community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Telescope
Section: Types

Question: why do trace and soho telescopes use special mirrors?

The name "telescope" covers a wide range of instruments.
Most detect electromagnetic radiation, but there are major differences in how astronomers must go about collecting light (electromagnetic radiation) in different frequency bands.
Telescopes may be classified by the wavelengths of light they detect:
 X-ray telescopes, using shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet light
 Ultraviolet telescopes, using shorter wavelengths than visible light
 Optical telescopes, using visible light
 Infrared telescopes, using longer wavelengths than visible light
 Submillimetre telescopes, using longer wavelengths than infrared light
As wavelengths become longer, it becomes easier to use antenna technology to interact with electromagnetic radiation (although it is possible to make very tiny antenna).
The near-infrared can be handled much like visible light, however in the far-infrared and submillimetre range, telescopes can operate more like a radio telescope.
For example the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope observes from wavelengths from 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 2000 μm (2 mm), but uses a parabolic aluminum antenna.
On the other hand, the Spitzer Space Telescope, observing from about 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 180 μm (0.18 mm) uses a mirror (reflecting optics).
Also using reflecting optics, the Hubble Space Telescope with Wide Field Camera 3 can observe from about 0.2 μm (0.0002 mm) to 1.7 μm (0.0017 mm) (from ultra-violet to infrared light).
 Fresnel Imager, an optical lens technology
 X-ray optics, optics for certain X-ray wavelengths
Another threshold in telescope design, as photon energy increases (shorter wavelengths and higher frequency) is the use of fully reflecting optics rather than glancing-incident optics.
Telescopes such as TRACE and SOHO use special mirrors to reflect Extreme ultraviolet, producing higher resolution and brighter images then otherwise possible.
A larger aperture does not just mean more light is collected, it is collected at a higher diffraction limit.
Telescopes may also be classified by location: ground telescope, space telescope, or flying telescope.
They may also be classified by whether they are operated by professional astronomers or amateur astronomers.
A vehicle or permanent campus containing one or more telescopes or other instruments is called an observatory.
Article: Universal Studios Hollywood
Section: Upper lot

Question: What type of ride is The Simpsons ride?

The Upper lot is home to a variety of family based shows.
It is also home to many dining and merchandise shops as well as the park's entrance.
For older guests the park offers "Universal's House of Horrors", a year-round haunted house.
The Upper lot is home to all of the park's 5 shows including "The Blues Brothers Revue", the "Universal's Animal Actors Show", the "Special Effects Stage", "" and "Shrek 4-D", a 3-D film which features additional immerse features.
There are 2 rides located on the upper lot which include: the "Studio Tour" and the "The Simpsons Ride" are offered.
The "Studio Tour" is a 45 minute ride which uses tram vehicles to take the visitors to the theme park's back-lot.
The tour is the signature ride at the theme park and the wait time varies by day and seasons.
The wait time ranges from 5–80 minutes, depending on the amount of visitors.
The tour includes:, the world's largest 3-D experience.
The tram closes earlier than other shows and rides at the park.
The trams depart the station and pass directly under the "Starway".
After passing the starway, the tram arrives at the lower lot and passes through the stages where film productions take place.
When filming occurs, the ride operator will notify visitors.
The tram then takes the guests to Courthouse Square section and then other buildings in the backlot.
Afterwards, the tram enters a tunnel leading to the attraction: King Kong 360 3D.
After King Kong 360 3D, the tram travels through sets from Jurassic park and encounter Dilophosauruses.
Following that, the tram travels to the Flash Flood attraction (it is to be noted guests on the left side of the tram usually get wet).
The tram continues to attraction, and Bates motel from Psycho.
The Simpsons Ride is a family simulator ride located next to the entrance to the Studio Tour ride.
The ride contains 24 vehicles, where each vehicles seats 8 guests.
The ride lasts for 4 minutes.
None of the rides at the Upper lot have single rider lines.
There are several themed retail outlets located near their respective rides in the Upper lot.
For the Simpsons merchandise is offered at the Kwik-E-Mart.
Article: Nurse Jackie
Section: Genre

Question: How did Edie Falco describe her own performance in Nurse Jackie after winning the Emmy for Best Actress in a Comedy Series?

In her acceptance speech for the Emmy for Best Actress in a Comedy series, Falco exclaimed "I'm not funny!"
Later, while speaking to the press, she expanded upon her statement and said that she too felt her performance was dramatic.
Several articles have since been written addressing this question, with some writers even calling for an overhaul of the Emmy categorization process as well as a "Comedy-drama/Dramedy" category for the awards.
Article: The Kid with a Bike
Section: Plot

Question: In what way did Cyril find out that her father sold his bike?

The story begins with Cyril, a 12-year-old boy in foster care, searching for his father and lost bike.
Cyril escapes the foster home to try to find his father at his old apartment.
When the caretakers find him, Cyril flees to a doctor’s office nearby, where he grabs onto a woman in the waiting room.
Trying to alleviate the situation, the caretakers take Cyril to the empty apartment, confirming that his father has really abandoned him.
The next morning, the woman from the doctor's office, Samantha, shows up with Cyril’s bike.
She says she bought it from someone in the projects, but Cyril thinks it was stolen from his dad.
He likes Samantha though, and asks if she would take him in on weekends.
Later, through an old personal ad, Cyril discovers that his father actually sold his bike.
With Samantha, Cyril is able to finally track down his father.
However, his father isn't happy to be found and tells his son never to come back.
Cyril, heartbroken by his father's rejection, turns to Samantha for comfort.
But despite Samantha's care, Cyril is soon taken under the wing of Wesker, a local gang leader known as "The Dealer".
At The Dealer’s prompting, Cyril robs a newsstand owner and his son with a baseball bat.
The Dealer, fearing Cyril had been identified, forces him to keep quiet and keep the money.
Cyril tries giving it to his father only to be chased away.
Dejected, Cyril returns to Samantha and finally accepts her care for him.
The robbery is settled through mediation, where Cyril apologizes personally to the owner, who accepts, but his son does not and, in a chance encounter, tries to get his revenge.
In the ensuing chase, Cyril climbs a tree and falls when struck by a rock the son throws.
While he lies unconscious, the owner and son discuss what lies to tell the police.
While they're talking, Cyril comes to and walks away, having apparently decided to move on with his life.
Article: Chasing Cars
Section: Critical

Question: During what decade was the song most played?

The song was nominated for a 2007 Grammy Award for Best Rock Song, as well as for a 2007 BRIT Award for Best British Single.
In 2007, "Chasing Cars" was voted number 1 in the Top 500 Songs: The Words Behind the Music, on Bristol's GWR FM (and other stations in The One Network).
Music's Adam Webb, however had mixed feelings for the single, when he awarded it 5 stars out of 10, saying it was a "misguided attempt to recreate its breast-beating slo-motion scarf-waving formula."
Further, he made comparisons of the song to Hollywood soundtracks, which in his words are "about as subtle as a rhino and too overt to be truly affecting.
""Billboard" magazine's Sven Phillip found the song the only one on the album "not to be missed".
He called it a "catchy, colossal ballad that succeeds without any fireworks".UK music licensing body PPL announced in December 2009 that "Chasing Cars" was the most played song of the decade.
Article: Quantum
Section: Etymology and discovery

Question: What Latin word is quantum derived from?

The word "quantum" comes from the Latin "quantus", for "how much".
"Quanta", short for "quanta of electricity" (electrons) was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect by Philipp Lenard, who credited Hermann von Helmholtz for using the word in the area of electricity.
However, the word quantum in general was well known before 1900.
It was often used by physicians, such as in the term quantum satis.
Both Helmholtz and Julius von Mayer were physicians as well as physicists.
Helmholtz used "quantum" with reference to heat in his article on Mayer's work, and indeed, the word "quantum" can be found in the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics by Mayer in his letter dated July 24, 1841.
Max Planck used "quanta" to mean "quanta of matter and electricity", gas, and heat.
In 1905, in response to Planck's work and the experimental work of Lenard, who explained his results by using the term "quanta of electricity", Albert Einstein suggested that radiation existed in spatially localized packets which he called "quanta of light" ("Lightquanta").
The concept of quantization of radiation was discovered in 1900 by Max Planck, who had been trying to understand the emission of radiation from heated objects, known as black-body radiation.
By assuming that energy can only be absorbed or released in tiny, differential, discrete packets he called "bundles" or "energy elements", Planck accounted for the fact that certain objects change colour when heated.
On December 14, 1900, Planck reported his revolutionary findings to the German Physical Society, and introduced the idea of quantization for the first time as a part of his research on black-body radiation.
As a result of his experiments, Planck deduced the numerical value of "h", known as the Planck constant, and could also report a more precise value for the Avogadro–Loschmidt number, the number of real molecules in a mole and the unit of electrical charge, to the German Physical Society.
After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 for his discovery.
Article: Nigeria
Section: Military

Question: The Nigerian Military was charged with what?

The Nigerian Military are charged with protecting The Federal Republic of Nigeria, promoting Nigeria's global security interests, and supporting peacekeeping efforts especially in West Africa.
The Nigerian Military consist of an army, a navy and an air force.
The military in Nigeria have played a major role in the country's history since independence.
Various juntas have seized control of the country and ruled it through most of its history.
Its last period of rule ended in 1999 following the sudden death of former dictator Sani Abacha in 1998, with his successor, Abdulsalam Abubakar, handing over power to the democratically elected government of Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999.
Taking advantage of its role as Africa's most populated country, Nigeria has repositioned its military as an African peacekeeping force.
Since 1995, the Nigerian military through ECOMOG mandates have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), Sierra Leone 1997–1999, and presently in Sudan's Darfur region under an African Union mandate.
Article: Rules of Engagement (TV series)
Section: History

Question: When were seasons 3 and 4 of Rules of Engagement launched?

The show was heavily promoted by CBS during Super Bowl XLI and launched the following night, the first of seven episodes in its first season.
The pilot episode remains the highest rated episode of the show.
The series was renewed for a second season which began as a midseason replacement for "The New Adventures of Old Christine" on Monday, September 24, 2007, with production halted after nine episodes on November 6, 2007, in the wake of a writers' strike.
After the strike ended, CBS announced that the show would return April 14, 2008, with a further six episodes.
Seasons three and four were both mid-season entries launched in March 2009 and March 2010.
On May 18, 2010, it was announced that CBS had renewed "Rules of Engagement" for a 5th season.
It was later announced that this season would start in September, in contrast to its usual midseason start, and received an expanded 24-episode order.
(The fifth season was the first and only season to have a full-season order.)
The first 15 episodes aired on Monday nights, usually in the 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central time slot following "How I Met Your Mother".
Then on February 24, 2011, the series moved to Thursdays at 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central, following "The Big Bang Theory", after the cancellation of "$h*!
My Dad Says".
On May 17, 2011, the series was renewed for a sixth season to begin airing in fall 2011.
One day later, CBS announced that "Rules of Engagement" would move to Saturday nights at 8:00 pm Eastern/7:00 pm Central as part of the network's new "Comedytime Saturday" block; the first time in six years that an original CBS program would air on that night.
It also marked the fourth night that the series would air on, with it previously airing on Mondays, Wednesdays (two airings), and Thursdays.
On October 7, 2011, however, it was announced that "Rules of Engagement" would move back to its 8:30PM EST Thursday timeslot following "The Big Bang Theory", replacing new sitcom "How to Be a Gentleman" which was moved to the new Saturday time slot.
Effective January 12, 2012, CBS removed "Rules of Engagement" from its Thursday lineup, replacing it with the new sitcom "Rob" starring Rob Schneider.
"Rules" would return to its Thursday 8:30 PM time slot on March 29, after "Rob" had finished airing its 8-episode order, resulting in a total of 15 episodes in season 6.
On May 21, 2012, CBS renewed "Rules of Engagement" for a seventh season of 13 episodes to air mid-season, bringing the total number of produced episodes to 100.
Season 7 began airing on Mondays at 8:30, starting February 4, 2013.
On May 10, 2013, "Rules of Engagement" was cancelled by CBS after seven seasons and 100 episodes.
The series finale episode aired on May 20, 2013.
Article: Arepa
Section: Characteristics

Question: What are arepas most commonly filled with?

The "arepa" is a flat, round, unleavened patty made of soaked, ground kernels of maize, or—more frequently nowadays—maizemeal or maize flour which can be grilled, baked, fried, boiled or steamed, etc.
The characteristics vary by color, flavor, size, and the food with which it may be stuffed, depending on the region.
"Arepa" is a native sort of bread made of ground maize (or flour), water, and salt which is fried or grilled into a thick bread.
It can be topped or filled with meat, eggs, tomatoes, salad, cheese, shrimp, or fish depending on the meal.
Breakfast egg or cheese are the most common arepa fillings.
There are several recipes for fillings.
Article: Belgium
Section: Health

Question: What's been the life expectancy growth since 1960?

The Belgians are known to enjoy good health.
According to 2012 estimates, the average life expectancy is 79.65 years.
Since 1960, life expectancy has, in line with the European average, grown by two months per year.
Death in Belgium is mainly due to heart and vascular disorders, neoplasms, disorders of the respiratory system and unnatural causes of death (accidents, suicide).
Non-natural causes of death and cancer are the most common causes of death for females up to age 24 and males up to age 44.
Healthcare in Belgium is financed through both social security contributions and taxation.
Health insurance is compulsory.
Health care is delivered by a mostly private system of independent medical practitioners and hospitals.
Most of the time each provided service is directly paid by the patient and reimbursed later on by health insurance companies.
Belgian health care system is supervised and financed by the federal government, the three Communities and the three Regions, i.e.
six distinct Ministries (the Flemish Community and Region have merged).
Article: Love the Way You Lie
Section: Recognition

Question: Who was behind the quote, “You cannot write a song any better than that, because that's how this kind of thing happens in real life”?

"Love the Way You Lie" ranked in various best-of-2010 lists.
Claire Suddath of "Time" placed it at number five on her top-ten list and wrote, "That this song didn't come across sounding clichéd or tasteless is a testament to both artists' skill."
AOL Radio considered the song the best of 2010 hip hop music, regarding Eminem as imaginative and passionate.
It ranked ninth on MTV News' top-twenty-five list.
Its editor James Montgomery attributed the song's success to its theme and relation to the artists' past abusive relationships.
He concluded, "You cannot write a song any better than that, because that's how this kind of thing happens in real life."
"The New York Post" placed the song at second place on their "top 210 songs from 2010" list and regarded it as a "comeback club anthem."
In April 2011, Gabriel Alvarez of "Complex" magazine ranked it at number 100 on their "100 Best Eminem Songs" list, calling it a love song and praising Rihanna's vocals as beautiful.
"Love the Way You Lie" and its accompanying music video were nominated for five Grammy Awards at the 2011 ceremony, including "Record of the Year", "Song of the Year" and "Best Short Form Music Video".
It won the People's Choice Awards for "Favorite Music Video" and "Favorite Song".
Article: Fight Club
Section: Marketing

Question: Why did Fincher argue the placement of "Fight Club" ads during World Wrestling Federation broadcasts?

Filming concluded in December 1998, and David Fincher edited the footage in early 1999 to prepare "Fight Club" for a screening with senior executives.
They did not receive the film positively and were concerned that there would not be an audience for the film.
Executive producer Art Linson, who supported the film, recalled the response: "So many incidences of "Fight Club" were alarming, no group of executives could narrow them down."
Nevertheless, "Fight Club" was originally slated to be released in July 1999 but was later changed to August 6, 1999.
The studio further delayed the film's release, this time to autumn, citing a crowded summer schedule and a hurried post-production process.
Outsiders attributed the delays to the Columbine High School massacre earlier in the year.
Marketing executives at 20th Century Fox faced difficulties in marketing "Fight Club" and at one point considered marketing it as an art film.
They considered that the film was primarily geared toward male audiences because of its violence and believed that not even Brad Pitt would attract female filmgoers.
Research testing showed that the film appealed to teenagers.
Fincher refused to let the posters and trailers focus on Pitt and encouraged the studio to hire the advertising firm Wieden+Kennedy to devise a marketing plan.
The firm proposed a bar of pink soap with the title "Fight Club" embossed on it as the film's main marketing image; the proposal was considered "a bad joke" by Fox executives.
Fincher also released two early trailers in the form of fake public service announcements presented by Pitt and Norton; the studio did not think the trailers marketed the film appropriately.
Instead, the studio financed a $20 million large-scale campaign to provide a press junket, posters, billboards, and trailers for TV that highlighted the film's fight scenes.
The studio advertised "Fight Club" on cable during World Wrestling Federation broadcasts, which Fincher protested, believing that the placement created the wrong context for the film.
Linson believed that the "ill-conceived one-dimensional" marketing by marketing executive Robert Harper largely contributed to "Fight Club"s lukewarm box office performance in the United States.
Article: The Usual Suspects
Section: Critical

Question: What was the metascore for 'The Usual Suspect'?

"The Usual Suspects" was well received by most critics, and it has an 88% rating at Rotten Tomatoes and a 77 metascore on Metacritic.
While embraced by most viewers and critics, the film was the subject of harsh derision by some.
Roger Ebert, in a review for the "Chicago Sun-Times," gave the film one and a half stars out of four, considering it confusing and uninteresting.
He also included the movie in his "most hated films" list.
"USA Today" rated the film two and a half stars out of four, calling it "one of the most densely plotted mysteries in memory—though paradoxically, four-fifths of it is way too easy to predict."
However, "Rolling Stone" praised Spacey, saying his "balls-out brilliant performance is Oscar bait all the way."
In his review for "The Washington Post", Hal Hinson wrote, "Ultimately, "The Usual Suspects" may be too clever for its own good.
The twist at the end is a corker, but crucial questions remain unanswered.
What's interesting, though, is how little this intrudes on our enjoyment.
After the movie you're still trying to connect the dots and make it all fit—and these days, how often can we say that?"
In her review for "The New York Times", Janet Maslin praised the performances of the cast: "Mr. Singer has assembled a fine ensemble cast of actors who can parry such lines, and whose performances mesh effortlessly despite their exaggerated differences in demeanor ...
Without the violence or obvious bravado of "Reservoir Dogs," these performers still create strong and fascinatingly ambiguous characters."
"The Independent" praised the film's ending: "The film's coup de grace is as elegant as it is unexpected.
The whole movie plays back in your mind in perfect clarity—and turns out to be a completely different movie to the one you've been watching (rather better, in fact)."
Article: Chilli crab
Section: Origins

Question: What year did YenYen make a claim about other countries stealing their food?

In 1956, Cher Yam Tian and her husband Lim Choo Ngee began selling stir-fried crabs mixed with bottled chilli and tomato sauce from a pushcart.
This was an improvised recipe; the original one did not involve bottled chilli sauce.
A successful business selling this dish prompted the establishment of a non-mobile restaurant situated in Palm Beach.
In September 2009, Ng Yen Yen, Malaysia's Tourism Minister, controversially claimed that, among other dishes, that "Chilli crab is Malaysian", accusing "other countries" of "hijacking our food".
Evidence supporting her claim has yet to be put forth.