Section: Property boom and bust

Question: What was the 2009 unemployment rate in Spain?

The adoption of the Euro saw a marked reduction in interest rates to historic lows.
The growth in the Spanish property market, which had begun in 1997, accelerated and within a few years had developed into a property bubble, financed largely by the cajas (regional savings banks under the oversight of the regional governments) and fed by the historically low interest rates and a massive growth of immigration.
The Spanish economy was credited for having avoided the virtual zero growth rate of some of its largest partners in the EU.
The country's economy created more than half of all the new jobs in the European Union over the five years ending 2005.
The bubble imploded in 2008, causing the collapse of Spain's large property related and construction sectors, causing mass layoffs, and a collapsing domestic demand for goods and services.
By the end of May 2009, unemployment reached 18.7% (37% for youths).
At first, Spain's banks and financial services avoided the early crisis of their counterparts in the US and UK.
This was particularly the case with Spain's international banks, Banco Santander and BBVA, that had diversified, international portfolios and had actively limited their exposure to housing mortgage risk.
Banco Santander was able to profit from the global financial crisis by taking over distressed British banking firms.
However, as the recession deepened and property prices slid, the growing bad debts of the smaller regional savings banks, the cajas, forced the intervention of Spain's central bank and government through a stabilisation and consolidation program, taking over or consolidating regional cajas and finally receiving a bank bailout from the European Central Bank in 2012.
Article: Space Race
Section: Soviet Moon program

Question: How many was the N1 unsuccessfully tested?

The Soviet Union had planned to divide their lunar program into two separate manned programs: circumlunar flights in 1967 and lunar landings from 1968.
The circumlunar missions were to be launched by a UR-500 rocket, later known as the Proton.
The cosmonauts would be flown to the Moon in the Soyuz 7K-L1 (Zond), which made four unsuccessful unmanned flights between 1967 and 1970.
One flight of the Zond was, however, successful and returned its non-human passengers (tortoises) to Earth; had it been used for a manned circumlunar mission, the flight would have carried two cosmonauts.
The Soviet lunar landing missions would use spacecraft derived from the Soyuz 7K-L1.
The orbital module (Soyuz 7K-L3), the ""Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl"" (LOK), had a crew of two.
The LOK and a separate lunar lander, the ""Lunniy Korabl"" (LK), had 40% of the mass of the Apollo CSM/LM due to the launch vehicle's capabilities.
The launch vehicle would have been the N1 rocket, which was roughly the same height and takeoff mass as the American Saturn V, exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28%, and yet had roughly half the TLI payload capability.
The N1 was unsuccessfully tested four times, exploding each time due to problems with the first stage's thirty engines.
The Soviet leadership cancelled the program in 1970 after the first two successful American Moon landings.
Article: Andy Warhol
Section: Foundation

Question: What is the mission of the Andy Warhol foundation?

Warhol's will dictated that his entire estate — with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members — would go to create a foundation dedicated to the "advancement of the visual arts".
Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million.
In 1987, in accordance with Warhol's will, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts began.
The foundation serves as the estate of Andy Warhol, but also has a mission "to foster innovative artistic expression and the creative process" and is "focused primarily on supporting work of a challenging and often experimental nature.
"The Artists Rights Society is the U.S. copyright representative for the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts for all Warhol works with the exception of Warhol film stills.
The U.S. copyright representative for Warhol film stills is the Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh.
Additionally, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts has agreements in place for its image archive.
All digital images of Warhol are exclusively managed by Corbis, while all transparency images of Warhol are managed by Art Resource.
The Andy Warhol Foundation released its "20th Anniversary Annual Report" as a three-volume set in 2007: Vol.
I, 1987–2007; Vol.
II, Grants & Exhibitions; and Vol.
III, Legacy Program.
The Foundation remains one of the largest grant-giving organizations for the visual arts in the U.S.
Article: Cereal
Section: Production

Question: Which pseudo cereal was a staple of the Aztec empire?

The following table shows the annual production of cereals in 1961, 2010, 2011, and 2012 ranked by 2012 production.
All but buckwheat and quinoa are true grasses (these two are pseudocereals).
Maize, wheat, and rice together accounted for 89% of all cereal production worldwide in 2012, and 43% of all food calories in 2009, while the production of oats and triticale have drastically fallen from their 1960s levels.
Other grains that are important in some places, but that have little production globally (and are not included in FAO statistics), include:
 Teff, an ancient grain that is a staple in Ethiopia.
It is high in fiber and protein.
Its flour is often used to make injera.
It can also be eaten as a warm breakfast cereal similar to farina with a chocolate or nutty flavor.
Its flour and whole grain products can usually be found in natural foods stores.
 Wild rice, grown in small amounts in North America.
 Amaranth, an ancient pseudocereal, formerly a staple crop of the Aztec Empire and now widely grown in Africa.
 Kañiwa, close relative of quinoa.
Several other species of wheat have also been domesticated, some very early in the history of agriculture:
 Spelt, a close relative of common wheat.
 Einkorn, a wheat species with a single grain.
 Emmer, one of the first crops domesticated in the Fertile Crescent.
 Durum, the only tetraploid species of wheat currently cultivated, used to make semolina.
 Kamut, an ancient relative of durum with an unknown history.
Article: Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Section: Background

Question: The brother of Van Gogh was named what?

In 1890, Van Gogh's brother Theo was searching for a home for the artist upon his release from an asylum at Saint-Rémy.
Upon the recommendation of Camille Pissarro, a former patient of the doctor who told Theo of Gachet's interests in working with artists, Theo sent Vincent to Gachet's second home in Auvers.
Vincent van Gogh's first impression of Gachet was unfavorable.
Writing to Theo he remarked:"I think that we must not count on Dr. Gachet at all.
First of all, he is sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much, so that's that.
Now when one blind man leads another blind man, don't they both fall into the ditch?
"However, in a letter dated two days later to their sister Wilhelmina, he relayed, "I have found a true friend in Dr. Gachet, something like another brother, so much do we resemble each other physically and also mentally."
Van Gogh's thoughts returned several times to the painting by Eugène Delacroix of Torquato Tasso in the madhouse.
After a visit with Paul Gauguin to Montpellier to see Alfred Bruyas's collection in the Musée Fabre, Van Gogh wrote to Theo, asking if he could find a copy of the lithograph after the painting.
Three and a half months earlier, he had been thinking of the painting as an example of the sort of portraits he wanted to paint: "But it would be more in harmony with what Eugène Delacroix attempted and brought off in his "Tasso in Prison", and many other pictures, representing a real man.
Ah!
portraiture, portraiture with the thought, the soul of the model in it, that is what I think must come.
"Van Gogh wrote to his brother in 1890 about the painting:
Article: Bourbon Street
Section: Impact of Hurricane Katrina

Question: How many tourists came in 2009?

Given Bourbon Street's high ground location in the French Quarter, it was mostly intact following 2005's Hurricane Katrina.
A major tourist attraction, Bourbon Street renovation was given high priority after the storm.
Despite these efforts, New Orleans was still experiencing a dearth of visitors.
In 2004, a year before Katrina, the city had 10.1 million visitors.
A year after the storm, that number was 3.7 million.
Attempts to draw tourists back to the city were undertaken by the New Orleans Tourism Marketing Corporation that featured Louisiana celebrities such as chef Emeril Lagasse and actress Patricia Clarkson with the slogan "Come Fall In Love With Louisiana All Over Again."
Attracting tourists was vital, as one third of the city's operating budget, approximately $6 billion, came from the tourism industry.
Officials saw tourists as vital for economic recovery in the city.
A major impedance for tourists were the mixed messages regarding the city's level of recovery.
Advertising campaigns gave the impression that the city was thriving.
At the same time, New Orleans was asking for increased federal assistance and National Guardsmen to combat crime waves in the city.
The tourism industry received a boom when the 2006 Mardi Gras went off without a hitch.
Popular Bourbon Street restaurants, such as Galatoire's, reopened around this time as well.
Reopening and rebuilding of popular tourist attractions led to a surge in post-Katrina tourists.
By 2009, the city attracted 7.9 million tourists.
Article: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Section: Robert Lehman Collection

Question: How does Robert Lehman's collection at the Met differ from other departments?

On the passing of banker Robert Lehman in 1969, his Foundation donated 2,600 works of art to the museum.
Housed in the "Robert Lehman Wing," the museum refers to the collection as "one of the most extraordinary private art collections ever assembled in the United States".
To emphasize the personal nature of the Robert Lehman Collection, the Met housed the collection in a special set of galleries which evoked the interior of Lehman's richly decorated townhouse; this intentional separation of the Collection as a "museum within the museum" met with mixed criticism and approval at the time, though the acquisition of the collection was seen as a coup for the Met.
Unlike other departments at the Met, the Robert Lehman collection does not concentrate on a specific style or period of art; rather, it reflects Lehman's personal interests.
Lehman the collector concentrated heavily on paintings of the Italian Renaissance, particularly the Sienese school.
Paintings in the collection include masterpieces by Botticelli and Domenico Veneziano, as well as works by a significant number of Spanish painters, El Greco and Goya among them.
Lehman's collection of drawings by the Old Masters, featuring works by Rembrandt and Dürer, is particularly valuable for its breadth and quality.
Princeton University Press has documented the massive collection in a multi-volume book series published as "The Robert Lehman Collection Catalogues".
Article: Boston Tea Party
Section: Tea trade to 1767

Question: What century did Europeans develop a taste for tea?

As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century, rival companies were formed to import the product from China.
In England, Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea in 1698.
When tea became popular in the British colonies, Parliament sought to eliminate foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain.
The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies; by law, the company was required to sell its tea wholesale at auctions in England.
British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies, where they resold it to merchants in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.
Until 1767, the East India Company paid an "ad valorem" tax of about 25% on tea that it imported into Great Britain.
Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain.
These high taxes, combined with the fact that tea imported into Holland was not taxed by the Dutch government, meant that Britons and British Americans could buy smuggled Dutch tea at much cheaper prices.
The biggest market for illicit tea was England—by the 1760s the East India Company was losing £400,000 per year to smugglers in Great Britain—but Dutch tea was also smuggled into British America in significant quantities.
In 1767, to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea, Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which lowered the tax on tea consumed in Great Britain, and gave the East India Company a refund of the 25% duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies.
To help offset this loss of government revenue, Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, which levied new taxes, including one on tea, in the colonies.
Instead of solving the smuggling problem, however, the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about Parliament's right to tax the colonies.
Article: Egg tart
Section: History

Question: Which southeast Asian country is a former British colony?

Custard tarts were introduced in Hong Kong in the 1940s by cha chaan tengs.
Which was derived from the original "pastel de nata" ( Portuguese egg tarts ).
Egg tarts evolved from the very similar Portuguese egg tart pastries, known as pastel de nata, traveling to Hong Kong via the Portuguese colony of Macau.
Hong Kong egg tarts are an adaptation of English custard tarts.
Canton (modern Guangdong) had more frequent contact with the West, in particular Britain, than the rest of China.
Also, as a former British colony, Hong Kong adopted some British cuisine.
Article: Pike Place Market
Section: Dining and drinking in the Market

Question: How far back does Three Girls Bakery date back to?

While one can easily graze one's way through the Market food stalls and shops, the Pike Place Market offers numerous other eating (and drinking) options.
The once endemic workingmen's and sailors' taverns are gone; at roughly opposite corners of the Market, the Virginia Inn (founded as Virginia Bar, approximately 1908; operated as a cardroom during Prohibition, then Virginia Inn; passed into current management 1980 and slowly gentrified) and Place Pigalle (originally Lotus Inn, name dates from 1950s, remodeled 1982) retain their names, but both have gone upmarket.
The Athenian Inn in the Main Market traces its history back to a 1909 bakery and is a relatively ungentrified bar and restaurant.
Three Girls Bakery dates back to 1912 and may have been the first Seattle business started by women.
While it is not in its original Corner Market location, no longer bakes on premises, and its current owner Jack Levy is a man, it still sells a vast variety of baked goods, does a brisk business in takeaway sandwiches, and has an old-style lunch counter.
For a different type of dining experience, the Pink Door (founded 1981), entered by a nearly unmarked door on upper Post Alley, is a favorite first-date restaurant, with solid Italian food, a fantasia of a dining room, a bar that sometimes features live jazz, and an outdoor deck overlooking Elliott Bay.
Another restaurant combining Italian food and romantic ambience is the "grottolike" Il Bistro, located below grade in the Economy Market, off a cobblestone ramp that leads to Lower Post Alley.
When it was founded in 1977 it was played an important role in the rise of fine dining in Seattle.
Other longstanding Market restaurants and bars include Lowell's (founded 1957), an old Main Market standby self-described as "almost classy"; French bistro Maximilien, founded in 1975 by François Kissel, owned since 1997 by host Axel Macé and chef Eric Francy, and highly praised by Julia Child; and the Copacabana (founded 1964), Seattle's only Bolivian restaurant, upstairs in the Triangle Market with a balcony overlooking Pike Place.
Article: Republic of Ireland
Section: Healthcare

Question: Which bodies deliver healthcare in Ireland?

Although the Irish healthcare system comes under constant criticism from politicians and the public, Ireland has one of the most developed systems of healthcare in the world and healthcare professionals who are highly trained.
Healthcare in Ireland is provided by both public and private healthcare providers.
The Minister for Health has responsibility for setting overall health service policy.
Every resident of Ireland is entitled to receive health care through the public health care system, which is managed by the Health Service Executive and funded by general taxation.
A person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received; this depends on income, age, illness or disability.
All maternity services are provided free of charge and children up to the age of 6 months.
Emergency care is provided to patients who present to a hospital Emergency Department.
However, visitors to Emergency Departments in non-emergency situations who are not referred by their GP may incur a fee of €100.
In some circumstances this fee is not payable or may be waived.
Anyone holding a European Health Insurance Card is entitled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals.
Outpatient services are also provided for free.
However, the majority of patients on median incomes or above are required to pay subsidised hospital charges.
Private health insurance is available to the population for those who want to avail of it.
The average life expectancy in Ireland in 2012 is 81 years (OECD average life expectancy in 2012 was 80 years), with 78.2 years for men and 83.6 years for women.
It has the highest birth rate in the EU (16.8 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to an EU average of 10.7) and a very low infant mortality rate (3.5 per 1,000 live births).
The Irish healthcare system ranked 13th out of 34 European countries in 2012 according to the European Health Consumer Index produced by Health Consumer Powerhouse.
The same report ranked The Irish healthcare system as having the 8th best health outcomes but only the 21st most accessible system in Europe.
Article: Microscope
Section: Scanning probe microscopy

Question: What person invented the atomic force microscope?

The 1980s saw the development of the first scanning probe microscopes.
The first was the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981, developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.
This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the atomic force microscope.
Article: Sien (Van Gogh series)
Section: Public soup kitchen

Question: What is the definition of "chiaroscuro"?

Quite poor, Sien's family often relied upon the public soup kitchen for food.
Hulsker called the signed drawing "The Public Soup Kitchen" (F1020a below) important and attractive.
Van Gogh and his contemporary George Hendrik Breitner had sketched together at a soup kitchen in the Geest (it is not known which of the several possibilities it was).
After going to the trouble and expense of installing shutters in his windows to adust the light and to recreate the scene itself in his studio, van Gogh was able to study his models at lesisure.
In this way he was able to introduce more "chiaroscuro" (light and dark) in his drawing, which he executed with the natural ('mountain') chalk that Theo had sent him and whose properties he lauds in his letters.
All the models are from Sien's family: her mother and baby on the left, her sister, back turned, and her daughter, hair cropped as a precaution against lice, in the center, with Sien herself, superbly executed in profile, on the right.
The watercolor F1020b (below) is much less successful as van Gogh himself acknowledged, blaming the paper in part for not being right for the job.
Article: Curling
Section: Curling culture

Question: Where is curling a provincial sport at?

 culture.
Competition teams are normally named after the skip, for example, Team Martin after skip Kevin Martin.
Amateur league players can (and do) creatively name their teams, but when in competition (a bonspiel) the official team will have a standard name.
Top curling championships are typically played by all-male or all-female teams.
The game is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women.
The Canadian Mixed Curling Championship is the highest-level mixed curling competition, in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events.
Curling tournaments may use the Schenkel system for determining the participants in matches.
Curling is played in many countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom (especially Scotland), the United States, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland and Japan, all of which compete in the world championships.
Curling is particularly popular in Canada.
Improvements in ice making and changes in the rules to increase scoring and promote complex strategy have increased the already high popularity of the sport in Canada, and large television audiences watch annual curling telecasts, especially the Scotties Tournament of Hearts (the national championship for women), the Tim Hortons Brier (the national championship for men), and the women's and men's world championships.
Despite the Canadian province of Manitoba's small population (ranked 5th of 10 Canadian provinces), Manitoban teams have won the Brier more times than teams from any other province.
The Tournament of Hearts and the Brier are contested by provincial and territorial champions, and the world championships by national champions.
Curling is the provincial sport of Saskatchewan.
From there Ernie Richardson and his family team dominated Canadian and international curling during the late 1950s and early 1960s and have been considered to be the best male curlers of all time.
Sandra Schmirler led her team to the first ever gold medal in women's curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics.
When she died two years later from cancer, over 15,000 people attended her funeral, and it was broadcast on national television.