community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Hey Jude
Section: Cover versions

Question: What year was the song Hey Jude covered and performed on the TV show Glee?

"Weird Al" Yankovic included the song in his first polka medley "Polkas on 45" from his 1984 album ""Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D".
Katy Perry performed a cover of the song as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honoring McCartney, and in her 2012 film "".
The song was performed by the members of glee club in the 2013 "Glee" episode "Tina in the Sky with Diamonds" and the soundtrack "Glee Sings the Beatles", in which the song is shortened to four minutes and fifty-one seconds.
In the late 1960s, famous singer Sinn Sisamouth recorded a Cambodian version of "Hey Jude".
South African band Dr Victor and the Rasta Rebels included a version on their greatest hits album.
Wilson Pickett covered the song in 1968 with pre-Allman Brothers Band session musician Duane Allman on guitar.
In the 2011 "Top Gear" the song was covered by the "Top Gear band" - consisting of presenters Jeremy Clarkson (drums), Richard Hammond (double bass) and James May (keyboard) as well as executive producer Andy Wilman (vocals) - during a trade fair in Delhi.
For rights reasons, in the DVD version of the episode it is replaced by "Sowing the Seeds of Love" by Tears for Fears.
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: Coating

Question: Can metal on metal deposition be used to prevent corrosion?

Metals can be coated with paint or other less conductive metals ("passivation").
This prevents the metal surface from being exposed to electrolytes.
Scratches exposing the metal substrate will result in corrosion.
The region under the coating adjacent to the scratch acts as the anode of the reaction.
See Anodizing
Article: United States
Section: Energy

Question: How much of the global coal reserves does the US have?

The United States energy market is 29,000 terawatt hours per year.
Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons of oil equivalent per year, the 10th highest rate in the world.
In 2005, 40% of this energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 22% from natural gas.
The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources.
The United States is the world's largest consumer of petroleum.
For decades, nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries, in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident.
In 2007, several applications for new nuclear plants were filed.
The United States has 27% of global coal reserves.
It is the world's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil.
Article: Spain
Section: Religion

Question: How many people of Jewish descent live in Spain?

Roman Catholicism has long been the main religion of Spain, and although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class, and Catholicism is the only religion officially taught.
According to an April 2012 study by the Spanish Center of Sociological Research about 71% of Spaniards self-identify as Catholics, 2.7% other faith, and about 24% identify with no religion (9.4% of the total are atheists).
Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services.
This same study shows that of the Spaniards who identify themselves as religious, 59% hardly ever or never go to church, 15% go to church some times a year, 8% some time per month and 14% every Sunday or multiple times per week.
Altogether, about 22% of the entire Spanish population attends religious services at least once per month.
Though Spanish society has become considerably more secular in recent decades, the influx of Latin American immigrants, who tend to be strong Catholic practitioners, has helped the Catholic Church to recover.
Protestant churches have about 1,200,000 members.
There are about 105,000 Jehovah's Witnesses.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has approximately 46,000 adherents in 133 congregations in all regions of the country and has a temple in the Moratalaz District of Madrid.
A study made by "Unión de comunidades islámicas de España" demonstrated that there were about 1,700,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Spain as of 2012, accounting for 3-4% of the total population of Spain.
The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from Morocco and other African countries.
More than 514,000 (30%) of them had Spanish nationality.
The recent waves of immigration have also led to an increasing number of Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Muslims.
After the Reconquista in 1492, Muslims did not live in Spain for centuries.
Late 19th-century colonial expansion in northwestern Africa gave a number of residents in Spanish Morocco and Western Sahara full citizenship.
Their ranks have since been bolstered by recent immigration, especially from Morocco and Algeria.
Judaism was practically non-existent in Spain from the 1492 expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country.
Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population.
Most are arrivals in the past century, while some are descendants of earlier Spanish Jews.
Approximately 80,000 Jews are thought to have lived in Spain on the eve of the Spanish Inquisition.
Article: Wushu (sport)
Section: Competitions

Question: What competition does the People's Republic of China hold for Wushu?

List of major international and regional competitions featuring wushu:
 World Wushu Championships
 World Junior Wushu Championships
 World Games
 World Combat Games
 Asian Games
 East Asian Games
 Southeast Asian Games
 European Wushu Championships, organised by the European Wushu Federation
 National Games of the People's Republic of China
 South Asian Games
 Mediterranean Games
 Lusofonia Games
Article: Snorkeling
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the primary appeal of snorkeling?

Snorkeling (British and Commonwealth English spelling: snorkelling) is the practice of swimming on or through a body of water while equipped with a diving mask, a shaped tube called a snorkel, and usually fins.
In cooler waters, a wetsuit may also be worn.
Use of this equipment allows the snorkeler to observe underwater attractions for extended periods of time with relatively little effort.
Snorkeling is a popular recreational activity, particularly at tropical resort and scuba diving locations.
The primary appeal is the opportunity to observe underwater life in a natural setting without the complicated equipment and training required for scuba diving.
It appeals to all ages because of how little effort there is, and without the exhaled bubbles of scuba-diving equipment.
It is the basis of the two surface disciplines of the underwater sport of finswimming.
Snorkeling is also used by scuba divers when on the surface, in underwater sports such as underwater hockey and underwater rugby, and as part of water-based searches conducted by search and rescue teams.
Article: Udon
Section: Origin

Question: What was the origin of Udon that took place in 1241?

There are many stories explaining the origin of udon.
One story says that in AD.1241, Enni, a Rinzai monk, introduced flour milling technology to Japan.
Floured crops were then made into noodles such as udon, soba, and pancakes which were eaten by locals.
Milling techniques were spread around the country.
In the Edo period, the thicker wheat noodle was generally called udon, and served with a hot broth called nurumugi(温麦).
The chilled variety was called hiyamugi(冷麦).
Another story states that in Nara period, a Japanese envoy was introduced to 14 kinds of confection whilst in Tang Dynasty China.
One of them was called sakubei(索餅).
Sakubei was listed as 'muginawa'(牟義縄) on Shin Senji Kyo(新撰字鏡), a dictionary which was published in Heian Era.
The muginawa is believed to be an origin for many kinds of Japanese noodles.
However, the muginawa listed on Shin Senji Kyo(新撰字鏡) was made with wheat and rice flour.
Another historical story for udon claims that the original name of the noodle was 'konton', which was made with wheat flour and sweet fillings.
Yet another story says that a Buddhist priest called Kukai introduced udon noodles to Shikoku during the Heian Era.
In China, similar thick wheat flour noodles are called "cū miàn" (粗麵).
This noodle was 2 to 3 mm in diameter, a flat pancake-shaped "noodle" added to miso-based soup.
The Sino-Japanese characters for udon (饂飩) is similar to, but different from, the modern Chinese characters for wonton, which is called hún dùn in Mandarin (馄炖), a type of dumplings.
In Chinese, udon noodles are called "wūdōngmiàn" (烏冬 "wūdōng" or 烏冬麵), and sometimes "wūlóngmiàn" (烏龍麵), which has the same characters as those used in "Oolong" tea ("wūlóngchá", 烏龍茶), though there is no semantic relation between the two usages.Kūkai, the Buddhist priest, traveled to China around the beginning of the 9th century to study.
Sanuki Province claimed to have been the first to adopt udon noodles from Kūkai.
Hakata claimed to have produced udon noodles based on Enni's recipe.
Article: Atomic number
Section: The periodic table and a natural number for each element

Question: What result came of more chemically similar lanthanide elements being discovered?

The periodic table and a natural number for each element.
Loosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order.
Dmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables in order of atomic weight ("Atomgewicht").
However, in consideration of the elements' observed chemical properties, he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium (atomic weight 127.6) ahead of iodine (atomic weight 126.9).
This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, "Z", but that number was not known or suspected at the time.
A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory, however.
Besides the case of iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties.
However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whoise atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onwards (hafnium was not known at this time).
[[File:Henry Moseley.jpg|140px|thumb|Henry Moseley helped develop the concept of atomic number by showing experimentally (1913) that Van den Broek's 1911 hypothesis combined with the Bohr model nearly correctly predicted atomic X-ray emissions.]]
Article: Switzerland
Section: Federal state

Question: What did early draft introduce?

The restoration of the power to the patriciate was only temporary.
After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war broke out in 1847 when some of the Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the "Sonderbundskrieg").
The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire.
However minor the Sonderbundskrieg seems to be when compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century, it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland.
The war convinced most Swiss of the need for unity and strength towards its European neighbours.
Swiss people from all strata of society, whether Catholic or Protestant, from the liberal or conservative current, realised that the cantons would profit more if their economic and religious interests were merged.
Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example.
This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues.
Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Swiss Council of States, 2 representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council of Switzerland, representatives elected from across the country).
Referenda were made mandatory for any amendment of this constitution.
A system of single weights and measures was introduced and in 1850 the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency.
Article 11 of the constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad, though the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies with Swiss Guards present at the Siege of Gaeta in 1860, marking the end of foreign service.
An important clause of the constitution was that it could be re-written completely if this was deemed necessary, thus enabling it to evolve as a whole rather than being modified one amendment at a time.
This need soon proved itself when the rise in population and the Industrial Revolution that followed led to calls to modify the constitution accordingly.
An early draft was rejected by the population in 1872 but modifications led to its acceptance in 1874.
It introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level.
It also established federal responsibility for defense, trade, and legal matters.
In 1891, the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements of direct democracy, which remain unique even today.
Article: Astronomy
Section: Solar astronomy

Question: What is the time fluctuation in sunspot numbers?

Specific subfields.
Solar astronomy.
At a distance of about eight light-minutes, the most frequently studied star is the Sun, a typical main-sequence dwarf star of stellar class G2 V, and about 4.6 billion years (Gyr) old.
The Sun is not considered a variable star, but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the sunspot cycle.
This is an 11-year fluctuation in sunspot numbers.
Sunspots are regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.
The Sun has steadily increased in luminosity over the course of its life, increasing by 40% since it first became a main-sequence star.
The Sun has also undergone periodic changes in luminosity that can have a significant impact on the Earth.
The Maunder minimum, for example, is believed to have caused the Little Ice Age phenomenon during the Middle Ages.
The visible outer surface of the Sun is called the photosphere.
Above this layer is a thin region known as the chromosphere.
This is surrounded by a transition region of rapidly increasing temperatures, and finally by the super-heated corona.
At the center of the Sun is the core region, a volume of sufficient temperature and pressure for nuclear fusion to occur.
Above the core is the radiation zone, where the plasma conveys the energy flux by means of radiation.
Above that are the outer layers that form a convection zone where the gas material transports energy primarily through physical displacement of the gas.
It is believed that this convection zone creates the magnetic activity that generates sun spots.
A solar wind of plasma particles constantly streams outward from the Sun until, at the outermost limit of the solar system, it reaches the heliopause.
This solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere of the Earth to create the Van Allen radiation belts about the Earth, as well as the aurora where the lines of the Earth's magnetic field descend into the atmosphere.
Article: Great Sphinx of Giza
Section: Modern dissenting hypotheses

Question: According to Dobrev, whose image is the Sphinx based off of?

Rainer Stadelmann, former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo, examined the distinct iconography of the "nemes" (headdress) and the now-detached beard of the Sphinx and concluded that the style is more indicative of the Pharaoh Khufu (2589–2566 BC), builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza and Khafra's father.
He supports this by suggesting that Khafra's Causeway was built to conform to a pre-existing structure, which, he concludes, given its location, could only have been the Sphinx.
Colin Reader, an English geologist who independently conducted a more recent survey of the enclosure, agrees that the various quarries on the site have been excavated around the Causeway.
Because these quarries are known to have been used by Khufu, Reader concludes that the Causeway (and the temples on either end thereof) must predate Khufu, thereby casting doubt on the conventional Egyptian chronology.
In 2004, Vassil Dobrev of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale in Cairo announced that he had uncovered new evidence that the Great Sphinx may have been the work of the little-known Pharaoh Djedefre (2528–2520 BC), Khafra's half brother and a son of Khufu.
Dobrev suggests that Djedefre built the Sphinx in the image of his father Khufu, identifying him with the sun god Ra in order to restore respect for their dynasty.
Dobrev also notes, like Stadelmann and others, that the causeway connecting Khafre's pyramid to the temples was built around the Sphinx suggesting it was already in existence at the time.
Article: Medicine
Section: Legal controls

Question: When is a profession said to be regulated?

In most countries, it is a legal requirement for a medical doctor to be licensed or registered.
In general, this entails a medical degree from a university and accreditation by a medical board or an equivalent national organization, which may ask the applicant to pass exams.
This restricts the considerable legal authority of the medical profession to physicians that are trained and qualified by national standards.
It is also intended as an assurance to patients and as a safeguard against charlatans that practice inadequate medicine for personal gain.
While the laws generally require medical doctors to be trained in "evidence based", Western, or Hippocratic Medicine, they are not intended to discourage different paradigms of health.
In the European Union, the profession of doctor of medicine is regulated.
A profession is said to be regulated when access and exercise is subject to the possession of a specific professional qualification.
The regulated professions database contains a list of regulated professions for doctor of medicine in the EU member states, EEA countries and Switzerland.
This list is covered by the Directive 2005/36/EC .
Doctors who are negligent or intentionally harmful in their care of patients can face charges of medical malpractice and be subject to civil, criminal, or professional sanctions.
Article: Six Flags
Section: Licensing with other brands and companies

Question: Which company did Six Flags collaborate with to make their video game?

Six Flags has licensed its name and its theme park creations to other companies, who have used these assets to create licensed products.
One such example is the theme park simulation game Roller Coaster Tycoon 2, which featured recreations of Six Flags parks and rides that could be expanded and operated at the player's discretion.
Six Flags has also partnered with Brash Entertainment to create a video game called Six Flags Fun Park.
It allows the player to explore the themed areas and mini-games representative of a visit to a Six Flags park.
In the game, players are tasked with quests that encourage them to explore the park's universe.
After creating a unique custom character, Six Flags Fun Park patrons can win prizes, and compete with other players in 40 mini-games.
Although the video game is called "Six Flags Fun Park", it lacks any major reference of Six Flags.
This caused some to speculate that the video game was created then the rights to the name of the game were sold as a way to pay for the game's development.
In recent years, Six Flags has created strategic partnerships with other companies who would feature their products inside the parks.
On March 30, 2006, Six Flags announced that it will sell no other pizza besides Papa John's at its parks.
In turn, Six Flags will receive an annual sponsorship and promotional opportunities from Papa John's, though financial details of the deal have not been disclosed.
However, in the 2011 season, it was replaced by another pizza brand.
Other recent partners have included Cold Stone Creamery, Johnny Rockets, Tyson Foods (chicken), Chrysler, and Nintendo, which added testing stations in several parks to show off its Wii console.
In late 2010, Six Flags began the process of removing licensed theming from attractions.
They terminated licenses with Thomas the Tank Engine, The Wiggles, Tony Hawk, Evel Knievel, and Terminator.
Article: Chocolate brownie
Section: Abstract

Question: What is a brownie a mix of?

A chocolate brownie is a flat, baked square or bar developed in the United States at the end of the 19th century and popularized in both the U.S. and Canada during the first half of the 20th century.
The brownie is a cross between a cake and a cookie in texture.
Brownies come in a variety of forms.
They are either fudgy or cakey, depending on their density, and they may include nuts, frosting, whipped cream, chocolate chips, or other ingredients.
A variation that is made with brown sugar and no chocolate is called a blondie.
Brownies are common lunchbox fare, typically eaten by hand, and often accompanied by milk or coffee.
They are sometimes served warm with ice cream (à la mode), topped with whipped cream or marzipan, or sprinkled with powdered sugar.
They are especially popular in restaurants, where they can be found in variation on many dessert menus.
Article: RNA
Section: In translation

Question: What part binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes, the protein synthesis factories in the cell.
It is coded so that every three nucleotides (a codon) correspond to one amino acid.
In eukaryotic cells, once precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) has been transcribed from DNA, it is processed to mature mRNA.
This removes its introns—non-coding sections of the pre-mRNA.
The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes and translated into its corresponding protein form with the help of tRNA.
In prokaryotic cells, which do not have nucleus and cytoplasm compartments, mRNA can bind to ribosomes while it is being transcribed from DNA.
After a certain amount of time the message degrades into its component nucleotides with the assistance of ribonucleases.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA chain of about 80 nucleotides that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation.
It has sites for amino acid attachment and an anticodon region for codon recognition that binds to a specific sequence on the messenger RNA chain through hydrogen bonding.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes.
Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA.
Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere.
In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome.
The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis.
Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.
Nearly all the RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cell is rRNA.
Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is found in many bacteria and plastids.
It tags proteins encoded by mRNAs that lack stop codons for degradation and prevents the ribosome from stalling.