community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
Section: Abstract

Question: How did Rembrandt typically sign his name on his paintings?

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is a 1632 oil painting on canvas by Rembrandt housed in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague, the Netherlands.
Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is pictured explaining the musculature of the arm to medical professionals.
Some of the spectators are various doctors who paid commissions to be included in the painting.
The painting is signed in the top-left hand corner "Rembrant.
f 1632".
This may be the first instance of Rembrandt signing a painting with his forename (in its original form) as opposed to the monogramme "RHL" (Rembrant Harmenszoon of Leiden), and is thus a sign of his growing artistic confidence.
The event can be dated to 16 January 1632: the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, of which Tulp was official City Anatomist, permitted only one public dissection a year, and the body would have to be that of an executed criminal.
Anatomy lessons were a social event in the 17th century, taking place in lecture rooms that were actual theatres, with students, colleagues and the general public being permitted to attend on payment of an entrance fee.
The spectators are appropriately dressed for a solemn social occasion.
It is thought that the uppermost (not holding the paper) and farthest left figures were added to the picture later.
One person is missing: the Preparator, whose task it was to prepare the body for the lesson.
In the 17th century an important scientist such as Dr. Tulp would not be involved in menial and bloody work like dissection, and such tasks would be left to others.
It is for this reason that the picture shows no cutting instruments.
Instead we see in the lower right corner an enormous open textbook on anatomy, possibly the 1543 "De humani corporis fabrica" ("Fabric of the Human Body") by Andreas Vesalius.
Medical specialists have commented on the accuracy of muscles and tendons painted by the 26-year-old Rembrandt.
It is not known where he obtained such knowledge; it is possible that he copied the details from an anatomical textbook.
However, in 2006 Dutch researchers recreated the scene with a male cadaver, revealing several discrepancies of the exposed left forearm compared to that of a real corpse.
The surgically astute will notice that the origin of the exposed forearm muscles would seem to indicate that the flexor compartment originates at the lateral epicondyle, when it is, in fact, the medial epicondyle.
It is the common extensor origin that originates at the lateral epicondyle.
In a 2007 study, the American artist and anatomist David J. Jackowe and his colleagues demonstrated that the mysterious white cord that courses along the ulnar aspect of the cadaver's carpus and little finger, long thought to be either an ulnar nerve variant or artistic error, is most likely the tendon of an anomalous forearm muscle, the accessory abductor digiti minimi.
Article: Wakeboarding
Section: Boats

Question: Why does a wakeboarding boat make it easier to jump?

The most common difference between a regular runabout and a wakeboarding boat is the wakeboard tower, normally constructed of thick-walled stainless steel or aluminum tubing, which places the "pull point" about off the water's surface.
The high tow point makes it easier to jump and get air as the rope is not pulling downward as when it is attached to the low tow point used for skiing.
Most modern wakeboarding boats also have a variable ballast system, which allows for water to be pumped into and out of ballast tanks from the surrounding water.
Adding ballast increases displacement, and consequently enlarges the wake produced.
A significant portion of wakeboarding boats utilizes V-drive propulsion.
These boats have a regular inboard engine, but are turned 180° such that the transmission is in front of the engine, rather than behind, or "inline", which is a more common layout for inboard tournament ski boats.
The prop shaft exits the transmission towards the rear of the boat, so that the prop is placed directly under the engine.
When viewed from the side, such a layout appears as a "V" lying on its side.
This layout allows for better weight distribution(with the engine farther aft), and places the prop farther forward, reducing the danger of the spinning prop near the stern of the vessel, where riders enter and exit the water.
Article: The Invisible War
Section: Synopsis

Question: "The Invisible War" culminates with what institute's culture of sexual harassment and sexual assault?

"The Invisible War" features interviews with veterans from multiple branches of the United States Armed Forces who recount the events surrounding their assaults.
Their stories show many common themes, such as the lack of recourse to an impartial justice system, reprisals against survivors instead of against perpetrators, the absence of adequate emotional and physical care for survivors, the unhindered advancement of perpetrators' careers, and the forced expulsion of survivors from service.
Interspersed with these first person testimonies are interviews with advocates, journalists, mental health professionals, active duty and retired generals, Department of Defense officials, and members of the military justice system.
The film also includes footage, often shot by the veterans themselves, which documents their lives and continuing struggles in the aftermath of their assaults.
In the film's most prominent narrative, Coast Guard veteran Seaman Kori Cioca struggles to earn benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs to pay for the many medical difficulties that have resulted from her rape.
With the help of attorney Susan L. Burke, Cioca, along with other survivors featured in the film, brings a civil suit against the Department of Defense alleging a failure to adequately address sexual assault within the military.
Other past incidents of sexual abuse recounted in the film include the 1991 Navy Tailhook scandal, the 1996 Army Aberdeen scandal, and the 2003 Air Force Academy scandal.
"The Invisible War" uses these examples to argue that the military has consistently made empty promises to address its high rate of sexual assault.
These stories culminate with an examination of the previously unreported culture of sexual harassment and sexual assault at the prestigious Marine Barracks Washington.
The survivors and advocates featured in the film call for changes to the way the military handles sexual assault, such as shifting prosecution away from unit commanders, who often are either friends with assailants or are assailants themselves.
Article: Mexico
Section: Conquest (1519)

Question: How many conquistadores moved on to the Aztec capital?

Conquest (1519).
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in February 1519 when Hernán Cortés arrived at the port in Veracruz with ca.
500 conquistadores, and later moved on to the Aztec capital.
On his search for gold and other riches, Cortés decided to invade and conquer the Aztec empire.
The ruler of the Aztec empire upon the arrival of the Spaniards was Moctezuma II, who was later killed; his successor and brother Cuitláhuac took control of the Aztec empire, but was among the first to fall from the smallpox epidemic a short time later.
Unintentionally introduced by Spanish conquerors, smallpox ravaged Mesoamerica in the 1520s, killing more than 3 million Aztecs.
Other sources, however, mentioned that the death toll of the Aztecs might have reached up to 15 million (out of a population of less than 30 million).
Severely weakened, the Aztec empire was easily defeated by Cortés and his forces on his second return.
Smallpox was a devastating and selective disease—it generally killed Aztecs but not Spaniards, who as Europeans had already been exposed to it for centuries and were therefore much more immune to it.
The deaths caused by smallpox are believed to have triggered a rapid growth of Christianity in Mexico and the Americas.
At first, the Aztecs believed the epidemic was a punishment from an angry god, but they later accepted their fate and no longer resisted the Spanish rule.
Many of the surviving Aztecs blamed the cause of smallpox to the superiority of the Christian god, which resulted in the acceptance of Catholicism and yielding to the Spanish rule throughout Mexico.
The territory became part of the Spanish Empire under the name of New Spain.
Mexico City was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521.
Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Mexico were created during the colonial period.
Article: Grand Central Terminal
Section: Layout

Question: When was the Grand Central School of Art located in the terminal?

The tracks are numbered according to their location in the terminal building.
The upper level tracks are numbered 11 to 42 east to west.
Tracks 22 and 31 were removed in the late 1990s to build concourses for Grand Central North, track 12 was removed to expand the platform between tracks 11 and 13, and track 14 is only used for loading a garbage train.
The lower level has 27 tracks, numbered 100 to 126, east to west, though only tracks 102–112, and 114–116 are currently used for passenger service.
Often, local and off-peak trains depart from the lower level while express, super-express, and peak trains depart from the main concourse.
Odd numbered tracks are usually on the east side (right side facing north) of the platform; even numbered tracks on the west.
The public timetables for April 3, 2011 show 286 weekday departures: 74 Hudson, 101 Harlem and 111 New Haven Line.
Besides platforms, Grand Central has restaurants, such as the Oyster Bar and various fast food outlets surrounding the Dining Concourse on the level below the Main Concourse, as well as delis, bakeries, newsstands, a gourmet and fresh food market, an annex of the New York Transit Museum, and more than forty retail stores.
Grand Central generally contains only private outlets and small franchises.
There are chain outlets in the complex: Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy and an Apple Store which opened to the public on December 9, 2011.
Other chain stores anticipated to open in the future include a Shake Shack.
A "secret" sub-basement known as M42 lies under the Terminal, containing the AC to DC converters used to supply DC traction current to the Terminal.
The exact location of M42 is a closely guarded secret and does not appear on maps, though it has been shown on television, most notably, the History Channel program "Cities of the Underworld" and also a National Geographic special.
The original rotary converters were not removed in the late 20th century when solid-state ones took over their job, and they remain as a historical record.
During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have greatly impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard.
However, Abwehr (a German espionage service) was aware of it and sent two spies to sabotage it.
The spies were arrested by the FBI before they could strike.
It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight: the rotary converters used at the time could have easily been crippled by a bucket of sand.
From 1924 through 1944, the attic of the east wing contained a art school and gallery space called the Grand Central School of Art.
Article: Yellowstone National Park
Section: Legal jurisdiction

Question: How did the defendant make his case relating to wildlife crime?

The entire park is within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming, making it the only federal court district that includes portions of more than one state (Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming).
Law professor Brian C. Kalt has argued that it may be impossible to impanel a jury in compliance with the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment for a crime committed solely in the unpopulated Idaho portion of the park (and that it would be difficult to do so for a crime committed solely in the lightly populated Montana portion).
One defendant accused of a wildlife-related crime in the Montana portion of the park attempted to raise this argument.
He eventually pleaded guilty.
Article: Denmark
Section: Viking and Middle Ages

Question: Why is it believed that Denmark became Christian?

From the 8th to the 10th century, the Danes, as well as Norwegians and Swedes, were known as Vikings.
They colonised, raided, and traded in all parts of Europe.
Viking explorers first discovered Iceland by accident in the 9th century, on the way towards the Faroe Islands and eventually came across "Vinland" (Land of wine), also known today as Newfoundland, a province in Canada.
The Danish Vikings were most active in the British Isles and Western Europe.
They conquered and settled parts of England (known as the Danelaw) under King Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013, Ireland, and France where they founded Normandy.
More Anglo-Saxon pence of this period have been found in Denmark than in England.
As attested by the Jelling stones, the Danes were united and Christianised about 965 by Harald Bluetooth.
It is believed that Denmark became Christian for political reasons so as not to get invaded by the rising Christian power in Europe, Germania, which was an important trading area for the Danes.
In that case Harald built six fortresses around Denmark called Trelleborg and built a further Danevirke.
In the early 11th century, Canute the Great won and united Denmark, England, and Norway for almost 30 years.
Throughout the High and Late Middle Ages, Denmark also included Skåneland (Skåne, Halland, and Blekinge) and Danish kings ruled Danish Estonia, as well as the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
Most of the latter two now form the state of Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany.
In 1397, Denmark entered into a personal union with Norway and Sweden, united under Queen Margaret I.
The three countries were to be treated as equals in the union.
However, even from the start Margaret may not have been so idealistic—treating Denmark as the clear "senior" partner of the union.
Thus, much of the next 125 years of Scandinavian history revolves around this union, with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly.
The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523, as Swedish King Gustav Vasa conquered the city of Stockholm.
The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the Count's Feud civil war, Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536.
Later that year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway.
Article: Global warming
Section: Political discussion

Question: Where was the 15th UNFCCC Converence held?

Discourse about global warming.
Political discussion.
Most countries are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The ultimate objective of the Convention is to prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system.
As is stated in the Convention, this requires that GHG concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.
The Framework Convention was agreed in 1992, but since then, global emissions have risen.
During negotiations, the G77 (a lobbying group in the United Nations representing 133 developing nations) pushed for a mandate requiring developed countries to " the lead" in reducing their emissions.
This was justified on the basis that: the developed world's emissions had contributed most to the stock of GHGs in the atmosphere; per-capita emissions (i.e., emissions per head of population) were still relatively low in developing countries; and the emissions of developing countries would grow to meet their development needs.
This mandate was sustained in the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention, which entered into legal effect in 2005.
In ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, most developed countries accepted legally binding commitments to limit their emissions.
These first-round commitments expired in 2012.US President George W. Bush rejected the treaty on the basis that "it exempts 80% of the world, including major population centers such as China and India, from compliance, and would cause serious harm to the US economy.
"At the 15th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, held in 2009 at Copenhagen, several UNFCCC Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord.
Parties associated with the Accord (140 countries, as of November 2010)aim to limit the future increase in global mean temperature to below .
A preliminary assessment published in November 2010 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) suggests a possible "emissions gap" between the voluntary pledges made in the Accord and the emissions cuts necessary to have a "likely" (greater than 66% probability) chance of meeting the objective.
The UNEP assessment takes the objective as being measured against the pre-industrial global mean temperature level.
To having a likely chance of meeting the objective, assessed studies generally indicated the need for global emissions to peak before 2020, with substantial declines in emissions thereafter.
The 16th Conference of the Parties (COP16) was held at Cancún in 2010.
It produced an agreement, not a binding treaty, that the Parties should take urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to meet a goal of limiting global warming to above pre-industrial temperatures.
It also recognized the need to consider strengthening the goal to a global average rise of .
Article: Water polo
Section: Advancing the ball

Question: How can you advance a ball in water polo?

When the offense takes possession of the ball, the strategy is to advance the ball down the field of play and to score a goal.
Players can move the ball by throwing it to a teammate or swimming with the ball in front of them ("dribbling").
If an attacker uses his/her arm to push away a defending player and free up space for a pass or shot, the referee will rule a turnover and the defence will take possession of the ball.
If an attacker advances inside the 2-meter line without the ball or before the ball is inside the 2-meter area, (s)he is ruled offside and the ball is turned over to the defence.
This is often overlooked if the attacker is well to the side of the pool or when the ball is at the other side of the pool.
Article: All I Want for Christmas Is You
Section: Background and writing

Question: What type of radio stations was the song sent to after the album was released?

After a string of commercially successful albums, Carey's label Columbia Records began exercising the idea of the singer releasing a Christmas album.
They felt that up until that point, Carey had been viewed as a pop singer.
With the record, Columbia intended to broaden Carey's target market, and have her perceived more as an entertainer, not just a singer.
Having been brought up as Christian and always celebrating Christmas, she agreed to create a holiday-themed album.
With Walter Afanasieff, Carey co-wrote "All I Want for Christmas Is You" while recording the album in mid-1994.
In an interview, Carey explained the inspiration behind the song:I'm a very festive person and I love the holidays.
I've sung Christmas songs since I was a little girl.
I used to go Christmas caroling.
When it came to the album, we had to have a nice balance between standard Christian hymns and fun songs.
It was definitely a priority for me to write at least a few new songs, but for the most part people really want to hear the standards at Christmas time, no matter how good a new song is.
Ostensibly, the song was inspired by Carey's romantic sentiments toward her then-husband Tommy Mottola.
After the album's release, many promotional singles were released; while other songs were sent to Christian airplay radio stations, "All I Want for Christmas Is You" was sent to pop and Top 40 channels.
Author Chris Nickson described the song as "fun and mellow", and he felt its uptempo beat contrasted with the album's strong religious theme, broadening the album's appeal to teenage audiences.
Article: Can't Smile Without You
Section: Abstract

Question: In what year was George Michael cleared of his charged?

"Can't Smile Without You" is a song written by Christian Arnold, David Martin, and Geoff Morrow, best known in its rendition by Barry Manilow.
"Can't Smile Without You" was the first single to be released from Manilow's album "Even Now".
The song was released as a single in 1978 where it reached the number one spot on Billboard's AC chart, and the number three spot on the Billboard Hot 100.
Previously, the song was recorded by The Carpenters on their album "A Kind of Hush" in 1976, and was featured as the B-side of their hit "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" the following year.
Manilow's version had slightly different lyrics from the Carpenters, such as the Carpenters's line "I can't laugh and I can't walk / I'm finding it hard even to talk," was changed in Manilow's version to "I can't laugh and I can't sing / I'm finding it hard to do anything" (the latter is likely the original lyric, changed by the Carpenters because the lyric "I can't sing" when being sung makes no sense).
The Carpenters remixed the song for the B-side of "Calling Occupants" in September 1977, again revising the lyric to read "I can't laugh and I can't sleep / I don't even talk to people I meet".
Additional orchestration was also included in the remix.
A version on Manilow's greatest hits box set, "The Complete Collection and Then Some..." combines the first half of Take 1 with the double-tracked second half of his released version.
Engelbert Humperdinck released the song, using the same lyrics as the original Carpenters version, on his After the Lovin' album, 1976.
On behalf of the songwriters, publishing company Dick James Music sued George Michael for plagiarism in the mid-'80s, claiming that the 1984 Wham!
single "Last Christmas" lifted its melody from "Can't Smile Without You."
The case was settled out of court.
In 2010 George Michael was publicly cleared of all charges.
Jerry Lewis often sings the song on his annual Muscular Dystrophy Association telethon, with altered lyrics that speak of the need for the viewers to call in their pledge.
The song has appeared in such films as "Four Weddings and a Funeral", ', "Unconditional Love", "Starsky & Hutch", ' and "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas".
In 2008, there was an attempt by Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
supporters following their League Cup win to get the song to Number One, as they see this song as being a part of the club, with the words "Can't Smile Without You" being seen on many flags, banners, and websites as a slogan to the club.
In 2010, GP Maxine Brooks released the song as a charity single for Nurse's Aid, supporting wounded soldiers and in memory of a WWI heroine.