community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: South Korea
Section: Architecture

Question: What were heated floors in ancient buildings called?

Because of South Korea's tumultuous history, construction and destruction has been repeated endlessly, resulting in an interesting melange of architectural styles and designs.
Korean traditional architecture is characterized by its harmony with nature.
Ancient architects adopted the bracket system characterized by thatched roofs and heated floors called "ondol".
People of the upper classes built bigger houses with elegantly curved tiled roofs with lifting eaves.
Traditional architecture can be seen in the palaces and temples, preserved old houses called "hanok", and special sites like Hahoe Folk Village, Yangdong Village of Gyeongju and Korean Folk Village.
Traditional architecture may also be seen at the nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Korea.
Western architecture was first introduced to Korea at the end of the 19th century.
Churches, offices for foreign legislation, schools and university buildings were built in new styles.
With the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea's architectural heritage, and Japanese-style modern architecture was imposed.
The anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Korean War, led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time.
Korean architecture entered a new phase of development during the post-Korean War reconstruction, incorporating modern architectural trends and styles.
Stimulated by the economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s, active redevelopment saw new horizons in architectural design.
In the aftermath of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, South Korea has witnessed a wide variation of styles in its architectural landscape due, in large part, to the opening up of the market to foreign architects.
Contemporary architectural efforts have been constantly trying to balance the traditional philosophy of "harmony with nature" and the fast-paced urbanization that the country has been going through in recent years.
Article: Invasion of Normandy
Section: Armoured reserves

Question: How many army groups did von Rundstedt command?

Rommel's defensive measures were also frustrated by a dispute over armoured doctrine.
In addition to his two army groups, von Rundstedt also commanded the headquarters of "Panzer Group West" under General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg (usually referred to as "von Geyr").
This formation was nominally an administrative HQ for von Rundstedt's armoured and mobile formations, but it was later to be renamed Fifth Panzer Army and brought into the line in Normandy.
Von Geyr and Rommel disagreed over the deployment and use of the vital Panzer divisions.
Rommel recognised that the Allies would possess air superiority and would be able to harass his movements from the air.
He therefore proposed that the armoured formations be deployed close to the invasion beaches.
In his words, it was better to have one Panzer division facing the invaders on the first day, than three Panzer divisions three days later when the Allies would already have established a firm beachhead.
Von Geyr argued for the standard doctrine that the Panzer formations should be concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen, and deployed "en masse" against the main Allied beachhead when this had been identified.
The argument was eventually brought before Hitler for arbitration.
He characteristically imposed an unworkable compromise solution.
Only three Panzer divisions were given to Rommel, too few to cover all the threatened sectors.
The remainder, nominally under Von Geyr's control, were actually designated as being in "OKW Reserve".
Only three of these were deployed close enough to intervene immediately against any invasion of Northern France; the other four were dispersed in southern France and the Netherlands.
Hitler reserved to himself the authority to move the divisions in OKW Reserve, or commit them to action.
On 6 June many Panzer division commanders were unable to move because Hitler had not given the necessary authorisation, and his staff refused to wake him upon news of the invasion.
Article: World War II
Section: Pacific (1942–43)

Question: What was the date of the first retreat by the Commonwealth back to India in WWII

Pacific (1942–43).
By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Singapore, and Rabaul, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners.
Despite stubborn resistance at Corregidor, the US possession of the Philippines was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile.
On 16 April, in Burma 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division.
Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea, Java Sea and Indian Ocean, and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin, Australia.
The only real Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha in early January 1942.
These easy victories over unprepared opponents left Japan overconfident, as well as overextended.
In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia.
The Allies, however, prevented the invasion by intercepting and defeating the Japanese naval forces in the Battle of the Coral Sea.
Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid, was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.
In early June, Japan put its operations into action but the Americans, having broken Japanese naval codes in late May, were fully aware of the plans and force dispositions and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy.
With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua.
The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadalcanal, as a first step towards capturing Rabaul, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.
Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna-Gona.
Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal.
By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops.
In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations.
The first, an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942, went disastrously, forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943.
The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front-lines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results.
Article: Nanking Massacre
Section: Apology and condolences by the Prime Minister and Emperor of Japan

Question: What did the author of "The Rape of Nanking", criticize Murayama for failing to do.

On August 15, 1995, the fiftieth anniversary of the Surrender of Japan, the Japanese prime minister Tomiichi Murayama gave the first clear and formal apology for Japanese actions during the war.
He apologized for Japan's wrongful aggression and the great suffering that it inflicted in Asia.
He offered his heartfelt apology to all survivors and to the relatives and friends of the victims.
That day, the prime minister and the Japanese Emperor Akihito pronounced statements of mourning at Tokyo's Nippon Budokan.
The emperor offered his condolences and expressed the hope that such atrocities would never be repeated.
Iris Chang, author of "The Rape of Nanking", criticized Murayama for not providing the written apology that had been expected.
She said that the people of China "don't believe that an... unequivocal and sincere apology has ever been made by Japan to China" and that a written apology from Japan would send a better message to the international community.
Article: Italy
Section: Foreign relations

Question: How many troops did Italy send to Operation Enduring Freedom in February 2003?

Italy is a founding member of the European Community, now the European Union (EU), and of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and strong supporter of a wide number of international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative.
Its recent turns in the rotating presidency of international organisations include the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), the forerunner of the OSCE, in 1994; G8; and the EU in 2009 and from July to December 2003.
Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, endorsing the United Nations and its international security activities.
As of 2013, Italy was deploying 5,296 troops abroad, engaged in 33 UN and NATO missions in 25 countries of the world.
Italy deployed troops in support of UN peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Mozambique, and East Timor and provides support for NATO and UN operations in Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania.
Italy deployed over 2,000 troops in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) from February 2003.
Italy still supports international efforts to reconstruct and stabilize Iraq, but it had withdrawn its military contingent of some 3,200 troops by November 2006, maintaining only humanitarian operators and other civilian personnel.
In August 2006 Italy deployed about 2,450 troops in Lebanon for the United Nations' peacekeeping mission UNIFIL.
Italy is one of the largest financiers of the Palestinian National Authority, contributing € 60 million in 2013 alone.
Article: Chernobyl disaster
Section: Debris removal

Question: During which construction project did 250,000 workers reach their lifetime radiation limits?

The worst of the radioactive debris was collected inside what was left of the reactor, much of it shoveled in by liquidators wearing heavy protective gear (dubbed "bio-robots" by the military); these workers could only spend a maximum of 40 seconds at a time working on the rooftops of the surrounding buildings because of the extremely high doses of radiation given off by the blocks of graphite and other debris.
The reactor itself was covered with bags of sand, lead and boric acid dropped from helicopters: some 5,000 metric tons of material were dropped during the week that followed the accident.
At the time there was still fear that the reactor could re-enter a self-sustaining nuclear chain-reaction and explode again, and a new containment structure was planned to prevent rain entering and triggering such an explosion, and to prevent further release of radioactive material.
This was the largest civil engineering task in history, involving a quarter of a million construction workers who all reached their official lifetime limits of radiation.
By December 1986, a large concrete sarcophagus had been erected to seal off the reactor and its contents.
A unique "clean up" medal was given to the workers.
Many of the vehicles used by the "liquidators" remain parked in a field in the Chernobyl area.
During the construction of the sarcophagus, a scientific team re-entered the reactor as part of an investigation dubbed "Complex Expedition", to locate and contain nuclear fuel in a way that could not lead to another explosion.
These scientists manually collected cold fuel rods, but great heat was still emanating from the core.
Rates of radiation in different parts of the building were monitored by drilling holes into the reactor and inserting long metal detector tubes.
The scientists were exposed to high levels of radiation and radioactive dust.
After six months of investigation, in December 1986, they discovered with the help of a remote camera an intensely radioactive mass in the basement of Unit Four, more than two metres wide and weighing hundreds of tons, which they called "the elephant's foot" for its wrinkled appearance.
The mass was composed of sand, glass and a large amount of nuclear fuel that had escaped from the reactor.
The concrete beneath the reactor was steaming hot, and was breached by solidified lava and spectacular unknown crystalline forms termed chernobylite.
It was concluded that there was no further risk of explosion.
Article: Luge
Section: Risks

Question: In preparation of a Winter Olympics competition, how many athletes have died?

As with many extreme sports, luging has risks.
Though most injuries involve bumps, bruises, broken bones and concussions, fatalities do occasionally occur.
Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili suffered a fatal crash during his final practice run for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada.
Hours later, the International Luge Federation concluded that the accident was caused by a steering error and not a track error; nevertheless, changes to the track were made before the re-opening.
Kumaritashvili was the fourth athlete to die while in preparation for a Winter Olympics competition, following speed skier Nicolas Bochatay, 27, who died while preparing for the Albertville 1992 games, British luger Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski and skier Ross Milne, 19, who both died in the run-up to the Innsbruck 1964 games.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Marketing

Question: Which year did Toy Story get released on Blu-Ray and DVD?

The film's first teaser trailer was released with "Up" in Disney Digital 3-D, on May 29, 2009.
On October 2, 2009, "Toy Story" and "Toy Story 2" were re-released as a double feature in Disney Digital 3-D.
The first full-length trailer was attached as an exclusive sneak peek and a first footage to the "Toy Story" double feature, on October 12, 2009.
A second teaser was released on February 10, 2010, followed by a second full-length trailer on February 11, and appeared in 3D showings of "Alice in Wonderland" and "How to Train Your Dragon".
On March 23, 2010, "Toy Story" was released on Blu-ray/DVD combo pack, which included a small feature of "The Story of "Toy Story 3"".
In addition, "Toy Story 2" was released on the same day in the same format, which had a small feature on the "Characters of "Toy Story 3"".
Mattel, Thinkway Toys, and Lego are among companies who produced toys to promote the film.
Fisher Price, a Mattel Company, has released "Toy Story 3" with twenty-one 3D images for viewing with the View-Master viewer.
Disney Interactive Studios also produced a video game based on the film, "", which was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and PSP on June 15, 2010.
A PlayStation 2 version was released on October 30, 2010, as part of a PS2 bundle and separately on November 2, 2010 (the same day "Toy Story 3" was released on DVD and Blu-ray).
It was also the last Disney/Pixar game to be released on PlayStation 2.
"Toy Story 3" was featured in Apple's iPhone OS 4 Event on April 8, 2010, with Steve Jobs demonstrating a "Toy Story 3" themed iAd written in HTML5.
Pixar designed a commercial for the toy, Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear, and formatted it to appear as if it came from an old VCR recording.
The recording was altered with distorted sound, noise along the bottom of the screen, and flickering video, all designed to make it look like a converted recording from around 1983.
A Japanese version of the commercial was also released online, with the name "Lots-O'-Huggin Bear" replaced with "Little Hug-Hug Bear" (Japanese:ハグハグベアちゃん/"Hagu Hagu Beya-Chan").
On "Dancing with the Stars" May 11, 2010, episode, the Gipsy Kings performed a Spanish-language version of the song "You've Got a Friend in Me," which featured a paso doble dance choreographed by Cheryl Burke and Tony Dovolani.
Both the song and dance are featured in the film.
"Toy Story 3" was promoted with airings of the first and second film on several channels in the weeks preceding the film's release, including Disney Channel, Disney XD, and ABC Family.
Sneak peeks of "Toy Story 3" were also revealed, primarily on Disney Channel.
Article: Yosemite National Park
Section: Habitats

Question: How many species of vertebrates can be found in Yosemite?

With its scrubby sun-baked chaparral, stately groves of pine, fir, and sequoia, and expanses of alpine woodlands and meadows, Yosemite National Park preserves a Sierra Nevada landscape as it prevailed before Euro-American settlement.
In contrast to surrounding lands, which have been significantly altered by logging, the park still contains some of old-growth forest.
Taken together, the park's varied habitats support over 250 species of vertebrates, which include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Along much of Yosemite's western boundary, habitats are dominated by mixed coniferous forests of Ponderosa Pine, Sugar Pine, Incense-cedar, White Fir, Douglas Fir, and a few stands of Giant Sequoia, interspersed by areas of Black Oak and Canyon Live Oak.
A relatively high diversity of wildlife species is supported by these habitats, because of relatively mild, lower-elevation climate and the mixture of habitat types and plant species.
Wildlife species typically found in these habitats include American black bear, Bobcat, Cougar, Gray fox, Mule deer, Mountain kingsnake, Gilbert's skink, White-headed Woodpecker, Brown Creeper, Spotted Owl, and a wide variety of bat species.
In the case of bats, large snags are important as roost sites.
Going higher in elevation, the coniferous forests become purer stands of Red Fir, Western White Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Lodgepole Pine, and the occasional Foxtail pine.
Fewer wildlife species tend to be found in these habitats, because of their higher elevation and lower complexity.
Species likely to be found include Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel, Chickaree, Fisher, Steller's Jay, Hermit Thrush, and Northern Goshawk.
Reptiles are not common, but include Rubber Boa, western fence lizard, and Northern Alligator Lizard.
As the landscape rises, trees become smaller and more sparse, with stands broken by areas of exposed granite.
These include Lodgepole Pine, Whitebark Pine, and Mountain Hemlock that, at highest elevations, give way to vast expanses of granite as treeline is reached.
The climate in these habitats is harsh and the growing season is short, but species such as Pika, Yellow-bellied Marmot, White-tailed Jackrabbit, Clark's Nutcracker, and Black Rosy Finch are adapted to these conditions.
Also, the treeless alpine habitats are the areas favored by Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep.
This species, however, is now found in the Yosemite area only around Tioga Pass, where a small, reintroduced population exists.
At a variety of elevations, meadows provide important, productive habitat for wildlife.
Animals come to feed on the green grasses and use the flowing and standing water found in many meadows.
Predators, in turn, are attracted to these areas.
The interface between meadow and forest is also favored by many animal species because of the proximity of open areas for foraging and cover for protection.
Species that are highly dependent upon meadow habitat include Great Grey Owl, Willow Flycatcher, Yosemite Toad, and Mountain Beaver.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Possible sequel

Question: If there is a Toy Story 4, which actors have reportedly signed up?

According to an article on NOLA.com, "Toy Story 3" director Lee Unkrich has confirmed that a "Toy Story 4" sequel is not being planned.
"Well, we don't have any plans for "Toy Story 4"," Unkrich said.
"I'm flattered that people ask about it—it reminds me how much people love the characters, but it was really important to me with this film that we not just create another sequel, that it not just be another appendage coming off of the other two."
Unkrich went on to say, "there may be opportunities for Woody and Buzz in the future, but we don't have any plans for anything right now."
It has also been reported that Hanks and Allen have signed on for a "Toy Story 4" if Pixar ever decides to produce one.
In a BBC interview in 2011, Hanks said that he thought Pixar was working on a sequel.
Disney denied the rumors saying, "nothing is official."
Article: Bibimbap
Section: Variations

Question: What does the term "hoe" mean?

A variation of this dish, "dolsot bibimbap" (돌솥 비빔밥, "dolsot" meaning "stone pot"), is served in a very hot stone bowl in which a raw egg is cooked against the sides of the bowl.
The bowl is so hot that anything that touches it sizzles for minutes.
Before the rice is placed in the bowl, the bottom of the bowl is coated with sesame oil, making the layer of the rice touching the bowl golden brown and crisp.
The city of Jeonju, the capital of the North Jeolla Province of South Korea, is famous throughout the nation for its version of "bibimbap", said to be based on a royal court dish of the Joseon Dynasty.
A further variation of "bibimbap", called "hoedeopbap", uses a variety of raw seafood, such as tilapia, salmon, tuna or sometimes octopus, but each bowl of rice usually contain one kind of meat.
The term "hoe" in the word means raw fish.
The dish is popular along the coasts of Korea where fish are abundant.
Article: Lacrosse
Section: Box Lacrosse

Question: Large fields were no longer used for lacrosse players starting in what year?

Up until the 1930s, all lacrosse was played on large fields outdoors.
The owners of Canadian hockey arenas invented a reduced-size version of the game, called box lacrosse, as a means to make more profit from their arena investments, and because severe winter weather in many areas limits outdoor play.
Since 1985, when the Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association (CUFLA) began operating a collegiate men's league, field lacrosse has witnessed a revival in Canada.
There are now 12 varsity teams.
In 1994, Canada declared lacrosse its national summer sport in the .
In 1987, a men's professional box lacrosse league was started, called the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League.
This league changed its name to the Major Indoor Lacrosse League, then later to the Lacrosse League.
It grew to encompass men's lacrosse clubs in 14 cities throughout the United States and Canada.