community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: United States
Section: Foreign relations

Question: Where do most countries have embassies in the US?

The United States has an established structure of foreign relations.
It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters.
It is a member of the G8, G20, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have consulates around the country.
Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions.
However, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Bhutan, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States (although the U.S. still supplies Taiwan with military equipment).
The United States has a "special relationship" with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Israel, and several European countries, including France and Germany.
It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico.
In 2008, the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance, the most in the world.
As a share of America's large gross national income (GNI), however, the U.S. contribution of 0.18% ranked last among 22 donor states.
By contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous.
The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau, all of which are Pacific island nations which were part of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands beginning after World War II, and gained independence in subsequent years.
Article: Sailing
Section: Knots and line handling

Question: What is a reef knot?

The tying and untying of knots and hitches as well as the general handling of ropes and lines are fundamental to the art of sailing.
The RYA basic 'Start Yachting' syllabus lists the following knots and hitches:
figure-eight knot — stopper knot
round turn and two half hitches — secure the end of a rope to a fixed object
bowline — used to form a fixed loop at the end of a rope
It also lists securing a line around a cleat and the use of winches and jamming cleats.
The RYA Competent Crew syllabus adds the following to the list above, as well as knowledge of the correct use of each: 
clove hitch — securing lines running along a series of posts
rolling hitch — rigging a stopper to relax the tension on a sheet
reef knot — joining two ends of a single line to bind around an object
single and double sheet bend — joining two ropes of different diameters
In addition it requires competent crewmembers to understand 'taking a turn' around a cleat and to be able to make cleated lines secure.
Lines and halyards need to be coiled neatly for stowage and reuse.
Dock lines need to be thrown and handled safely and correctly when coming alongside, up to a buoy, and when anchoring, as well as when casting off and getting under way.
Article: Balkan Wars
Section: Young Turk revolution

Question: When did Austria-Hungary annex the de jure Ottoman province of Bosnia and Herzegovina?

It is no surprise that the "Young Turk" revolution occurred in the troubled European provinces of the Empire.
There the threat to its integrity was the most pronounced, and the need for reforms was most evident.
When the revolt broke out, it was supported by intellectuals, the army, and almost all the ethnic minorities of the Empire, and forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to re-adopt the long defunct Ottoman constitution of 1876, ushering in the Second Constitutional Era.
Hopes were raised among the Balkan ethnicities of reforms and autonomy, and elections were held to form a representative, multi-ethnic, Ottoman parliament.
However, following the Sultan's attempted counter-coup, the liberal element of the Young Turks was sidelined and the nationalist element became dominant.
At the same time, in October 1908, Austria-Hungary seized the opportunity of the Ottoman political upheaval to annex the "de jure" Ottoman province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878 (see "Bosnian Crisis"), and Bulgaria declared itself a fully independent kingdom.
The Greeks of the autonomous Cretan State proclaimed unification with Greece, though the opposition of the Great Powers prevented the latter action from taking practical effect.
Article: As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song)
Section: Track listings

Question: The Audien Luvstep Mix had a running time of what length?

Digital download
"As Long As You Love Me" (feat.
Big Sean) – 3:49
Digital Remixes EP
 "As Long As You Love Me" (Ferry Corsten Remix) - 5:42
 "As Long As You Love Me" (Ferry Corsten Club Dub) - 4:58
 "As Long As You Love Me" (Ferry Corsten Radio Mix) - 3:31
 "As Long As You Love Me" (Audiobot Remix) - 5:04
 "As Long As You Love Me" (Audiobot Instrumental) - 5:04
 "As Long As You Love Me" (Audiobot Radio Mix) - 3:55
 "As Long As You Love Me" (Paulo & Jackinsky Club Mix) - 7:41
 "As Long As You Love Me" (Paulo & Jackinsky Dub) - 7:26
 "As Long As You Love Me" (Paulo & Jackinsky Radio Mix) - 3:55
 "As Long As You Love Me" (feat.
Big Sean) (Audien Dubstep Radio Mix) - 4:03
 "As Long As You Love Me" (feat.
Big Sean) (Audien Dubstep Mix) - 4:37
 "As Long As You Love Me" (feat.
Big Sean) (Audien Luvstep Mix) - 4:37
Article: Glee (TV series)
Section: Ratings

Question: How many episodes accounted for the season during Glees first season?

The pilot episode of "Glee" averaged 9.62 million viewers, and the following eleven episodes attained between 6.10 and 7.65 million.
The mid-season finale was watched by 8.13 million viewers, with the show returning in April 2010 to a season high of 13.66 million viewers.
The following six episodes attained between 11.49 and 12.98 million viewers, falling to 8.99 million for the penultimate episode "Funk".
Viewing figures rose to 11.07 million viewers for the season finale, giving "Glee" the highest finale rating for a new show in the 2009–10 television season.
Only the first twenty episodes of the first season were accounted for when calculating the season average due to the final two episodes airing outside the traditional sweeps period.
On February 6, 2011, after the Super Bowl, "Glee" received its highest ever ratings, with over 26.8 million tuning in to see the special episode, with a peak of 39.5 million.
In 2011, "Glee" generated $2 million advertising revenue per half hour.
In 2012, the show was the fourth-highest revenue earning show of the year, with US$2.83 million ad revenue per half hour, behind "Two and a Half Men", "The X Factor (U.S.)" and "American Idol".
Article: RNA
Section: Double-stranded RNA

Question: Double-stranded RNA contains how many strands?

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is RNA with two complementary strands, similar to the DNA found in all cells.
dsRNA forms the genetic material of some viruses (double-stranded RNA viruses).
Double-stranded RNA such as viral RNA or siRNA can trigger RNA interference in eukaryotes, as well as interferon response in vertebrates.
Article: Korean War
Section: Division of Korea (1954–present)

Question: Who was the North Korean leader who ordered the invasion of South Korea?

Division of Korea (1954–present).
The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission.
Since 1953, the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC), composed of members from the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces, has been stationed near the DMZ.
In April 1975, South Vietnam's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army.
Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina, Kim Il-sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South.
Kim visited China in April of that year, and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid.
Despite Pyongyang's expectations, however, Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea.
Since the armistice, there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea.
In 1976, the axe murder incident was widely publicized.
Since 1974, four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered.
In 2010, a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS "Cheonan", resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors.
Again in 2010, North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island, killing two military personnel and two civilians.
After a new wave of U.N. sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice.
On 13 March 2013, North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea "is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression."
On 30 March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered a "state of war" with South Korea and declared that "The long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over."
Speaking on 4 April 2013, the United States Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, informed the press that Pyongyang had "formally informed" the Pentagon that it had "ratified" the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the United States of America, including Guam and Hawaii.
Hagel also stated that the US would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam, due to a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea.
Article: Part of Me (Katy Perry song)
Section: Abstract

Question: A song was leaked in late 2010 with speculation that the lyrics were towards the singer's x-boyfrined Travie McCoy.

Part of Me (Katy Perry song)"Part of Me" is a song by American recording artist Katy Perry, released as the lead single from "", the March 2012 re-release of her August 2010 album, "Teenage Dream".
It was written by Perry and Bonnie McKee, with production and additional writing by Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut.
The song was not included on the original edition of "Teenage Dream" because Perry felt that it did not fit the composition of the album.
A demo of the song leaked online in late 2010, amid speculation that the lyrics were directed to the singer's ex-boyfriend Travie McCoy.
"Part of Me" was re-worked and officially released on February 13, 2012, through Capitol Records with artwork by art director Gavin Taylor and photography by Mary Ellen Matthews.
The production draws inspiration from several genres, including house music, dance-pop, and power pop; reviewers compared it to Jessie J's 2011 single "Domino", and Perry's 2010 singles "Firework" and "California Gurls".
Its lyrics describe a female protagonist who declares herself as un-breakable and strong following a break-up.
Contemporary music critics praised the song's production and gave it mixed-to-positive reviews, although some criticized Perry's vocals.
Many theorized that the lyrics addressed Perry's divorce from Russell Brand, although Perry stated it was not about him since it was written in early 2010.
"Part of Me" was a commercial success.
It was the twentieth song to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, Perry's seventh number-one single on the chart, and her ninth consecutive number-one single on the "Billboard " Hot Dance Club Songs chart.
The single debuted at number one in the United Kingdom and Canada, and has been certified Platinum in the United States, Australia and New Zealand.
Marketing campaigns for Adidas and "" have featured it.
An accompanying music video was filmed at the United States Marine Corps' Camp Pendleton in Oceanside, California.
The video depicts Perry enlisting in the Marines following a heartbreak.
It garnered generally positive reviews for Perry's "Girl Power" message, but drew criticism from feminist author Naomi Wolf, who denounced it as military propaganda.
Perry debuted the first televised performance of song on at the 54th Grammy Awards, and has also performed the song at the ECHO Awards, the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards, and "American Idol".
Article: Badminton
Section: Singles

Question: Which court is more narrow, singles or doubles?

The singles court is narrower than the doubles court, but the same length.
Since one person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to move as much as possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the court.
Players exploit the length of the court by combining lifts and clears with drop shots and net shots.
Smashing tends to be less prominent in singles than in doubles because the smasher has no partner to follow up his effort and is thus vulnerable to a skillfully placed return.
Moreover, frequent smashing can be exhausting in singles where the conservation of a player's energy is at a premium.
However, players with strong smashes will sometimes use the shot to create openings, and players commonly smash weak returns to try to end rallies.
In singles, players will often start the rally with a forehand high serve or with a flick serve.
Low serves are also used frequently, either forehand or backhand.
Drive serves are rare.
At high levels of play, singles demands extraordinary fitness.
Singles is a game of patient positional manoeuvring, unlike the all-out aggression of doubles.
Article: Starships (song)
Section: Reception and contest

Question: How many winners are allowed for the contest!

MTV's John Mitchell criticized the video's postponed release, finding it strange that the video for the album's third single, "Beez in the Trap", was released before that of "Starships".
On May 28, 2012, a "Starships" video campaign was announced on Minaj's official website.
It asked fans to record a video of themselves performing "Starships" by singing, dancing or with a musical instrument.
Minaj will then select 5 winners.
The contest winners won tickets and passes to meet Minaj on her Pink Friday Tour.
The song won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video in September 2012.
Article: Vietnam
Section: Etymology

Question: What emperor used the name between 1804 and 1813?

The name "Việt Nam" () is a variation of "Nam Việt" (; literally "Southern Việt"), a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC.
The word "Việt" originated as a shortened form of Bách Việt (), a word applied to a group of peoples then living in southern China and Vietnam.
The form "Vietnam" () is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem "Sấm Trạng Trình".
The name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558.
Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.
It was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châu's "History of the Loss of Vietnam", and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.
The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the imperial government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted "Việt Nam".
Since the use of Chinese characters was discontinued in 1918, the alphabetic spelling of Vietnam is official.
Article: Magnetic resonance imaging
Section: Magnetic resonance angiography

Question: What procedure is used to generate pictures of veins?

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) generates pictures of the arteries to evaluate them for stenosis (abnormal narrowing) or aneurysms (vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture).
MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (called a "run-off").
A variety of techniques can be used to generate the pictures, such as administration of a paramagnetic contrast agent (gadolinium) or using a technique known as "flow-related enhancement" (e.g., 2D and 3D time-of-flight sequences), where most of the signal on an image is due to blood that recently moved into that plane, see also FLASH MRI.
Techniques involving phase accumulation (known as phase contrast angiography) can also be used to generate flow velocity maps easily and accurately.
Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is a similar procedure that is used to image veins.
In this method, the tissue is now excited inferiorly, while the signal is gathered in the plane immediately superior to the excitation plane—thus imaging the venous blood that recently moved from the excited plane.
Article: Chernobyl disaster
Section: Debris removal

Question: What type of acid was dropped from helicopters after the Chernobyl disaster to curb any risk of explosion?

The worst of the radioactive debris was collected inside what was left of the reactor, much of it shoveled in by liquidators wearing heavy protective gear (dubbed "bio-robots" by the military); these workers could only spend a maximum of 40 seconds at a time working on the rooftops of the surrounding buildings because of the extremely high doses of radiation given off by the blocks of graphite and other debris.
The reactor itself was covered with bags of sand, lead and boric acid dropped from helicopters: some 5,000 metric tons of material were dropped during the week that followed the accident.
At the time there was still fear that the reactor could re-enter a self-sustaining nuclear chain-reaction and explode again, and a new containment structure was planned to prevent rain entering and triggering such an explosion, and to prevent further release of radioactive material.
This was the largest civil engineering task in history, involving a quarter of a million construction workers who all reached their official lifetime limits of radiation.
By December 1986, a large concrete sarcophagus had been erected to seal off the reactor and its contents.
A unique "clean up" medal was given to the workers.
Many of the vehicles used by the "liquidators" remain parked in a field in the Chernobyl area.
During the construction of the sarcophagus, a scientific team re-entered the reactor as part of an investigation dubbed "Complex Expedition", to locate and contain nuclear fuel in a way that could not lead to another explosion.
These scientists manually collected cold fuel rods, but great heat was still emanating from the core.
Rates of radiation in different parts of the building were monitored by drilling holes into the reactor and inserting long metal detector tubes.
The scientists were exposed to high levels of radiation and radioactive dust.
After six months of investigation, in December 1986, they discovered with the help of a remote camera an intensely radioactive mass in the basement of Unit Four, more than two metres wide and weighing hundreds of tons, which they called "the elephant's foot" for its wrinkled appearance.
The mass was composed of sand, glass and a large amount of nuclear fuel that had escaped from the reactor.
The concrete beneath the reactor was steaming hot, and was breached by solidified lava and spectacular unknown crystalline forms termed chernobylite.
It was concluded that there was no further risk of explosion.
Article: Falling Skies
Section: Series overview

Question: How is the child killed?

"Falling Skies" tells the story of the aftermath of a global invasion by extraterrestrials (including mechanical attack drones called "mechs", a species of green-skinned six-legged beings known as "Skitters" that appear to control the mechs, and a third mysterious species known as the Overlords, or "espheni", presumably the actual engineers of the invasion and the masters of the Skitters).
Within a few days the invaders neutralized the world's power grid and technology, destroyed the militaries of all the world's countries, and killed over 90% of the human population.
The aliens' objectives are not explained, though the aliens try to round up children between the ages of 8 and 18 and attach a biomechanical obedience device onto (and into) their spines, referred to as a "harness".
The harness controls the child's mind, and forcibly removing it generally kills the child.
The story begins six months after the invasion and follows a group of survivors who band together to fight back.
The group, known as the Second Massachusetts (an allusion to a historical regiment from the Continental Army), is led by retired U.S. Army Captain Dan Weaver and Boston University history professor Tom Mason who, while in search of his son Ben, must put his extensive knowledge of military history into practice as one of the leaders of the resistance movement.
Article: Cloning
Section: Organism cloning

Question: What is another name for cloning?

Organism cloning (also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another.
In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place.
Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants (see vegetative reproduction) and some insects.
Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows.
There is a lot of ethical debate over whether or not cloning should be used.
However, cloning, or asexual propagation, has been common practice in the horticultural world for hundreds of years.
Article: Fencing
Section: Universities and schools

Question: When did fencing originate?

Fencing has a long history with universities and schools for at least 500 years.
At least one style of fencing, Mensur in Germany, is practiced only within universities.
University students compete internationally at the World University Games.
The United States holds two national level university tournaments including the NCAA championship and the USACFC National Championships tournaments in the USA and the BUCS fencing championships in the United Kingdom.
Equipment costs and the relatively small scale of the sport limits university fencing to a small number of schools.
National fencing organizations have set up programs to encourage more students to fence.
Examples include the Regional Youth Circuit program in the USA and the Leon Paul Youth Development series in the UK.
In recent years, attempts have been made to introduce fencing to a wider and younger audience, by using foam and plastic swords, which require much less protective equipment.
This makes it much less expensive to provide classes, and makes it easier to take fencing to a wider range of schools than traditionally has been the case.
There is even a competition series in Scotland – the Plastic-and-Foam Fencing FunLeague – specifically for Primary and early Secondary school-age children using this equipment.
The UK hosts two national competitions in which schools compete against each other directly: the Public Schools Fencing Championship, a competition only open to Independent Schools, and the Scottish Secondary Schools Championships, open to all secondary schools in Scotland.
It contains both teams and individual events and is highly anticipated.
Schools organise matches directly against one another and school age pupils can compete individually in the British Youth Championships.
Many universities in Ontario, Canada have fencing teams that participate in an annual inter-university competition called the OUA Finals.