community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Luge
Section: Training

Question: Luge is played during which season?

The sport of luge requires an athlete to balance mental and physical fitness.
To become an elite luger, a competitor must begin training at an early age and spend decades honing their skills.
Physically, a luger must have strong neck, upper body, abdominal, and thigh muscles.
Strength training is essential to withstand the extreme G-forces of tight turns at high speeds.
Since lugers have very little protection other than a visor and helmet, they must be able to endure the physical pounding administered by the track when mistakes are made.
Mentally a luger must maintain total focus as they steer their sled through more than a kilometer of curves and straights at high speed.
Dozens of subtle movements and weight shifts are required to find the perfect line down the track.
Consistency is essential for success.
Sled maintenance is also an important element for success.
Serious lugers spend hours meticulously sanding their "steels," and making other important adjustments and repairs to their sleds.
No luger can possibly achieve elite status without working closely with an experienced coaching staff, implementing suggestions and fine tuning technique.
Other lugers will often give tips that can improve a slider's ability to find the "sweet spot" on the track.
Though luge is a winter sport, it requires daily, year-round training.
Article: Astrophysics
Section: History

Question: It was believed that the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter, who thought it was made of Aether?

Although astronomy is as ancient as recorded history itself, it was long separated from the study of terrestrial physics.
In the Aristotelian worldview, bodies in the sky appeared to be unchanging spheres whose only motion was uniform motion in a circle, while the earthly world was the realm which underwent growth and decay and in which natural motion was in a straight line and ended when the moving object reached its goal.
Consequently, it was held that the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found in the terrestrial sphere; either Fire as maintained by Plato, or Aether as maintained by Aristotle.
In the 17th century, natural philosophers such as Galileo, Descartes, and Newton began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws.
At the end of the 19th century, it was discovered that, when decomposing the light from the Sun, a multitude of spectral lines were observed (regions where there was less or no light).
Laboratory experiments with hot gases showed that the same lines could be observed in the spectra of known gases, specific lines corresponding to unique chemical elements.
In this way it was proved that the chemical elements found in the Sun and stars (chiefly hydrogen) were also found on Earth.
Indeed, the element helium was first discovered in the spectrum of the Sun and only later found on Earth, hence its name.
During the 20th century, spectroscopy (the study of these spectral lines) advanced, particularly as a result of the advent of quantum physics that was necessary to understand the astronomical and experimental observations.
See also:
 Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure
 Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
 Timeline of black hole physics
 Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity
Article: Lasagne
Section: Etymology

Question: How do you say lasagne in Greek?

In the Ancient Rome, there was a dish similar to the lasagne called "lasana" or "lasanum" (Latin word for "container", "pot") described in the book "L'arte culinaria" by Marcus Gavius Apicius, but the word could have a more ancient origin.
The first theory is that "lasagne" comes from Greek λάγανον ("laganon"), a flat sheet of pasta dough cut into strips.
The word λαγάνα ("lagana") is still used in Greek to mean a flat thin type of unleavened bread.
Another theory is that the word lasagne comes from the Greek λάσανα ("lasana") or λάσανον ("lasanon") meaning "trivet or stand for a pot", "chamber pot".
The Romans borrowed the word as "lasanum", meaning "cooking pot" in Latin.
The Italians used the word to refer to the dish in which lasagne is made.
Later the name of the food took on the name of the serving dish.
A third theory proposed that the dish is a development of the 14th century English recipe "Loseyn" as described in "The Forme of Cury", a cook book in use during the reign of Richard II.
This has similarities to modern lasagne in both its recipe, which features a layering of ingredients between pasta sheets, and its name.
An important difference is the lack of tomatoes, which did not arrive in Europe until after Columbus reached America in 1492.
The earliest discussion of the tomato in European literature appeared in a herbal written in 1544 by Pietro Andrea Mattioli while the earliest discovered cookbook with tomato recipes was published in Naples in 1692, though the author had apparently obtained these recipes from Spanish sources.
As with most other types of pasta, the word is a plural form, "lasagne" meaning more than one sheet of "lasagna".
Article: Austria
Section: History

Question: Before the Romans, who occupied Austria?

Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes.
The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province.
Present day Petronell-Carnuntum in Eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province.
Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years.
After the fall of the Roman Empire the area was invaded by Bavarians, Slavs and Avars.
Charlemagne conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonisation and introduced Christianity.
As part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg.
The area was known as the "marchia Orientalis" and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976.
The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as "Ostarrîchi", referring to the territory of the Babenberg March.
In 1156 the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy.
In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria.
With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished.
As a result Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia.
His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278.
Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.
Article: Jingle Bell Rock
Section: Abstract

Question: Who first released the Christmas song "Jingle Bell Rock"?

"Jingle Bell Rock" is a popular Christmas song first released by Bobby Helms in 1958.
It has received frequent airplay in the United States during every Christmas time since then.
"Jingle Bell Rock" was composed by Joseph Carleton Beal (1900–1967), and James Ross Boothe (1917–1976).
Beal was a Massachusetts-born public relations man and longtime resident of South Ocean Avenue in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Boothe was a Texan writer in the advertising business.
Article: Sexy and I Know It
Section: Abstract

Question: Where was Sexy and I Know It played?

"Sexy and I Know It" is a song by American duo LMFAO from their second studio album, "Sorry for Party Rocking".
It was released as the third single from the album on 16 September 2011.
The song was written by Stefan Kendal Gordy, GoonRock, Erin Beck, George M. Robertson and Kenneth Oliver, and it was produced by Party Rock.
It went to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on January 7, 2012 and remained there for two weeks.
The song became LMFAO's second number one hit (after "Party Rock Anthem") on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States, making them the first duo to have two successive number-one singles since OutKast's "Hey Ya!"
(2003) and "The Way You Move" (2004).
The song also reached number one in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, and charted within the top 10 in nearly every country in which it charted.
The song was featured in the season 5, episode 12 of "Gossip Girl".
and in the "Glee" episode, "The Spanish Teacher".
Article: Seafood
Section: In religion

Question: Shellfish and eels cannot be eaten according to what?

For the most part Islamic dietary laws allow the eating of seafood, though the Hanbali forbid eels, the Shafi forbid frogs and crocodiles, and the Hanafi forbid bottom feeders such as shellfish and carp.
The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shellfish and eels.
According to the King James version of the bible, it is alright to eat finfish, but shellfish and eels are an abomination and should not be eaten.
Since early times, the Catholic church has forbidden the practice of eating meat, eggs and dairy products at certain times.
Thomas Aquinas argued that these "afford greater pleasure as food fish, and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust."
In the United States, the Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays has popularized the Friday fish fry, and parishes often sponsor a fish fry during Lent.
In predominantly Roman Catholic areas, restaurants may adjust their menus during Lent by adding seafood items to the menu.
Article: Steak
Section: Beefsteak

Question: Are tender cuts from the chuck or round are cooked with moist heat?

The more tender cuts of beef, from the loin and rib, are cooked quickly, using dry heat, and served whole.
Less tender cuts from the chuck or round are cooked with moist heat or are mechanically tenderized ("e.g."
cube steak).
Steak can be cooked to a level of very rare (bleu, a cold raw center), rare, medium rare, medium, medium well done, or well done.
Beef, unlike certain other meats, does not need to be cooked through.
Food-borne human illnesses are not normally found within a beef steak, though surfaces can potentially be contaminated from handling, and thus, very rare steak (seared on the outside and raw within) is generally accepted as safe.
Article: Thermodynamics
Section: Potentials

Question: There are five best-known potentials, what are they?

Thermodynamic potentials are different quantitative measures of the stored energy in a system.
Potentials are used to measure energy changes in systems as they evolve from an initial state to a final state.
The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure.
For example, the Helmholtz and Gibbs energies are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively.
The five most well known potentials are:where formula_1 is the temperature, formula_2 the entropy, formula_3 the pressure, formula_4 the volume, formula_5 the chemical potential, formula_6 the number of particles in the system, and formula_7 is the count of particles types in the system.
Thermodynamic potentials can be derived from the energy balance equation applied to a thermodynamic system.
Other thermodynamic potentials can also be obtained through Legendre transformation.
Article: Magic Kingdom
Section: Planned film

Question: When did Jon Favreau and Walt Disney Pictures release a film about a family visiting the park?

In 2010, director Jon Favreau and Walt Disney Pictures had a plan to produce and release a film concerning a family at Disneyland which finds the theme park characters and attractions coming to life.
Favreau, who said "the Disney iconography was probably the first set of archetypes that I was exposed to" and that Disney movies and attractions "made a deep impression on me as a child", noted that, "When I first heard about the ['Magic Kingdom' film] project, I was on my way to visit Disneyland with my family.
I took notes and had no problem filling a book with all the ideas that this concept offered, even on first blush.
"Marc Abraham and Eric Newman of Strike Entertainment were scheduled to produce the film.
Writer-producer Ronald D. Moore had previously written an original script for the project, which the studio eventually declined to use, stating that Favreau and a new screenwriter would develop a new script.
On June 20, 2011, novelist Michael Chabon signed on to write the film's script.
Article: Cycling
Section: Abstract

Question: How many bicycles are there worldwide?

Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, or for sport.
Persons engaged in cycling are referred to as "cyclists", "bikers", or less commonly, as "bicyclists".
Apart from two-wheeled bicycles, "cycling" also includes the riding of unicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, and similar human-powered vehicles (HPVs).
Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number about one billion worldwide.
They are the principal means of transportation in many parts of the world.
Cycling is widely regarded as a very effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances.
Bicycles provide numerous benefits by comparison with motor vehicles, including the sustained physical exercise necessarily involved in cycling, that cycling involves a reduced consumption of fossil fuels, less air or noise pollution, much reduced traffic congestion, easier parking, greater maneuverability, and access to both roads and paths.
The advantages also include reduced financial cost to the user as well as to society at large (negligible damage to roads, less road area required).
Among the disadvantages of cycling are the inherent instability of the bicycle, the immensely reduced protection in crashes (especially in collisions with motor vehicles), longer travel time (except in densely populated areas), vulnerability to weather conditions, difficulty in transporting passengers, competition (and interference) with socially beneficial forms of mass public transit, a persistent tendency for cyclists to intrude into pedestrian areas, and the particular levels of skill and fitness required by cycling.
Article: Free Bird
Section: Reception

Question: For how long does "Free Bird"'s triple guitar solo last?

"Free Bird" is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll, and at number 193 in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
In 2009 it was named the 26th best hard rock song of all time by VH1.
The song—half ballad, half up-tempo guitar solo—quickly became a staple for Lynyrd Skynyrd at their live performances.
Many recognize its 5:12 triple guitar solo section that closes it out.
It often turned into an extended jam session at concerts.
The band would consistently play it as the last song of every show, as it was their biggest crowd pleaser.
Overall the song proved to be a huge hit for Lynyrd Skynyrd and it remains a fan favorite to this day.
It is also a classic rock radio staple.
Following the plane crash in 1977 in which several band members were killed, all of the songs played by surviving members were performed as instrumentals beginning with the Charlie Daniels Volunteer Jam V in 1979.
When "Free Bird" came up, a solitary microphone with a single spotlight would be at center stage while the band played the instrumental version.
This tradition lasted until 1989, when an almost-rioting audience coerced Rossington to urge Johnny Van Zant to sing the song for the first time – something he had vowed never to do on stage during the Tribute Tour.
The current version has a shortened solo similar to the original studio version.
Article: Cloning
Section: Ethical issues of cloning

Question: What could therapeutic cloning potentially create?

In bioethics, the ethics of cloning' refers to a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning.
While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well.
Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in livestock production.
Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning in order to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, to avoid the need for immunosuppressive drugs, and to stave off the effects of aging.
Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology.
Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe, that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), and have concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.
Religious groups are divided, with some opposing the technology as usurping God's place and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits.
Cloning of animals is opposed by animal-groups due to the number of cloned animals that suffer from malformations before they die, and while food from cloned animals has been approved by the US FDA, its use is opposed by groups concerned about food safety.
Article: Taekwondo
Section: Safety

Question: What percentage of competitors are injured?

Although taekwondo competitors have an apparently substantial risk of injury, most injuries are minor.
A 2009 meta-analysis reported that an average of about 8% of competitors are injured per exposure to competition.
Age, gender, and level of play did not significantly affect the injury rate.
The legs are the most common location for injuries, and bruising is the most common injury type.
Injuries may occur if students are taught to block punches in a formal manner (chamber position, perfect angles, etc.)
even when sparring.
When comparing the speed of a punch and the reaction time taken to block effectively, it is difficult to block a punch.
Many taekwondo schools teach students blocking for grading and classwork, and dodging or parrying for sparring.
Article: Central Park
Section: Geology

Question: What number of unique types of bedrock exist in Manhattan?

There are four different types of bedrock in Manhattan.
In Central Park, Manhattan schist and Hartland schist, which are both metamorphosed sedimentary rock, are exposed in various outcroppings.
The other two types, Fordham gneiss (an older deeper layer) and Inwood marble (metamorphosed limestone which overlays the gneiss), do not surface in the park.
Fordham gneiss, which consists of metamorphosed igneous rocks, was formed a billion years ago, during what is known as the Grenville orogeny that occurred during the creation of an ancient super-continent.
It is the oldest rock in the Canadian Shield, the most ancient part of the North American tectonic plate.
Manhattan schist and Hartland schist were formed in the Iapetus Ocean during the Taconic orogeny in the Paleozoic era, about 450 million years ago.
During this period the tectonic plates began to move toward each other, which resulted in the creation of the supercontinent, Pangaea.
Cameron's Line is a fault zone that traverses Central Park on an east-west axis.
Various glaciers have covered the area of Central Park in the past, with the most recent being the Wisconsin glacier which receded about 12,000 years ago.
Evidence of past glaciers are visible throughout the park in the form of "glacial erratics" (large boulders dropped by the receding glacier) and north-south glacial striations visible on stone outcroppings.
Article: Ramen
Section: Canned version

Question: What is included in the ramen packets sold from vending machines?

In Akihabara, vending machines distribute warm ramen in a steel can, known as .
It is produced by a popular ramen restaurant and contains noodles, soup, menma, and pork.
It is intended as a quick snack, and includes a small folded plastic fork.
There are few kinds of flavor such as "tonkotsu" and curry.
Article: Golf
Section: Scoring

Question: In golf, what is another name for a hole in one?

In every form of play, the goal is to play as few strokes per round as possible.
A golfer's score is usually expressed as the difference between the player's number of strokes and the par score.
A hole in one (or an "ace") occurs when a golfer sinks his ball into the cup with his first stroke from the tee.
Common scores for a hole also have specific terms.
Article: Solar System
Section: Mercury

Question: What does Mercury have that's large and made of iron?

 Mercury (0.4 AU from the Sun) is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet in the Solar System (0.055 Earth masses).
Mercury has no natural satellites, and its only known geological features besides impact craters are lobed ridges or rupes, probably produced by a period of contraction early in its history.
Mercury's almost negligible atmosphere consists of atoms blasted off its surface by the solar wind.
Its relatively large iron core and thin mantle have not yet been adequately explained.
Hypotheses include that its outer layers were stripped off by a giant impact; or, that it was prevented from fully accreting by the young Sun's energy.
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: American side

Question: What kinds of building in Niagara Falls were opened by the Seneca Indian Tribe?

From the U.S. side, the American Falls can be viewed from walkways along Prospect Point Park, which also features the Prospect Point Park observation tower and a boat dock for the "Maid of the Mist".
Goat Island offers more views of the falls and is accessible by foot and automobile traffic by bridge above the American Falls.
From Goat Island, the Cave of the Winds is accessible by elevator and leads hikers to a point beneath Bridal Veil Falls.
Also on Goat Island are the Three Sisters Islands, the Power Portal where a huge statue of Nikola Tesla (the inventor whose patents for the AC induction motor and other devices for AC power transmission helped make the harnessing of the falls possible) can be seen, and a walking path that enables views of the rapids, the Niagara River, the gorge, and all of the falls.
Most of these attractions lie within the Niagara Falls State Park.
The Niagara Scenic Trolley offers guided trips along the American Falls and around Goat Island.
Panoramic and aerial views of the falls can also be viewed from the Flight of Angels helium balloon ride, or by helicopter.
The Niagara Gorge Discovery Center showcases the natural and local history of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Gorge.
A casino and luxury hotel was opened in Niagara Falls, New York, by the Seneca Indian tribe.
The Seneca Niagara Casino occupies the former Niagara Falls Convention Center.
The new hotel is the first addition to the city's skyline since completion of the United Office Building in the twenties.