community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Dissolution of the Monasteries
Section: Ireland

Question: How many religious houses were in Ireland in 1530?

The dissolutions in Ireland followed a very different course from those in England and Wales.
There were around 400 religious houses in Ireland in 1530—many more, relative to population and material wealth than in England and Wales.
In marked distinction to the situation in England, in Ireland the houses of friars had flourished in the 15th century, attracting popular support and financial endowments, undertaking many ambitious building schemes, and maintaining a regular conventual and spiritual life.
They constituted around half of the total number of religious houses.
Irish monasteries, by contrast, had experienced a catastrophic decline in numbers, such that by the 16th century only a minority maintained the daily observance of the Divine Office.
Henry's direct authority, as Lord of Ireland and from 1541 as King of Ireland, only extended to the area of the Pale immediately around Dublin.
Outside this area, he could only proceed by tactical agreement with clan chiefs and local lords.
Nevertheless, Henry was determined to carry through a policy of dissolution in Ireland—and in 1537 introduced legislation into the Irish Parliament to legalise the closure of monasteries.
The process faced considerable opposition, and only sixteen houses were suppressed.
Henry remained resolute however, and from 1541 as part of the Tudor conquest of Ireland he continued to press for the area of successful dissolution to be extended.
For the most part, this involved making deals with local lords, under which monastic property was granted away in exchange for allegiance to the new Irish Crown; and consequently Henry acquired little if any of the wealth of the Irish houses.
By the time of Henry's death (1547) around half of the Irish houses had been suppressed; but many continued to resist dissolution until well into the reign of Elizabeth I, and some houses in the West of Ireland remained active until the early 17th century.
In 1649, Oliver Cromwell led a Parliamentary army seeking to subjugate Ireland, and systematically sought out and destroyed former monastic houses.
Subsequently, however, sympathetic landowners housed monks or friars close to several ruined religious houses, allowing them a continued covert existence during the 17th and 18th centuries, subject to the dangers of discovery and legal ejection or imprisonment.
Article: Judo
Section: Judo versus Jujutsu

Question: What were the techniques rejected by Kano?

 versus Jujutsu.
Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of and .
He illustrated the application of "seiryoku zen'yō" with the concept of :Kano realised that "seiryoku zen'yō", initially conceived as a Jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application.
Coupled with the Confucianist-influenced "jita kyōei", the wider application shaped the development of judo from a to a .
Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasised the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques.
He was convinced that practice of Jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.
He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of Jujutsu:Kano believed that ""Jūjutsu"" was insufficient to describe his art: although means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques.
Accordingly, he changed the second character to , meaning way, road or path, which implies a more philosophical context than "jutsu" and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of "tao".
Thus Kano renamed it .
Article: Some Nights
Section: Recording and production

Question: When was the band finished working on the album?

The most common creative process in the recording of "Some Nights" began with Ruess.
Ruess would come in with lyrics and a melody, leading Andrew Dost and guitarist Jack Antonoff to build chord structure and instrumentation from there, or "support that melody."
Dost noted that in recording, despite the composer's well-defined framework, the individuals' egos "pretty much disappear" and "everybody is happy to work towards the best possible song" cohesively together.
The dynamic between Bhasker and the band in the studio was mutually inspired, as Bhasker had never worked with a rock band before and Fun had never worked with a hip-hop producer.
Bhasker particularly enjoyed recording guitars with guitarist Jack Antonoff as he wasn't used to it, and Dost felt hearing Bhasker compose beats was "mind-blowing.
"The emphasis for Ruess on "Some Nights" was to make the songs more cohesive, as he felt his writing was "all over the place."
This meant creating songs that were concise instead of being "long and drawn out."
Bhasker was a proponent of using a single instrument to provide the biggest sounds, desiring not to "over-cram songs with ideas," declaring that everything that makes the song must be well-chosen.
Janelle Monáe collaborated with the trio on "We Are Young" through a friendship with Bhasker.
Bhasker was credited with bringing the band a bigger sound and an entirely new sonic translation to the band not present on their debut, "Aim and Ignite".
The album creates a mix of indie pop, theatric rock, and hip-hop—a sound that is credited to Bhasker.
"Some Nights" as a title floated around before any songs for the album were even created and was envisioned by Ruess.
It was inspired by how personalities can change on any given night.
Although the album isn't a concept album, the title changed the band's ideas for the album considerably, with Dost stating, "It's really nice once you have a title to know what the parameters are of what you're working on as a whole."
The band completed production on the album in October 2011.
Ruess called the seven months spent recording the record the most rewarding of any in his ten years of professional music work, calling it his career highlight.
Article: Modern Family
Section: Filming

Question: Who is the most prolific director of the TV series "Modern Family"?

Principal photography takes place in Los Angeles.
Many of the exteriors used are on the city's Westside.
The Dunphys' house is in the Cheviot Hills neighborhood.
, Palisades Charter High School is used for the exteriors of Luke and Manny's school.
Lloyd and Levitan, whose credits both include "Frasier", "Wings", and "Just Shoot Me", are executive producers of the series, serving as showrunner and head writer under their Lloyd-Levitan Productions label in affiliation with Twentieth Century Fox Television.
The other producers on the writing team are Paul Corrigan, Sameer Gardezi, Joe Lawson, Dan O'Shannon, Brad Walsh, Caroline Williams, Bill Wrubel, Danny Zuker, and Jeff Morton.
The first team of directors included Jason Winer, Michael Spiller, Randall Einhorn, and Chris Koch.
Winer has directed nineteen episodes of the series, making him the most prolific director of the series.
Article: The Kid with a Bike
Section: Abstract

Question: Who wrote The Kid with a Bike?

The Kid with a Bike () is a 2011 drama film written and directed by the Belgian brothers Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne, starring Thomas Doret and Cécile de France.
Set in Seraing, it tells the story of a 12-year-old boy who turns to a woman for comfort after his father has abandoned him.
The film was produced through companies in Belgium, France and Italy.
While it does not deviate from the naturalistic style of the Dardenne brothers' earlier works, a brighter aesthetic than usual was employed, and the screenplay had a structure inspired by fairy tales.
Unusually for a film by the directors, it also uses music.
It premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and was co-winner of the festival's Grand Prix.
Article: Friends
Section: Conception

Question: When was the CBS TV show called "Family Album" cancelled?

David Crane and Marta Kauffman began developing three new television pilots that would premiere in 1994 after their sitcom "Family Album" was cancelled by CBS in 1993.
Kauffman and Crane decided to pitch the series about "six people in their 20s making their way in Manhattan" to NBC, since they thought it would fit best there.
Crane and Kauffman presented the idea to their production partner Kevin Bright, who had served as executive producer on their HBO series "Dream On".
The idea for the series was conceived when Crane and Kauffman began thinking about the time when they had finished college and started living by themselves in New York; Kauffman believed they were looking at a time when the future was "more of a question mark."
They found the concept to be interesting, as they believed "everybody knows that feeling," and because it was also how they felt about their own lives at the time.
The team titled the series "Insomnia Cafe", and pitched the idea as a seven-page treatment to NBC in December 1993.
At the same time, Warren Littlefield, the then-president of NBC Entertainment, was seeking a comedy involving young people living together and sharing expenses.
Littlefield wanted the group to share memorable periods of their lives with friends, who had become "new, surrogate family members".
However, Littlefield found difficulty in bringing the concept to life, and found the scripts developed by NBC to be terrible.
When Kauffman, Crane and Bright pitched "Insomnia Cafe", Littlefield was impressed that they knew who their characters were.
NBC bought the idea as a put pilot, meaning they risked financial penalties if the pilot was not filmed.
Kauffman and Crane began writing a pilot script for a show now titled "Friends Like Us", which took three days to write.
Littlefield wanted the series to represent Generation X and explore a new kind of tribal bonding, but the trio did not share his vision.
Crane argued that it was not a series for one generation, and wanted to produce a series that everyone would enjoy watching.
NBC liked the pilot script and ordered the series under another title, "Six of One", mainly due to the similar title it shared with the ABC sitcom "These Friends of Mine".
Article: Lasagne
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the shape of lasagne?

Lasagne ( or or , , singular lasagna) are a wide, flat pasta shape, and possibly one of the oldest types of pasta.
The word also refers to a dish made with several layers of lasagne sheets alternated with sauces and various other ingredients.
Lasagne originated in Italy, traditionally ascribed to the city of Bologna (Emilia-Romagna), in where the first modern receipe was created and published and became a traditional dish.
Traditional lasagne is made by interleaving layers of pasta with layers of sauce, made with ragù, bechamel, and Parmigiano-Reggiano.
In other regions and outside of Italy it is common to find lasagne made with ricotta or mozzarella cheese, tomato sauce, various meats (e.g., ground beef, pork or chicken), miscellaneous vegetables (e.g., spinach, zucchini, mushrooms) and typically flavored with wine, garlic, onion, and oregano.
In all cases the lasagne are oven-baked.
Traditionally, pasta dough prepared in Southern Italy used semolina and water and in the northern regions, where semolina was not available, flour and eggs.
Today in Italy, since the only type of wheat allowed for commercially sold pasta is durum wheat, commercial lasagne are made of semolina (from durum wheat).
Emilio-Romano’s intensive farming economy in the northern region of Italy results in plentiful dairy and meat products, and their commonality in regional cooking – more so than the olive oil found in southern regions of Italy.
Pastas from Emilio-Romano and its capital, Bologna, are almost always served with a ragú, a thick sauce made from ingredients such as onions, carrots, finely chopped pork and beef, celery, butter, and tomatoes.
Article: Ice cream
Section: Deaths

Question: In January 1892, how did a Chicago hotel worker die?

In January 1892, a hotel worker in Chicago died after the huge amount of ice cream he ate "froze up his stomach".
In June 1898, three youths in London died after eating ice cream made with water contaminated with bacteria.
In May 1904, a seven-year-old boy in New York died from eating about half a litre of poisoned ice cream.
The seller of the treat was arrested following his death.
In June 1910, consumption of contaminated ice cream caused an adolescent in Detroit, Michigan, to die of food poisoning.
In November 1938, a 34-year-old father in New York committed suicide with his 10-year-old son by adding poison to both of their ice cream.
In July 1986, a 51-year-old Floridian man died after consuming a tainted ice cream bar by Kraft Foods.
Thereafter, production of the food item was halted and later on permanently stopped.
Article: Wake in Fright
Section: Cast

Question: Who plays Tim Hynes?

 Gary Bond as John Grant
 Donald Pleasence as Doc Tydon
 Chips Rafferty as Jock Crawford
 Sylvia Kay as Janette Hynes
 John Meillon as Charlie
 Jack Thompson as Dick
 Peter Whittle as Joe
 Al Thomas as Tim Hynes
 Dawn Lake as Joyce
 John Armstrong as Atkins
 Slim de Grey as Jarvis
 Maggie Dence as receptionist
 Norman Erskine as Joe the cook
Article: Shrek
Section: Music

Question: What company made the Shrek series?

"Shrek" is the third DreamWorks animated film (and the only film in the Shrek series) to have Harry Gregson-Williams team up with John Powell to composes the score (after "Antz" (1998) and "Chicken Run" (2000)).
"Shrek" introduced a new element to give the film a unique feel.
The film used pop music and other Oldies to make the story more forward.
Covers of songs like "On the Road Again" and "Try a Little Tenderness" were integrated in the film's score.
As the film was about to be completed, Katzenberg suggested to the filmmakers to redo the film's ending in order to "go out with a big laugh"; Instead of ending film with just a storybook closing over Shrek and Fiona as they ride off into the sunset, they decided to add a song "I'm a Believer" covered by Smash Mouth and show all the fairytale creatures in the film.
Although Rufus Wainwright's version of the song "Hallelujah" appeared in the soundtrack album, it was John Cale's version that appeared in the film; in a radio interview, Rufus Wainwright suggested that his version of "Hallelujah" did not appear in the film due to the "glass ceiling" he was hitting because of his sexuality.
An alternate explanation posits that because Wainwright was an artist for DreamWorks and John Cale was not, thus licensing issues prohibited Cale's version from appearing in the soundtrack album, despite having the filmmakers wanting to have Cale's version appear in the film.
Article: Global warming
Section: Food security

Question: By what year is the population of Southern Africa expected to double?

Under present trends, by 2030, maize production in Southern Africa could decrease by up to 30%, while rice, millet and maize in South Asia could decrease by up to 10%.
By 2080, yields in developing countries could decrease by 10% to 25% on average while India could see a drop of 30% to 40%.
By 2100, while the population of three billion is expected to double, rice and maize yields in the tropics are expected to decrease by 20–40% because of higher temperatures without accounting for the decrease in yields as a result of soil moisture and water supplies stressed by rising temperatures.
Future warming of around (by 2100, relative to 1990–2000) could result in increased crop yields in mid- and high-latitude areas, but in low-latitude areas, yields could decline, increasing the risk of malnutrition.
A similar regional pattern of net benefits and costs could occur for economic (market-sector) effects.
Warming above could result in crop yields falling in temperate regions, leading to a reduction in global food production.
Article: Family Guy
Section: Broadcast

Question: What was the earliest season premiere of Family Guy in Australia?

The seires premiered in Australia on April 9, 1999 on Seven Network, in 2000 on Fox8, and on 7mate on September 27, 2010.
In Canada the series started airing on January 31, 1999 on Global, on September 1, 2003 on Teletoon, and on July 4, 2012 on Adult Swim.
The series also airs in Ireland, and New Zealand.
The series has aired in the UK on BBC Three and Fox since September 21, 1999.
Article: Egypt
Section: Abstract

Question: How powerful is Egypt?

Egypt ( ""), is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
Most of its territory of lies within the Nile Valley of North Africa and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
With over 86 million inhabitants, Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East, and the 15th-most populated in the world.
The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about , where the only arable land is found.
The large regions of the Sahara Desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited.
About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern state, having been continuously inhabited since the 10th millennium BC.
Its monuments, such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, were constructed by its ancient civilization, which was one of the most powerful of its time and one of the first six civilizations to arise independently in the world.
Its ancient ruins, such as those of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings outside Luxor, are a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest from around the world.
Egypt's rich cultural legacy, as well as the attraction of its Red Sea Riviera, have made tourism a vital part of the economy, employing about 12 percent of the country's workforce.
The economy of Egypt is one of the most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels.
Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world.
Article: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)
Section: Usage in media

Question: Kelly Clarkson's song Stronger appeared in which games?

Cultural impact.
Usage in media.
"Stronger" was also used in various forms of media.
It was used in a 2011 Toyota Camry advertisement which stars Clarkson singing the song with her co-stars Chris Berman, Andrew Zimmern, and James Lipton.
Amber Riley, Naya Rivera, and Heather Morris performed the song on the season three episode of "Glee" titled "On My Way", which aired on February 21, 2012.
Raymund Flandez of "The Wall Street Journal" described the trio's performance as "fine, fierce and fabulous."
Their version of "Stronger" debuted on the Hot 100 at number 66 on the week ending March 3, 2012 as "What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)".
The song was featured in "Suburgatory" and was used in advertisements promoting the second season of the USA Network series "Fairly Legal".
It was also featured in a playable piece in the Harmonix video game "Rock Band Blitz", "Rock Band 3" and "Dance Central 3".
On May 6, 2012, a video of some of the patients and hospital staff of Seattle Children's hematology oncology unit dancing to the song were uploaded in YouTube to represent their fight against cancer.
The video became a viral hit and has been featured by "Time" and CBS News.
On February 26, 2012, Chemmy Alcott and Sean Rice skated to the song on Dancing on Ice.
Maria Menounos and Derek Hough danced to the song in the fourteenth season of Dancing with the Stars.
The instrumental version has been used as background music to the promotion and the opening theme to the 2013 MDA Show of Strength telethon.
Article: Fight Club
Section: Abstract

Question: When was Fight Club filmed?

Fight Club is a 1999 American film based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk.
The film was directed by David Fincher and stars Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, and Helena Bonham Carter.
Norton plays the unnamed protagonist, an "everyman" who is discontented with his white-collar job.
He forms a "fight club" with soap maker Tyler Durden, played by Pitt, and they are joined by men who also want to fight recreationally.
The narrator becomes embroiled in a relationship with Durden and a dissolute woman, Marla Singer, played by Bonham Carter.
Palahniuk's novel was optioned by 20th Century Fox producer Laura Ziskin, who hired Jim Uhls to write the film adaptation.
Fincher was one of four directors the producers considered.
They hired him because of his enthusiasm for the film.
Fincher developed the script with Uhls and sought screenwriting advice from the cast and others in the film industry.
The director and the cast compared the film to "Rebel Without a Cause" (1955) and "The Graduate" (1967).
Fincher intended "Fight Club"s violence to serve as a metaphor for the conflict between a generation of young people and the value system of advertising.
The director copied the homoerotic overtones from Palahniuk's novel to make audiences uncomfortable and keep them from anticipating the twist ending.
Studio executives did not like the film and they restructured Fincher's intended marketing campaign to try to reduce anticipated losses.
"Fight Club" failed to meet the studio's expectations at the box office and received polarized reactions from critics.
It was cited as one of the most controversial and talked-about films of 1999.
However, the film over the years found critical and commercial success with its DVD release, which established "Fight Club" as a cult film.
Article: NCIS (TV series)
Section: Cable

Question: Where on the Nielsen ratings did the show rank during the first month of 2009?

 The show ranked number eighteen (4.793 million viewers) in the list of Nielsen ratings top twenty most-watched cable shows for the week ending January 25, 2009.
 The show ranked number ten (4.535 million viewers), twelve (4.264 million viewers), thirteen (4.221 million viewers), fifteen (4,161 million viewers), seventeen (4.132 million viewers), and twenty (4.081 million viewers) in the list of Nielsen ratings top twenty most-watched cable shows for the week ending March 1, 2009.
 The show ranked sixteen (4.091 million viewers), seventeen (4.084 million viewers), eighteen (4.072 million viewers), and twenty (4.006 million viewers) in the list of Nielsen ratings top twenty most-watched cable shows for the week ending March 29, 2009.
 The show ranked number five (4.492 million viewers), six (4.467 million viewers), eight (4.394 million viewers), nine (4.214 million viewers), fifteen (3.962 million viewers), and seventeen (3.8.58 million viewers) in the list of Nielsen ratings top twenty most-watched cable shows for the week ending May 3, 2009.
 The show ranked number three (4.82 million viewers), six (4.38 million viewers), ten (3.82 million viewers), eleven (3.88 million viewers), and fourteen (3.87 million viewers) in the list of Nielsen ratings top fifteen most-watched cable shows for the week ending November 1, 2009.
2/25/13 to 3/03/13 [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-05/u-s-cable-television-ratings-for-the-week-ended-march-3.html]