community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: October Revolution
Section: Soviet historiography

Question: How did Stalin's death affect some historians' views on the Bolshevik victory?

Soviet historiography of the October Revolution is intertwined with Soviet historical development.
Many of the initial Soviet interpreters of the Revolution were themselves Bolshevik revolutionaries.
(For example, the revolutionary Leon Trotsky wrote a major narrative of the October Revolution.)
After the initial wave of revolutionary narratives, Soviet historians worked within “narrow guidelines” defined by the Soviet government.
The rigidity of interpretive possibilities reached its height under Joseph Stalin.
Soviet historians of the October Revolution interpreted the Revolution so as to establish the legitimacy of Marxist ideology, and also the Bolshevik regime.
To establish the accuracy of Marxist ideology, Soviet historians generally described the Revolution as the product of class struggle.
They maintained that the Revolution was the supreme event in a world history governed by historical laws.
The Bolshevik Party is placed at the center of the Revolution, exposing the errors of both the moderate Provisional Government and the spurious “socialist” Mensheviks in the Petrograd Soviet.
Guided by Vladimir Lenin's leadership and his firm grasp of scientific Marxist theory, the Party led the “logically predetermined” events of the October Revolution from beginning to end.
The events were, according to these historians, logically predetermined because of the socio-economic development of Russia, where the monopoly industrial capitalism alienated the masses.
In this view, the Bolshevik party took the leading role in organizing these alienated industrial workers, and thereby established the construction of the first socialist state.
Although Soviet historiography of the October Revolution stayed relatively constant until 1991, it did undergo some changes.
Following Stalin’s death, historians such as E. N. Burdzhalov and P. V. Volobuev published historical research that deviated significantly from the party line in refining the doctrine that the Bolshevik victory “was predetermined by the state of Russia’s socio-economic development”.
These historians, who comprised the “New Directions Group”, posited that the complex nature of the October Revolution “could only be explained by a multi-causal analysis, not by recourse to the mono-causality of monopoly capitalism”.
For them, the central actor is still the Bolshevik party, but this party triumphed “because it alone could solve the preponderance of ‘general democratic’ tasks the country faced” (such as the struggle for peace, the exploitation of landlords, and so on.
)During the late Soviet period, the opening of select Soviet archives during glasnost sparked innovative research that broke away from some aspects of Marxism-Leninism, though the key features of the orthodox Soviet view remained intact.
Article: Ice hockey
Section: Pond hockey

Question: Where is the USPHC held?

Pond hockey is a form of ice hockey played generally as pick-up hockey on lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter.
Pond hockey is commonly referred to in hockey circles as shinny.
Its rules differ from traditional hockey because there is no hitting and very little shooting, placing a greater emphasis on skating, puckhandling and passing abilities.
Since 2002, the World Pond Hockey Championship has been played on Roulston Lake in Plaster Rock, New Brunswick, Canada.
Since 2006, the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships have been played in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Canadian National Pond Hockey Championships have been played in Huntsville, Ontario.
Article: Grand Bazaar, Istanbul
Section: The Grand Bazaar today

Question: How many people does the Grand Bazaar employ today?

Today the Grand Bazaar is a thriving complex, employing 26,000 people visited by between 250,000 and 400,000 visitors daily, and one of the major landmarks of Istanbul.
It must compete with modern shopping malls common in Istanbul, but its beauty and fascination represent a formidable advantage for it.
The head of the Grand Bazaar Artisans Association claimed that the complex was in 2011 - the year of its 550th birthday - the most visited monument in the world.
A restoration project starting in 2012 should renew its infrastructure, heating and lighting systems.
Moreover, the "han"s inside the Market will be renovated and later additions will be demolished.
This project should finally solve the big problems of the market: for example, in the whole Bazaar there is no proper toilet facility.
Moreover, the lacks of controls in the past years allowed many dealers to remove columns and skive walls in their shops to gain space: This, together with the substitution of lead (stolen in the last years) with concrete on the market's roof, has created a great hazard when the earthquake expected in Istanbul in the next years will occur.
The Grand Bazaar is opened each day except Sundays and bank holidays from 9:00 until 19:00.
Article: Biochemistry
Section: Lipids_1

Question: What makes a molecule amphiphilic?

The term lipid composes a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin, including waxes, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and terpenoids (e.g., retinoids and steroids).
Some lipids are linear aliphatic molecules, while others have ring structures.
Some are aromatic, while others are not.
Some are flexible, while others are rigid.
Most lipids have some polar character in addition to being largely nonpolar.
In general, the bulk of their structure is nonpolar or hydrophobic ("water-fearing"), meaning that it does not interact well with polar solvents like water.
Another part of their structure is polar or hydrophilic ("water-loving") and will tend to associate with polar solvents like water.
This makes them amphiphilic molecules (having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions).
In the case of cholesterol, the polar group is a mere -OH (hydroxyl or alcohol).
In the case of phospholipids, the polar groups are considerably larger and more polar, as described below.
Lipids are an integral part of our daily diet.
Most oils and milk products that we use for cooking and eating like butter, cheese, ghee etc., are composed of fats.
Vegetable oils are rich in various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
Lipid-containing foods undergo digestion within the body and are broken into fatty acids and glycerol, which are the final degradation products of fats and lipids.
Article: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the premiere date of "Last Man Standing"?

Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen and Nancy Travis that currently airs on ABC.
The series premiered on October 11, 2011.
This is the second sitcom Allen starred in for ABC, the first being "Home Improvement".
On May 11, 2012, the series was renewed for a second season that premiered on November 2, 2012.
On May 10, 2013, ABC renewed "Last Man Standing" for a third season.
It premiered on September 20, 2013.
Article: Andy Warhol
Section: Early life (1928–1949)

Question: What year did Andy Warhol move to New York City?

Early life (1928–1949).
Andy Warhol (né Andrej Varhola, Jr.) was born on August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
He was the fourth child of Andrej Varhola (Americanized as Andrew Warhola, Sr., 1889–1942) and Júlia (née Zavacká, 1892–1972), whose first child was born in their homeland and died before their move to the U.S. Andy had two older brothers, Paul (born June 26, 1922) and John Warhola (May 31, 1925 – December 24, 2010).
His parents were working-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó (now called Miková), located in today's northeastern Slovakia, part of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Warhol's father immigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhol's grandparents.
Warhol's father worked in a coal mine.
The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh.
The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church.
Andy Warhol had two older brothers—Pavol (Paul), the oldest, was born before the family emigrated; Ján was born in Pittsburgh.
Pavol's son, James Warhola, became a successful children's book illustrator.
About 1939, he started to collect autographed cards of film stars.
In third grade, Warhol had Sydenham's chorea (also known as St. Vitus' Dance), the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness.
He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors.
Often bedridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother.
At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed.
Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences.
When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident.
As a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945.
After graduating from high school, his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of becoming an art teacher, but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where he studied commercial art.
In 1949, he moved to New York City and began a career in magazine illustration and advertising.
In 1949, he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design.
Article: Boston Tea Party
Section: Tea trade to 1767

Question: When the Europeans develop a taste for Tea?

As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century, rival companies were formed to import the product from China.
In England, Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea in 1698.
When tea became popular in the British colonies, Parliament sought to eliminate foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain.
The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies; by law, the company was required to sell its tea wholesale at auctions in England.
British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies, where they resold it to merchants in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.
Until 1767, the East India Company paid an "ad valorem" tax of about 25% on tea that it imported into Great Britain.
Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain.
These high taxes, combined with the fact that tea imported into Holland was not taxed by the Dutch government, meant that Britons and British Americans could buy smuggled Dutch tea at much cheaper prices.
The biggest market for illicit tea was England—by the 1760s the East India Company was losing £400,000 per year to smugglers in Great Britain—but Dutch tea was also smuggled into British America in significant quantities.
In 1767, to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea, Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which lowered the tax on tea consumed in Great Britain, and gave the East India Company a refund of the 25% duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies.
To help offset this loss of government revenue, Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, which levied new taxes, including one on tea, in the colonies.
Instead of solving the smuggling problem, however, the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about Parliament's right to tax the colonies.
Article: Somebody That I Used to Know
Section: Track listing

Question: What is the duration of the song "Bronte"?

Digital download
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:04
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" (Radio Mix) – 3:33
Digital download – Remix
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:33
7" Vinyl single
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:04
 "Bronte" – 3:13
CD single
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:04
 "Easy Way Out" – 1:57
Article: I Want to Hold Your Hand
Section: Background and composition

Question: What is the name of the woman that taught the oboe in the "small, rather stuffy music room" in the same basement that Lennon and McCartney used to compose 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'?

Although it is said that Brian Epstein had encouraged Lennon and McCartney to write a song to appeal to American listeners this has been denied by George Martin.
McCartney had recently moved into 57 Wimpole Street, London, where he was living as a guest of Dr Richard and Margaret Asher, whose daughter, actress Jane Asher, had become McCartney’s girlfriend after meeting him earlier in the year.
This location briefly became Lennon and McCartney's new writing base, taking over from McCartney’s Forthlin Road home in Liverpool.
Margaret Asher taught the oboe in the "small, rather stuffy music room" in the basement where Lennon and McCartney sat at the piano and composed 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'.
In September 1980, Lennon told "Playboy" magazine:In 1994, McCartney agreed with Lennon's description of the circumstances surrounding the composition of "I Want to Hold Your Hand", saying:
Article: Netball
Section: Abstract

Question: According to the INF, how many netball players are there in the world?

Netball is a ball sport played by two teams of seven players.
Its development, derived from early versions of basketball, began in England in the 1890s.
By 1960, international playing rules had been standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball (later renamed the International Netball Federation (INF)) was formed.
As of 2011, the INF comprises more than 60 national teams organized into five global regions.
Games are played on a rectangular court with raised goal rings at each end.
Each team attempts to score goals by passing a ball down the court and shooting it through its goal ring.
Players are assigned specific positions, which define their roles within the team and restrict their movement to certain areas of the court.
During general play, a player with the ball can hold onto it for only three seconds before shooting for a goal or passing to another player.
The winning team is the one that scores the most goals.
Netball games are 60 minutes long.
Variations have been developed to increase the game's pace and appeal to a wider audience.
Netball is most popular in Commonwealth nations, specifically in schools, and is predominantly played by women.
According to the INF, netball is played by more than 20 million people in more than 80 countries.
Major transnational competitions take place, including the Netball Superleague in Great Britain and the ANZ Championship in Australia and New Zealand.
Three major competitions take place internationally: the quadrennial World Netball Championships, the Commonwealth Games, and the yearly World Netball Series.
In 1995, netball became an International Olympic Committee recognised sport.
Article: Forrest Gump
Section: Abstract

Question: Who directed Forest Gump?

Forrest Gump is a 1994 American epic romantic comedy-drama film based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom.
The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis and starred Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise and Sally Field.
The story depicts several decades in the life of Forrest Gump, a naïve and slow-witted yet athletically prodigious native of Alabama who witnesses, and in some cases influences, some of the defining events of the latter half of the 20th century in the United States; more specifically, the period between Forrest's birth in 1944 and 1982.
The film differs substantially from Winston Groom's novel on which it is based, including Gump's personality and several events that were depicted.
Filming took place in late 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate the protagonist into archived footage and to develop other scenes.
A comprehensive soundtrack was featured in the film, using music intended to pinpoint specific time periods portrayed on screen.
Its commercial release made it a top-selling soundtrack, selling over 12 million copies worldwide.
Released in the United States on July 6, 1994, "Forrest Gump" received critical acclaim and became a commercial success as the top grossing film in North America released that year, being the first major success for Paramount Pictures since the studio's sale to Viacom earlier in the year.
The film earned over $677 million worldwide during its theatrical run.
The film won the Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director for Robert Zemeckis, Best Actor for Tom Hanks, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing.
It also garnered multiple other awards and nominations, including Golden Globe Awards, People's Choice Awards and Young Artist Awards, among others.
Since the film's release, varying interpretations have been made of the film's protagonist and its political symbolism.
In 1996, a themed restaurant, Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, opened based on the film, and has since expanded to multiple locations worldwide.
The scene of Gump running across the country is often referred to when real-life people attempt the feat.
In 2011, the Library of Congress selected "Forrest Gump" for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Article: Portugal
Section: Transport

Question: Who is the railway network managed by?

By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation.
Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways.
Today, the country has a road network, of which almost are part of system of 44 motorways.
Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5).
But, although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented.
In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways.
On many highways, toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde.
Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe.
Continental Portugal's territory is serviced by three international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja.
Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country.
The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country.
The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity.
Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.
A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal.
Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the of railway lines currently in service, of which are electrified and about allow train speeds greater than .
The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses (CP), both public companies.
In 2006 the CP carried 133 million passengers and of goods.
The major seaports are located in Sines, Lisbon, Leixões, Setúbal, Aveiro, Figueira da Foz, and Faro.
The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and "Metro Sul do Tejo" in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than of lines.
In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the "Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa" (Carris), for over a century.
In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remain, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula).
All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.
Article: Korean War
Section: Division of Korea (1954–present)

Question: What date did North Korea say that it's not following the North-South declaration on non-aggression?

Division of Korea (1954–present).
The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission.
Since 1953, the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC), composed of members from the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces, has been stationed near the DMZ.
In April 1975, South Vietnam's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army.
Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina, Kim Il-sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South.
Kim visited China in April of that year, and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid.
Despite Pyongyang's expectations, however, Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea.
Since the armistice, there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea.
In 1976, the axe murder incident was widely publicized.
Since 1974, four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered.
In 2010, a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS "Cheonan", resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors.
Again in 2010, North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island, killing two military personnel and two civilians.
After a new wave of U.N. sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice.
On 13 March 2013, North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea "is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression."
On 30 March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered a "state of war" with South Korea and declared that "The long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over."
Speaking on 4 April 2013, the United States Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, informed the press that Pyongyang had "formally informed" the Pentagon that it had "ratified" the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the United States of America, including Guam and Hawaii.
Hagel also stated that the US would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam, due to a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea.