community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Australia
Section: Sport

Question: When did skiing begin in Australlia?

Approximately 24% of Australians over the age of 15 regularly participate in organised sporting activities.
Australia has strong international teams in cricket, field hockey, netball, rugby league, and rugby union, having been Olympic or world champions at least twice in each sport in the last 25 years for both men and women where applicable.
Australia is also powerful in track cycling, rowing, and swimming, having consistently been in the top-five medal-winners at Olympic or World Championship level since 2000.
Swimming is the strongest of these sports; Australia is the second-most prolific medal winner in the sport in Olympic history.
Some of Australia's most internationally well-known and successful sportspeople are swimmers Dawn Fraser, Murray Rose, Shane Gould, and Ian Thorpe; sprinters Shirley Strickland, Betty Cuthbert, and Cathy Freeman; tennis players Rod Laver, Roy Emerson, Ken Rosewall, Evonne Goolagong, and Margaret Court; cricketers Donald Bradman and Shane Warne; three-time Formula One world champion Jack Brabham; five-time motorcycle grand prix world champion Mick Doohan; golfers Greg Norman and Karrie Webb; cyclist Hubert Opperman, prodigious billiards player Walter Lindrum and basketball players Andrew Bogut and Lauren Jackson.
Nationally, other popular sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, squash, surfing, soccer, and motor racing.
The annual Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race attract intense interest.
Australia has participated in every summer Olympics of the modern era, and every Commonwealth Games.
Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and ranked among the top six medal-takers for the games of 2000, 2004 and 2008.
In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Australia was placed 10th in the medal table.
Australia has also hosted the 1938, 1962, 1982, 2006 Commonwealth Games and will host the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Other major international events held in Australia include the Australian Open tennis grand slam tournament, international cricket matches, and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix.
Australia hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the annual Australia–New Zealand Bledisloe Cup is keenly watched.
The highest-rating television programs include sports telecasts such as the summer Olympics, FIFA World Cup, Rugby League State of Origin, and the grand finals of the National Rugby League and Australian Football League.
Skiing in Australia began in the 1860s and snow sports take place in the Australian Alps and parts of Tasmania.
Article: Physics
Section: Astrophysics

Question: General relativity and what other theoretical foundation underlie the Big Bang model?

Astrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology.
Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.
The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy.
Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration.
Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.
Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales.
Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories.
In the early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe is expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.
The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964.
The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle.
Cosmologists have recently established the ΛCDM model of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy, and dark matter.
Numerous possibilities and discoveries are anticipated to emerge from new data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope over the upcoming decade and vastly revise or clarify existing models of the universe.
In particular, the potential for a tremendous discovery surrounding dark matter is possible over the next several years.
Fermi will search for evidence that dark matter is composed of weakly interacting massive particles, complementing similar experiments with the Large Hadron Collider and other underground detectors.IBEX is already yielding new astrophysical discoveries: "No one knows what is creating the ENA (energetic neutral atoms) ribbon" along the termination shock of the solar wind, "but everyone agrees that it means the textbook picture of the heliosphere — in which the solar system's enveloping pocket filled with the solar wind's charged particles is plowing through the onrushing 'galactic wind' of the interstellar medium in the shape of a comet — is wrong."
Article: Marathon
Section: Wheelchair division

Question: During what year did the Division rule that athletes in wheelchairs had the ability to compete in the NYC marathon?

Many marathons feature a wheelchair division.
Typically, those in the wheelchair racing division start their races earlier than their running counterparts.
The first wheelchair marathon was in 1974 in Toledo, Ohio, won by Bob Hall in 2:54.
Hall competed in the 1975 Boston Marathon and finished in 2:58, inaugurating the introduction of wheelchair divisions into the Boston Marathon.
From 1977 the race was declared the US National Wheelchair championship.
The Boston Marathon awards $10,000 to the winning push-rim athlete.
Ernst van Dyk has won the Boston Marathon wheelchair division nine times and holds the world record at 1:18:27, set in Boston in 2004.
Jean Driscoll won eight times (seven consecutively) and holds the women's world record at 1:34:22.
The New York City Marathon banned wheelchair entrants in 1977, citing safety concerns, but then voluntarily allowed Bob Hall to compete after the state Division of Human Rights ordered the marathon to show cause.
The Division ruled in 1979 that the New York City Marathon and New York Road Runners club had to allow wheelchair athletes to compete, and confirmed this at appeal in 1980, but the State Supreme Court ruled in 1981 that a ban on wheelchair racers was not discriminatory as the marathon was historically a foot race.
However, by 1986 14 wheelchair athletes were competing, and an official wheelchair division was added to the marathon in 2000.
Article: General relativity
Section: Current status

Question: What is the current status of the problem of quantum gravity and the question regarding the reality of spacetime singularities?

General relativity has emerged as a highly successful model of gravitation and cosmology, which has so far passed many unambiguous observational and experimental tests.
However, there are strong indications the theory is incomplete.
The problem of quantum gravity and the question of the reality of spacetime singularities remain open.
Observational data that is taken as evidence for dark energy and dark matter could indicate the need for new physics.
Even taken as is, general relativity is rich with possibilities for further exploration.
Mathematical relativists seek to understand the nature of singularities and the fundamental properties of Einstein's equations, and increasingly powerful computer simulations (such as those describing merging black holes) are run.
The race for the first direct detection of gravitational waves continues, in the hope of creating opportunities to test the theory's validity for much stronger gravitational fields than has been possible to date.
More than ninety years after its publication, general relativity remains a highly active area of research.
Article: Galatea of the Spheres
Section: Dalí's motivation

Question: What religion was Dali's painting "Galatea of the Spheres" symbolic of?

Dalí had been greatly interested in nuclear physics since the first atomic bomb explosions of August 1945, and described the atom as his "favourite food for thought".
Recognising that matter was made up of atoms which did not touch each other, he sought to replicate this in his art at the time, with items suspended and not interacting with each other, such as in "The Madonna of Port Lligat".
This painting was also symbolic of his attempt to reconcile his new faith in Catholicism with nuclear physics.
His friend, painter Antoni Pitxot, recalled that Dalí held in high regard the depth of perspective in the painting and the spheres he had painted.
Dalí wished for this painting to be displayed on an easel, which had been owned by French painter Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, in a suite of three rooms called the Palace of the Winds (named for the "tramontana") in the Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres.
It remains on display there to this day.
It was transported to and exhibited at the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne in 2009, along with many other Dalí paintings in the "Liquid Desire" exhibition.
Article: Pho
Section: Etymology and origins

Question: Where does English writing first make mention of pho?

Reviews of 19th and 20th century Indochinese literature have found that pho entered the mainstream sometime in the 1910s.
Georges Dumoutier's extensive 1907 account of Vietnamese cuisine omits any mention of pho, while Nguyễn Công Hoan recalls its sale by street vendors in 1913.
A 1931 dictionary is the first to define ' as a soup: "from the word '.
A dish consisting of small slices of rice cake boiled with beef.
"Possibly the earliest English-language reference to pho was in the book "Recipes of All Nations", edited by Countess Morphy in 1935: In the book, pho is described as "an Annamese soup held in high esteem ... made with beef, a veal bone, onions, a bayleaf, salt, and pepper, and a small teaspoon of "nuoc-mam"".
"There are two prevailing theories on the origin of the word "" and, by extension, the dish itself.
As author Nguyễn Dư notes, both questions are significant to Vietnamese identity.
Article: Pakistan
Section: Kashmir conflict

Question: How is Kashmir legally claimed by India?

The Kashmir conflict is a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region, the most northwesterly region of South Asia.
The two countries have fought at least three wars over Kashmir—the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999—and several skirmishes over the Siachen Glacier.
India claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir and administers approximately 45.1% of the region, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier.
India's claim is contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 38.2% of Kashmir, consisting of Azad Kashmir and the northern areas of Gilgit and Baltistan.
The conflict of Kashmir has its origin in 1947, when British India was separated into the two states of Pakistan and India.
As part of the partition process, both countries had agreed that the rulers of princely states would be allowed to opt for membership of either Pakistan or India, or in special cases to remain independent.
India claims Kashmir on the basis of the Instrument of Accession, a legal agreement with Kashmir's leaders executed by Maharaja Hari Singh, then ruler of Kashmir, agreeing to accede the area to India.
Pakistan claims Kashmir on the basis of a Muslim majority and of geography, the same principles that were applied for the creation of the two independent states.
India referred the dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948.
In a resolution in 1948, the UN asked Pakistan to remove most of its troops.
A plebiscite would then be held.
However, Pakistan failed to vacate the region.
A ceasefire was reached in 1949 and a Line of Control was established, dividing Kashmir between the two countries.
Pakistan's position is that the people of Jammu and Kashmir have the right to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations.
India has stated that it believes that Kashmir is an integral part of India, referring to the 1972 Simla Agreement and to the fact that elections take place regularly.
Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.
Article: The Lion King
Section: Accolades

Question: How many Golden Globes did the movie The Lion King win?

"The Lion King" received four Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations.
The film would go on to win two Golden Globes; for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Original Score, as well as two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score (Hans Zimmer) and Best Original Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" by Elton John and Tim Rice.
The songs "Circle of Life" and "Hakuna Matata" were also nominated.
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" also won the BMI Film Music Award, and the Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance.
The film also won Annie Awards for Best Animated Feature, Best Achievement in Voice Acting (for Jeremy Irons) and Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution in the Field of Animation.
At the Saturn Awards, the film was nominated in two categories, Best Fantasy Film and Best Performance by a Younger Actor although it did not win in either category.
The film also received two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards, for Best Sound as well as the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music although it lost in both categories to "Speed" and "Backbeat" respectively.
The film received two BMI Film & TV Awards for Film Music and Most Performed Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight."
At the 1995 MTV Movie Awards the film received nominations for Best Villain and Best Song, though it lost in both categories.
"The Lion King" won the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at the 1995 Kids' Choice Awards.
In 2008, "The Lion King" was ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made by "Empire" magazine, and in June 2011, "TIME" named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".
In June 2008, the American Film Institute listed "The Lion King" as the 4th best film in the animation genre in its AFI's 10 Top 10 list.
AFI had also put "Hakuna Matata" as 99th on its AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs ranking.
Article: Electromagnetism
Section: Abstract

Question: Electromagnetism is one of how many interactions in nature?

Electromagnetism, or the electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature, the other three being the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.
This force is described by electromagnetic fields, and has innumerable physical instances including the interaction of electrically charged particles and the interaction of uncharged magnetic force fields with electrical conductors.
The word "electromagnetism" is a compound form of two Greek terms, ἢλεκτρον, "ēlektron", "amber", and μαγνήτης, "magnetic", from "magnítis líthos" (μαγνήτης λίθος), which means "magnesian stone", a type of iron ore.
The science of electromagnetic phenomena is defined in terms of the electromagnetic force, sometimes called the Lorentz force, which includes both electricity and magnetism as elements of one phenomenon.
During the quark epoch, the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak force.
The electromagnetic force plays a major role in determining the internal properties of most objects encountered in daily life.
Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces between individual molecules in matter.
Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules.
This governs the processes involved in chemistry, which arise from interactions between the electrons of neighboring atoms, which are in turn determined by the interaction between electromagnetic force and the momentum of the electrons.
There are numerous mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field.
In classical electrodynamics, electric fields are described as electric potential and electric current in Ohm's law, magnetic fields are associated with electromagnetic induction and magnetism, and Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents.
The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, in particular the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the "medium" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905.
Article: Cloning
Section: Horticultural

Question: What does the term clone mean?

The term "clone" is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction or apomixis.
Many horticultural plant cultivars are clones, having been derived from a single individual, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction.
As an example, some European cultivars of grapes represent clones that have been propagated for over two millennia.
Other examples are potato and banana.
Grafting can be regarded as cloning, since all the shoots and branches coming from the graft are genetically a clone of a single individual, but this particular kind of cloning has not come under ethical scrutiny and is generally treated as an entirely different kind of operation.
Many trees, shrubs, vines, ferns and other herbaceous perennials form clonal colonies naturally.
Parts of an individual plant may become detached by fragmentation and grow on to become separate clonal individuals.
A common example is in the vegetative reproduction of moss and liverwort gametophyte clones by means of gemmae.
Some vascular plants e.g.
dandelion and certain viviparous grasses also form seeds asexually, termed apomixis, resulting in clonal populations of genetically identical individuals.
Article: Gilmore Girls
Section: Additional main cast

Question: In Gilmore Girls which character does Sean Gunn play?

The following characters have been promoted to main character status since season 2.
All additional main cast are only credited in episodes in which they appear.
"*" In the second episode of Season One ('The Lorelais' First Day at Chilton'), Sean Gunn played a character named "Mick", who worked for a telephone company as a DSL installer.
Gunn did not return as Mick, but was given a part as Kirk.
Also in the beginning of season one "Mick" or "Kirk" was new to Stars Hollow, not knowing who Miss Patty was, but later is known to have grown up in Stars Hollow, like when he talks about having books knocked out of his hands at as a seventh grader by Luke.
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Article: Belgium
Section: Religion

Question: How many people are in the Jewish Community of Antwerp?

Since the country's independence, Roman Catholicism, counterbalanced by strong freethought movements, has had an important role in Belgium's politics.
However Belgium is largely a secular country as the "laicist" constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice.
During the reigns of Albert I and Baudouin, the monarchy had a reputation of deeply rooted Catholicism.
Roman Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium's majority religion; being especially strong in Flanders.
However, by 2009 Sunday church attendance was 5% for Belgium in total; 3% in Brussels, and 5.4% in Flanders.
Church attendance in 2009 in Belgium was roughly half of the Sunday church attendance in 1998 (11% for the total of Belgium in 1998).
Despite the drop in church attendance, Catholic identity nevertheless remains an important part of Belgium's culture.
Symbolically and materially, the Roman Catholic Church remains in a favourable position.
Belgium has three officially recognized religions: Christianity (Catholic, Protestantism, Orthodoxy and Anglicanism), Islam and Judaism.
In the early 2000s there were approximately 42,000 Jews in Belgium.
The Jewish Community of Antwerp (numbering some 18,000) is one of the largest in Europe, and one of the last places in the world where Yiddish is the primary language of a large Jewish community (mirroring certain Orthodox and Hassidic communities in New York and Israel).
In addition most Jewish children in Antwerp receive a Jewish education.
There are several Jewish newspapers and more than 45 active synagogues (30 of which are in Antwerp) in the country.
A 2006 inquiry in Flanders, considered to be a more religious region than Wallonia, showed that 55% considered themselves religious and that 36% believed that God created the universe.
On the other hand, Wallonia has become one of Europe's most secular/least religious regions.
Most of the French-speaking region's population does not consider religion an important part of their lives, and as much as 45% of the population identifies as irreligious.
This is particularly the case in eastern Wallonia and areas along the French border.
A 2008 estimate found that 6% of the Belgian population, about 628,751, is Muslim (98% Sunni), while a 2011 estimate claims 1,000,000 inhabitants of Muslim background in the country.
Muslims constitute 30–35% of the population of Brussels, 4.0% of Wallonia and 3.9% of Flanders.
The majority of Belgian Muslims live in the major cities, such as Antwerp, Brussels and Charleroi.
The largest group of immigrants in Belgium are Moroccans, with 400,000 people.
The Turks are the third largest group, and the second largest Muslim ethnic group, numbering 220,000.
According to the Eurobarometer Poll in 2010, 37% of Belgian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 31% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 27% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".
Article: Astronomy
Section: Astrometry and celestial mechanics

Question: What plots the movement of the systems through the Milky Way?

One of the oldest fields in astronomy, and in all of science, is the measurement of the positions of celestial objects.
Historically, accurate knowledge of the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars has been essential in celestial navigation (the use of celestial objects to guide navigation) and in the making of calendars.
Careful measurement of the positions of the planets has led to a solid understanding of gravitational perturbations, and an ability to determine past and future positions of the planets with great accuracy, a field known as celestial mechanics.
More recently the tracking of near-Earth objects will allow for predictions of close encounters, and potential collisions, with the Earth.
The measurement of stellar parallax of nearby stars provides a fundamental baseline in the cosmic distance ladder that is used to measure the scale of the universe.
Parallax measurements of nearby stars provide an absolute baseline for the properties of more distant stars, as their properties can be compared.
Measurements of radial velocity and proper motion plot the movement of these systems through the Milky Way galaxy.
Astrometric results are the basis used to calculate the distribution of dark matter in the galaxy.
During the 1990s, the measurement of the stellar wobble of nearby stars was used to detect large extrasolar planets orbiting nearby stars.