community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Astronomy
Section: Infrared astronomy

Question: Where do some molecules radiate strongly?

Infrared astronomy is founded on the detection and analysis of infrared radiation (wavelengths longer than red light).
The infrared spectrum is useful for studying objects that are too cold to radiate visible light, such as planets, circumstellar disks or nebulae whose light is blocked by dust.
Longer infrared wavelengths can penetrate clouds of dust that block visible light, allowing the observation of young stars in molecular clouds and the cores of galaxies.
Observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have been particularly effective at unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their host star clusters.
With the exception of wavelengths close to visible light, infrared radiation is heavily absorbed by the atmosphere, or masked, as the atmosphere itself produces significant infrared emission.
Consequently, infrared observatories have to be located in high, dry places or in space.
Some molecules radiate strongly in the infrared.
This allows the study the chemistry of space; more specifically it can detect water in comets.
Article: Family Guy
Section: Broadcast

Question: Where did the series start airing on Jan 31, 1999?

The seires premiered in Australia on April 9, 1999 on Seven Network, in 2000 on Fox8, and on 7mate on September 27, 2010.
In Canada the series started airing on January 31, 1999 on Global, on September 1, 2003 on Teletoon, and on July 4, 2012 on Adult Swim.
The series also airs in Ireland, and New Zealand.
The series has aired in the UK on BBC Three and Fox since September 21, 1999.
Article: Marathon
Section: Modern Olympics marathon

Question: What year did the modern Olympics start?

When the modern Olympics began in 1896, the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, recalling the ancient glory of Greece.
The idea of a marathon race came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens.
This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as by the Greeks.
The Greeks staged a selection race for the Olympic marathon on 10 March 1896 that was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes (with the future winner of the introductory Olympic Games marathon coming in fifth).
The winner of the first Olympic Marathon, on 10 April 1896 (a male-only race), was Spyridon "Spyros" Louis, a Greek water-carrier, in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds.
The women's marathon was introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles, USA) and was won by Joan Benoit of the United States with a time of 2 hours 24 minutes and 52 seconds.
Since the modern games were founded, it has become a tradition for the men's Olympic marathon to be the last event of the athletics calendar, with a finish inside the Olympic stadium, often within hours of, or even incorporated into, the closing ceremonies.
The marathon of the 2004 Summer Olympics revived the traditional route from Marathon to Athens, ending at Panathinaiko Stadium, the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics.
The Olympic men's record is 2:06:32, set at the 2008 Summer Olympics by Samuel Kamau Wanjiru of Kenya (average speed about 20.01 km/hr).
The Olympic women's record is 2:23:07, set at the 2012 Summer Olympics by Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia.
The men's London 2012 Summer Olympic marathon winner was Stephen Kiprotich of Uganda (2:08:01).
Per capita, the Great Rift Valley, Kenya has produced a large number of elite marathon runners, helped by the high altitude.
Article: Pike Place Market
Section: Before the Market

Question: What was the motivation behind farmers going through wholesalers to sell their produce on consignment at The Lots?

Before the Market.
Before the creation of the Pike Place Market in 1907, local Seattle area farmers sold their goods to the public in a three-square block area called The Lots, located at Sixth Avenue and King Street.
Most produce sold at The Lots would then be brought to commercial wholesale houses on Western Avenue, which became known as Produce Row.
Most farmers, due to the amount of time required to work their farms, were forced to sell their produce on consignment through the wholesalers on Western Avenue.
The farmers typically received a percentage of the final sale price for their goods.
They would sell to the middleman on commission, as most farmers would often have no time to sell direct to the public, and their earnings would be on marked up prices and expected sales.
In some cases, the farmers made a profit, but just as often found themselves breaking even, or getting no money at all due to the business practices of the wholesalers.
During the existence of the wholesale houses, which far predated the Market, there were regular rumors as well as instances of corruption in denying payment to farmers.
Article: Everybody Talks
Section: Abstract

Question: In 2011 "Everybody Talks" was released by what group?

"Everybody Talks" is the lead single from American rock band Neon Trees' second studio album "Picture Show".
It was released on December 20, 2011 in the United States as a digital download on iTunes.
It soon became a sleeper hit.
The song made it to #6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making this song their highest charting single to date, as well as their first top 10 hit.
The song was mixed and engineered by Billy Bush and mastered by Joe LaPorta.
As of October 2012, the song has sold over 2 million digital downloads.
It also hit #7 on the Alternative Songs chart, their 1st Top 10 hit after Animal, it also hit #1 on the Adult Pop Songs, their 1st song to do so.
"Everybody Talks" was inspired by early 1960s pop music; Tyler Glenn said that "We fell in love with a lot of like Roy Orbison and the Motown music that my dad listens to."
Article: World War I
Section: July Crisis

Question: The period known as the July crisis followed the assassination of whom?

The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France, and Britain which was called the July Crisis.
Believing correctly that Serbian officials (especially the officers of the Black Hand) were involved in the plot, and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia, Austria-Hungary delivered to Serbia the July Ultimatum, a series of ten demands intentionally made unacceptable, intending to provoke a war with Serbia.
When Serbia agreed to only eight of the ten demands, Austria-Hungary declared war on 28 July 1914.
Strachan argues, "Whether an equivocal and early response by Serbia would have made any difference to Austria-Hungary's behaviour must be doubtful.
Franz Ferdinand was not the sort of personality who commanded popularity, and his demise did not cast the empire into deepest mourning".
The Russian Empire, unwilling to allow Austria-Hungary to eliminate its influence in the Balkans, and in support of its longtime Serb protégé, ordered a partial mobilisation one day later, 29 July.
Germany mobilised on 30 July, and Russia responded by declaring a full mobilisation that same day.
Germany imposed an ultimatum on Russia, through its ambassador in Berlin, to demobilise within 12 hours or face war.
Russia responded by offering to negotiate the terms of a demobilisation.
However, Germany refused to negotiate, declaring war against Russia on 1 August 1914.
Germany's war plan, the Schlieffen Plan, relied on a quick, massive invasion of France to eliminate the threat on the West, before turning east against Russia.
Simultaneously with its mobilisation against Russia, therefore, the German government issued demands that France remain neutral.
The French cabinet resisted military pressure to commence immediate mobilisation, and ordered its troops to withdraw from the border to avoid any incident.
Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August, and on 3 August declared war on France.
On 4 August, after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France, Germany declared war on Belgium as well.
Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, following an "unsatisfactory reply" to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral.
Article: Vietnam
Section: Etymology

Question: Who used the name officially between 1804 and 1813?

The name "Việt Nam" () is a variation of "Nam Việt" (; literally "Southern Việt"), a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC.
The word "Việt" originated as a shortened form of Bách Việt (), a word applied to a group of peoples then living in southern China and Vietnam.
The form "Vietnam" () is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem "Sấm Trạng Trình".
The name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558.
Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.
It was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châu's "History of the Loss of Vietnam", and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.
The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the imperial government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted "Việt Nam".
Since the use of Chinese characters was discontinued in 1918, the alphabetic spelling of Vietnam is official.
Article: 30 Rock
Section: Season 5

Question: The 5th season of 30 Rock aired when?

"30 Rock" premiered its fifth season on September 23, 2010 in the Thursday 8:30 p.m. time slot.
An episode of 30 Rock's fifth season was filmed and broadcast live, twice, on the evening of October 14, 2010.
The two separate recordings resulted in a live telecast of the episode to American viewers in both the West and East Coast, to ensure both would view a live performance.
Filmed in front of a live audience, the episode aired at 8:30 pm EDT and PDT on NBC.
A ratings success, the episode was also met with positive reviews.
"30 Rock" moved to the 10/9c from January 20, 2011.
Season 5 focuses on Liz Lemon's continuing relationship with Carol Burnett (Matt Damon), Jack's start into fatherhood with fiancée Avery (Elizabeth Banks), struggling with the merger of NBCUniversal with Kabletown, Tracy's foray into getting an EGOT, and Kenneth's attempt to get back to NBC.
Aside from featuring the return of Rachel Dratch in the Live Show, other guest stars include Matt Damon, Elizabeth Banks, Susan Sarandon (as Frank's former teacher- who was in prison due to their relationship while he was a student- and present girlfriend), Paul Giamatti, Sherri Shepherd, Queen Latifah, Rob Reiner, John Amos, Jon Hamm, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Bill Hader, Chris Parnell, Kelsey Grammer, Buck Henry, David Gregory, John Slattery, Daniel Sunjata, Will Forte, Kelly Coffield Park, Elaine Stritch, Dr. Condoleezza Rice, Alan Alda, Cheyenne Jackson, Robert De Niro, Dean Winters, Ken Howard, Vanessa Minnillo, Brian Williams, Richard Belzer, Ice-T, John Cho, Chloë Grace Moretz, Terrance Mann (as oceanographer Robert Ballard), Cristin Milioti (as Abby Flynn in "TGS Hates Women"), Eion Bailey, Adriane Lenox, Michael Keaton, Margaret Cho (as Avery's kidnapper, Korean dictator Kim Jong-il), and Tom Hanks.
Article: Japan
Section: Languages

Question: A few people in Hokkaido are the only people who speak which language?

More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language.
Japanese is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary indicating the relative status of speaker and listener.
Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals.
Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), also part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain.
Few children learn these languages, but in recent years the local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages.
The Okinawan Japanese dialect is also spoken in the region.
The Ainu language, which has no proven relationship to Japanese or any other language, is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido.
Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.
Article: Hamburger
Section: Frank and Charles Menches

Question: At which county fair did Frank and Charles Mences claim to sell the first hamburger?

Another claim from 1885 comes from Frank and Charles Menches who claim to have sold a ground beef sandwich at the Erie County Fair in Hamburg, New York.
During the fair, they ran out of pork sausage for their sandwiches and substituted beef.
Kunzog, who spoke to Frank Menches, says they exhausted their supply of sausage, so purchased chopped up beef from a butcher, Andrew Klein.
Though historian Joseph Streamer wrote that the meat was from Stein's market not Klein's; despite Stein having sold the market in 1874.
The story notes that the origin of the hamburger comes from Hamburg, New York not Hamburg Germany.
Yet Frank Menches's obituary in "The New York Times" states that these events took place at the 1892 Summit County Fair in Akron, Ohio.
Article: Machu Picchu
Section: Human Sacrifice, Aliens and Mysticism

Question: Is there evidence of retainer sacrifices?

There is little information on human sacrifices taking place at Machu Picchu.
This is can be attributed to the fact that many sacrifices were never given a proper burial and their skeletal remains have succumbed to the elements.
However, there is evidence that indicates the use of retainer sacrifices.
In these unique cases, human sacrifices were made to accompany a deceased noble in the afterlife.
Although human sacrifices occurred, it was much more common to offer animal, liquid and dirt sacrifices to the gods.
These offerings were made at the Altar of the Condor and are still made today by members of the New Age Andean religion.
It is a belief among some New Age Andean cosmologists that aliens once inhabited the Cusco region of Peru and are responsible for building Machu Picchu's grand architecture.
These views have been widely refuted by Peruvians as they feel their ancestors were capable of such technological and architectural feats.
Article: Marshall Plan
Section: Wartime destruction

Question: What happened to the region's trade flow during the Marshall Plan?

By the end of World War II, much of Europe was devastated.
Sustained aerial bombardment during the war had badly damaged most major cities, and industrial facilities were especially hard-hit.
The region's trade flows had been thoroughly disrupted; millions were in refugee camps living on aid from United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and other agencies.
Food shortages were severe, especially in the harsh winter of 1946–1947.
Especially damaged was transportation infrastructure, as railways, bridges, and docks had been specifically targeted by air strikes, while much merchant shipping had been sunk.
Although most small towns and villages had not suffered as much damage, the destruction of transportation left them economically isolated.
None of these problems could be easily remedied, as most nations engaged in the war had exhausted their treasuries in its execution.
The only major powers whose infrastructure had not been significantly harmed in World War II were the United States and Canada.
They were much more prosperous than before the war but exports were a small factor in their economy.
Much of the Marshall Plan aid would be used by the Europeans to buy manufactured goods and raw materials from the United States and Canada.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Alpine Snowboarding

Question: How is carving a snowboard similar to a roller coaster ride?

Sometimes called freecarving, this takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs and focuses on carving linked turns, much like surfing or longboarding.
Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline.
Alpine Snowboarding consists of a small portion of the general snowboard population, that has a well connected social community and its own specific board manufacturers.
Alpine Snowboard equipment is a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is stiffer and narrower to manage linking turns with greater forces and speed.
Shaped skis can thank these "freecarve" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation.
Highlights of alpine snowboarding includes a unique sensation felt through each carved turn.
A skilled alpine snowboarder can link numerous turns into a run placing their body very close to the ground each turn, similar to a motogp turn or waterski carve.
Depending on factors including stiffness, turning radius and personality this can be done slowly or fast.
Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge.
Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration.
Article: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)
Section: Provenances

Question: When was the Vincent van Gogh Foundation established?

Two Paris versions Van Gogh exchanged with Gauguin in December 1887 or January 1888 were both sold to Ambroise Vollard: one in January 1895 and the other in April 1896.
The first canvas resided for a short time with Félix Roux, but was reacquired by Vollard and sold to Degas from his estate to Rosenberg, then to Hahnloser and bequested to the Kunstmuseum in Bern.
The second was acquired by the Dutch collector Hoogendijk at the sale of his collection by Kann, who ceded the painting to Richard Bühler and then via Thannhauser to the Metropolitan Museum in New York.
Two of Van Gogh's "Sunflowers" paintings never left the artist's estate: the study for one of the Paris versions (F.377) and the repetition of fourth version (F.458).
Both are in the possession of the Vincent van Gogh Foundation, established 1962 by Vincent Willem van Gogh, the artist's nephew, and on permanent loan to the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.
Five other versions are recorded in the Van Gogh estate papers:
the final Paris version (F.452) in the artist's estate was sold 1909 via C. M. van Gogh, The Hague (J. H. de Bois) to Kröller-Müller
(F.457) sold 1894 to Emile Schuffenecker.
(Tokyo version).
(F.456) sold 1905 via Paul Cassirer to Hugo von Tschudi.
(Munich version).
(F.459) sold 1908 C. M. van Gogh (J. H. de Bois), The Hague to Fritz Meyer-Fierz, Zürich (destroyed Japan 1945).
(F.454) sold 1924 via Ernest Brown & Phillips (The Leicester Gallery) to the Tate Gallery; since on permanent loan to the National Gallery, London.
(London version).
Two Arles versions left the artist's estate unrecorded:
(F.453) (private collection).
Sold 1891 to Octave Mirbeau, Paris, (via Tanguy, Paris) for £12 (about £1,300 in 2013 £).
Sold 1996 to a private collector for an undisclosed sum.
(F.455) (Philadelphia version).
Article: Argentina
Section: Education

Question: What is the reading rate of people over the age of 15 in Argentina

Argentina built a national public education system in comparison to other nations, placing the country high in the global rankings of literacy.
Today Argentina has a literacy rate of 97.4%, and 16.2% over age 15 have completed secondary school studies or higher.
School attendance is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 17.
The Argentine school system consists of an elementary or lower school level lasting six or seven years, and a secondary or high school level lasting between five to six years, depending on the jurisdiction.
There are forty-seven national public universities across the country, as well as forty-six private ones.
The universities of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, La Plata, Rosario, and the National Technological University are among the most important.
Public universities faced cutbacks in spending during the 1980s and 1990s, which led to a decline in overall quality.
Four out of five Argentine adults have completed grade school, over a third have completed their secondary education and one in nine Argentine adults have college degrees.
Likewise, Argentina has the highest rate of university students in Latin America: official sources recently reported roughly 1,500,000 college students within the Argentine University System.
Article: Virus
Section: Host range

Question: What are by far the most abundant biological entities on Earth and outnumber all the others put together?

Viruses are by far the most abundant biological entities on Earth and they outnumber all the others put together.
They infect all types of cellular life including animals, plants, bacteria and fungi.
However, different types of viruses can infect only a limited range of hosts and many are species-specific.
Some, such as smallpox virus for example, can infect only one species – in this case humans, and are said to have a narrow host range.
Other viruses, such as rabies virus, can infect different species of mammals and are said to have a broad range.
The viruses that infect plants are harmless to animals, and most viruses that infect other animals are harmless to humans.
The host range of some bacteriophages is limited to a single strain of bacteria and they can be used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections by a method called phage typing.
Article: Egypt
Section: Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt

Question: What member of the Ptolemaic line last ruled Egypt?

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia.
Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade.
To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs.
The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.
The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled.
The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome.
Nevertheless Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.
Christianity was brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the 1st century.
Diocletian's reign marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted.
The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian.
After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established.