community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Grand Central Terminal
Section: Layout

Question: What happened to the spies before they could strike?

The tracks are numbered according to their location in the terminal building.
The upper level tracks are numbered 11 to 42 east to west.
Tracks 22 and 31 were removed in the late 1990s to build concourses for Grand Central North, track 12 was removed to expand the platform between tracks 11 and 13, and track 14 is only used for loading a garbage train.
The lower level has 27 tracks, numbered 100 to 126, east to west, though only tracks 102–112, and 114–116 are currently used for passenger service.
Often, local and off-peak trains depart from the lower level while express, super-express, and peak trains depart from the main concourse.
Odd numbered tracks are usually on the east side (right side facing north) of the platform; even numbered tracks on the west.
The public timetables for April 3, 2011 show 286 weekday departures: 74 Hudson, 101 Harlem and 111 New Haven Line.
Besides platforms, Grand Central has restaurants, such as the Oyster Bar and various fast food outlets surrounding the Dining Concourse on the level below the Main Concourse, as well as delis, bakeries, newsstands, a gourmet and fresh food market, an annex of the New York Transit Museum, and more than forty retail stores.
Grand Central generally contains only private outlets and small franchises.
There are chain outlets in the complex: Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy and an Apple Store which opened to the public on December 9, 2011.
Other chain stores anticipated to open in the future include a Shake Shack.
A "secret" sub-basement known as M42 lies under the Terminal, containing the AC to DC converters used to supply DC traction current to the Terminal.
The exact location of M42 is a closely guarded secret and does not appear on maps, though it has been shown on television, most notably, the History Channel program "Cities of the Underworld" and also a National Geographic special.
The original rotary converters were not removed in the late 20th century when solid-state ones took over their job, and they remain as a historical record.
During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have greatly impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard.
However, Abwehr (a German espionage service) was aware of it and sent two spies to sabotage it.
The spies were arrested by the FBI before they could strike.
It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight: the rotary converters used at the time could have easily been crippled by a bucket of sand.
From 1924 through 1944, the attic of the east wing contained a art school and gallery space called the Grand Central School of Art.
Article: Human swimming
Section: Abstract

Question: How do humans achieve locomotion?

Human swimming is the self propulsion of a person through water or other liquid, for survival, recreation, sport, exercise or other reason.
Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs, the body, or both.
Humans are able to hold their breath underwater and undertake rudimentary locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as an evolutionary response.
Swimming is consistently found to be among the top recreational activities undertaken by the public, and in some countries, swimming lessons are a compulsory part of the educational curriculum.
As a formalized sport, swimming features in a range of local, national and international competitions, including featuring in every modern summer Olympics.
Article: Space Race
Section: Rocket teams assembled

Question: How much did the Soviet engine weigh?

The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation.
On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems.
The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev.
He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia.
After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun.
His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer."
In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.
After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about northwest of Moscow.
They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to the Soviet engineers.
They helped in the following areas: the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4; work on "organizational schemes"; research in improving the A-4 main engine; development of a 100-ton engine; assistance in the "layout" of plant production rooms; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components.
With their help, particularly Helmut Groettrup's group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948.
Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Groettrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949.
The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951–53.
In America, Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945.
They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation.
These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949.
The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950.
From here, Von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions.
It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets.
Article: Batman Begins
Section: Accolades

Question: What did Christain Bale win?

Wally Pfister was nominated for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards, receiving the film's only Academy Award nomination.
The film received three nominations at the 59th British Academy Film Awards.
Just months after its release, "Batman Begins" was voted by "Empire" readers as the 36th greatest film of all time.
In 2006, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored James Newton Howard, Hans Zimmer, and Ramin Djawadi with an ASCAP award for composing a film that became one of the top grossing films of 2005.
The film was awarded three Saturn Awards in 2006 as well: Best Fantasy Film, Best Actor for Christian Bale, and Best Writing for Nolan and Goyer.
Christian Bale would go on to win an MTV Movie Award for Best Hero.
However, Katie Holmes's performance was not well received, and she was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress.
"Batman Begins" won the fan-based "Total Film" award for Best Film.
In November 2008, "Empire" ranked "Batman Begins" 81 in its 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list.
Article: Croquet
Section: Garden

Question: Where is Garden Croquet popular?

Garden croquet is widely played in the UK.
The rules are easy to learn and the game can be played on lawns of almost any size but usually around by .
The rules are similar to those described above for Association Croquet with three major differences:
 The starting point for all balls is a spot three feet in from the boundary directly in front of hoop1.
 If a strikers ball goes off, there is no penalty, it comes back on three feet and the turn continues.
 In a croquet stroke the croqueted ball does not have to move when the strikers ball is struck.
This version of the game is easy for beginners to learn.
The main Garden Croquet Club in the UK is the Bygrave Croquet Club which is a private club with five lawns.
Other clubs also use garden croquet as an introduction to the game, notably the Hampstead Heath Croquet Club and the Watford Croquet Club.
Article: The Holocaust
Section: Jehovah's Witnesses

Question: What number of Jehovah's Witnesses were killed?

Refusing to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or to serve in the military, roughly 12,000 Jehovah's Witnesses were forced to wear a purple triangle and were placed in camps where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority.
Between 2,500 and 5,000 were killed.
Historian Detlef Garbe, director at the Neuengamme (Hamburg) Memorial, writes that "no other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism with comparable unanimity and steadfastness."
Article: Stone Mountain
Section: Geology

Question: Stone Mountain at it's longest point continues into which county?

Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion.
Primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains.
It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth's crust.
This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface.
Stone Mountain pluton continues underground at its longest point into Gwinnett County.
Numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as “the largest exposed piece of granite in the world".
This misnomer is most likely a result of advertisement by granite companies and early park administration.
Stone Mountain, though often called a pink granite dome, actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite to granite and granodiorite.
The minerals within the rock include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, microcline and muscovite, with smaller amounts of biotite and tourmaline.
The tourmaline is mostly black in color, and the majority of it exists as optically continuous skeletal crystals, but much larger, euhedral pegmatitic tourmaline crystals can also be found in the mountain's numerous, cross-cutting felsic dikes.
Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma.
The granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny, which was the time when North America and North Africa collided.
Over time, erosion eventually exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock.
This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain in DeKalb County, smaller outcroppings further east of Stone Mountain.
Article: NCIS (TV series)
Section: Soundtrack

Question: The original NCIS soundtrack was released by which company?

CBS Records released the show's first soundtrack on February 10, 2009.
"The Official TV Soundtrack" is a two-disc, 22-track set that includes brand new songs from top artists featured prominently in upcoming episodes of the series as well as the show’s original theme by Numeriklab (available commercially for the first time) and a remix of the theme by Ministry.
The set also includes songs performed by series regulars Pauley Perrette and Cote de Pablo.
A sequel to the soundtrack was released on November 3, 2009.
"NCIS: The Official TV Soundtrack; Vol.
2" is a single disc, 12 track set that covers songs (many previously unreleased) featured throughout the seventh season of the show, including one recording titled "Bitter and Blue" by Weatherly, as well as two songs used in previous seasons.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Spin-off

Question: When did AMC/Sony Pictures order Better Call Saul?

In April 2013, it was revealed that AMC and Sony were interested in a spin-off series that would focus on Saul Goodman (Bob Odenkirk), with Gilligan and series writer Peter Gould developing the project.
Gilligan had previously hinted at a possible spin-off series focused on Saul Goodman in July 2012.
In September 2013, AMC and Sony Pictures Television officially ordered "Better Call Saul" to series, and it will be a prequel.
Article: Australia
Section: States and territories

Question: How many states does Australia have?

Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)—and two major mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT).
In most respects these two territories function as states, but the Commonwealth Parliament can override any legislation of their parliaments.
By contrast, federal legislation overrides state legislation only in areas that are set out in Section 51 of the Australian Constitution; state parliaments retain all residual legislative powers, including those over schools, state police, the state judiciary, roads, public transport and local government, since these do not fall under the provisions listed in Section 51.
Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament—unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland—and bicameral in the other states.
The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution.
The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council.
The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister.
The Queen is represented in each state by a Governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator.
In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.
The federal parliament directly administers the following territories:
 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 Australian Antarctic Territory
 Christmas Island
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 Coral Sea Islands
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales
Norfolk Island is also technically an external territory; however, under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 it has been granted more autonomy and is governed locally by its own legislative assembly.
The Queen is represented by an Administrator.
Article: Udon
Section: Regional varieties

Question: Where does Hōtō, a flat and wide type of udon noodle, hail from in Japan?

There are wide variations in both thickness and shape for udon noodles.
 Inaniwa udon (稲庭うどん): a thin type from Akita Prefecture.
 Mimi udon (耳うどん, literally "ear udon"): a lucky preserved food in Kuzu, Tochigi.
It looks similar to ears.
 Himokawa (ひもかわ): an extreme flat and wide type from Kiryū, Gunma.
 Hōtō (rarely 餺飥, commonly ほうとう): a flat and wide type, usually cooked with vegetables, particularly Japanese "kabocha" squash, from Yamanashi Prefecture.
 Kishimen (棊子麺, or more commonly きし麺): a flat type from the Nagoya.
 Ise udon (伊勢うどん): a soft type, usually eaten with sweet soy sauce, from Ise, Mie.
 In Kansai region, a soft and medium thickness type is popular.
 Sanuki udon (讃岐うどん): a thick and rather stiff type from Kagawa Prefecture.
 Hakata udon (博多うどん): a thick and soft type from the Fukuoka.
 Dango-jiru (団子汁): similar to the above "Hohtoh", from Ōita Prefecture.
Nominally a "dumpling soup", it resembles very thick, flat udon.
 Okinawa soba (沖縄そば): also called "suba", a regional Okinawan noodle made by adding some vegetal ash to the flour, similar to how ramen is made.
However, it is very similar to udon.
 There is also a dish called "udon" in Palau, because of the former Japanese administration.
The broth is soy sauce–based like Japanese udon.
However, as there were many immigrants from Okinawa, it uses less broth like Okinawa soba.
Most notably, the noodle is that of spaghetti, as it is easier to acquire there.
Article: Electromagnetism
Section: Photoelectric effect

Question: When was Plankc's and Einstein's theory formed and how has it impacted physics?

In another paper published in that same year, Albert Einstein undermined the very foundations of classical electromagnetism.
In his theory of the photoelectric effect (for which he won the Nobel prize for physics) and inspired by the idea of Max Planck's "quanta", he posited that light could exist in discrete particle-like quantities as well, which later came to be known as photons.
Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect extended the insights that appeared in the solution of the ultraviolet catastrophe presented by Max Planck in 1900.
In his work, Planck showed that hot objects emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete packets ("quanta"), which leads to a finite total energy emitted as black body radiation.
Both of these results were in direct contradiction with the classical view of light as a continuous wave.
Planck's and Einstein's theories were progenitors of quantum mechanics, which, when formulated in 1925, necessitated the invention of a quantum theory of electromagnetism.
This theory, completed in the 1940s-1950s, is known as quantum electrodynamics (or "QED"), and, in situations where perturbation theory is applicable, is one of the most accurate theories known to physics.
Article: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Section: 1968 election

Question: Who did Humphrey lose the 1968 presidential race to?

At the time of his death, Kennedy was substantially behind Humphrey in convention delegate support, but many believe that Kennedy would have ultimately secured the nomination following his victory in the California primary.
Only thirteen states held primaries that year, meaning that most delegates at the Democratic convention could choose a candidate based on their personal preference.
Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and others have argued that Kennedy's broad appeal and charisma would have been sufficiently convincing at the 1968 Democratic National Convention to give him the nomination.
Historian Michael Beschloss believed, however, that Kennedy would not have secured the nomination.
Humphrey, after a National Convention in Chicago marred by violence in the streets, was far behind in opinion polls but gained ground.
He ultimately lost the general election to Republican Richard Nixon by the narrow popular vote margin of 43.4% to 42.7%.
Nixon won by a more decisive 301-191 margin in the electoral vote.
Article: Beach volleyball
Section: Common block signals

Question: What is an angle attack?

Closed fist
No block should be attempted for the opponent on that side of the court, also known as "pull-off"
One finger
The blocker should block an opponent's "line" attack, or a ball hit toward the nearest sideline
Two fingers
The blocker should block an opponent's "angle" attack, or a ball hit diagonally from the net and across the court
Open hand
The blocker should block "ball", deciding how to block based upon the opposing team's set, and the hitter's approach and arm-swing technique.
Common block signals.
Note: In Europe closed fist and open hand signals have the opposite meaning of blocking.
If the partner is showing the closed fist the blocker should block "ball" and open hand means that the blocker should "pull-off" the net.
Article: Astronomy
Section: Infrared astronomy

Question: What is the infrared system used to study?

Infrared astronomy is founded on the detection and analysis of infrared radiation (wavelengths longer than red light).
The infrared spectrum is useful for studying objects that are too cold to radiate visible light, such as planets, circumstellar disks or nebulae whose light is blocked by dust.
Longer infrared wavelengths can penetrate clouds of dust that block visible light, allowing the observation of young stars in molecular clouds and the cores of galaxies.
Observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have been particularly effective at unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their host star clusters.
With the exception of wavelengths close to visible light, infrared radiation is heavily absorbed by the atmosphere, or masked, as the atmosphere itself produces significant infrared emission.
Consequently, infrared observatories have to be located in high, dry places or in space.
Some molecules radiate strongly in the infrared.
This allows the study the chemistry of space; more specifically it can detect water in comets.
Article: American Revolution
Section: France

Question: When did France establish an American aid program?

Other participants.
In early 1776, France set up a major program of aid to the Americans, and the Spanish secretly added funds.
Each country spent one million "livres tournaises" to buy munitions.
A dummy corporation run by Pierre Beaumarchais concealed their activities.
American rebels obtained some munitions through the Dutch Republic as well as French and Spanish ports in the West Indies.
Article: Shooting
Section: Practical uses

Question: When did the United Kingdom ban the shooting of pigeons?

Shooting is used for hunting upland game birds such as grouse or pheasant, rabbits, culling, deer hunting, or other wild game animals, or shooting pest animals.
Clay pigeon shooting is meant to simulate shooting live pigeons released from traps, after doing so was banned in the United Kingdom in 1921.
Sometimes "shooting" refers to the hunting activity itself.
Shooting is also used in warfare, self-defense, crime, and law enforcement.
Duels were sometimes held using guns.
Shooting without a target has applications such as celebratory gunfire, 21-gun salute, or firing starting pistols, incapable of releasing bullets.
Article: Orange Is the New Black
Section: Critical reception

Question: What score did Orange is the New Black receive from Rotten Tomatoes?

"Orange Is the New Black" has received positive reviews from critics.
For Season 1, Metacritic gives a score of 79/100 based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews.
Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 89%, with an average rating of 8.4/10 based on 37 reviews.
The site's consensus is ""Orange Is the New Black" is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure.
"Hank Steuver, television critic for "The Washington Post", gave "Orange Is the New Black" a perfect score.
In his review of the series, he stated: "In Jenji Kohan's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, "Orange Is the New Black", prison is still the pits.
But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat".
David Wiegand, of the "San Francisco Chronicle", said that "In every case, there is an abiding feeling for character and authenticity that helps elevate "Orange Is the New Black" to a new definition of television excellence".
Matt Roush, of "TV Guide", said: "Netflix finally achieves its eureka moment with a terrifically entertaining piece of original programming that's truly and bracingly original."
Maureen Ryan, of "The Huffington Post", wrote: ""Orange" is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I've seen have left me hungry to see more."