community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Central Park
Section: Fauna

Question: What genus does the eastern gray squirrel belong to?

 Birds:
The first official list of birds observed in Central Park was drawn up by Augustus G. Paine, Jr.. Paine was an avid hobby ornithologist and, together with his friend Lewis B. Woodruff, drew up a list of birds counting 235 species.
This was regarded as the first official list and was published in "Forest and Stream" on June 10, 1886.
An article in "The New Yorker" on August 26, 1974 calls attention to this early list.
Over the decades the list has been updated and changed.
The park is frequented by various migratory species of birds during their Spring and Fall migration on the Atlantic Flyway.
Over a quarter of all the bird species found in the United States have been seen in Central Park.
One of these species is the Red-tailed hawk, which re-established a presence in the park when a male hawk known as Pale Male for his light coloration, nested on a building on Fifth Avenue, across the street from the park.
He became a local media celebrity and a prolific breeder.
Central Park was the site of the misguided unleashing of European starlings in North America, a native of Eurasia which has become an invasive species.
In April, 1890, eighty birds were released by Eugene Schieffelin, and the following March another eighty; these one hundred and sixty birds are the progenitors of the flocks which now span the United States and parts of Canada.
 Mammals
* Raccoon ("Procyon lotor"): nocturnal tree dwellers that come down to ground level to feed at night, have become extremely common in Central Park in recent years, prompting the Parks Department to post rabies warnings around certain areas.
* Eastern gray squirrel, or grey squirrel ("Sciurus carolinensis"), is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the eastern and midwestern United States.
* Eastern Chipmunk ("Tamias striatus"): although not commonly sighted, there are chipmunks in Central Park.
* Virginia Opossum ("Didelphis virginiana"): a nocturnal marsupial that rests in trees during the day and searches for food on the ground at night.
 Arthropods: In 2002 a new genus and species of centipede ("Nannarrup hoffmani") was discovered in Central Park.
At about long, it is one of the smallest centipedes in the world.
Article: Wakeboarding
Section: Fins and placement

Question: When are the fins active?

The closer the fins are placed towards the centre of the wakeboard, the quicker and better the wakeboard releases from the wake.
The farther out towards the tip and tail they are placed, the longer the wakeboard will stay hooked into the wake and it won’t release as well.
Long based finsTheir effect is almost the same as a short fin with a long base because they have a similar amount of surface area.
Long-based fins release better, give the wakeboard a loose, snowboard-like feel when riding flat through the water, and they hold up better on rails and ramps.
Moulded finsThese are just big channels in the board that act like fins and hold up on rails and ramps.
Moulded fins are slippery, but most boards have a removable centre fin.
Multi-finned set-upsThese capture the maximum edge hold and aggressiveness into the wake and through the wake.
Canted side finsThese are fins that lean out on an angle.
These fins are not as active when the wakeboard is riding flat through the water, but the more the rider leans on edge, the more the wakeboard hooks up.
The inside fin digs while the outside lifts, creating leverage to help the wakeboard edge hard.
Great for 50-50 grinds, nose presses and tail presses.
Cupped side finsThey have the same effect as canted fins but add more of a push-pull effect.
The cupped fin allows for the use of a smaller fin but still gets the hold of a bigger fin due to the increased surface area of the cupped side of the fin.
These fins are very deceiving – they look small and loose but really aren’t.
No FinsSome riders prefer to ride finless, as some boards are specifically designed for cable parks or other uses, some uses of which can benefit from a finless design.
Article: Lacrosse
Section: International lacrosse

Question: Which countries is lacrosse usually played?

Lacrosse has been played for the most part in Canada and the United States, with small but dedicated lacrosse communities in the United Kingdom and Australia.
Recently, however, lacrosse has begun to flourish at an international level, with teams being established particularly in Europe and east Asia.
With lacrosse not having been an official Olympic sport since 1908, the pinnacle of international lacrosse competition consists of the quadrennial World Championships.
Begun in 1968, world championships began as a four-team invitational tournament sponsored by the International Lacrosse Federation.
Until 1986, lacrosse world championships had been contested only by the US, Canada, England, and Australia.
Scotland and Wales had teams competing in the women's edition.
They are now held for lacrosse at senior men, senior women, under 19 men and under 19 women levels.
With the expansion of the game internationally, the 2006 Men's World Championship was contested by 21 countries and the Iroquois Nationals, representing the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy.
They are the only Native American/First Nations team to compete internationally.
The 2009 Women's World Cup was competed for by 16 nations.
In 2003, the first World Indoor Lacrosse Championship was contested by six nations at four sites in Ontario.
Canada won the championship in a final game against the Iroquois Nationals, 21-4.
The 2007 WILC was held in Halifax from May 14–20, and also won by Canada.
Competition included the Iroquois Nationals and teams from Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, England, Ireland, Scotland, and the United States.
The World Lacrosse Championships have been dominated by the United States, particularly in the men's game.
Its only world championship game losses at either level was in the 1978 final and 2006 final, both to Canada.
The USA has won 9 of the 11 senior men's and all six under-19 men's tournaments to date.
In the women's game, Australia has provided stiffer competition, having won 6 of 14 games against the USA at senior world championships, including one draw.
The USA has won 6 of the 8 senior women's, and 2 of the 3 under-19 women's tournaments to date, with the other world championships won by Australia.
The Iroquois Nationals are a team with members representing the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy.
The team was admitted to the International Lacrosse Federation (ILF) in 1990.
It is the only First Nations team sanctioned to compete in any sport internationally.
The Nationals placed fourth in the 1998, 2002 and 2006 World Lacrosse Championships.
In 2008, the Iroquois were admitted as the Haudenosunee Nation to the International Federation of Women's Lacrosse Associations (IFWLA), since merged with the FIL (see below).
Article: Can't Smile Without You
Section: Abstract

Question: What song did the single "Last Christmas" lift it's melody from?

"Can't Smile Without You" is a song written by Christian Arnold, David Martin, and Geoff Morrow, best known in its rendition by Barry Manilow.
"Can't Smile Without You" was the first single to be released from Manilow's album "Even Now".
The song was released as a single in 1978 where it reached the number one spot on Billboard's AC chart, and the number three spot on the Billboard Hot 100.
Previously, the song was recorded by The Carpenters on their album "A Kind of Hush" in 1976, and was featured as the B-side of their hit "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" the following year.
Manilow's version had slightly different lyrics from the Carpenters, such as the Carpenters's line "I can't laugh and I can't walk / I'm finding it hard even to talk," was changed in Manilow's version to "I can't laugh and I can't sing / I'm finding it hard to do anything" (the latter is likely the original lyric, changed by the Carpenters because the lyric "I can't sing" when being sung makes no sense).
The Carpenters remixed the song for the B-side of "Calling Occupants" in September 1977, again revising the lyric to read "I can't laugh and I can't sleep / I don't even talk to people I meet".
Additional orchestration was also included in the remix.
A version on Manilow's greatest hits box set, "The Complete Collection and Then Some..." combines the first half of Take 1 with the double-tracked second half of his released version.
Engelbert Humperdinck released the song, using the same lyrics as the original Carpenters version, on his After the Lovin' album, 1976.
On behalf of the songwriters, publishing company Dick James Music sued George Michael for plagiarism in the mid-'80s, claiming that the 1984 Wham!
single "Last Christmas" lifted its melody from "Can't Smile Without You."
The case was settled out of court.
In 2010 George Michael was publicly cleared of all charges.
Jerry Lewis often sings the song on his annual Muscular Dystrophy Association telethon, with altered lyrics that speak of the need for the viewers to call in their pledge.
The song has appeared in such films as "Four Weddings and a Funeral", ', "Unconditional Love", "Starsky & Hutch", ' and "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas".
In 2008, there was an attempt by Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
supporters following their League Cup win to get the song to Number One, as they see this song as being a part of the club, with the words "Can't Smile Without You" being seen on many flags, banners, and websites as a slogan to the club.
In 2010, GP Maxine Brooks released the song as a charity single for Nurse's Aid, supporting wounded soldiers and in memory of a WWI heroine.
Article: Fight Club
Section: Writing

Question: Who thought his character was too one-dimensional?

Screenwriter Jim Uhls started working on an early draft of the adapted screenplay, which excluded a voice-over because the industry perceived at the time that the technique was "hackneyed and trite".
When Fincher joined the film, he thought that the film should have a voice-over, believing that the film's humor came from the narrator's voice.
The director described the film without a voice-over as seemingly "sad and pathetic".
Fincher and Uhls revised the script for six to seven months and by 1997 had a third draft that reordered the story and left out several major elements.
When Pitt was cast, he was concerned that his character, Tyler Durden, was too one-dimensional.
Fincher sought the advice of writer-director Cameron Crowe, who suggested giving the character more ambiguity.
Fincher also hired screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker for assistance.
The director invited Pitt and Norton to help revise the script, and the group drafted five revisions in the course of a year.
Chuck Palahniuk praised the faithful film adaptation of his novel and applauded how the film's plot was more streamlined than the book's.
Palahniuk recalled how the writers debated if film audiences would believe the plot twist from the novel.
Fincher supported including the twist, arguing, "If they accept everything up to this point, they'll accept the plot twist.
If they're still in the theater, they'll stay with it."
Palahniuk's novel also contained homoerotic overtones, which the director included in the film to make audiences uncomfortable and accentuate the surprise of the film's twists.
The bathroom scene where Tyler Durden bathes next to the narrator is an example of the overtones; the line, "I'm wondering if another woman is really the answer we need," was meant to suggest personal responsibility rather than homosexuality.
Another example is the scene at the beginning of the film in which Tyler Durden puts a gun barrel down the narrator's mouth.
The narrator finds redemption at the end of the film by rejecting Tyler Durden's dialectic, a path that diverged from the novel's ending in which the narrator is placed in a mental institution.
Norton drew parallels between redemption in the film and redemption in "The Graduate", indicating that the protagonists of both films find a middle ground between two divisions of self.
Fincher considered the novel too infatuated with Tyler Durden and changed the ending to move away from him: "I wanted people to love Tyler, but I also wanted them to be OK with his vanquishing."
Article: I Believe I Can Fly
Section: Cover versions

Question: What artists have covered the song "I believe I can Fly"?

In 2003, punk rock band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes covered the song for their album "Take a Break".
American singer William Hung recorded this song for his 2004 album "Inspiration".
Saxophonist Marion Meadows also covered the song from the album "Dressed to Chill."
American singer and actress Patti Labelle sang the chorus of the song on her 1998 live album "Live One Night Only" as an addition to her signature tune "Over the Rainbow".
American singer and actress Jessica Simpson sang the song on her DreamChaser Tour in 2001.
The song has also been covered by Etta James, Yolanda Adams (in a duet with Gerald Levert), Ruth Brown, James Ingram, Ronan Keating, Bianca Ryan, and formerly of Woe, Is Me Tyler Carter.
"American Idol" candidates Katharine McPhee, Anwar Robinson, Aaron Kelly, Curtis Finch Jr., and Jacob Lusk all performed the song in different seasons of the TV show.
The song was covered by Tim Olstad on season 3 of the X-Factor USA.
Article: Manhattan Project
Section: Plutonium

Question: What element was used during the Manhattan Project's second line process?

The second line of development pursued by the Manhattan Project used the fissile element plutonium.
Although small amounts of plutonium exist in nature, the best way to obtain large quantities of the element is in a nuclear reactor, in which natural uranium is bombarded by neutrons.
The uranium-238 is transmuted into uranium-239, which rapidly decays, first into neptunium-239 and then into plutonium-239.
Only a small amount of the uranium-238 will be transformed, so the plutonium must be chemically separated from the remaining uranium, from any initial impurities, and from fission products.
Article: Evolution
Section: Biased mutation

Question: What selection is weak?

In addition to being a major source of variation, mutation may also function as a mechanism of evolution when there are different probabilities at the molecular level for different mutations to occur, a process known as mutation bias.
If two genotypes, for example one with the nucleotide G and another with the nucleotide A in the same position, have the same fitness, but mutation from G to A happens more often than mutation from A to G, then genotypes with A will tend to evolve.
Different insertion vs. deletion mutation biases in different taxa can lead to the evolution of different genome sizes.
Developmental or mutational biases have also been observed in morphological evolution.
For example, according to the phenotype-first theory of evolution, mutations can eventually cause the genetic assimilation of traits that were previously induced by the environment.
Mutation bias effects are superimposed on other processes.
If selection would favor either one out of two mutations, but there is no extra advantage to having both, then the mutation that occurs the most frequently is the one that is most likely to become fixed in a population.
Mutations leading to the loss of function of a gene are much more common than mutations that produce a new, fully functional gene.
Most loss of function mutations are selected against.
But when selection is weak, mutation bias towards loss of function can affect evolution.
For example, pigments are no longer useful when animals live in the darkness of caves, and tend to be lost.
This kind of loss of function can occur because of mutation bias, and/or because the function had a cost, and once the benefit of the function disappeared, natural selection leads to the loss.
Loss of sporulation ability in a bacterium during laboratory evolution appears to have been caused by mutation bias, rather than natural selection against the cost of maintaining sporulation ability.
When there is no selection for loss of function, the speed at which loss evolves depends more on the mutation rate than it does on the effective population size, indicating that it is driven more by mutation bias than by genetic drift.
Article: Dissolution of the Monasteries
Section: Ireland

Question: When did Henry assume the title of King of Ireland

The dissolutions in Ireland followed a very different course from those in England and Wales.
There were around 400 religious houses in Ireland in 1530—many more, relative to population and material wealth than in England and Wales.
In marked distinction to the situation in England, in Ireland the houses of friars had flourished in the 15th century, attracting popular support and financial endowments, undertaking many ambitious building schemes, and maintaining a regular conventual and spiritual life.
They constituted around half of the total number of religious houses.
Irish monasteries, by contrast, had experienced a catastrophic decline in numbers, such that by the 16th century only a minority maintained the daily observance of the Divine Office.
Henry's direct authority, as Lord of Ireland and from 1541 as King of Ireland, only extended to the area of the Pale immediately around Dublin.
Outside this area, he could only proceed by tactical agreement with clan chiefs and local lords.
Nevertheless, Henry was determined to carry through a policy of dissolution in Ireland—and in 1537 introduced legislation into the Irish Parliament to legalise the closure of monasteries.
The process faced considerable opposition, and only sixteen houses were suppressed.
Henry remained resolute however, and from 1541 as part of the Tudor conquest of Ireland he continued to press for the area of successful dissolution to be extended.
For the most part, this involved making deals with local lords, under which monastic property was granted away in exchange for allegiance to the new Irish Crown; and consequently Henry acquired little if any of the wealth of the Irish houses.
By the time of Henry's death (1547) around half of the Irish houses had been suppressed; but many continued to resist dissolution until well into the reign of Elizabeth I, and some houses in the West of Ireland remained active until the early 17th century.
In 1649, Oliver Cromwell led a Parliamentary army seeking to subjugate Ireland, and systematically sought out and destroyed former monastic houses.
Subsequently, however, sympathetic landowners housed monks or friars close to several ruined religious houses, allowing them a continued covert existence during the 17th and 18th centuries, subject to the dangers of discovery and legal ejection or imprisonment.
Article: United Arab Emirates
Section: Health

Question: How long is the life expectancy in the UAE?

The life expectancy at birth in the UAE is at 78.5 years.
Cardiovascular disease is the principal cause of death in the UAE, constituting 28% of total deaths; other major causes are accidents and injuries, malignancies, and congenital anomalies.
In February 2008, the Ministry of Health unveiled a five-year health strategy for the public health sector in the northern emirates, which fall under its purview and which, unlike Abu Dhabi and Dubai, do not have separate healthcare authorities.
The strategy focuses on unifyinghealthcare policy and improving access to healthcare services at reasonable cost, at the same time reducing dependence on overseas treatment.
The ministry plans to add three hospitals to the current 14, and 29 primary healthcare centres to the current 86.
Nine were scheduled to open in 2008.
The introduction of mandatory health insurance in Abu Dhabi for expatriates and their dependants was a major driver in reform of healthcare policy.
Abu Dhabi nationals were brought under the scheme from 1 June 2008 and Dubai followed for its government employees.
Eventually, under federal law, every Emirati and expatriate in the country will be covered by compulsory health insurance under a unified mandatory scheme.
Recently the country has been benefiting from medical tourists from all over the GCC.
The UAE currently attracts medical tourists seeking plastic surgery and advanced procedures, cardiac and spinal surgery, and dental treatment, as health services have higher standards than other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.
Article: Belgium
Section: Sports

Question: Where were the 1920 Summer Olympics held?

Since the 1970s, sports clubs and federations are organised separately within each language community.
Association football is one of the most popular sports in both parts of Belgium, together with cycling, tennis, swimming and judo.
Belgians hold the most Tour de France victories of any country except France.
They have also the most victories on the UCI Road World Championships.
Philippe Gilbert is the 2012 world champion.
Another modern well-known Belgian cyclist is Tom Boonen.
With five victories in the Tour de France and numerous other cycling records, Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx is regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time.
Jean-Marie Pfaff, a former Belgian goalkeeper, is considered one of the greatest in the history of football (soccer).
Belgium and The Netherlands previously hosted the UEFA European Football Championship in 2000.
Belgium hosted the 1972 European Football Championships.
The current Belgium football team have qualified for the 2014 world cup in Brazil and have a range of Premier League footbal players such as Romelu Lukaku, Eden Hazard and Marouane Fellaini.
Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin both were Player of the Year in the Women's Tennis Association as they were ranked the number one female tennis player.
The Spa-Francorchamps motor-racing circuit hosts the Formula One World Championship Belgian Grand Prix.
The Belgian driver, Jacky Ickx, won eight Grands Prix and six 24 Hours of Le Mans and finished twice as runner-up in the Formula One World Championship.
Belgium also has a strong reputation in motocross.
Sporting events annually held in Belgium include the Memorial Van Damme athletics competition, the Belgian Grand Prix Formula One, and a number of classic cycle races such as the Tour of Flanders and Liège–Bastogne–Liège.
The 1920 Summer Olympics were held in Antwerp.
Article: Tug of war
Section: As a sport

Question: When was Lou Ferrigno's epic tug-o'-war?

There are tug of war clubs in many countries, and both men and women participate.
The sport was part of the Olympic Games from 1900 until 1920, but has not been included since.
The sport is contested in the World Games.
The Tug of War International Federation (TWIF), organises World Championships for nation teams biannually, for both indoor and outdoor contests, and a similar competition for club teams.
In England the sport is catered for by the Tug of War Association (formed in 1958), and the Tug of War Federation of Great Britain (formed in 1984).
In Scotland, the Scottish Tug of War Association was formed in 1980.
The sport also features in Highland Games there.
Between 1976 and 1988 Tug of War was a regular event during the television series Battle of The Networks Stars.
Teams of celebrities representing each major network competed in different sporting events culminating into the final event, the Tug of War.
Lou Ferrigno's epic tug-o'-war performance in May 1979 is considered the greatest feat in 'Battle' history.