community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Invasion of Normandy
Section: Codenames

Question: What was the code name of the officers that knew about the plans for d-day invasion of Normandy?

The Allies assigned codenames to the various operations involved in the invasion.
"Overlord" was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale lodgement on the northern portion of the Continent.
The first phase, the establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed "Neptune".
According to the D-day museum:
""The armed forces use codenames to refer to the planning and execution of specific military operations.
Operation Overlord was the codename for the Allied invasion of northwest Europe.
The assault phase of Operation Overlord was known as Operation Neptune.
(...) Operation Neptune began on D-Day (June 6th 1944) and ended on 30 June 1944.
By this time, the Allies had established a firm foothold in Normandy.
Operation Overlord also began on D-Day, and continued until Allied forces crossed the River Seine on 19 August 1944.
""
Officers with knowledge of D-Day were not to be sent where there was the slightest danger of being captured.
These officers were given the codename of "Bigot", derived from the words "To Gib" (To Gibraltar) that was stamped on the papers of officers who took part in the North African invasion in 1942.
On the night of 27 April, during Exercise Tiger, a pre-invasion exercise off the coast of Slapton Sands beach, several American LSTs were attacked by German E boats and among the 638 Americans killed in the attack and a further 308 killed by friendly fire, ten "Bigots" were listed as missing.
As the invasion would be cancelled if any were captured or unaccounted for, their fate was given the highest priority and eventually all ten bodies were recovered.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Costume design

Question: What type of fragments were used to make Bane's clothes in The Dark Knight Rises?

Costume design.
Costume designer Lindy Hemming explained that Bane uses a mask to inhale an analgesic gas, which, in director Christopher Nolan's words, "keeps his pain just below the threshold so he can function."
In designing Bane's costume, Hemming needed it to look "like an amalgam of all sorts of bits and pieces he cobbled together, as he passed through some very remote places.
We made parts of his vest, for example, from fragments of an old military tent.
His clothes are militaristic, but are not in any way a uniform."
Hemming also designed Bane's mask to look "animalistic".
Costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard created a three-dimensional model of actor Tom Hardy's face and skull to design the mask, allowing the mask to perfectly conform to the contours of Hardy's face.
Hemming personally designed Bane's coat, which she admitted took two years to complete.
Taking inspiration from a Swedish army jacket and a frock coat from the French Revolution, it was designed to make Bane look like equal parts dictatorial and revolutionary.
The design was difficult as Hemming struggled to find a tailor in Los Angeles who could work with shearling.
The Batsuit consisted of 110 separate pieces, each of which had to be replicated dozens of times over the course of the production.
The base layer was made of a polyester mesh that is utilized by the military and high-tech sports manufacturers because of its breathability and moisture-wicking properties.
Molded pieces of flexible urethane were then attached to the mesh, to form the overall body armor plating.
Carbon fiber panels were placed inside the sections on the legs, chest and abdomen.
The cowl was sculpted from a cast of Bale's face and head to become a perfect fit for Christian Bale.
The suit remained unchanged for the film since "The Dark Knight".
In creating Selina Kyle's catsuit, two layers of material were used, with the outer layer being polyurethane coated spandex, embossed with a hexagonal pattern.
The catsuit also consisted of elbow-length gloves, a utility belt, and thigh-high boots with spike heels.
Article: Where Have You Been
Section: Critical reception

Question: Who is the artist of the song "Where Have You Been"?

"Where Have You Been" garnered positive reviews from music critics.
Andy Kellman for Allmusic wrote that "Where Have You Been", along with the album's lead single "We Found Love", serve as "Talk That Talk"s "place-holding" dance tracks.
Greg Kot for the "Chicago Tribune" compared "Where Have You Been" and "We Found Love" for being "rave-tastic."
Aside from noting the similarities between the two songs, Randell Roberts for "Los Angeles Times" wrote that neither song would sound out of place at an Electric Daisy Carnival.
Julianne Escobedo Shepherd for "Spin" also wrote that the song was a perfect play for a festival, writing Where Have You Been' is tailor-made for a Coachella pool rave."
Jon Caramanica for "The New York Times" was complimentary of both songs, but wrote that "Where Have You Been" "is even better."
Mark Graham for VH1 compared the song to one of Rihanna's previous singles from her 2007 album "Good Girl Gone Bad", "Don't Stop the Music", writing Where Have You Been will almost certainly be Rihanna's biggest club smash since 'Don't Stop the Music'.
"Robert Copsey for Digital Spy shared the same opinion as Graham, writing "We labelled 'Where Have You Been' the record's 'Don't Stop The Music'."
He continued to give an explanation as to why the songs are similar writing "On the surface, similarities between the two are almost non-existent, but on closer inspection, not only are they the danciest cuts on their respective LPs, they're both favourites that fans have been eager to see get an official release."
Copsey concluded his review praising the song and Rihanna, writing "Like Rihanna herself, it's hectic, confident and unashamedly sexual."
Meghan Brownfield for the "Columbia Missourian" praised the song as a track which people will want to dance to as well as writing that the lyrics ensure that the listener pays attention to the lyrics, saying "It is a song you would hear in a club that everyone would want to dance to.
This song makes you want to move, and it also has some strong lyrics that make you focus on what she is saying."
Matthew Cole for Slant Magazine, however, was critical of the song, writing that the song is a "boring dubstep-normalizing dance number reminiscent of LMFAO," as well as Rihanna's own "We Found Love".
Article: The Holocaust
Section: Persons of color

Question: Among the groups, which one have no systematic program for their elimination?

The number of black people in Germany when the Nazis came to power is variously estimated at 5,000–25,000.
It is not clear whether these figures included Asians.
According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., "The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder.
However, there was no systematic program for their elimination as there was for Jews and other groups."
Meanwhile, Afrikaaners, Berbers, Iranians and Pre-Partition Indians were classified as Aryans, so not persecuted (see main article).
Racial restrictions were relaxed to the extent that Turkic peoples, Arabs and South Asians were recruited by the German military due to the shortage of manpower.
Article: Subatomic particle
Section: Dividing an atom

Question: Where does an atomic number come from?

The negatively-charged electron has a mass equal to of that of a hydrogen atom.
The remainder of the hydrogen atom's mass comes from the positively charged proton.
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus.
Neutrons are neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of the proton.
Different isotopes of the same element contain the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.
The mass number of an isotope is the total number of nucleons (neutrons and protons collectively).
Chemistry concerns itself with how electron sharing binds atoms into structures such as crystals and molecules.
Nuclear physics deals with how protons and neutrons arrange themselves in nuclei.
The study of subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, and their structure and interactions, requires quantum mechanics.
Analyzing processes that change the numbers and types of particles requires quantum field theory.
The study of subatomic particles "per se" is called particle physics.
The term "high-energy physics" is nearly synonymous to "particle physics" since creation of particles requires high energies: it occurs only as a result of cosmic rays, or in particle accelerators.
Particle phenomenology systematizes the knowledge about subatomic particles obtained from these experiments.
Article: Seafood
Section: Abstract

Question: The food group Shellfish includes what varieties of food?

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans.
Seafood prominently includes fish and shellfish.
Shellfish include various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms.
Historically, sea mammals such as whales and dolphins have been consumed as food, though that happens to a lesser extent these days.
Edible sea plants, such as some seaweeds and microalgae, are widely eaten as seafood around the world, especially in Asia (see the category of sea vegetables).
In North America, although not generally in the United Kingdom, the term "seafood" is extended to fresh water organisms eaten by humans, so all edible aquatic life may be referred to as seafood.
For the sake of completeness, this article includes all edible aquatic life.
The harvesting of wild seafood is known as fishing and the cultivation and farming of seafood is known as aquaculture, mariculture, or in the case of fish, fish farming.
Seafood is often distinguished from meat, although it is still animal and is excluded in a strict vegetarian diet.
Seafood is an important source of protein in many diets around the world, especially in coastal areas.
Most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans, but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animal.
Some seafoods (kelp) are used as food for other plants (fertilizer).
In these ways, seafoods are indirectly used to produce further food for human consumption.
Products, such as fish oil and spirulina tablets are also extracted from seafoods.
Some seafood is feed to aquarium fish, or used to feed domestic pets, such as cats, and a small proportion is used in medicine, or is used industrially for non-food purposes (leather).
Article: Microscope
Section: Scanning probe microscopy

Question: History of the first scanning tunneling microscope

The 1980s saw the development of the first scanning probe microscopes.
The first was the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981, developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.
This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the atomic force microscope.
Article: Romania
Section: Social welfare

Question: What was the Romanian unemployment rate in 2011?

In 1990, after the fall of the communist regime, the whole system was reformed.
It was divided into multiple categories (healthcare, child care, adults and elderly), and the concept of generalized social welfare became reduced in scale.
Families or mothers do not pay for giving birth, which is subsidized by state tax revenues.
As soon as mothers give birth, they are entitled to vacation.
They receive aid which amounts 75% of their net income, without a limit being set.
After the age of two, children receive an allowance of approximately €9 per month up until the age of 18, although they must attend school in order to receive it.
Adults are also able to apply for unemployment aid.
The amount varies from case to case, but is generally comparable to the minimum wage.
The unemployment aid can be granted if the payer has contributed and if they can prove they are actively seeking for a job.
The unemployment aid is granted on a time-limited, individually determined basis.
The unemployment rate in Romania has been relatively low in recent years and stands at around 5% in 2011.
The pension system was also reformed.
The current average retirement age (55 years for women and 57 years for men) will be gradually increased until 2014 to 60 years for women and 65 years for men.
Pension is granted nonetheless of the contributions made during one's lifetime.
It increases proportionally with the contribution a person made during their working age.
Some retirees have pensions that overcome the medium salary, but a third of them live off with a pension equal to or under the minimum wage.
Pension is provided by the state.
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Setting and access

Question: In which year did Stonehenge's stones get roped off?

When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones, but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion.
Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones, but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away.
English Heritage does, however, permit access during the summer and winter solstice, and the spring and autumn equinox.
Additionally, visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year.
The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism, highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey.
In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites, 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations, declaring it to be "in moderate trouble".
As motorised traffic increased, the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side – the A344 to Shrewton on the north side, and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south.
Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site.
However, the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions.
On 6 December 2007, it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors' centre had been cancelled.
On 13 May 2009, the government gave approval for a £25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors' centre and close the A344, although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent.
On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available, supported by a £10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.
On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and grassing it over.
The centre, designed by Denton Corker Marshall, opened to the public on 18 December 2013.
Article: Chile
Section: Early history

Question: What happened during the Battle of the Maule?

Early history.
About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present-day Chile.
Example settlement sites from the very early human habitation are Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Crater's lava tube.
The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the Mapuche (or Araucanians as they were known by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the Inca Empire to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization.
They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army.
The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river.
Article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Section: Events on the ground_1

Question: How much of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged?

Events on the ground.
Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima, the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley.
Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, including mobilized students and regular workers, 6,200 were killed.
Some 17,000–22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well.
Casualty estimates for immediate deaths range from 40,000 to 75,000.
Total deaths by the end of 1945 may have reached 80,000.
Unlike Hiroshima's military death toll, only 150 soldiers were killed instantly, including thirty-six from the IJA 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division.
At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died, including a British citizen, Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw, and seven Dutch POWs.
One American POW, Joe Kieyoomia, was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived, reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell.
There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki, all of whom survived.
The radius of total destruction was about , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to south of the bomb.
About 58% of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged, and about 78% of the Mitsubishi Steel Works.
The Mitsubishi Electric Works only suffered 10% structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone.
The Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, the factory that manufactured the type 91 torpedoes released in the attack on Pearl Harbor, was destroyed in the blast.
Article: How I Met Your Mother
Section: Season 8

Question: How does Season of How I Met Your Mother end?

Ted visits Robin on the day of her wedding to Barney, causing him to remember how he and Victoria ran away from her wedding to be together.
The summer is spent with Ted, Barney and Robin enjoying their current relationships however all subsequently break up with their partners.
Victoria splits up with Ted over his friendship with Robin, Barney and Quinn break up due to their inability to trust each other and Robin breaks up with Nick realizing his immaturity.
Robin and Barney kiss but decide not to get together, despite Barney's wishes.
Barney then begins dating Robin's hated co-worker Patrice (Ellen D. Williams), a relationship later exposed as a ruse to make Robin realize her true feelings for him.
In a culminating scene Barney proposes to Robin, who says yes.
Marshall and Lily attempt to get used to being parents, which causes a brief estrangement from the gang as Baby Marvin takes up the majority of their time.
Lily's father Mickey becomes Marvin's nanny, freeing the two up to spend more time with their friends.
The Captain, ex-husband of Ted's old girlfriend Zoey, offers Lily a job as an art consultant due to her identifying a painting that made a huge profit for him.
Lily accepts, happy to finally achieve her dream of having a job in the art industry while Marshall decides to apply to become a judge.
The Captain offers Lilly a year's work in Rome, which she accepts with Marshall's blessing.
However, just before Barney and Robin's wedding, Marshall is informed that his application to become a judge has been granted, a development that would require them to stay in the US.
Ted briefly dates Jeanette (Abby Elliott), a girl who stalked him after he appeared on the cover of "New York Magazine" due to his design of GNB headquarters.
He quickly realizes he's made a mistake and breaks up with her.
Ted's feelings of loneliness grow, especially as he is now the only single member of the group, and he decides he is truly ready to settle down.
He argues with Lily over hiring a DJ or a band for Barney and Robin's wedding, but is forced to provide a band at short notice when Lily concedes the argument.
During a chance meeting on the subway, Cindy offers the services of her roommate's wedding band; said roommate is Ted's future wife.
As the week of the wedding approaches, Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted.
Guilty, Ted realizes he can't be around Barney and Robin after they're married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding.
The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin's wedding, including the mother of Ted's children (revealed on screen for the first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti), who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella.
Article: Basketball
Section: Rules and regulations

Question: How can you earn a one-point shot in Basketball?

Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often vary among tournaments and organizations; international and NBA rules are used in this section.
The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own.
An attempt to score in this way is called a shot.
A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc which is from the basket in international games and in NBA games.
A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is made.
Article: British Museum
Section: Collecting from the wider world (1850–75)

Question: When did the British museum start expanding its collections?

Collecting from the wider world (1850–75).
The opening of the forecourt in 1852 marked the completion of Robert Smirke's 1823 plan, but already adjustments were having to be made to cope with the unforeseen growth of the collections.
Infill galleries were constructed for Assyrian sculptures and Sydney Smirke's Round Reading Room, with space for a million books, opened in 1857.
Because of continued pressure on space the decision was taken to move natural history to a new building in South Kensington, which would later become the British Museum of Natural History.
Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian Anthony Panizzi.
Under his supervision, the British Museum Library (now the British Library) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library, the largest library in the world after the National Library of Paris.
The quadrangle at the centre of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular Reading Room of cast iron, designed by Smirke's brother, Sydney Smirke.
Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.
Overseas excavations continued and John Turtle Wood discovered the remains of the 4th century BC Temple of Artemis at Ephesos, another Wonder of the Ancient World.