community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Netball
Section: Description and rules

Question: What is the objective of the game netball?

The objective of a game is to score more goals than the opposition.
Goals are scored when a team member positioned in the attacking shooting circle shoots the ball through the goal ring.
The goal rings are in diameter and sit atop -high goal posts that have no backboards.
A -radius semi-circular "shooting circle" is an area at each end of the court.
The goal posts are located within the shooting circle.
Each team defends one shooting circle and attacks the other.
The netball court is long, wide, and divided lengthwise into thirds.
The ball is usually made of leather or rubber, measures in circumference, and weighs .
A normal game consists of four 15-minute quarters and can be played outdoors or in a covered stadium.
Each team is allowed seven players on the court.
Each player is assigned a specific position, which limits their movement to a certain area of the court.
A "bib" worn by each player contains a two letter abbreviation of indicating this position.
Only two positions are permitted in the attacking shooting circle, and can therefore shoot for a goal.
Similarly, only two positions are permitted in the defensive shooting circle; they try to prevent the opposition from shooting goals.
Other players are restricted to two thirds of the court, with the exception of the Centre, who may move anywhere on the court except for a shooting circle.
At the beginning of every quarter and after a goal has been scored, play starts with a player in the centre position passing the ball from the centre of the court.
These "centre passes" alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal.
When the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, four players from each team can move into the centre third to receive the pass.
The centre pass must be caught or touched in the centre third.
The ball is then moved up and down the court through passing and must be touched by a player in each adjacent third of the court.
Players can hold the ball for only three seconds at any time.
It must be released before the foot they were standing on when they caught it touches the ground again.
Contact between players is only permitted if it does not impede an opponent or the general play.
When defending a pass or shot players must be at least away from the player with the ball.
If illegal contact is made, the player who contacted cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed or shot the ball.
If the ball is held in two hands and either dropped or a shot at goal is missed, the same player cannot be the first to touch it unless it first rebounds off the goal.
Article: Silver Linings Playbook
Section: Casting

Question: What character was initially meant to be a goth?

Russell initially intended to make the film with Vince Vaughn and Zooey Deschanel, but went on to make "The Fighter" instead.
Mark Wahlberg was set to work with Russell for the fourth time but had to drop out after delays in production created a scheduling conflict.
Russell had planned to work with Bradley Cooper on an adaptation of "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies", but that fell through.
Cooper's performance in "Wedding Crashers" impressed Russell, who noted his "good bad-guy energy", saying "You're not sure where he's coming from."
Cooper told Russell "he had been heavier and angrier and more fearful" at the time of that performance and had drawn on those feelings for it.
Russell was excited that Cooper would bring those qualities to Pat Solatano.
Anne Hathaway was cast as Tiffany Maxwell but due to scheduling conflicts with "The Dark Knight Rises" and creative differences with Russell, she dropped out.
Other actresses who were considered for the part included Elizabeth Banks, Kirsten Dunst, Angelina Jolie, Blake Lively, Rooney Mara, Rachel McAdams, Andrea Riseborough and Olivia Wilde.
Russell did not believe Lawrence was suitable for the role and her audition was only a formality.
He thought Lawrence (21 at the time of filming) was too young to play against Cooper (37), but her audition changed his mind.
"There's an expressiveness in her eyes and in her face, that many stars have to work for, that's ageless," he said.
Russell compares Lawrence to the character Tiffany, describing her as confident but one of the least neurotic people he knows, with the confidence and glimpses of vulnerability needed to play Tiffany.
Tiffany went through several iterations.
She was initially meant to be a goth.
Lawrence dyed her hair black and did test shoots in heavy goth makeup, but Harvey Weinstein balked at this.
The character remained messed-up yet confident, with small goth touches such as the dark hair and a cross.
To her surprise Russell asked Lawrence to put on weight for the role.
Russell also convinced her to speak in a lower register, despite Lawrence thinking her naturally low voice makes her sound like a "chain-smoking hermit.
"According to "Entertainment Weekly", Lawrence said she didn't have a handle on Tiffany at first, which was what excited her about the role.
"She was just a character I 100 percent did not understand at all... She's like, 'I'm messed up, I'm not like everybody else, I've got issues.
Take it or leave it because I like myself.
Lawrence and Cooper had no previous dance experience.
In less than a month, Mandy Moore, a choreographer for "So You Think You Can Dance", taught them the dance sequences.
Moore describes Cooper as having "some real natural dancing ability" and Lawrence joked that before training began, she was a bad dancer, "like I'm a dad at a prom."
Lawrence said of the climactic ballroom dance, "None of that was improvised, absolutely not.
I'm a terrible dancer, so I would never have been able to do any of that.
When it finally came together, that scene really was just as fun as it feels."
Article: United States
Section: Sports

Question: How many olympic medals did the USA win during the summer olympic games?

The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.
Baseball has been regarded as the national sport since the late 19th century, while American football is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport.
Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports.
These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different, but overlapping, times of the year.
College football and basketball attract large audiences.
Boxing and horse racing were once the most watched individual sports, but they have been eclipsed by golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR.
In the 21st century, televised mixed martial arts has also gained a strong following of regular viewers.
While soccer is less popular in the United States than in many other nations, the men's national soccer team has been to the past six World Cups and the women are #1 in the women's world rankings.
While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, snowboarding, and cheerleading are American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries.
Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact.
Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States.
The United States has won 2,400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, more than any other country, and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games, the second most by 2014.
Article: Apollo 11
Section: Support crew

Question: How many people were there in the Apollo 11 support crew?

Charlie Duke, Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM)
Ronald Evans (CAPCOM)
Owen K. Garriott (CAPCOM)
Don L. Lind (CAPCOM)
Ken Mattingly (CAPCOM)
Bruce McCandless II (CAPCOM)
Harrison Schmitt (CAPCOM)
Bill Pogue
Jack Swigert
Article: Michelangelo
Section: Madonna and Child

Question: When did Michelangelo create Taddeo Tondo?

Madonna and Child.
The "Madonna of the Steps" is Michelangelo's earliest known work.
It is carved in shallow relief, a technique often employed by the master-sculptor of the early 15th-century, Donatello and others such as Desiderio da Settignano.
While the Madonna is in profile, the easiest aspect for a shallow relief, the child displays a twisting motion that was to become characteristic of Michelangelo's work.
The "Taddeo Tondo" of 1502, shows the Christ Child frightened by a Bullfinch, a symbol of the Crucifixion.
The lively form of the child was later adapted by Raphael in the "Bridgewater Madonna".
The "Bruges Madonna" was, at the time of its creation, unlike other such statues which show the Virgin proudly presenting her son.
Here, the Christ Child, restrained by his mother's clasping hand, is about to step off into the world.
The "Doni Tondo", depicting the Holy Family, has elements of all three previous works: the frieze of figures in the background has the appearance of a low-relief, while the circular shape and dynamic forms echo the Taddeo Tondo.
The twisting motion present in the Bruges Madonna is accentuated in the painting.
The painting heralds the forms, movement and colour that Michelangelo was to employ on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Article: Colosseum
Section: Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum

Question: What other structure was the LA Memorial Coliseum entrance structured after?

The "Kongresshalle", or "Congress Hall", (1935, unfinished) at the Nazi Party Rally grounds, Nuremberg, Germany
The Summer Olympic Games medal from 1928 to 2000, designed by Giuseppe Cassioli, features a depiction of the Colosseum.
At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium
The exterior of the Vancouver Public Library resembles the current state of the Colosseum.
It was designed by Moshe Safdie.
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum.
The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum.
It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II.
The architects were Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno La Padula, and Mario Romano.
Article: Sistine Chapel ceiling
Section: Story of Noah

Question: Who is depicted tilling the soil and growing vines in the background of the picture?

As with the first sequence of pictures, the three panels concerning Noah, taken from the sixth to ninth chapters of Genesis are thematic rather than chronological.
In the first scene is shown the sacrifice of a sheep.
Vasari, in writing about this scene mistakes it for the sacrifices by Cain and Abel, in which Abel's sacrifice was acceptable to God and Cain's was not.
What this image almost certainly depicts is the sacrifice made by the family of Noah, after their safe deliverance from the Great Flood which destroyed the rest of Humankind.
The central, larger, scene shows the Great Flood.
The Ark in which Noah's family escaped floats at the rear of the picture while the rest of humanity tries frantically to scramble to some point of safety.
This picture, which has a large number of figures, conforms the most closely to the format of the paintings that had been done around the walls.
The final scene is the story of Noah's drunkenness.
After the Flood, Noah tills the soil and grows vines.
He is shown doing so, in the background of the picture.
He becomes drunk and inadvertently exposes himself.
His youngest son, Ham, brings his two brothers Shem and Japheth to see the sight but they discreetly cover their father with a cloak.
Ham is later cursed by Noah and told that the descendants of Ham's son Canaan will serve Shem and Japheth's descendants forever.
Taken together, these three pictures serve to show that Humankind had moved a long way from God's perfect creation.
However, it is through Shem and his descendants, the Israelites, that Salvation will come to the world.
Since Michelangelo executed the nine Biblical scenes in reverse chronological order, some analyses of the frescoes of the vault commence with the "Drunkenness of Noah".
Tolnay's Neoplatonic interpretation sees the story of Noah at the beginning and the act of Creation by God as the conclusion of the process of "deificatio" and the return from physical to spiritual being.
Article: Astrophysics
Section: Abstract

Question: What are some of the disciplines of physics used in astrophysics?

Astrophysics (from Greek "astron", ἄστρον "star", and "physis", φύσις "nature") is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, especially with "the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space."
Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background.
Their emissions are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition.
Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, "astrophysicists" typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.
In practice, modern astronomical research often involves a substantial amount of work in the realm(s) of theoretical and/or observational physics.
Highly elusive areas of study for astrophysicists, which are of immense interest to the public, include their attempts to determine: the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and black holes; whether or not time travel is possible, wormholes can form, or the multiverse exists; and the origin and ultimate fate of the universe.
Topics also studied by theoretical astrophysicists include: solar system formation and evolution; stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics.
Astrophysics can be studied at the bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. levels in physics or astronomy departments at many universities.
Many such programs retain the name "astronomy" for historical purposes.
Article: Japan
Section: Environment

Question: What effect did the oil crisis of 1973 have on Japan?

In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s.
Responding to rising concern about the problem, the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970.
The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan's lack of natural resources.
Current environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for conservation.
Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies, and is ranked 26th best in the world in the 2014 Environmental Performance Index.
As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change.
Article: Dexter (TV series)
Section: Spin-off series

Question: Are the producers of Dexter interested in creating a spin-off or something different?

In April 2013, Showtime president, David Nevins said that even though the series would end with Season 8, all options of continuing the series were "on the table".
Original reports were for a series to be built around the Debra Morgan character.
Dexter's showrunner, Scott Buck re-signed with Showtime for two years which further heated up discussion on a spin-off series.
On January 14, 2014, Nevins announced that they were in discussions for a spin-off series to "Dexter".
Nevins said that a new series would happen only do it if Michael C. Hall returned.
Nevins stated: "We're at the very preliminary stage.
That show is that character... and if I were to do something, I would do "Dexter" in a new concept and configuration.
I want the show to feel different, not just a continuation of the old show."
Michael C. Hall responded to the possible spin-off series saying he would be interested in returning.
Hall said: "I can't even wrap my mind around that.
And it's all just theoretical until there is some sort of script reflecting somebody's idea of where it could possibly go.
But it's hard for me to imagine what that would be.
Yeah, as far as playing Dexter again for an undefined amount of time, that's a little daunting to consider.
But doing another television series — there's a lot of amazing stuff on TV.
I don't want to do that right away.
But I wouldn't say never to that."
Article: Yosemite National Park
Section: Uplift and erosion

Question: What was a consequence of the streams running faster?

Starting 10 million years ago, vertical movement along the Sierra fault started to uplift the Sierra Nevada.
Subsequent tilting of the Sierra block and the resulting accelerated uplift of the Sierra Nevada increased the gradient of western-flowing streams.
The streams consequently ran faster and thus cut their valleys more quickly.
Additional uplift occurred when major faults developed to the east, especially the creation of Owens Valley from Basin and Range-associated extensional forces.
Uplift of the Sierra accelerated again about two million years ago during the Pleistocene.
The uplifting and increased erosion exposed granitic rocks in the area to surface pressures, resulting in exfoliation (responsible for the rounded shape of the many domes in the park) and mass wasting following the numerous fracture joint planes (cracks; especially vertical ones) in the now solidified plutons.
Pleistocene glaciers further accelerated this process and the larger ones transported the resulting talus and till from valley floors.
Numerous vertical joint planes controlled where and how fast erosion took place.
Most of these long, linear and very deep cracks trend northeast or northwest and form parallel, often regularly spaced sets.
They were created by uplift-associated pressure release and by the unloading of overlying rock via erosion.
Article: American Gothic
Section: Abstract

Question: Which museum owns "American Gothic"?

American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago.
Wood's inspiration came from what is now known as the American Gothic House, and his decision to paint the house along with "the kind of people I fancied should live in that house."
The painting shows a farmer standing beside his spinster daughter.
The figures were modeled by the artist's sister and their dentist.
The woman is dressed in a colonial print apron evoking 19th-century Americana, and the couple are in the traditional roles of men and women, the man's pitchfork symbolizing hard labor, and the flowers over the woman's right shoulder suggesting domesticity.
It is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art, and has been widely parodied in American popular culture.
Article: Cereal
Section: Production

Question: What pseudocereal was a former staple of the Aztec empire?

The following table shows the annual production of cereals in 1961, 2010, 2011, and 2012 ranked by 2012 production.
All but buckwheat and quinoa are true grasses (these two are pseudocereals).
Maize, wheat, and rice together accounted for 89% of all cereal production worldwide in 2012, and 43% of all food calories in 2009, while the production of oats and triticale have drastically fallen from their 1960s levels.
Other grains that are important in some places, but that have little production globally (and are not included in FAO statistics), include:
 Teff, an ancient grain that is a staple in Ethiopia.
It is high in fiber and protein.
Its flour is often used to make injera.
It can also be eaten as a warm breakfast cereal similar to farina with a chocolate or nutty flavor.
Its flour and whole grain products can usually be found in natural foods stores.
 Wild rice, grown in small amounts in North America.
 Amaranth, an ancient pseudocereal, formerly a staple crop of the Aztec Empire and now widely grown in Africa.
 Kañiwa, close relative of quinoa.
Several other species of wheat have also been domesticated, some very early in the history of agriculture:
 Spelt, a close relative of common wheat.
 Einkorn, a wheat species with a single grain.
 Emmer, one of the first crops domesticated in the Fertile Crescent.
 Durum, the only tetraploid species of wheat currently cultivated, used to make semolina.
 Kamut, an ancient relative of durum with an unknown history.
Article: Fruitvale Station
Section: Abstract

Question: What year was "Fruitvale Station" released?

Fruitvale Station is a 2013 American drama film written and directed by Ryan Coogler.
It is Coogler's first feature-length film and is based on the events leading to the death of Oscar Grant, a young man who was killed by BART police officer Johannes Mehserle at the Fruitvale Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Station in Oakland, California.
The film stars Michael B. Jordan as Oscar Grant.
Forest Whitaker is one of the film's producers.
Kevin Durand and Chad Michael Murray play the two BART police officers involved in Grant's death.
The names of the officers were changed for the film.
"Fruitvale Station" debuted at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award for U.S. dramatic film.
It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival where it won the award for Best First Film.
The film was released in theaters July 12, 2013.
It received critical acclaim upon its release and earned other awards.