community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Yosemite National Park
Section: Habitats

Question: Why does Yosemite National Park contain a wide variety of wildlife species?

With its scrubby sun-baked chaparral, stately groves of pine, fir, and sequoia, and expanses of alpine woodlands and meadows, Yosemite National Park preserves a Sierra Nevada landscape as it prevailed before Euro-American settlement.
In contrast to surrounding lands, which have been significantly altered by logging, the park still contains some of old-growth forest.
Taken together, the park's varied habitats support over 250 species of vertebrates, which include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Along much of Yosemite's western boundary, habitats are dominated by mixed coniferous forests of Ponderosa Pine, Sugar Pine, Incense-cedar, White Fir, Douglas Fir, and a few stands of Giant Sequoia, interspersed by areas of Black Oak and Canyon Live Oak.
A relatively high diversity of wildlife species is supported by these habitats, because of relatively mild, lower-elevation climate and the mixture of habitat types and plant species.
Wildlife species typically found in these habitats include American black bear, Bobcat, Cougar, Gray fox, Mule deer, Mountain kingsnake, Gilbert's skink, White-headed Woodpecker, Brown Creeper, Spotted Owl, and a wide variety of bat species.
In the case of bats, large snags are important as roost sites.
Going higher in elevation, the coniferous forests become purer stands of Red Fir, Western White Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Lodgepole Pine, and the occasional Foxtail pine.
Fewer wildlife species tend to be found in these habitats, because of their higher elevation and lower complexity.
Species likely to be found include Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel, Chickaree, Fisher, Steller's Jay, Hermit Thrush, and Northern Goshawk.
Reptiles are not common, but include Rubber Boa, western fence lizard, and Northern Alligator Lizard.
As the landscape rises, trees become smaller and more sparse, with stands broken by areas of exposed granite.
These include Lodgepole Pine, Whitebark Pine, and Mountain Hemlock that, at highest elevations, give way to vast expanses of granite as treeline is reached.
The climate in these habitats is harsh and the growing season is short, but species such as Pika, Yellow-bellied Marmot, White-tailed Jackrabbit, Clark's Nutcracker, and Black Rosy Finch are adapted to these conditions.
Also, the treeless alpine habitats are the areas favored by Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep.
This species, however, is now found in the Yosemite area only around Tioga Pass, where a small, reintroduced population exists.
At a variety of elevations, meadows provide important, productive habitat for wildlife.
Animals come to feed on the green grasses and use the flowing and standing water found in many meadows.
Predators, in turn, are attracted to these areas.
The interface between meadow and forest is also favored by many animal species because of the proximity of open areas for foraging and cover for protection.
Species that are highly dependent upon meadow habitat include Great Grey Owl, Willow Flycatcher, Yosemite Toad, and Mountain Beaver.
Article: Drive By (song)
Section: Credits and personnel

Question: Who served as engineers during the recording of Drive By?

Recording
 Recorded at Integrated Studios, New York City and at Ruby Red Studios, Venice, Los Angeles
Personnel
 Patrick Monahan – songwriter, producer, vocals
 Espen Lind – songwriter, producer, engineer, additional guitars, bass, keyboards and backing vocals, programming
 Amund Bjørklund – songwriter, producer, programming
 Butch Walker – producer
 Mark Endert – mixing
 Francis Murray – engineer
 Jake Sinclair – engineer
 Jimmy Stafford – guitar
 Scott Underwood – drums
 Jerry Becker – keyboards
 Hector Maldonado – bass
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from "Drive By" CD single liner notes.
Article: Shooting
Section: Competitive shooting

Question: What shooting sport uses combat style shooting?

Marksmanship has inspired competition, and in several countries rifle clubs started to form in the 19th century.
Soon international shooting events evolved, including shooting at the Summer Olympics (from 1896) and World Championships (from 1897).
The International Shooting Sport Federation still administers Olympic and non-Olympic rifle, pistol, shotgun, and running target shooting competitions, although there is also a large number of national and international shooting sports controlled by unrelated organizations.
Shooting technique differs depending on factors like the type of firearm used (from a handgun to a sniper rifle; the distance to and nature of the target; the required precision; and the available time.
Breathing and position play an important role when handling a handgun or a rifle.
Some shooting sports, such as IPSC shooting, make a sport of combat style shooting.
The prone position, kneeling position, and standing position offer different amounts of support for the shooter.
Article: Scuba diving
Section: Scuba diver training and certification

Question: Is there a regulatory agency for scuba diving?

Recreational scuba diving does not have a centralized certifying or regulatory agency, and is mostly self regulated.
There are, however, several large diving organizations that train and certify divers and dive instructors, and many diving related sales and rental outlets require proof of diver certification from one of these organizations prior to selling or renting certain diving products or services.
Underwater diver training is normally given by a qualified instructor who is a member of one of many diving training agencies or is registered with a government agency.
Basic diver training entails the learning of skills required for the safe conduct of activities in an underwater environment, and includes procedures and skills for the use of diving equipment, safety, emergency self-help and rescue procedures, dive planning, and use of dive tables.
Some of the skills which an entry level diver will normally learn include:
Preparing and dressing in the diving suit
Assembly and pre-dive testing of the scuba set.
Entries and exits
Breathing from the demand valve
Recovering and clearing the demand valve.
Clearing water from the mask.
Buoyancy control using weights and buoyancy compensator
Finning techniques, underwater mobility and maneuvering.
Making safe and controlled descents and ascents.
Equalisation of the ears and other air spaces.
Assisting another diver by providing air from one's own supply, or receiving air supplied by another diver.
How to return to the surface without injury in the event of a breathing supply interruption.
Use of bailout systems (professional divers).
Diving signals used to communicate underwater.
Professional divers will also learn other methods of communication.
Dive management skills such as monitoring depth and time and the breathing gas supply
Buddy diving procedures.
Some knowledge of physiology and the physics of diving is considered necessary by most diver certification agencies, as the diving environment is alien and relatively hostile to humans.
The physics and physiology knowledge required is fairly basic, and helps the diver to understand the effects of the diving environment so that informed acceptance of the associated risks is possible.
The physics mostly relates to gases under pressure, buoyancy, heat loss, and light underwater.
The physiology relates the physics to the effects on the human body, to provide a basic understanding of the causes and risks of barotrauma, decompression sickness, gas toxicity, hypothermia, drowning and sensory variations.
More advanced training often involves first aid and rescue skills, skills related to specialized diving equipment, and underwater work skills.
Article: South Park
Section: Abstract

Question: What were the names of the South Park creators?

South Park is an American adult animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for the Comedy Central television network.
Intended for mature audiences, the show has become famous for its crude language and dark, surreal humor that satirizes a wide range of topics.
The ongoing narrative revolves around four boys—Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick—and their bizarre adventures in and around the titular Colorado town.
Parker and Stone developed the show from two animated shorts they created in 1992 and 1995.
The latter became one of the first Internet viral videos, which ultimately led to its production as a series.
"South Park" debuted in August 1997 with great success, consistently earning the highest ratings of any basic cable program.
Subsequent ratings have varied but it remains one of Comedy Central's highest rated shows, and is slated to air through at least 2016.
The pilot episode was produced using cutout animation.
All subsequent episodes are created with software that emulates the cutout technique.
Parker and Stone perform most of the voice acting.
Since 2000, each episode is typically written and produced during the week preceding its broadcast, with Parker serving as the primary writer and director.
There have been a total of episodes over the course of the show's 17 seasons.
The series has received numerous accolades, including five Primetime Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, and numerous inclusions in various publications' lists of greatest television shows.
The show's popularity resulted in a feature-length theatrical film, "" which was released in June 1999, less than two years after the show's premiere, and became a commercial and critical success.
In 2013, "TV Guide" ranked "South Park" the tenth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time.
Article: Aurora
Section: Frequency of occurrence

Question: Where does Earth's magnetic field point during magnetopause?

Auroras are occasionally seen in temperate latitudes, when a magnetic storm temporarily enlarges the auroral oval.
Large magnetic storms are most common during the peak of the eleven-year sunspot cycle or during the three years after that peak.
Within the auroral zone the likelihood of an aurora occurring depends mostly on the slant of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines (the slant is known as Bz), however, being greater with southward slants.
Geomagnetic storms that ignite auroras actually happen more often during the months around the equinoxes.
It is not well understood why geomagnetic storms are tied to Earth's seasons while polar activity is not.
But it is known that during spring and autumn, the interplanetary magnetic field and that of Earth link up.
At the magnetopause, Earth's magnetic field points north.
When Bz becomes large and negative (i.e., the IMF tilts south), it can partially cancel Earth's magnetic field at the point of contact.
South-pointing Bzs open a door through which energy from the solar wind reaches Earth's inner magnetosphere.
The peaking of Bz during this time is a result of geometry.
The IMF comes from the Sun and is carried outward with the solar wind.
The rotation of the Sun causes the IMF to have a spiral shape called the Parker spiral.
The southward (and northward) excursions of Bz are greatest during April and October, when Earth's magnetic dipole axis is most closely aligned with the Parker spiral.
Bz is not the only influence on geomagnetic activity, however, the Sun's rotation axis is tilted 8 degrees with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit.
The solar wind blows more rapidly from the Sun's poles than from its equator, thus the average speed of particles buffeting Earth's magnetosphere waxes and wanes every six months.
The solar wind speed is greatest – by about 50 km/s, on average – around 5 September and 5 March when Earth lies at its highest heliographic latitude.
Still, neither Bz nor the solar wind can fully explain the seasonal behavior of geomagnetic storms.
Those factors together contribute only about one-third of the observed semiannual variations.
Article: Attack on Pearl Harbor
Section: Niihau Incident

Question: Why were Niihau's citizens unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor?

The Japanese planners had determined that some means of rescuing fliers whose aircraft were too badly damaged to return to the carriers was required.
The island of Niihau, only 30 minutes flying time from Pearl Harbor, was designated as the rescue point.
The Zero flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of Hiryu was damaged in the attack on Wheeler, and he flew to the rescue point on Niihau.
The aircraft was further damaged on landing.
Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the native Hawaiian inhabitants, who, aware of the tension between the United States and Japan, took the pilot's maps and other documents.
The island's residents had no telephones or radio and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese-American residents in an attempt to recover the documents.
During the ensuing struggles, Nishikaichi was killed and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded; one collaborator committed suicide, and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison.
The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents apparently went to the assistance of Nishikaichi was a source of concern for many, and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted.
Article: RNA
Section: Double-stranded RNA

Question: What forms the genetic material of some viruses?

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is RNA with two complementary strands, similar to the DNA found in all cells.
dsRNA forms the genetic material of some viruses (double-stranded RNA viruses).
Double-stranded RNA such as viral RNA or siRNA can trigger RNA interference in eukaryotes, as well as interferon response in vertebrates.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Casting

Question: "Breaking Bad" creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in an episode of what previous television series?

"Breaking Bad" creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in an episode of the science fiction television series "The X-Files", on which Gilligan worked as a writer.
Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage.
Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that "Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick.
And it is a trick.
I have no idea how he does it."
AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series "Malcolm in the Middle", approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.
When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his "X-Files" episode.
Cranston contributed a great deal to the Walter White persona.
When Gilligan left much of Walter's past unexplained during the development of the series, the actor wrote his own backstory for the character.
At the start of the show, Cranston gained 10 pounds to reflect the character's personal decline and had the natural red highlights of his hair dyed a regular brown.
He collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro on a wardrobe of mostly neutral green and brown colors to make the character bland and unremarkable, and worked with makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to create a mustache he described as "impotent" and like a "dead caterpillar".
Cranston repeatedly identified elements within certain scripts where he disagreed with how the character was handled, and went so far as to call Gilligan directly when he could not work out disagreements with the episode's screenwriters.
Cranston has said he was inspired partially by his elderly father for how Walter carries himself physically, which he described as "a little hunched over, never erect, if the weight of the world is on this man's shoulders".
In contrast to his character, Cranston has been described as extremely playful on set, with Aaron Paul describing him as "a kid trapped in a man's body".
Gilligan originally intended for Aaron Paul's character, Jesse Pinkman, to be killed at the end of "Breaking Bad" 's first season in a botched drug deal as a plot device to plague Walter White with guilt.
However, Gilligan said by the second episode of the season, he was so impressed with Paul's performance that "it became pretty clear early on that would be a huge, colossal mistake, to kill off Jesse".
Article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Section: Criticism of Secret Service

Question: Who concluded that the secret service was deficient in the performance of it's duties during the Kennedy assasination?

Sgt.
Davis, of the Dallas Police Department, believed he had prepared stringent security precautions, in an attempt to prevent demonstrations like those marking the Adlai Stevenson visit from happening again.
The previous month, Stevenson, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, was assaulted by an anti-UN demonstrator.
But Winston Lawson of the Secret Service, who was in charge of the planning, told the Dallas Police not to assign its usual squad of experienced homicide detectives to follow immediately behind the President's car.
This police protection was routine for both visiting presidents and for motorcades of other visiting dignitaries.
Police Chief Jesse Curry later testified that had his men been in place, they might have been able to stop the assassin before he fired a second shot, because they carried submachine guns and rifles.
An investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) in 1979 concluded that "the Secret Service was deficient in the performance of its duties."
The HSCA stated:
That President Kennedy had not received adequate protection in Dallas.
That the Secret Service possessed information that was not properly analyzed, investigated, or used by the Secret Service in connection with the President's trip to Dallas.
That the Secret Service agents in the motorcade were inadequately prepared to protect the President from a sniper.
The HSCA specifically noted:No actions were taken by the agent in the right front seat of the Presidential limousine [ Roy Kellerman ] to cover the President with his body, although it would have been consistent with Secret Service procedure for him to have done so.
The primary function of the agent was to remain at all times in close proximity to the President in the event of such emergencies.
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Before the monument (8000 BC forward)

Question: Around what time was Stonehenge constructed?

Before the monument (8000 BC forward).
Archaeologists have found four, or possibly five, large Mesolithic postholes (one may have been a natural tree throw), which date to around 8000 BC, beneath the nearby modern tourist car-park.
These held pine posts around in diameter which were erected and eventually rotted "in situ".
Three of the posts (and possibly four) were in an east-west alignment which may have had ritual significance; no parallels are known from Britain at the time but similar sites have been found in Scandinavia.
Salisbury Plain was then still wooded but 4,000 years later, during the earlier Neolithic, people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape.
In approximately 3500 BC, a Stonehenge Cursus was built north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area.
Article: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Section: Public view and title

Question: How much did an art-lover offer for the painting?

From 16 to 31 July 1916 "Les Demoiselles" was exhibited to the public for the first time at the Salon d'Antin, an exhibition organized by André Salmon titled "L'Art moderne en France".
The exhibition space at 26 rue d'Antin was lent by the famous couturier and art collector Paul Poiret.
The larger Salon d'Automne and Salon des Indépendants had been closed due to World War I, making this the only Cubists exhibition in France since 1914.
A review was published in "Le Cri de Paris": The Cubists are not waiting for the war to end to recommence hostilities against good sense.
They are exhibiting at the Galerie Poiret naked women whose scattered parts are represented in all four corners of the canvas: here an eye, there an ear, over there a hand, a foot on top, a mouth below.
M. Picasso, their leader, is possibly the least disheveled of the lot.
He has painted, or rather daubed, five women who are, if the truth be told, all hacked up, and yet their limbs somehow manage to hold together.
They have, moreover, piggish faces with eyes wandering negligently above their ears.
An enthusiastic art-lover offered the artist 20,000 francs for this masterpiece.
M. Picasso wanted more.
The art-lover did not insist.
Picasso referred to his only entry at the Salon d'Antin as his Brothel painting calling it "Le Bordel d'Avignon" but André Salmon retitled it "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" so as to lessen its scandalous impact on the public.
Picasso never liked the title, however, preferring "las chicas de Avignon," but Salmon's title stuck.
The only other time the painting might have been exhibited to the public prior to a 1937 showing in New York was in 1918, in an exhibition dedicated to Picasso and Matisse at Galerie Paul Guillaume in Paris, though very little information exists about this exhibition or the presence (if at all) of "Les Demoiselles".
Afterwards, the painting was rolled up and remained with Picasso until 1924 when, with urging and help from Breton and Louis Aragon (1897–1982), he sold it to designer Jacques Doucet (1853–1929), for 25,000 francs.
Article: Chemistry
Section: Atom

Question: What is the nucleus made of?

The atom is the basic unit of chemistry.
It consists of a dense core called the atomic nucleus surrounded by a space called the electron cloud.
The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons (together called nucleons), while the electron cloud consists of negatively-charged electrons which orbit the nucleus.
In a neutral atom, the negatively-charged electrons balance out the positive charge of the protons.
The nucleus is dense; the mass of a nucleon is 1,836 times that of an electron, yet the radius of an atom is about 10,000 times that of its nucleus.
The atom is also the smallest entity that can be envisaged to retain the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization potential, preferred oxidation state(s), coordination number, and preferred types of bonds to form (e.g., metallic, ionic, covalent).
Article: Wright Brothers flights of 1909
Section: Abstract

Question: When did the Wright brothers fly at Kitty Hawk?

Airplane inventors Wilbur and Orville Wright are famed for making the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flights on 17 December 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Lesser-known are other flights of theirs which played an important role at the dawn of aviation history.
In 1909 Wilbur was invited by the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Committee to make paid exhibition flights to help mark 300 years of New York history, including Henry Hudson discovering Manhattan and Robert Fulton starting a successful commercial steamboat service on the Hudson River.
The committee wanted the Wrights to demonstrate flights over the water around New York City.
Orville was making flights for customers in Germany, so Wilbur, who had just finished training U.S. Army pilots, accepted the job.