community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Photoelectric effect
Section: Cross section

Question: How is the probability of photoelectric effect  occurring calculated?

The photoelectric effect is one interaction mechanism between photons and atoms.
It is one of 12 theoretically possible interactions.
At the high photon energies comparable to the electron rest energy of , Compton scattering, another process, may take place.
Above twice this () pair production may take place.
Compton scattering and pair production are examples of two other competing mechanisms.
Indeed, even if the photoelectric effect is the favoured reaction for a particular single-photon bound-electron interaction, the result is also subject to statistical processes and is not guaranteed, albeit the photon has certainly disappeared and a bound electron has been excited (usually K or L shell electrons at gamma ray energies).
The probability of the photoelectric effect occurring is measured by the cross section of interaction, σ.
This has been found to be a function of the atomic number of the target atom and photon energy.
A crude approximation, for photon energies above the highest atomic binding energy, is given by:formula_19Here Z is atomic number and "n" is a number which varies between 4 and 5.
(At lower photon energies a characteristic structure with edges appears, K edge, L edges, M edges, etc.)
The obvious interpretation follows that the photoelectric effect rapidly decreases in significance, in the gamma ray region of the spectrum, with increasing photon energy, and that photoelectric effect increases steeply with atomic number.
The corollary is that high-Z materials make good gamma-ray shields, which is the principal reason that lead (Z = 82) is a preferred and ubiquitous gamma radiation shield.
Article: Archery
Section: Modern competitive archery

Question: What is Para-Archery?

Competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances.
This is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide and is called target archery.
A form particularly popular in Europe and America is field archery, shot at targets generally set at various distances in a wooded setting.
Para-Archery is an adaptation of archery for athletes with a disability.
It is governed by the World Archery Federation (WA), and is one of the sports in the Summer Paralympic Games.
There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms of archery, as well as archery novelty games and flight archery, where the aim is to shoot the greatest distance.
Article: Vietnam
Section: Ethnicity

Question: Where is the highest concentration of the Kinh population located?

According to the 2009 census, the dominant Viet or Kinh ethnic group constituted nearly 73.6 million people, or 85.8% of the population.
The Kinh population is concentrated mainly in the alluvial deltas and coastal plains of the country.
A largely homogeneous social and ethnic group, the Kinh possess significant political and economic influence over the country.
However, Vietnam is also home to 54 ethnic minority groups, including the Hmong, Dao, Tay, Thai, and Nùng.
Many ethnic minorities – such as the Muong, who are closely related to the Kinh – dwell in the highlands, which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's territory.
Before the Vietnam War, the population of the Central Highlands was almost exclusively Degar (including over 40 tribal groups); however, Ngô Đình Diệm's South Vietnamese government enacted a program of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas.
The Hoa (ethnic Chinese) and Khmer Krom people are mainly lowlanders.
As Sino-Vietnamese relations soured in 1978 and 1979, some 450,000 Hoa left Vietnam.
Article: Six Flags
Section: Beginnings

Question: What year marked the construction of Six Flags Over Texas?

The name refers to the flags of the six different nations that have governed Texas: Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the United States of America, and the Confederate States of America.
The original park was (and still is) split into separate regions, such as the "Spain and Mexico" section which featured Spanish-themed rides, attractions, and buildings.
The Six Flags chain originated in 1959 with the creation of "The Great Southwest Corporation" by Angus G. Wynne and other investors.
Construction of "Six Flags Over Texas" started in 1960, and the park was opened the next year for a short (45-day) season.
The first park initially featured a Native American village, a gondola ride, a railroad, some Wild West shows, a stagecoach ride, and "Skull Island", a pirate-themed adventure attraction.
There was also an excursion, inspired by the historical La Salle Expeditions in the late 1600s, called "LaSalle's River Adventure", aboard French riverboats through a wilderness full of animated puppets.
Over time, all of those attractions, except for the railroad, would be replaced by others, such as roller coasters, swing rides, log flumes, and shoot-the-chute rides, as well as an observation tower.
Article: Family Guy
Section: Origins

Question: What were Seth MacFarlane's inspirations for Family Guy?

MacFarlane initially conceived "Family Guy" in 1995 while studying animation at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD).
During college, he created his thesis film entitled "The Life of Larry", which was submitted by his professor at RISD to Hanna-Barbera.
MacFarlane was hired by the company.
In 1996 MacFarlane created a sequel to "The Life of Larry" entitled "Larry and Steve", which featured a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve; the short was broadcast in 1997 as one of Cartoon Network's "World Premiere Toons".
Executives at Fox saw the "Larry" shorts and contracted MacFarlane to create a series, entitled "Family Guy", based on the characters.
Fox proposed MacFarlane complete a 15-minute short, and gave him a budget of $50,000.
Several aspects of "Family Guy" were inspired by the "Larry shorts".
While working on the series, the characters of Larry and his dog Steve slowly evolved into Peter and Brian.
MacFarlane stated that the difference between "The Life of Larry" and "Family Guy" was that ""Life of Larry" was shown primarily in my dorm room and "Family Guy" was shown after the Super Bowl."
After the pilot aired, the series was given the green light.
MacFarlane drew inspiration from several sitcoms such as "The Simpsons" and "All in the Family".
Premises were drawn from several 1980s Saturday morning cartoons he watched as a child, such as "The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang" and "Rubik, the Amazing Cube".
The Griffin family first appeared on the demo that MacFarlane pitched to Fox on May 15, 1998.
"Family Guy" was originally planned to start out as short movies for the sketch show "MADtv", but the plan changed because MADtv's budget was not large enough to support animation production.
MacFarlane noted that he then wanted to pitch it to Fox, as he thought that that was the place to create a prime-time animation show.
"Family Guy" was originally pitched to Fox in the same year as "King of the Hill", but the show was not bought until years later, when "King of the Hill" became successful.
Fox ordered 13 episodes of "Family Guy" to air in midseason after MacFarlane impressed executives with a seven-minute demo.
Article: Physiology
Section: History

Question: Where did Walter Cannon derive his concept of "homeostasis"?

The study of human physiology dates back to at least 420  BC to the time of Hippocrates, also known as the father of medicine.
The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c. 126–199 AD), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the functions of the body.
Galen was the founder of experimental physiology.
Jean Fernel, a French physician, introduced the term "physiology" in 1525.
In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.
It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells.
Claude Bernard's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of "milieu interieur" (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as "homeostasis" by American physiologist Walter Cannon.
In the 20th century, biologists also became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology.
Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew.
Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.
Article: Magnetic resonance imaging
Section: Magnetic resonance angiography

Question: What method helps to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain?

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) generates pictures of the arteries to evaluate them for stenosis (abnormal narrowing) or aneurysms (vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture).
MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (called a "run-off").
A variety of techniques can be used to generate the pictures, such as administration of a paramagnetic contrast agent (gadolinium) or using a technique known as "flow-related enhancement" (e.g., 2D and 3D time-of-flight sequences), where most of the signal on an image is due to blood that recently moved into that plane, see also FLASH MRI.
Techniques involving phase accumulation (known as phase contrast angiography) can also be used to generate flow velocity maps easily and accurately.
Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is a similar procedure that is used to image veins.
In this method, the tissue is now excited inferiorly, while the signal is gathered in the plane immediately superior to the excitation plane—thus imaging the venous blood that recently moved from the excited plane.
Article: Biology
Section: Basic unresolved problems in biology

Question: is there a consensus view of why we age?

Despite the profound advances made over recent decades in our understanding of life’s fundamental processes, some basic problems have remained unresolved.
For example, one of the major unresolved problems in biology is the primary adaptive function of sex, and particularly its key processes in eukaryotes, meiosis and homologous recombination.
One view is that sex evolved primarily as an adaptation for increasing genetic diversity (see references e.g.).
An alternative view is that sex is an adaptation for promoting accurate DNA repair in germ-line DNA, and that increased genetic diversity is primarily a byproduct that may be useful in the long run.
(See also Evolution of sexual reproduction).
Another basic unresolved problem in biology is the biologic basis of aging.
At present, there is no consensus view on the underlying cause of aging.
Various competing theories are outlined in Ageing#Theories.
Article: Wadjda
Section: Cast

Question: Who plays the father in the movie Wadjda?

 Reem Abdullah as Mother
 Waad Mohammed as Wadjda (وجدة)
 Abdullrahman Algohani as Abdullah
 Sultan Al Assaf as Father
 Ahd Kamel as Ms Hussa
 Ibrahim Al Mozael as Toyshop Owner
 Noof Saad as Qu'ran Teacher
 Rafa Al Sanea as Fatima
 Alanoud Sajini as Fatin
Article: Virus
Section: Etymology

Question: In what year did the word "viral" come about?

The word is from the Latin "virus" referring to poison and other noxious substances, first used in English in 1392.
"Virulent", from Latin "virulentus" (poisonous), dates to 1400.
A meaning of "agent that causes infectious disease" is first recorded in 1728, before the discovery of viruses by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892.
The English plural is "viruses", whereas the Latin word is a mass noun, which has no classically attested plural.
The adjective "viral" dates to 1948.
The term "virion" (plural "virions"), which dates from 1959, is also used to refer to a single, stable infective viral particle that is released from the cell and is fully capable of infecting other cells of the same type.
Article: Orange Is the New Black
Section: Plot

Question: Which actress portrays Piper on Orange is the New Black?

The series revolves around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in a women's federal prison for transporting a suitcase full of drug money to her former girlfriend, Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), who is an international drug smuggler.
The offense occurred ten years prior to the start of the series, and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law-abiding life among New York's upper middle class.
While in prison, Piper is reunited with Alex, and they re-examine their relationship and deal with the tough inmates.
Article: The Scream
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the name of the artist who composed four versions of The Scream?

The Scream () is the popular name given to each of four versions of a composition, created as both paintings and pastels, by the Expressionist artist Edvard Munch between 1893 and 1910.
Der Schrei der Natur ("The Scream of Nature") is the title Munch gave to these works, all of which show a figure with an agonized expression against a landscape with a tumultuous orange sky.
Arthur Lubow has described "The Scream" as "an icon of modern art, a Mona Lisa for our time."
Edvard Munch created the four versions in various media.
The National Gallery, Oslo, holds one of two painted versions (1893, shown at right).
The Munch Museum holds the other painted version (1910, see gallery) and a pastel version from 1893.
These three versions have not traveled for years.
The fourth version (pastel, 1895) was sold for $119,922,600 at Sotheby's Impressionist and Modern Art auction on 2 May 2012 to financier Leon Black, the second highest nominal price paid for a painting at auction.
The painting was on display in the Museum of Modern Art in New York from October 2012 to April 2013.
Also in 1895, Munch created a lithograph stone of the image.
Of the lithograph prints produced by Munch, several examples survive.
Only approximately four dozen prints were made before the original stone was resurfaced by the printer in Munch's absence.
"The Scream" has been the target of several high-profile art thefts.
In 1994, the version in the National Gallery was stolen.
It was recovered several months later.
In 2004, both "The Scream" and "Madonna" were stolen from the Munch Museum, and were both recovered two years later.
Article: Last Supper
Section: Prediction of Peter's denial

Question: Who began to cry?

In , , and Jesus predicts that Peter will deny knowledge of him, stating that Peter will disown him three times before the rooster crows the next morning.
The three Synoptic Gospels mention that after the arrest of Jesus Peter denied knowing him three times, but after the third denial, heard the rooster crow and recalled the prediction as Jesus turned to look at him.
Peter then began to cry bitterly.
Article: Taekwondo
Section: Safety

Question: What part of the body is injured the most in Taekwondo?

Although taekwondo competitors have an apparently substantial risk of injury, most injuries are minor.
A 2009 meta-analysis reported that an average of about 8% of competitors are injured per exposure to competition.
Age, gender, and level of play did not significantly affect the injury rate.
The legs are the most common location for injuries, and bruising is the most common injury type.
Injuries may occur if students are taught to block punches in a formal manner (chamber position, perfect angles, etc.)
even when sparring.
When comparing the speed of a punch and the reaction time taken to block effectively, it is difficult to block a punch.
Many taekwondo schools teach students blocking for grading and classwork, and dodging or parrying for sparring.
Article: Modern Family
Section: Conception

Question: When pitching the show Modern Family, why did the creators refuse to make a deal with Fox?

As creators Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan retold stories about their families, they realized that the stories could be the basis for a show.
They started working on the idea of a family being observed in a mockumentary-style show.
They later decided that it could be a show about three families and their experiences.
It was originally called "My American Family".
The creators pitched it to the Big Three television networks (they did not pitch it to Fox because of issues Lloyd had with the network over "Back to You").
CBS, which was not ready to use the single-camera style of filming nor ready to make another large commitment, rejected the series.
The network had recently aired "Welcome to The Captain" and "Worst Week", two single-camera sitcoms that lasted only one season (CBS would not attempt another single-camera series until 2013, when it picked up both "We Are Men" and "The Crazy Ones" for its fall lineup; "We Are Men" was cancelled after two episodes).
NBC, already broadcasting "The Office" and "Parks and Recreation", decided against taking on a third mockumentary-style show.
ABC accepted the series and picked it up for a full season.
Article: The Usual Suspects
Section: Abstract

Question: "The Usual Suspects" won Academy Awards in which categories?

The Usual Suspects is a 1995 American crime-thriller film directed by Bryan Singer and written by Christopher McQuarrie.
It stars Stephen Baldwin, Gabriel Byrne, Benicio del Toro, Chazz Palminteri, Kevin Pollak, Pete Postlethwaite, and Kevin Spacey.
The film follows the interrogation of Roger "Verbal" Kint, a small-time con man who is one of only two survivors of a massacre and fire on a ship docked at the Port of Los Angeles.
He tells an interrogator a convoluted story about events that led him and four other criminals to the boat, and of a mysterious mob boss known as Keyser Söze who commissioned their work.
Using flashback and narration, Kint's story becomes increasingly complex.
The film, shot on a $6 million budget, began as a title taken from a column in "Spy" magazine called "The Usual Suspects", after one of Claude Rains' most memorable lines in the classic film "Casablanca."
Singer thought it would make a good title for a film, the poster for which he and McQuarrie had developed as the first visual idea.
"The Usual Suspects" was shown out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival, and then initially released in a few theaters.
It received favorable reviews, and was eventually given a wider release.
McQuarrie won an Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) and Spacey won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance.
Article: Gangnam Style
Section: South Korea

Question: How much money did Gangham Style make South Korea?

In 2012, the South Korean government announced that "Gangnam Style" had brought in $13.4 million to the country’s audio sector, and it subsequently launched a campaign to further expand the K-Pop music industry overseas.
According to the Bank of Korea, the country's services account recorded a surplus of USD 2.3 billion in the first nine months of this year, compared to a deficit of USD 4.5 billion last year.
This was mainly due to the growing influence and popularity of K-pop songs such as "Gangnam Style".
However, the American journalist John Seabrook noted that by "satirizing standard K-pop tropes in Gangnam Style", Psy may have subverted the music genre's chances of making it big in the West.
Article: Toy Story
Section: Music

Question: Name the music composer of Toy Story.

Disney was concerned with Lasseter's position on the use of music.
Unlike other Disney films of the time, Lasseter did not want the film to be a musical, saying it was a buddy film featuring "real toys."
Joss Whedon agreed saying, "It would have been a really bad musical, because it's a buddy movie.
It's about people who won't admit what they want, much less sing about it.
...
Buddy movies are about sublimating, punching an arm, 'I hate you.'
It's not about open emotion."
However, Disney favored the musical format, claiming "Musicals are our orientation.
Characters breaking into song is a great shorthand.
It takes some of the onus off what they're asking for."
Disney and Pixar reached a compromise: the characters in "Toy Story" would not break into song, but the film would use songs over the action, as in "The Graduate", to convey and amplify the emotions that Buzz and Woody were feeling.
Disney tapped Randy Newman to compose the film.
The edited "Toy Story" was due to Randy Newman and Gary Rydstrom in late September 1995 for their final work on the score and sound design, respectively.
Lasseter claimed "His songs are touching, witty, and satirical, and he would deliver the emotional underpinning for every scene."
Newman developed the film's signature song "You've Got a Friend in Me" in one day.
Article: Inside Llewyn Davis
Section: Cast

Question: Who played Marty Green in the film?

 Oscar Isaac as Llewyn Davis
 Carey Mulligan as Jean Berkey
 John Goodman as Roland Turner
 Garrett Hedlund as Johnny Five
 Justin Timberlake as Jim Berkey
 F. Murray Abraham as Bud Grossman
 Stark Sands as Troy Nelson
 Jeanine Serralles as Joy
 Adam Driver as Al Cody
 Ethan Phillips as Mitch Gorfein
 Alex Karpovsky as Marty Green
 Max Casella as Pappi Corsicato
 Chris Eldridge as Mike Timlin
 Benjamin Pike as young Bob Dylan
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Scientific accuracy

Question: how many scenes were put under scrutiny?

Donna Nelson, a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Oklahoma, checked scripts and provided dialogue.
She also drew chemical structures and wrote chemical equations which were used as props.
According to creator Vince Gilligan, "Dr. Donna Nelson from the University of Oklahoma approached us several seasons back and said, 'I really like this show, and if you ever need help with the chemistry, I'd love to lend a hand.'
She's been a wonderful advisor.
We get help wherever we need it, whether it's chemistry, electrical engineering, or physics.
We try to get everything correct.
There's no full-time on set, but we run certain scenes by these experts first."
"[Because Walter White was talking to his students, I was able to dumb down certain moments of description and dialogue in the early episodes which held me until we had some help from some honest-to-God chemists," says Gilligan.
According to Gilligan, Nelson "vets our scripts to make sure our chemistry dialogue is accurate and up to date.
We also have a chemist with the Drug Enforcement Administration based out of Dallas who has just been hugely helpful to us."
Nelson spoke of Gilligan's interest in having the science right: " said it made a difference to him.
"In 2013, two scenes from the first season of "Breaking Bad" were put under scrutiny in a "Mythbusters" "Breaking Bad" Special.
Despite several modifications to what was seen in the show, both myths were busted.
Jason Wallach of Vice magazine commended the accuracy of the cooking methods presented in the series.
In early episodes, a once common clandestine route, the Nagai red phosphorus/iodine method, is depicted, which uses pseudoephedrine as a precursor to d-(+)-methamphetamine.
By the seventh episode of season 1 "A No Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" Walt chooses to use a different synthetic route based on the difficulty of acquiring enough pseudoephedrine to produce on the larger scale required.
The new method Walt chooses is a reductive amination reaction, relying on phenyl-2-propanone and methylamine.
On the show the phenyl-2-propane, otherwise known as phenylacetone or P2P is produced from phenylacetic acid and acetic acid using a tube furnace and thorium dioxide or ThO2 as a catalyst as mentioned in episodes "A No Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" and "Más".
P2P and methylamine form an imine intermediate, reduction of this P2P-methylamine imine intermediate is performed using mercury aluminum amalgam as shown in several episodes including "Hazard Pay".