community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Great Sphinx of Giza
Section: Names of the Sphinx

Question: How many times is the Great Sphinx referenced in ancient Egypt?

It is not known by what name the creators called their statue, as the Great Sphinx does not appear in any known inscription of the Old Kingdom, and there are no inscriptions anywhere describing its construction or its original purpose.
In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx was called "Hor-em-akhet" (; Hellenized: "Harmachis"), and the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) specifically referred to it as such in his Dream Stele.
The commonly used name "Sphinx" was given to it in classical antiquity, about 2000 years after the accepted date of its construction, by reference to a Greek mythological beast with a lion's body, a woman's head and the wings of an eagle (although, like most Egyptian sphinxes, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings).
The English word "sphinx" comes from the ancient Greek Σφίγξ (transliterated: ), apparently from the verb σφίγγω (transliterated: / ), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle.
The name may alternatively be a corruption of the ancient Egyptian "Ssp-anx" (in MdC), a name given to royal statues of Dynasty IV (2575–2467 BC) and later in the New Kingdom (c. 1570–1070 BC) to the Great Sphinx more specifically, although phonetically the two names are far from identical.
Medieval Arab writers, including al-Maqrīzī, call the Sphinx "balhib" and "bilhaw", which suggest a Coptic influence.
The modern Egyptian Arabic name is أبو الهول (, ).
Article: Nordic combined
Section: Team

Question: When did the event debut?

The team event consists of four skiers starting from the ski jump with one jump each, then moving onward to cross-country skiing in a 4 x 5 km relay.
The Gundersen point total for this as of 2008 has been 1 point equals 1.33 seconds or 45 points per minute.
It is a pursuit start similar to the individual events.
When the event debuted in the 1980s, the event was a 3 x 10 km team event, but that changed following Japan's successes at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1993 in Falun and the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer where the country won by almost four minutes and almost five minutes respectively.
The event became a 4 x 5 km team at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995 in Thunder Bay, Ontario where it remained; however, in the 2012-13 season, a 2 x 7.5 km team event has been introduced, in which 2-man teams complete one jump each and then a series of 1.5 km legs of cross-country skiing are run: thus far, it has led to some close finishes.
Article: Italy
Section: Cinema

Question: what was the very first italian film?

The history of Italian cinema began a few months after the Lumière brothers began motion picture exhibitions.
The first Italian film was a few seconds, showing Pope Leo XIII giving a blessing to the camera.
The Italian film industry was born between 1903 and 1908 with three companies: the Società Italiana Cines, the Ambrosio Film and the Itala Film.
Other companies soon followed in Milan and in Naples.
In a short time these first companies reached a fair producing quality, and films were soon sold outside Italy.
Cinema was later used by Benito Mussolini, who founded Rome's renowned Cinecittà studio for the production of Fascist propaganda until World War II.
After the war, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline around the 1980s.
Notable Italian film directors from this period include Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Sergio Leone, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni and Dario Argento.
Movies include world cinema treasures such as "La dolce vita", "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" and "Bicycle Thieves".
The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of neorealist films, reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.
As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and other film genres, such as sword-and-sandal followed as spaghetti westerns, were popular in the 1960s and 1970s.
In recent years, the Italian scene has received only occasional international attention, with movies like "La vita è bella" directed by Roberto Benigni, "Il postino" with Massimo Troisi and "La grande bellezza" directed by Paolo Sorrentino
Article: Biochemistry
Section: Lipids_1

Question: Most lipids have some what character?

The term lipid composes a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin, including waxes, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and terpenoids (e.g., retinoids and steroids).
Some lipids are linear aliphatic molecules, while others have ring structures.
Some are aromatic, while others are not.
Some are flexible, while others are rigid.
Most lipids have some polar character in addition to being largely nonpolar.
In general, the bulk of their structure is nonpolar or hydrophobic ("water-fearing"), meaning that it does not interact well with polar solvents like water.
Another part of their structure is polar or hydrophilic ("water-loving") and will tend to associate with polar solvents like water.
This makes them amphiphilic molecules (having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions).
In the case of cholesterol, the polar group is a mere -OH (hydroxyl or alcohol).
In the case of phospholipids, the polar groups are considerably larger and more polar, as described below.
Lipids are an integral part of our daily diet.
Most oils and milk products that we use for cooking and eating like butter, cheese, ghee etc., are composed of fats.
Vegetable oils are rich in various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
Lipid-containing foods undergo digestion within the body and are broken into fatty acids and glycerol, which are the final degradation products of fats and lipids.
Article: Vietnam
Section: 1976–present: reunification and reforms

Question: South Vietnamese were executed in which amount?

In the aftermath of the war, under Lê Duẩn's administration, the government embarked on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories.
This caused economic chaos and resulted in triple-digit inflation, while national reconstruction efforts progressed slowly.
At least one million South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps, with an estimated 165,000 prisoners dying.
Between 100,000 and 200,000 South Vietnamese were executed in extrajudicial killings; another 50,000 died performing hard labor in "New Economic Zones".
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, millions of people fled the country in crudely built boats, creating an international humanitarian crisis; hundreds of thousands died at sea.
In 1978, the Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia to remove from power the Khmer Rouge, who had been attacking Vietnamese border villages.
Vietnam was victorious, installing a government in Cambodia which ruled until 1989.
This action worsened relations with the Chinese, who launched a brief incursion into northern Vietnam in 1979.
This conflict caused Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid.
At the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.
The reformers were led by 71-year-old Nguyen Van Linh, who became the party's new general secretary.
Linh and the reformers implemented a series of free-market reforms – known as "" ("Renovation") – which carefully managed the transition from a planned economy to a "socialist-oriented market economy".
Though the authority of the state remained unchallenged under "Đổi Mới", the government encouraged private ownership of farms and factories, economic deregulation and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.
The Vietnamese economy subsequently achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports and foreign investment.
However, these reforms have also caused a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.
Article: Hamburger
Section: Frank and Charles Menches

Question: Why was hamburger "invented"?

Another claim from 1885 comes from Frank and Charles Menches who claim to have sold a ground beef sandwich at the Erie County Fair in Hamburg, New York.
During the fair, they ran out of pork sausage for their sandwiches and substituted beef.
Kunzog, who spoke to Frank Menches, says they exhausted their supply of sausage, so purchased chopped up beef from a butcher, Andrew Klein.
Though historian Joseph Streamer wrote that the meat was from Stein's market not Klein's; despite Stein having sold the market in 1874.
The story notes that the origin of the hamburger comes from Hamburg, New York not Hamburg Germany.
Yet Frank Menches's obituary in "The New York Times" states that these events took place at the 1892 Summit County Fair in Akron, Ohio.
Article: Vegetable
Section: Nutrition

Question: What are some vitamins found in vegetables?

Vegetables are eaten in a variety of ways, as part of main meals and as snacks.
The nutritional content of vegetables varies considerably, though generally they contain little protein or fat, and varying proportions of vitamins such as Vitamin A, Vitamin K and Vitamin B6, provitamins, dietary minerals and carbohydrates.
Vegetables contain a great variety of other phytochemicals, some of which have been claimed to have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticarcinogenic properties.
Some vegetables also contain fiber, important for gastrointestinal function.
Vegetables contain important nutrients necessary for healthy hair and skin as well.
A person who refrains from dairy and meat products, and eats only plants (including vegetables) is known as a vegan.
However, vegetables often also contain toxins and antinutrients such as α-solanine, α-chaconine, enzyme inhibitors (of cholinesterase, protease, amylase, etc.
), cyanide and cyanide precursors, oxalic acid, and more.
Depending on the concentration, such compounds may reduce the edibility, nutritional value, and health benefits of dietary vegetables.
Cooking and/or other processing may be necessary to eliminate or reduce them.
Diets containing recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables may help lower the risk of heart diseases and type 2 diabetes.
These diets may also protect against some cancers and decrease bone loss.
The potassium provided by both fruits and vegetables may help prevent the formation of kidney stones.
Article: Olympic weightlifting
Section: Equipment

Question: What type of clothing do lifters usually wear?

Olympic weightlifting uses a steel bar with rotating sleeves (also known as a barbell) which hold rubber-coated discs of different weights.
The weight plates, typically referred to as "bumper plates" because of their rubber design, weigh between 0.5kg and 25kg.
These plates are secured to the bar using collars on each sleeve that weigh exactly 2.5kg each.
Lifters typically wear a one-piece, close-fitting leotard often called a singlet.
The wearing of a t-shirt underneath the singlet is optional.
A weightlifting belt of 120mm maximum width may also be worn to provide lower back support.
Perhaps the piece of equipment most peculiar to Olympic weightlifting are the shoes worn by lifters.
Weightlifting shoes are typically designed with a raised heel of 0.5" to 1.5" and one or two metatarsal straps that tighten across the instep of the shoe.
The shoes are designed for maximum stability while remaining flexible in the toebox.
This allows the lifter to come up on their toes and catch the weight on the ball of their back foot during the "jerk" movement of their lift.
The raised heel helps the lifter maintain an upright torso while catching the bar and also allows for a deeper squat under the bar.
Article: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
Section: Abstract

Question: In what year was the anatomy lesson of Dr. Nicolaes created?

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is a 1632 oil painting on canvas by Rembrandt housed in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague, the Netherlands.
Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is pictured explaining the musculature of the arm to medical professionals.
Some of the spectators are various doctors who paid commissions to be included in the painting.
The painting is signed in the top-left hand corner "Rembrant.
f 1632".
This may be the first instance of Rembrandt signing a painting with his forename (in its original form) as opposed to the monogramme "RHL" (Rembrant Harmenszoon of Leiden), and is thus a sign of his growing artistic confidence.
The event can be dated to 16 January 1632: the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, of which Tulp was official City Anatomist, permitted only one public dissection a year, and the body would have to be that of an executed criminal.
Anatomy lessons were a social event in the 17th century, taking place in lecture rooms that were actual theatres, with students, colleagues and the general public being permitted to attend on payment of an entrance fee.
The spectators are appropriately dressed for a solemn social occasion.
It is thought that the uppermost (not holding the paper) and farthest left figures were added to the picture later.
One person is missing: the Preparator, whose task it was to prepare the body for the lesson.
In the 17th century an important scientist such as Dr. Tulp would not be involved in menial and bloody work like dissection, and such tasks would be left to others.
It is for this reason that the picture shows no cutting instruments.
Instead we see in the lower right corner an enormous open textbook on anatomy, possibly the 1543 "De humani corporis fabrica" ("Fabric of the Human Body") by Andreas Vesalius.
Medical specialists have commented on the accuracy of muscles and tendons painted by the 26-year-old Rembrandt.
It is not known where he obtained such knowledge; it is possible that he copied the details from an anatomical textbook.
However, in 2006 Dutch researchers recreated the scene with a male cadaver, revealing several discrepancies of the exposed left forearm compared to that of a real corpse.
The surgically astute will notice that the origin of the exposed forearm muscles would seem to indicate that the flexor compartment originates at the lateral epicondyle, when it is, in fact, the medial epicondyle.
It is the common extensor origin that originates at the lateral epicondyle.
In a 2007 study, the American artist and anatomist David J. Jackowe and his colleagues demonstrated that the mysterious white cord that courses along the ulnar aspect of the cadaver's carpus and little finger, long thought to be either an ulnar nerve variant or artistic error, is most likely the tendon of an anomalous forearm muscle, the accessory abductor digiti minimi.
Article: The Square (2013 film)
Section: Release

Question: What award did the film win at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival?

"The Square" premiered on January 18, 2013 at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Audience Award for World Cinema in the documentary category.
Due to the ongoing nature of the Egyptian Revolution, Noujaim updated the ending of the film over the summer of 2013.
The film was subsequently also named winner of the People's Choice Award in the documentary category at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.
The production is done in the native languages of its cast, and is presented with English subtitles.
The film was released on Netflix and in exclusive locations across the United States on January 17, 2014, giving Netflix its first Oscar nomination.
The final version was modified to take political developments into the final version, as released on Netflix.
Article: 30 Rock
Section: Awards and nominations

Question: Which television show's record for most Emmy nominations of a comedy series did 30 Rock break in its second season?

Capping its critically successful first season, "30 Rock" won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series and Elaine Stritch was awarded an Emmy in September 2007 for her work as a guest actress in "Hiatus".
Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin were nominated in the Outstanding Lead Actress and Outstanding Lead Actor in a comedy series categories respectively.
"Jack-Tor" and "Tracy Does Conan" were both nominated in the category of Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series.
"30 Rock" received four Creative Arts Emmy Awards.
Alec Baldwin received the Golden Globe Award for in 2007.
Baldwin also received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2007.
The show also received various other guild award nominations during its first season.
In 2008, Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin both won Screen Actors Guild Awards.
The series took home the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Series in 2008.
It also received the Danny Thomas Producer of the Year Award in Episodic Series – Comedy from the Producers Guild of America in 2008.
"30 Rock" received 17 Emmy nominations, for its second season, meaning it was the second most nominated series of the year.
These 17 nominations broke the record for the most nominations for a comedy series, meaning that "30 Rock" was the most-nominated comedy series for any individual Emmy year.
The previous holder of this record was "The Larry Sanders Show" in 1996 with 16 nominations.
"30 Rock" also won the Television Critics Association Award for "Outstanding Achievement in Comedy.
"Also in 2008, "30 Rock" completed a sweep of the major awards for best comedy series at that year's Primetime Emmy Awards.
The show won Outstanding Comedy Series, Alec Baldwin was recognized as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, and Tina Fey was given the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.
This marks the eighth time in the history of the Emmy awards that a show won best series plus best lead actor and actress.
Tina Fey also won the award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for the episode "Cooter".
At the 2008 Golden Globe awards, "30 Rock" won the award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, Alec Baldwin won Best Actor in a Television Musical or Comedy, and Tina Fey won Best Actress in a Television Musical or Comedy.
For the show's 2007 episodes, "30 Rock" received a Peabody Award at the 67th Annual Peabody Awards.
Upon announcing the award, the Peabody Board commended the show for being "not only a great workplace comedy in the tradition of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", complete with fresh, indelible secondary characters, but also a sly, gleeful satire of corporate media, especially the network that airs it".
In 2009 "30 Rock" received a record-breaking 22 Primetime Emmy Award nominations and won five Emmy Awards, including Best Comedy Series and Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Alec Baldwin).
Article: South Korea
Section: Public health and safety

Question: How alife expectancy increased or decreased in South Korea since 1950?

Although life expectancy has increased significantly since 1950, South Korea faces a number of important health-care issues.
Foremost is the impact of environmental pollution on an increasingly urbanized population.
According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, chronic diseases account for the majority of diseases in South Korea, a condition exacerbated by the health care system's focus on treatment rather than prevention.
The incidence of chronic disease in South Korea hovers around 24 percent.
Approximately 33 percent of all adults smoke.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rate of prevalence at the end of 2003 was less than 0.1 percent.
In 2001 central government expenditures on health care accounted for about 6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP).
The suicide rate in the nation was 26 per 100,000 in 2008, the highest in the industrialized world.
Young South Korean males were found to be the tallest in all of East Asia, resulting from healthy living conditions, economic development and changes in food culture.
Based on the Asia-Pacific Advisory Committee on Influenza (APACI), South Korea ranked the highest of influenza vaccination in Asia with 311 vaccines per 1,000 people.
South Korea has the highest suicide rate in the developed world.
Article: Disney's Animal Kingdom
Section: Rafiki's Planet Watch

Question: What area does Rafiki's Planet Watch connect to?

Rafiki's Planet Watch is a section for young children and with families and the only section of the park not connected to Discovery Island, and is instead connected to Africa.
Guests board the List of track gauges narrow gauge Wildlife Express Train for the short trip to and from the area, which consists of three sub-areas.
Guests first encounter "Habitat Habit!
", where they can see cottontop tamarins and learn about the efforts to protect these endangered primates in their natural homes.
Along the way, guests can also learn how to provide animal habitats in and around their own homes.
"Conservation Station" showcases the various conservation efforts supported by the Walt Disney Company.
It also gives a behind-the-scenes glimpse into Disney's Animal Kingdom's animal care facilities, including a veterinary examination room complete with a two-way communications system so the veterinary staff can answer guest questions.
Outside, "Affection Section" is a petting zoo featuring goats, sheep and other domesticated animals.
Other animals seen are Ball Pythons, Blue-And-Yellow Macaws, Blue-Tongued Skink, Boa Constrictors, Butterflies, Central Bearded Dragons, Chinchillas, Chinchilla Rabbits, Citron-crested Cockatoos, Common Brushtail Possums, Corn Snakes, Costa Rica Zebra Tarantula, Death's Head Cockroach, Dexter Cattle, Dominique Chickens, Eleonora Cockatoos, Emperor Scorpions, Eclectus Parrots, Fennec Foxes, Ferrets, Giant African Millipedes, Golden Lion Tamarins, Gray Rat Snakes, Green Tree Pythons, Guinea Hogs, Gulf Coast Native Sheep, Hermit Crabs, Hyacinth Macaws, Kinkajous, Llamas, Madagascar Day Geckos, Madagascar Hissing Cockroaches, Madagascar Tree Boas, Nigerian Dwarf Goat, Nile Monitors, North American Donkeys, Opossums, Pygmy Goats, Rats, Rat Snakes, Red-And-Green Macaws, Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers, Red-Crested Turacos, Roughneck Monitor Lizards, San Clemente Island Goats, Savannah Monitors, Solomon Islands Skinks, Spectacled Owls, Striped Skunks, Tamanduas, Tarantulas, Tawny Frogmouths, Tawny Owls, Tenrecs, Tunis Sheep, Two-Toed Sloths, Uromastyx, Variable Hawks, and Vasa Parrots.
Article: Germany
Section: Health

Question: What country has the oldest health care system?

Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating back to Bismarck's social legislation in 1883.
He stressed the importance of three key principles; solidarity, the government is responsible to ensure access by those who are in need, subsidiarity, policies are implemented with smallest no political and administrative influence, and corporatism, the government representative bodies in health care professions deems feasible procedures.
Since then there have been many reforms and provisions to ensure a balanced health care system.
Currently the population is covered by a fairly comprehensive health insurance plan provided by statute.
Certain groups of people (lifetime officials, self-employed persons, employees with high income) can opt out of the plan and switch to a private insurance contract.
Previously, these groups could also choose to do without insurance, but this option was dropped in 2009.
According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded .
In 2005, Germany spent 11% of its GDP on health care.
Germany ranked 20th in the world in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births)., the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 41%, followed by malignant tumours, at 26%., about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).
This article may incorporate text from this source, which is in the public domain.</ref>According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers.