community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Grand Canyon
Section: Plants

Question: Do north-facing slopes receive a different amount of sunlight than other slopes?

Biology and ecology.
There are approximately 1,737 known species of vascular plants, 167 species of fungi, 64 species of moss and 195 species of lichen found in Grand Canyon National Park.
This variety is largely due to the 8,000 foot elevation change from the Colorado River up to the highest point on the North Rim.
Grand Canyon boasts a dozen endemic plants (known only within the Park's boundaries) while only ten percent of the Park's flora is exotic.
Sixty-three plants found here have been given special status by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service.
The Mojave Desert influences the western sections of the canyon, Sonoran Desert vegetation covers the eastern sections, and ponderosa and pinyon pine forests grow on both rims.
Natural seeps and springs percolating out of the canyon walls are home to 11% of all the plant species found in the Grand Canyon.
The Canyon itself can act as a connection between the east and the west by providing corridors of appropriate habitat along its length.
The canyon can also be a genetic barrier to some species, like the Tassel-eared squirrel.
The aspect, or direction a slope faces, also plays a major role in adding diversity to the Grand Canyon.
North-facing slopes receive about one-third the normal amount of sunlight, so plants growing there are similar to plants found at higher elevations, or in more northern latitudes.
The south-facing slopes receive the full amount of sunlight and are covered in vegetation typical of the Sonoran Desert.
Article: The Lord of the Rings
Section: Themes

Question: What kind of characteristic is "elf"?

Although "The Lord of the Rings" was published in the 1950s, Tolkien insisted that the One Ring was not an allegory for the Atomic Bomb, nor were his works a strict allegory of any kind, but were open to interpretation as the reader saw fit.
A few critics have found what they consider to be racial elements in the story, generally based upon their views of how Tolkien's imagery depicts good and evil, characters' race (e.g.
Elf, Dwarf, Hobbit, Southron, Númenórean, Orc); and that the character's race is seen as determining their behaviour.
Counter-arguments note that race-focused critiques often omit relevant textual evidence to the contrary, cite imagery from adaptations rather than the work itself; ignore the absence of evidence of racist attitudes or events in the author's personal life and claim that the perception of racism is itself a marginal view.
Critics have also seen social class rather than race as being the determinant factor for the portrayal of good and evil.
Commentators such as science fiction author David Brin have interpreted the work to hold unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure.
In his essay "Epic Pooh", science fiction and fantasy author Michael Moorcock critiques the world-view displayed by the book as deeply conservative, in both the 'paternalism' of the narrative voice and the power-structures in the narrative.
Tom Shippey cites the origin of this portrayal of evil as a reflection of the prejudices of European middle-classes during the inter-war years towards the industrial working class.
Other observers have cited Christian and Catholic themes in "The Lord of the Rings".
The book has been read as fitting the model of Joseph Campbell's "monomyth".
Article: Free Bird
Section: In popular culture

Question: What instrument is Will Ferrell able to play?

The song is included on the rhythm game "Rock Band 3" as the hardest song for Guitar and one of the hardest songs for Band.
It was previously featured as the final song of "Guitar Hero II" and again in '.
It is also featured in ' on the radio station K-DST.
An all-star band performed the song to conclude the final episode of "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien".
Will Ferrell sang lead vocals, backed by Beck, ZZ Top's Billy Gibbons, Ben Harper, and O'Brien himself on guitar, drummer Max Weinberg and the rest of the shows house band.
Ferrell also played Cowbell.
Some commentators found the lyrics especially resonant due to Conan's decision to leave the show rather than allow it to be aired in a later time slot.
The song is featured in the movie "Forrest Gump", in the scene where Jenny contemplates suicide, and in the climax of the movie "Duets", before Reggie sacrifices his life.
It is also prominently featured in the finale of Rob Zombie's second film, "The Devil's Rejects" and in the film "Cars".
The song is played by a band called Ruckus (mainly members of My Morning Jacket) in the movie "Elizabethtown".
The song is featured in "That 70's Show" Season 1 Episode 19 "Prom Night", "Freaks and Geeks" episode 12: "The Garage Door", and"Six Feet Under" Season 2 Episode 8 "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year"The song is played throughout My Name is Earl Season 2 Episode 20 "Two Balls, Two Strikes"The song is referenced in The Band Perry's song "Double Heart" off of their self-titled debut album.
Pop group "Will to Power" included the song on their 1988 hit, "Baby, I Love Your Way/Freebird Medley" which went to #1 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart.
The song is used in the "King of the Hill" episode "Tankin' It to the Streets," when a distraught, inebriated Bill steals an Army tank.
He sings part of the song while in the tank, moments before Hank, Dale, and Boomhauer go into the tank to talk him into taking the tank back to the army base.
He also hums the same part at the end.
The song is referenced in the "Gilmore Girls" episode "A Deep-Fried Korean Thanksgiving", season 3 episode 9.
Lorelai suggests the song to the piano player at her parents' Thanksgiving party.
A segment of the Blue Man Group theatrical show requires a member of the audience to shout out for a request of this song.
Article: Colosseum
Section: Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum

Question: Who designed the summer Olympics Games medals from 1928 to 2000?

The "Kongresshalle", or "Congress Hall", (1935, unfinished) at the Nazi Party Rally grounds, Nuremberg, Germany
The Summer Olympic Games medal from 1928 to 2000, designed by Giuseppe Cassioli, features a depiction of the Colosseum.
At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium
The exterior of the Vancouver Public Library resembles the current state of the Colosseum.
It was designed by Moshe Safdie.
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum.
The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum.
It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II.
The architects were Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno La Padula, and Mario Romano.
Article: United States
Section: Religion

Question: Which state in the United States is primarily Mormon?

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.
Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S., but other religions are followed, too.
In a 2013 survey, 56% of Americans said that religion played a "very important role in their lives", a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation.
In a 2009 Gallup poll 42% of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly; the figures ranged from a low of 23% in Vermont to a high of 63% in Mississippi.
According to a 2012 survey, 73% of adults identified themselves as Christian, down from 86.4% in 1990.
Protestant denominations accounted for 48%, while Roman Catholicism, at 22%, was the largest individual denomination.
The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2012 was 6%, up from 4% in 2007.
Other religions include Judaism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%), Islam (0.6%), Hinduism (0.4%), and Unitarian Universalism (0.3%).
The survey also reported that 19.6% of Americans described themselves as agnostic, atheist or simply having no religion, up from 8.2% in 1990.
There are also Baha'i, Sikh, Jain, Shinto, Confucian, Taoist, Druid, Native American, Wiccan, humanist and deist communities.
Protestantism is the largest group of religions in the United States, with Baptists being the largest Protestant sect, and the Southern Baptist Convention being the largest Protestant denomination in the U.S. Roman Catholicism in the U.S. has its origin in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas, and later grew due to Irish, Italian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration.
Rhode Island is the only state where the majority of the population is Catholic.
Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe.
North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran.
Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population.
Mormonism is also relatively common in parts of Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming.
The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average.
By contrast, religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States.
As with other Western countries, the U.S. is becoming less religious.
Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30.
Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion is declining, and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious.
Article: NCIS (TV series)
Section: Soundtrack

Question: Which set includes songs performed by series regulars Pauley Perrette and Cote de Pablo?

CBS Records released the show's first soundtrack on February 10, 2009.
"The Official TV Soundtrack" is a two-disc, 22-track set that includes brand new songs from top artists featured prominently in upcoming episodes of the series as well as the show’s original theme by Numeriklab (available commercially for the first time) and a remix of the theme by Ministry.
The set also includes songs performed by series regulars Pauley Perrette and Cote de Pablo.
A sequel to the soundtrack was released on November 3, 2009.
"NCIS: The Official TV Soundtrack; Vol.
2" is a single disc, 12 track set that covers songs (many previously unreleased) featured throughout the seventh season of the show, including one recording titled "Bitter and Blue" by Weatherly, as well as two songs used in previous seasons.
Article: Sound City (film)
Section: Technical

Question: Who are the engineers that worked on the movie Sound City?

 Sami Ansari – photography
 Matt Bissonette – composer
 James Brown – engineer, mixing
 Joe LaPorta – mastering
 Emily Lazar – mastering
 Chris Lord-Alge – mixing
 John Lousteau – engineer
 Jim Scott – engineer
 Chris Shiflett – composer
 Derek Silverman – engineering support
 Butch Vig – producer
Article: The Cabin in the Woods
Section: Abstract

Question: Who was the producer of Cabin in the Woods?

The Cabin in the Woods is a 2012 American satirical horror film directed by Drew Goddard in his directorial debut, produced by Joss Whedon, and written by Whedon and Goddard.
The film stars Kristen Connolly, Chris Hemsworth, Anna Hutchison, Fran Kranz, and Jesse Williams.
Goddard and Whedon, having worked together previously on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel", wrote the screenplay in three days, describing it as an attempt to "revitalize" the slasher film genre and as a critical satire on torture porn.
"The A.V.
Club", elaborating on this description, wrote, "Where "Scream" put a postmodern twist on slasher films, "The Cabin In The Woods" takes on the whole genre and twists even harder...
The script brings to the fore Whedon’s love of subverting clichés while embracing them and teasing out their deeper meaning.
"Filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, from March to May 2009 on an estimated budget of $30 million.
Scheduled to be released on February 5, 2010, the release was delayed until January 14, 2011 so that the film could be converted into 3D.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's financial troubles then delayed the release indefinitely.
The distribution rights were bought by Lionsgate in April 2011, who cancelled the planned 3D conversion.
The film then premiered on March 9, 2012 at the South by Southwest film festival in Austin, Texas and was released in the United States on April 13, 2012.
The film was both a critical and financial success receiving positive reviews, featuring on Metacritic's best films of 2012 list and grossing over $65 million worldwide.
Article: Attack on Pearl Harbor
Section: Japanese declaration of war

Question: When did Japanese newspapers print a declaration of war on the United States?

The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto's intention.
He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end.
The Japanese tried to uphold the conventions of war while still achieving surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered.
Tokyo transmitted the 5,000-word notification (commonly called the "14-Part Message") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington, but transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it in time.
(In fact, U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it.)
The final part of the "14 Part Message" is sometimes described as a declaration of war.
While it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator that negotiations were likely to be terminated and that war might break out at any moment.
A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8, but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack.
For decades, conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without any official warning of a break in relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington.
In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo, discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how, and indeed whether, to notify Washington of Japan's intention to break off negotiations and start a war, including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying, "our deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success."
Of this, Iguchi said, "The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war, or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed."
Article: Popcorn
Section: Popping mechanism

Question: What happens after the foam cools in popcorn?

Each kernel of popcorn contains a certain amount of moisture and oil.
Unlike most other grains, the outer hull of the popcorn kernel is both strong and impervious to moisture and the starch inside consists almost entirely of a hard, dense type.
As the oil and the water around the kernel are heated, they turn the moisture in the kernel, which has a moisture-proof hull, into a superheated pressurized steam.
Under these conditions, the starch inside the kernel gelatinizes, softens, and becomes pliable.
The pressure continues to increase until the breaking point of the hull is reached: a pressure of about and a temperature of .
The hull ruptures rapidly, causing a sudden drop in pressure inside the kernel and a corresponding rapid expansion of the steam, which expands the starch and proteins of the endosperm into airy foam.
As the foam rapidly cools, the starch and protein polymers set into the familiar crispy puff.
Special varieties are grown to give improved popping yield.
Some wild types will pop, but the cultivated strain is "Zea mays everta", which is a special kind of flint corn.
Article: 2 Broke Girls
Section: Series synopsis

Question: Where does Max go to school?

The series chronicles the lives of two waitresses in their mid twenties—Max Black (Kat Dennings), who comes from a poor working-class family, and Caroline Channing (Beth Behrs), who was born rich but is now disgraced and penniless due to her father, Martin Channing, getting caught operating a Bernard Madoff-esque Ponzi scheme—working together at a Brooklyn restaurant.
The two become friends and build toward their dream of one day opening a cupcake shop.
Among those working with them at the restaurant are their Korean boss, Han Lee (Matthew Moy); Oleg (Jonathan Kite), an upbeat but perverted Ukrainian cook; and Earl (Garrett Morris), a 75-year-old black cashier.
Also featured starting late in the first season is their neighbor and part-time boss Sophie (Jennifer Coolidge), a Polish immigrant who runs the housecleaning company Sophie's Choice.
During most of the first season Max is also a part-time nanny for the twin babies of Peach Landis (Brooke Lyons), who during the season adopts Caroline's horse Chestnut.
At the end of each episode a tally shows how much they have made toward their goal of $25,000 needed to open their business (it was original stated in the pilot to be the more realistic amount of $250,000).
Early in the second season, Sophie lends the girls $20,000, which is enough for them to start their business.
However, the business fails, and in the 18th episode they are forced to give up the lease of their cupcake shop with just enough money to pay off Sophie's loan, resetting the end of episode tally to $1.00.
During the third season, the girls reopen the business in the back room of the diner, using the window as a walk up window.
Max also enrolls in, and Caroline goes to work for, the Manhattan School of Pastry.
Article: Nordic combined
Section: Team

Question: How many skiers are in the Nordic event?

The team event consists of four skiers starting from the ski jump with one jump each, then moving onward to cross-country skiing in a 4 x 5 km relay.
The Gundersen point total for this as of 2008 has been 1 point equals 1.33 seconds or 45 points per minute.
It is a pursuit start similar to the individual events.
When the event debuted in the 1980s, the event was a 3 x 10 km team event, but that changed following Japan's successes at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1993 in Falun and the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer where the country won by almost four minutes and almost five minutes respectively.
The event became a 4 x 5 km team at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995 in Thunder Bay, Ontario where it remained; however, in the 2012-13 season, a 2 x 7.5 km team event has been introduced, in which 2-man teams complete one jump each and then a series of 1.5 km legs of cross-country skiing are run: thus far, it has led to some close finishes.
Article: Counting Stars
Section: Abstract

Question: Who were the authors of the song "Counting Stars"?

"Counting Stars" is a song by American pop rock band OneRepublic from their third studio album, "Native" (2013).
The song was written by lead singer Ryan Tedder, and produced by Tedder and Noel Zancanella.
Musically, it is a pop song with strong elements of folk music.
It was released as the album's third single on June 14, 2013 in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland.
The song has been one of the band's most successful singles, reaching No.
1 in many countries including Canada and the United Kingdom, No.
2 in the United States, and top ten in 20 countries.
The song's accompanying music video, directed by James Lees, features the band performing in a basement beneath an ongoing church congregation.
Article: Baseball
Section: Player rosters

Question: What is the number of players on a MLB team's active roster?

Player rosters.
Roster, or squad, sizes differ between different leagues and different levels of organized play.
Major League Baseball teams maintain 25-player active rosters.
A typical 25-man roster in a league without the DH rule, such as MLB's National League, features:
eight position players—catcher, four infielders, three outfielders—who play on a regular basis
five starting pitchers who constitute the team's pitching rotation or starting rotation
six relief pitchers, including one specialist closer, who constitute the team's bullpen (named for the off-field area where pitchers warm up)
one backup, or substitute, catcher
two backup infielders
two backup outfielders
one specialist pinch hitter, or a second backup catcher, or a seventh reliever
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Casting

Question: How did Cranston prepare for the roll of Walter White?

"Breaking Bad" creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in an episode of the science fiction television series "The X-Files", on which Gilligan worked as a writer.
Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage.
Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that "Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick.
And it is a trick.
I have no idea how he does it."
AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series "Malcolm in the Middle", approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.
When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his "X-Files" episode.
Cranston contributed a great deal to the Walter White persona.
When Gilligan left much of Walter's past unexplained during the development of the series, the actor wrote his own backstory for the character.
At the start of the show, Cranston gained 10 pounds to reflect the character's personal decline and had the natural red highlights of his hair dyed a regular brown.
He collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro on a wardrobe of mostly neutral green and brown colors to make the character bland and unremarkable, and worked with makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to create a mustache he described as "impotent" and like a "dead caterpillar".
Cranston repeatedly identified elements within certain scripts where he disagreed with how the character was handled, and went so far as to call Gilligan directly when he could not work out disagreements with the episode's screenwriters.
Cranston has said he was inspired partially by his elderly father for how Walter carries himself physically, which he described as "a little hunched over, never erect, if the weight of the world is on this man's shoulders".
In contrast to his character, Cranston has been described as extremely playful on set, with Aaron Paul describing him as "a kid trapped in a man's body".
Gilligan originally intended for Aaron Paul's character, Jesse Pinkman, to be killed at the end of "Breaking Bad" 's first season in a botched drug deal as a plot device to plague Walter White with guilt.
However, Gilligan said by the second episode of the season, he was so impressed with Paul's performance that "it became pretty clear early on that would be a huge, colossal mistake, to kill off Jesse".