community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Telescope
Section: Gamma-ray telescopes

Question: At what photon energy does the index of refraction start to increase again?

Higher energy X-ray and Gamma-ray telescopes refrain from focusing completely and use coded aperture masks: the patterns of the shadow the mask creates can be reconstructed to form an image.X-ray and Gamma-ray telescopes are usually on Earth-orbiting satellites or high-flying balloons since the Earth's atmosphere is opaque to this part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
However, high energy X-rays and gamma-rays do not form an image in the same way as telescopes at visible wavelengths.
An example of this type of telescope is the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.
The detection of very high energy gamma rays, with shorter wavelength and higher frequency than regular gamma rays, requires further specialization.
An example of this type of observatory is VERITAS.
Very high energy gamma-rays are still photons, like visible light, whereas cosmic rays includes particles like electrons, protons, and heavier nuclei.
A discovery in 2012 may allow focusing gamma-ray telescopes.
At photon energies greater than 700 keV, the index of refraction starts to increase again.
Article: Kebab
Section: Abstract

Question: What kind of meat is normally used in a kebab?

Kebab (also kebap or kabab) is a Middle Eastern dish of pieces of meat, fish, or vegetables roasted or grilled on a skewer or spit originating in the Middle East, whereas in Europe it refers to doner kebab, sliced meat served in a pita.
In the Middle East, however, kebab refers to meat that is cooked over or next to flames; large or small cuts of meat, or even ground meat; it may be served on plates, in sandwiches, or in bowls.
The traditional meat for kebab is lamb, but depending on local tastes and religious prohibitions, other meats may include beef, goat, chicken, pork or fish.
Like other ethnic foods brought by travellers, the kebab has remained a part of everyday cuisine in most of the Eastern Mediterranean and South Asia.
It is also popular among Western youth as a snack after a night-out.
Article: Fruit
Section: Berries

Question: Berries are formed by which number of ovaries?

Berries are another type of fleshy fruit; they are simple fruit created from a single ovary.
The ovary may be compound, with several carpels.
Type include (examples follow in the table below):
 Pepo – Berries where the skin is hardened, cucurbits
 Hesperidium – Berries with a rind and a juicy interior, like most citrus fruit
Article: Evolution
Section: Applications

Question: What is one of the concepts of evolutionary biology?

Concepts and models used in evolutionary biology, such as natural selection, have many applications.
Artificial selection is the intentional selection of traits in a population of organisms.
This has been used for thousands of years in the domestication of plants and animals.
More recently, such selection has become a vital part of genetic engineering, with selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance genes being used to manipulate DNA.
Proteins with valuable properties have evolved by repeated rounds of mutation and selection (for example modified enzymes and new antibodies) in a process called directed evolution.
Understanding the changes that have occurred during organism's evolution can reveal the genes needed to construct parts of the body, genes which may be involved in human genetic disorders.
For example, the mexican tetra is an albino cavefish that lost its eyesight during evolution.
Breeding together different populations of this blind fish produced some offspring with functional eyes, since different mutations had occurred in the isolated populations that had evolved in different caves.
This helped identify genes required for vision and pigmentation.
Many human diseases are not static phenomena, but capable of evolution.
Viruses, bacteria, fungi and cancers evolve to be resistant to host immune defences, as well as pharmaceutical drugs.
These same problems occur in agriculture with pesticide and herbicide resistance.
It is possible that we are facing the end of the effective life of most of available antibiotics and predicting the evolution and evolvability of our pathogens and devising strategies to slow or circumvent it is requiring deeper knowledge of the complex forces driving evolution at the molecular level.
In computer science, simulations of evolution using evolutionary algorithms and artificial life started in the 1960s and was extended with simulation of artificial selection.
Artificial evolution became a widely recognised optimisation method as a result of the work of Ingo Rechenberg in the 1960s.
He used evolution strategies to solve complex engineering problems.
Genetic algorithms in particular became popular through the writing of John Holland.
Practical applications also include automatic evolution of computer programmes.
Evolutionary algorithms are now used to solve multi-dimensional problems more efficiently than software produced by human designers and also to optimise the design of systems.
Article: United States
Section: Sports

Question: How man times was the Olympic Games hosted in the United States?

The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.
Baseball has been regarded as the national sport since the late 19th century, while American football is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport.
Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports.
These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different, but overlapping, times of the year.
College football and basketball attract large audiences.
Boxing and horse racing were once the most watched individual sports, but they have been eclipsed by golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR.
In the 21st century, televised mixed martial arts has also gained a strong following of regular viewers.
While soccer is less popular in the United States than in many other nations, the men's national soccer team has been to the past six World Cups and the women are #1 in the women's world rankings.
While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, snowboarding, and cheerleading are American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries.
Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact.
Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States.
The United States has won 2,400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, more than any other country, and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games, the second most by 2014.
Article: Industrial Revolution
Section: Continental Europe

Question: Which countries in Europe provided funding for new industries during the Industrial Revolution?

Industrialisation beyond Great Britain.
Continental Europe.
The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain.
In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places.
Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities.
By 1809 part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England.
The German, Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries.
In some cases (such as iron), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted.
Article: Terminator Salvation
Section: Home media

Question: Including domestic DVD sales,  how much did Terminator Salvation gross?

The DVD and Blu-ray Disc of the film was released on December 1, 2009.
The former contains the theatrical cut of the film with a featurette on the Mototerminators.
The Blu-ray features both the theatrical cut and the R-rated Director's cut, which is three minutes longer (118 minutes), with bonus material including Maximum Movie Mode, a video commentary in which director McG talks about the film while it plays, featurettes, a video archive, and a digital comic of the first issue of the official film prequel comic.
Both versions include a digital copy of the theatrical cut for portable media players.
Target Stores will be the only retailer to carry the Director's Cut on DVD.
On its first week of retail, "Terminator Salvation" debuted at the top spot of the Blu-ray charts, and on second in the DVD charts, behind "Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian".
The film made $29,811,432 in domestic DVD sales bringing its total gross to $401,439,971
Article: Saudi Arabia
Section: Society

Question: What percentage of U.S children are victims of abuse?

Saudi society has a number of issues and tensions.
A rare independent opinion poll published in 2010 indicated that Saudis' main social concerns were unemployment (at 10% in 2010), corruption and religious extremism.
Crime is not a significant problem.
However, the government of Saudi Arabia's objective of being a religious Islamic country, coupled with economic difficulties, has created deep social tensions in Saudi society.
Many Saudis want a reformed, more secular government and to have more influence in the political process.
On the other hand, juvenile delinquency, drug-use and excessive use of alcohol are getting worse.
High unemployment and a generation of young males filled with contempt toward the Royal Family is a significant threat to Saudi social stability.
Some Saudis feel they are entitled to well-paid government jobs, and the failure of the government to satisfy this sense of entitlement has led to considerable dissatisfaction.
The Shiite minority, located primarily in the Eastern Province, are subjected to institutionalized government discrimination, inequality and repression.
Terrorist attacks in Saudi Arabia have made it clear that Saudi Arabia does harbor indigenous terrorists.
According to a 2009 U.S. State Department communication by Hillary Clinton, United States Secretary of State, (disclosed as part of the Wikileaks U.S. 'cables leaks' controversy in 2010) "donors in Saudi Arabia constitute the most significant source of funding to Sunni terrorist groups worldwide".
Part of this funding arises through the zakat (an act of charity dictated by Islam) paid by all Saudis to charities, and amounting to at least 2.5% of their income.
Although many charities are genuine, others, it is alleged, serve as fronts for money laundering and terrorist financing operations.
While many Saudis contribute to those charities in good faith believing their money goes toward good causes, it has been alleged that others know full well the terrorist purposes to which their money will be applied.
According to a study conducted by Dr. Nura Al-Suwaiyan, director of the family safety program at the National Guard Hospital, one in four children are abused in Saudi Arabia.
The National Society for Human Rights reports that almost 45% of the country's children are facing some sort of abuse and domestic violence.
It has also been claimed that trafficking of women is a particular problem in Saudi Arabia as the country's large number of female foreign domestic workers, and loopholes in the system cause many to fall victim to abuse and torture.
Widespread inbreeding in Saudi Arabia, resulting from the traditional practice of encouraging marriage between close relatives, has produced high levels of several genetic disorders including thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, spinal muscular atrophy, deafness and muteness.
Article: Karate
Section: Abstract

Question: Where was karate created?

Karate developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom.
It was brought to the Japanese mainland in the early 20th century during a time of cultural exchanges between the Japanese and the Ryukyuans.
It was systematically taught in Japan after the Taisho era.
In 1922 the Japanese Ministry of Education invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration.
In 1924 Keio University established the first university karate club in Japan and by 1932, major Japanese universities had karate clubs.
In this era of escalating Japanese militarism, the name was changed from ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand") to ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced "karate" – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style.
After World War II, Okinawa became an important United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there.
The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase the popularity of martial arts around the world, and in English the word "karate" began to be used in a generic way to refer to all striking-based Oriental martial arts.
Karate schools began appearing across the world, catering to those with casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper study of the art.
Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dojo, opined "that the majority of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate only for its fighting techniques ... Movies and television ... depict karate as a mysterious way of fighting capable of causing death or injury with a single blow ... the mass media present a pseudo art far from the real thing."
Shoshin Nagamine said "Karate may be considered as the conflict within oneself or as a life-long marathon which can be won only through self-discipline, hard training and one's own creative efforts.
"In 2009, in the 121st International Olympic Committee voting, karate did not receive the necessary two-thirds majority vote to become an Olympic sport.
Karate was being considered for the 2020 Olympics,—however at a meeting of the IOC's executive board, held in Russia on May 29, 2013, it was decided that karate (along with wushu and several other non-martial arts) would not be considered for inclusion in 2020 at the IOC's 125th session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in September 2013.
Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide, while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100 million practitioners around the world.
Article: Jackson Pollock
Section: From naming to numbering

Question: Who was Pollock's wife?

Continuing to evade the viewer's search for figurative elements in his paintings, Pollock abandoned titles and started numbering his works.
He said about this: "...look passively and try to receive what the painting has to offer and not bring a subject matter or preconceived idea of what they are to be looking for".
Pollock's wife, Lee Krasner, said Pollock "used to give his pictures conventional titles... but now he simply numbers them.
Numbers are neutral.
They make people look at a picture for what it is—pure painting."
Article: Vincent van Gogh
Section: Posthumous fame

Question: how much did wheatfield with cypresses cost in 1993?

Posthumous fame.
Following his first exhibitions in the late 1880s, Van Gogh's fame grew steadily among colleagues, art critics, dealers and collectors.
After his death, memorial exhibitions were mounted in Brussels, Paris, The Hague and Antwerp.
In the early 20th century, there were retrospectives in Paris (1901 and 1905), and Amsterdam (1905), and important group exhibitions in Cologne (1912), New York (1913) and Berlin (1914).
These had a noticeable impact on later generations of artists.
By the mid 20th century Van Gogh was seen as one of the greatest and most recognizable painters in history.
In 2007 a group of Dutch historians compiled the "Canon of Dutch History" to be taught in schools and included Van Gogh as one of the fifty topics of the canon, alongside other national icons such as Rembrandt and De Stijl.
Together with those of Pablo Picasso, Van Gogh's works are among the world's most expensive paintings ever sold, based on data from auctions and private sales.
Those sold for over US$100 million (today's equivalent) include Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Portrait of Joseph Roulin and Irises.
A Wheatfield with Cypresses was sold in 1993 for US$57 million, a spectacularly high price at the time, while his Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear was sold privately in the late 1990s for an estimated US$80/$90 million.
A newly discovered painting by the Dutch artist was publicly unveiled on September 10, 2013, after it was retrieved from the attic of a Norwegian collector who misjudged the work as a fraud following its purchase in 1908.
"Sunset at Montmajour" is a large oil landscape painting and, as of September 24, 2013, is displayed at Amsterdam's Van Gogh Museum.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Geology

Question: Why did Borglum choose this particular site?

Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite.
The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Harney Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore.
The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, roughly 1.6 billion years ago.
Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Harney Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents.
The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian.
Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago.
The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome.
Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist.
Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington.
The tallest mountain in the region is Harney Peak ().
Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons.
The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite.
The durable granite erodes only every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure.
The mountain's height of above sea level made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day.
Article: Poutine
Section: Recipe

Question: How do Poutine differ in France and Quebec?

In the basic recipe for poutine, French fries are covered with fresh cheese curds, and topped with brown gravy.
In a Quebec poutine:
"Fries": Usually of medium thickness, and fried (sometimes doubly) so that the inside stays soft, while the outside is crispy.
"Cheese curds": Fresh cheese curds are used to give the desired texture.
The curd size may vary but is usually slightly smaller than bite-sized.
"Gravy": Traditionally a light and thin chicken, veal, or turkey gravy, mildly spiced with a hint of pepper, or a "sauce brune" which is a combination of beef and chicken stock, a variant originating in Quebec.
The gravy should be thin enough to easily filter down into the mass of fries and cheese curds.
These sauces typically also contain vinegar or a sour flavouring to balance the richness of the cheese and fries.
Traditional poutine sauces ("mélange à sauce poutine") are sold in Quebec, Ontario, and Maritime grocery stores in jars or cans and in powdered mix packets.
Recently, some stores have begun to offer vegetarian gravy as an option to cater to ovolactovegetarians.
Heavy beef or pork-based brown gravies are rarely used.
To maintain the texture of the fries, the cheese curd and gravy are added immediately prior to serving the dish.
The hot gravy is usually poured over the cold cheese curds, so that the cheese is warmed without completely melting.
It is important to control the temperature, timing and the order in which the ingredients are added, so as to obtain the right food textures which is an essential part of the experience of eating poutine.
Article: Magnetic resonance imaging
Section: T1rho MRI

Question: Regading Magnetic resonance imaging, what process of decay occurs under the influence of RF

T1ρ (T1rho): Molecules have a kinetic energy that is a function of the temperature and is expressed as translational and rotational motions, and by collisions between molecules.
The moving dipoles disturb the magnetic field but are often extremely rapid so that the average effect over a long time-scale may be zero.
However, depending on the time-scale, the interactions between the dipoles do not always average away.
At the slowest extreme the interaction time is effectively infinite and occurs where there are large, stationary field disturbances (e.g., a metallic implant).
In this case the loss of coherence is described as a "static dephasing".
T2* is a measure of the loss of coherence in an ensemble of spins that includes all interactions (including static dephasing).
T2 is a measure of the loss of coherence that excludes static dephasing, using an RF pulse to reverse the slowest types of dipolar interaction.
There is in fact a continuum of interaction time-scales in a given biological sample, and the properties of the refocusing RF pulse can be tuned to refocus more than just static dephasing.
In general, the rate of decay of an ensemble of spins is a function of the interaction times and also the power of the RF pulse.
This type of decay, occurring under the influence of RF, is known as T1ρ.
It is similar to T2 decay but with some slower dipolar interactions refocused, as well as static interactions, hence T1ρ≥T2.
Article: Turn Me On (David Guetta song)
Section: Synopsis

Question: When happens at the end of the music video "Turn Me On (David Guetta song)"?

Set in a steampunk world, Guetta plays a mad scientist creating his very own Nicki Minaj from mechanical parts.
The clip opens on Guetta, perhaps trying out some early cosmetic-surgery tactics, putting the final touches on his Minaj doll plans.
Then it focuses on the mechanisms behind the Nicki being: latex lips, brass wiring, tubing and various other gizmos.
As the song hits the chorus for the first time, fans get a view of his creation.
Her plastic skin is shiny and completely bare as she slowly transforms into the very human-looking Nicki.
Seemingly pleased with his creation, Guetta unleashes it onto the world.
The entrance to the second verse shows Minaj, dressed in a long black dress, black top hat and shocking pink hip-length hair, leaving Guetta's studio through two black gates and is now free to roam the streets, filled with other doll-like creatures who can't help but stare at Guetta's incredibly lifelike creation.
With Minaj continuing her journey through town, the other jealous doll creatures make their way to Guetta's lab, where he begins to work on them too, giving them more lifelike appearances.
The female creatures then discover that he is a doll himself, however, his interior resembles chainmail.
The female dolls then start to feel him.
Meanwhile, Nicki is surrounded by the male dolls as she belts out the song.
As the video finishes, Minaj is spotted riding her horse around town, as the female dolls make their escape from Guetta's place of business.