community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Section: Photographs

Question: The department of photography was established in which year?

The Met's collection of photographs, numbering more than 25,000 in total, is centered on five major collections plus additional acquisitions by the museum.
Alfred Stieglitz, a famous photographer himself, donated the first major collection of photographs to the museum, which included a comprehensive survey of Photo-Secessionist works, a rich set of master prints by Edward Steichen, and an outstanding collection of Stieglitz's photographs from his own studio.
The Met supplemented Stieglitz's gift with the 8,500-piece Gilman Paper Company Collection, the Rubel Collection, and the Ford Motor Company Collection, which respectively provided the collection with early French and American photography, early British photography, and post-WWI American and European photography.
The museum also acquired Walker Evans's personal collection of photographs, a particular coup considering the high demand for his works.
The department of photography was founded in 1992.
Though the department gained a permanent gallery in 1997, not all of the department's holdings are on display at any given time, due to the sensitive materials represented in the photography collection.
However, the Photographs department has produced some of the best-received temporary exhibits in the Met's recent past, including a Diane Arbus retrospective and an extensive show devoted to spirit photography.
In 2007, the museum designated a gallery exclusively for the exhibition of photographs made after 1960.
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Stonehenge 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC)

Question: How was Stonehenge arranged at the center of the inner ring?

 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC).
This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones.
They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring.
Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales.
All the stones formed well-spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III.
The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically.
Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work, Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors, as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well-founded and began to fall over.
However, only minor changes were made after this phase.
Article: Pho
Section: From Cantonese

Question: Who were the initial creators of Pho?

Hue and Eugèn Gouin (1957) both define ' by itself as an abbreviation of '.
Elucidating on the 1931 dictionary, Gouin and Lê Ngọc Trụ (1970) both give ' as a corruption of ' (), which was commonly sold by Chinese immigrants in Hanoi.
Some scholars argue that pho (the dish) evolved from ', a Vietnamese dish common in Hanoi at the turn of the century.
Originally eaten by commoners near the Red River, it consisted of stir fried strips of water buffalo meat served in broth atop rice vermicelli.
Around 1908–1909, the shipping industry brought an influx of laborers.
Vietnamese and Chinese cooks set up ' to serve them ' but later switched to inexpensive scraps of beef set aside by butchers who sold to the French.
Chinese vendors advertised this ' by crying out, "Beef and noodles!"
().
Eventually the street cry became "Meat and noodles!"
(), with the last syllable elongated.
The French author Jean Marquet spells it "!"
in his 1919 novel "Du village-à-la cité".
This is likely what the Vietnamese poet Tản Đà calls "" in "" ("Gambling"), written around 1915–1917.
Article: Botany
Section: Medicine and materials

Question: Which popular stimulants come from plants?

Phytochemistry is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during secondary metabolism.
Some of these compounds are toxins such as the alkaloid coniine from hemlock.
Others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g., capsaicin), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies.
Many medicinal and recreational drugs, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (active ingredient in cannabis), caffeine, morphine and nicotine come directly from plants.
Others are simple derivatives of botanical natural products.
For example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy.
Popular stimulants come from plants, such as caffeine from coffee, tea and chocolate, and nicotine from tobacco.
Most alcoholic beverages come from fermentation of carbohydrate-rich plant products such as barley (beer), rice (sake) and grapes (wine).
Plants can synthesise useful coloured dyes and pigments such as the anthocyanins responsible for the red colour of red wine, yellow weld and blue woad used together to produce Lincoln green, indoxyl, source of the blue dye indigo traditionally used to dye denim and the artist's pigments gamboge and rose madder.
Sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products.
Charcoal, a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood, has a long history as a metal-smelting fuel, as a filter material and adsorbent and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder.
Cellulose, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock.
Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane, wallpaper paste, biobutanol and gun cotton.
Sugarcane, rapeseed and soy are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of biofuels, important alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Costume design

Question: Who created a 3d model of Tom Hardy's face?

Costume design.
Costume designer Lindy Hemming explained that Bane uses a mask to inhale an analgesic gas, which, in director Christopher Nolan's words, "keeps his pain just below the threshold so he can function."
In designing Bane's costume, Hemming needed it to look "like an amalgam of all sorts of bits and pieces he cobbled together, as he passed through some very remote places.
We made parts of his vest, for example, from fragments of an old military tent.
His clothes are militaristic, but are not in any way a uniform."
Hemming also designed Bane's mask to look "animalistic".
Costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard created a three-dimensional model of actor Tom Hardy's face and skull to design the mask, allowing the mask to perfectly conform to the contours of Hardy's face.
Hemming personally designed Bane's coat, which she admitted took two years to complete.
Taking inspiration from a Swedish army jacket and a frock coat from the French Revolution, it was designed to make Bane look like equal parts dictatorial and revolutionary.
The design was difficult as Hemming struggled to find a tailor in Los Angeles who could work with shearling.
The Batsuit consisted of 110 separate pieces, each of which had to be replicated dozens of times over the course of the production.
The base layer was made of a polyester mesh that is utilized by the military and high-tech sports manufacturers because of its breathability and moisture-wicking properties.
Molded pieces of flexible urethane were then attached to the mesh, to form the overall body armor plating.
Carbon fiber panels were placed inside the sections on the legs, chest and abdomen.
The cowl was sculpted from a cast of Bale's face and head to become a perfect fit for Christian Bale.
The suit remained unchanged for the film since "The Dark Knight".
In creating Selina Kyle's catsuit, two layers of material were used, with the outer layer being polyurethane coated spandex, embossed with a hexagonal pattern.
The catsuit also consisted of elbow-length gloves, a utility belt, and thigh-high boots with spike heels.
Article: Johannes Vermeer
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the name of the age in which Vermeer is typically grouped?

Johannes, Jan or Johan Vermeer (; 1632 – December 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life.
Vermeer was a moderately successful provincial genre painter in his lifetime.
He seems never to have been particularly wealthy, leaving his wife and children in debt at his death, perhaps because he produced relatively few paintings.
Vermeer worked slowly and with great care, using bright colours and sometimes expensive pigments, with a preference for lapis lazuli and Indian yellow.
He is particularly renowned for his masterly treatment and use of light in his work.
Vermeer painted mostly domestic interior scenes.
"Almost all his paintings are apparently set in two smallish rooms in his house in Delft; they show the same furniture and decorations in various arrangements and they often portray the same people, mostly women.
"Recognized during his lifetime in Delft and The Hague, his modest celebrity gave way to obscurity after his death; he was barely mentioned in Arnold Houbraken's major source book on 17th-century Dutch painting ("Grand Theatre of Dutch Painters and Women Artists"), and was thus omitted from subsequent surveys of Dutch art for nearly two centuries.
In the 19th century, Vermeer was rediscovered by Gustav Friedrich Waagen and Théophile Thoré-Bürger, who published an essay attributing sixty-six pictures to him, although only thirty-four paintings are universally attributed to him today.
Since that time, Vermeer's reputation has grown, and he is now acknowledged as one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age.
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Theory of critical opalescence

Question: What scientific principle explains why the sky is blue?

Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point.
Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density.
At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large fluctuations.
The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white.
Einstein relates this to Rayleigh scattering, which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.
Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter.
Article: Mongolia
Section: Media

Question: In which year did the Mongolian press begin?

Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the Soviet Union under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of the "Unen" ("Truth") newspaper similar to the Soviet "Pravda".
Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media was allowed.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the one-party state grew into a multi-party democracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront.
A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on August 28, 1998 and enacted on January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms.
The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets.
Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government debating a new Freedom of Information Act, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.
Market reforms have led to an increasing number of people working in the media year on year, along with students at journalism schools.
In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report, Reporters Without Borders classified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free.
Article: 2003 invasion of Iraq
Section: Bush declares "End of major combat operations" (May 2003)

Question: Post-invasion Iraq was marked by what?

Bush declares "End of major combat operations" (May 2003).
On 1 May 2003, Bush landed on the aircraft carrier USS "Abraham Lincoln", in a Lockheed S-3 Viking, where he gave a speech announcing the end of major combat operations in the Iraq war.
Bush's landing was criticized by opponents as an unnecessarily theatrical and expensive stunt.
Clearly visible in the background was a banner stating "Mission Accomplished."
The banner, made by White House staff and supplied by request of the United States Navy, was criticized as premature.
The White House subsequently released a statement that the sign and Bush's visit referred to the initial invasion of Iraq and disputing the charge of theatrics.
The speech itself noted: "We have difficult work to do in Iraq.
We are bringing order to parts of that country that remain dangerous."
Post-invasion Iraq was marked by a long and violent conflict between U.S.-led forces and Iraqi insurgents.
Article: Tennis
Section: Special point terms

Question: How many times must the serve be broken to win a set?

Game pointA "game point" occurs in tennis whenever the player who is in the lead in the game needs only one more point to win the game.
The terminology is extended to sets (set point), matches (match point), and even championships (championship point).
For example, if the player who is serving has a score of 40-love, the player has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.)
as the player has three consecutive chances to win the game.
Game points, set points, and match points are not part of official scoring and are not announced by the chair umpire in tournament play.
Break pointA "break point" occurs if the receiver, not the server, has a chance to win the game with the next point.
Break points are of particular importance because serving is generally considered advantageous, with the server being expected to win games in which they are serving.
A receiver who has one (score of 30–40), two (score of 15–40) or three (score of love-40) consecutive chances to win the game has "break point", "double break point" or "triple break point", respectively.
If the receiver does, in fact, win their break point, the game is awarded to the receiver, and the receiver is said to have "converted" their break point.
If the receiver fails to win their break point it is called a "failure to convert."
Winning break points, and thus the game, is also referred to as "breaking serve", as the receiver has disrupted, or "broken" the natural advantage of the server.
If in the following game the previous server also wins a break point it is referred to as "breaking back".
At least one break of serve is required to win a set.
Article: Teen Wolf
Section: Abstract

Question: Who stared in the 1985 comedy "Teen Wolf"?

Teen Wolf is a 1985 American fantasy comedy film released by Atlantic Releasing Corporation starring Michael J.
Fox as Scott Howard, a high school student who discovers that his family has an unusual pedigree when he finds himself transforming into a werewolf.
The film was directed by Rod Daniel based on a script co-written by Joseph Loeb III, Matthew Weisman, and Tim Hayes.
Article: Thailand
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the former name of Thailand

Thailand ( or ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (, ; ), formerly known as Siam (; ), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia.
It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma.
Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history.
The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Adherent of Buddhism, and Upholder of religions.
Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country in terms of total area, with an area of approximately , and is the 20th-most-populous country, with around 64 million people.
The capital and largest city is Bangkok, which is Thailand's political, commercial, industrial and cultural hub.
About 75–85% of the population is ethnically Tai, which includes the four major regional groups, consisting of Central Thai (Khon Pak Klang): 30%; Northeastern Thai (Khon Isan): 22%, Northern Thai (Khon Lanna): 9%; and Southern Thai (Khon Tai): 7%.
Thai Chinese, those of significant Chinese heritage, are 14% of the population and up to 40% possess part-Chinese ancestry.
Thai Malays represent 3% of the population and the rest belong to minority groups, including Mons, Khmers and various "hill tribes".
The country's official language is Thai and the primary religion is Buddhism, which is practised by around 95% of the population.
Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1996, and is presently a newly industrialized country and a major exporter.
Tourism also contributes significantly to the Thai economy.
The country was ranked second in the 2014 United Nations Human Development Index (HDI), which measures quality of life according to areas such as life expectancy and income.
There are approximately 2.2 million legal and illegal migrants in Thailand, and the country attracts a significant number of expatriates from developed countries.
Article: The Starry Night
Section: Genesis

Question: When did Van Gogh go to the asylum at Saint-Remy?

In a letter written to Émile Bernard in April 1888, Van Gogh expressed his desire to paint the night sky, and questioned whether he could achieve his intention by painting from nature as the Impressionists did:In September 1888, before his December breakdown that resulted in his hospitalisation in Arles, he painted "Starry Night Over the Rhone".
Working by night under a gas lamp, Van Gogh painted this work directly from nature.
"It does me good to do what's difficult, "Van Gogh wrote, "That doesn’t stop me having a tremendous need for, shall I say the word—for religion—so I go outside at night to paint the stars.
"In May 1889, Van Gogh decided to enter the asylum at Saint-Rémy, where he stayed for the next year.
His time there was very productive, although interrupted by incapacitating nervous attacks.
Inspired by the landscape surrounding the asylum, he painted "Starry Night" in June 1889.
Unlike the earlier "Starry Night Over the Rhone", the new night scene was painted in daylight, from memory.
In mid-September 1889, following a heavy crisis which lasted from mid-July to the last days of August, he thought to include "Starry Night" in the next batch of works to be sent to his brother, Theo, in Paris.
In order to reduce the shipping costs, he withheld three of the studies, including "Starry Night".
These three went to Paris with the shipment that followed.
When Theo did not immediately report its arrival, Vincent inquired again and finally received Theo's commentary on his recent work.
Article: Vietnam War
Section: Vietnamese women

Question: WAFC is the abbreviation for what?

Unlike the American women who went to Vietnam, North Vietnamese women were enlisted and fought in the combat zone as well as provided manual labor to keep the Ho Chi Minh trail open, cook for the troops, and some served as "comfort women" for male communist fighters.
They also worked in the rice fields in North Vietnam and Viet Cong-held farming areas in South Vietnam's Mekong Delta region to provide food for their families and the war effort.
Women were enlisted in both the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and the Viet Cong guerrilla insurgent force in South Vietnam.
Some women also served for the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong intelligence services.
In South Vietnam, many women voluntarily serve in the ARVN's Women's Armed Force Corps (WAFC) and various other Women's corps in the military.
Some, like in the WAFC, fought in combat with other soldiers.
Others have served as nurses and doctors in the battlefield and in military hospitals, or served in South Vietnam or America's intelligence agencies.
During Diệm's presidency, Madame Nhu was the commander of the WAFC.
Article: Bulgogi
Section: Preparation and serving

Question: What is "Bulgogi" made of?

"Bulgogi" is made from thin slices of sirloin or other prime cuts of beef.
Before cooking, the meat is marinated to enhance its flavour and tenderness with a mixture of soy sauce, sugar, sesame oil, garlic, pepper and other ingredients such as scallions, ginger, onions or mushrooms, especially white button mushrooms or "matsutake".
Sometimes, cellophane noodles are added to the dish, which varies by the region and specific recipe.
"Bulgogi" is traditionally grilled, but pan-cooking has become popular as well.
Whole cloves of garlic, sliced onions and chopped green peppers are often grilled or fried with the meat.
This dish is sometimes served with a side of lettuce or other leafy vegetable, which is used to wrap a slice of cooked meat, often along with a dab of "ssamjang", or other side dishes, and then eaten together.