community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Turkey
Section: Geography

Question: What else contributed to the creation of the Black sea besides fault lines in Turkey?

Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country.
Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles.
European Turkey comprises 3% of the country.
The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.
It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E. Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe.
Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area.
The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south.
Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.
The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria.
The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south.
Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 ft), and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country.
Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean.
The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt.
This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area.
As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions.
The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea.
There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, along which a major earthquake occurred in 1999.
Article: Virus
Section: Host range

Question: What are by far the largest abundant biological entities on Earth and outnumber all the others put together?

Viruses are by far the most abundant biological entities on Earth and they outnumber all the others put together.
They infect all types of cellular life including animals, plants, bacteria and fungi.
However, different types of viruses can infect only a limited range of hosts and many are species-specific.
Some, such as smallpox virus for example, can infect only one species – in this case humans, and are said to have a narrow host range.
Other viruses, such as rabies virus, can infect different species of mammals and are said to have a broad range.
The viruses that infect plants are harmless to animals, and most viruses that infect other animals are harmless to humans.
The host range of some bacteriophages is limited to a single strain of bacteria and they can be used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections by a method called phage typing.
Article: Hong Kong
Section: Health

Question: How many private hospitals are there in Hong Kong?

There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong.
There is little interaction between public and private healthcare.
The hospitals offer a wide range of healthcare services, and some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to be world class.
According to UN estimates, Hong Kong has one of the longest life expectancy of any country or territory in the world.
As of 2012, Hong Kong women are the longest living demographic group in the world.
There are two medical schools in the territory, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at the University of Hong Kong.
Both have links with public sector hospitals.
With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK).
However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory.
Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals both public and private.
This has led to protest from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty in securing a bed space for giving birth and routine check-ups.
Other concerns in the decade of 2001–2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.
Article: The Holocaust
Section: Persons of color

Question: Which group was there no systematic program for their elimination?

The number of black people in Germany when the Nazis came to power is variously estimated at 5,000–25,000.
It is not clear whether these figures included Asians.
According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., "The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder.
However, there was no systematic program for their elimination as there was for Jews and other groups."
Meanwhile, Afrikaaners, Berbers, Iranians and Pre-Partition Indians were classified as Aryans, so not persecuted (see main article).
Racial restrictions were relaxed to the extent that Turkic peoples, Arabs and South Asians were recruited by the German military due to the shortage of manpower.
Article: Black hole
Section: Entropy and thermodynamics

Question: In what year did Strominger and Vafa show their black hle theory?

Open questions.
Entropy and thermodynamics.
In 1971, Hawking showed under general conditions that the total area of the event horizons of any collection of classical black holes can never decrease, even if they collide and merge.
This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of a system can never decrease.
As with classical objects at absolute zero temperature, it was assumed that black holes had zero entropy.
If this were the case, the second law of thermodynamics would be violated by entropy-laden matter entering a black hole, resulting in a decrease of the total entropy of the universe.
Therefore, Bekenstein proposed that a black hole should have an entropy, and that it should be proportional to its horizon area.
The link with the laws of thermodynamics was further strengthened by Hawking's discovery that quantum field theory predicts that a black hole radiates blackbody radiation at a constant temperature.
This seemingly causes a violation of the second law of black hole mechanics, since the radiation will carry away energy from the black hole causing it to shrink.
The radiation, however also carries away entropy, and it can be proven under general assumptions that the sum of the entropy of the matter surrounding a black hole and one quarter of the area of the horizon as measured in Planck units is in fact always increasing.
This allows the formulation of the first law of black hole mechanics as an analogue of the first law of thermodynamics, with the mass acting as energy, the surface gravity as temperature and the area as entropy.
One puzzling feature is that the entropy of a black hole scales with its area rather than with its volume, since entropy is normally an extensive quantity that scales linearly with the volume of the system.
This odd property led Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind to propose the holographic principle, which suggests that anything that happens in a volume of spacetime can be described by data on the boundary of that volume.
Although general relativity can be used to perform a semi-classical calculation of black hole entropy, this situation is theoretically unsatisfying.
In statistical mechanics, entropy is understood as counting the number of microscopic configurations of a system that have the same macroscopic qualities (such as mass, charge, pressure, etc.).
Without a satisfactory theory of quantum gravity, one cannot perform such a computation for black holes.
Some progress has been made in various approaches to quantum gravity.
In 1995, Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa showed that counting the microstates of a specific supersymmetric black hole in string theory reproduced the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy.
Since then, similar results have been reported for different black holes both in string theory and in other approaches to quantum gravity like loop quantum gravity.
Article: Global warming
Section: Food security

Question: By what percentage is the maize crop in Souther Africa going to decrease by 2030?

Under present trends, by 2030, maize production in Southern Africa could decrease by up to 30%, while rice, millet and maize in South Asia could decrease by up to 10%.
By 2080, yields in developing countries could decrease by 10% to 25% on average while India could see a drop of 30% to 40%.
By 2100, while the population of three billion is expected to double, rice and maize yields in the tropics are expected to decrease by 20–40% because of higher temperatures without accounting for the decrease in yields as a result of soil moisture and water supplies stressed by rising temperatures.
Future warming of around (by 2100, relative to 1990–2000) could result in increased crop yields in mid- and high-latitude areas, but in low-latitude areas, yields could decline, increasing the risk of malnutrition.
A similar regional pattern of net benefits and costs could occur for economic (market-sector) effects.
Warming above could result in crop yields falling in temperate regions, leading to a reduction in global food production.
Article: Global warming
Section: Initial causes of temperature changes (external forcings)

Question: External forcings consist of what?

Initial causes of temperature changes (external forcings).
The climate system can respond to changes in "external forcings."
External forcings can "push" the climate in the direction of warming or cooling.
Examples of external forcings include changes in atmospheric composition (e.g., increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Orbital cycles vary slowly over tens of thousands of years and at present are in an overall cooling trend which would be expected to lead towards an ice age, but the 20th century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden rise in global temperatures.
Article: The Selfish Giant (2013 film)
Section: Plot

Question: How did the boys manage to make money?

The film follows the lives of Arbor and Swifty, teenage boys growing up in an impoverished area of Bradford, northern England.
Arbor suffers from hyperactivity disorder, which often gets him into trouble even when it is not his intention.
When the boys are suspended from school after a fight, they decide to earn money collecting and selling scrap metal.
They quickly realize that stealing copper from telecom, railway, and power utilities proves quite lucrative.
They sell their scrap to a local scrap dealer, Kitten.
Kitten owns a horse and competes in amateur harness racing.
Kitten allows Swifty to work with the horse, once he realizes Swifty's surprising affection for and natural talent with horses.
Kitten also lets the boys borrow the horse and a cart to collect scrap metal.
Arbor is jealous of Kitten's kindness toward Swifty.
Arbor decides to steal a piece of scrap from Kitten and sell it, along with some other scrap, to a dealer in Huddersfield.
The plan ends up backfiring, Arbor is refused at the other dealer and unsuccessfully makes a deal with some men who offer to sell the scrap for him.
Kitten finds out and physically intimidates Arbor into stealing a specific piece of high voltage electric power transmission wire to make up for his loss.
The boys are not fully aware of the dangers of high voltage wire, and when Swifty goes to cut the wire, he is electrocuted and killed.
Arbor is devastated and Kitten is arrested, telling the police he is responsible and allowing Arbor to escape blame.
He sits resolutely outside Swifty's mother's house until, after several rejections, she allows him to hug her and share their pain.
In a final scene, Arbor takes care of the horse Swifty loved.
Article: SeaWorld
Section: Drive hunt captures

Question: What is the name of Seaworld's spokesperson?

In response to criticism leveled at SeaWorld and other marine parks by the award-winning documentary film "The Cove" which accuses them of obtaining dolphins obtained in drive hunts, SeaWorld spokesperson Fred Jacobs stated that, "We think we're being unfairly criticized for something we're opposed to."
He adds that, "SeaWorld opposes the dolphin hunts documented in "The Cove".
We do not purchase any animals from these hunts.
More than 80 percent of the marine mammals in our care were born in our parks.
We haven't collected a dolphin from the wild in decades."
Since 1993 there have been no permits issued to facilities in the United States to import dolphins acquired through drive hunt methods.
Marilee Menard, the executive director of the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums, has also stated that she believes that "The Cove" filmmakers are "misrepresenting that the majority of zoos and aquariums with dolphins around the world are taking these animals."
Article: Vietnam
Section: Ethnicity

Question: What percentage of the population is of the Viet or Kinh ethnic group?

According to the 2009 census, the dominant Viet or Kinh ethnic group constituted nearly 73.6 million people, or 85.8% of the population.
The Kinh population is concentrated mainly in the alluvial deltas and coastal plains of the country.
A largely homogeneous social and ethnic group, the Kinh possess significant political and economic influence over the country.
However, Vietnam is also home to 54 ethnic minority groups, including the Hmong, Dao, Tay, Thai, and Nùng.
Many ethnic minorities – such as the Muong, who are closely related to the Kinh – dwell in the highlands, which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's territory.
Before the Vietnam War, the population of the Central Highlands was almost exclusively Degar (including over 40 tribal groups); however, Ngô Đình Diệm's South Vietnamese government enacted a program of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas.
The Hoa (ethnic Chinese) and Khmer Krom people are mainly lowlanders.
As Sino-Vietnamese relations soured in 1978 and 1979, some 450,000 Hoa left Vietnam.
Article: Germany
Section: Health

Question: How much did Germany spend of its GDP on health care in 2005?

Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating back to Bismarck's social legislation in 1883.
He stressed the importance of three key principles; solidarity, the government is responsible to ensure access by those who are in need, subsidiarity, policies are implemented with smallest no political and administrative influence, and corporatism, the government representative bodies in health care professions deems feasible procedures.
Since then there have been many reforms and provisions to ensure a balanced health care system.
Currently the population is covered by a fairly comprehensive health insurance plan provided by statute.
Certain groups of people (lifetime officials, self-employed persons, employees with high income) can opt out of the plan and switch to a private insurance contract.
Previously, these groups could also choose to do without insurance, but this option was dropped in 2009.
According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded .
In 2005, Germany spent 11% of its GDP on health care.
Germany ranked 20th in the world in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births)., the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 41%, followed by malignant tumours, at 26%., about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).
This article may incorporate text from this source, which is in the public domain.</ref>According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers.
Article: Love the Way You Lie
Section: Production

Question: What company produced "Love The Way You Lie" by Eminem?

Music video.
The music video for "Love the Way You Lie" was Eminem's third to be directed by the American filmmaker Joseph Kahn.
Despite having planned to shoot a feature film and stop directing pop videos, Kahn chose to work on "Love the Way You Lie" because, according to him, the song discusses an important topic.
This was an opportunity for him to direct a video for Eminem without the comedic themes of their previous collaborations.
For the video, Kahn considered the British actor Dominic Monaghan as a co-star for his versatility, which he thought would help him play an antagonist.
Kahn cast the American actress Megan Fox, which he had presumed would be almost impossible because of her popularity with directors.
Fox, a fan of Eminem, accepted the role unhesitatingly.
Rosenberg gave Kahn one day to write a treatment, which Kahn finished in forty-five minutes.
He filmed Eminem's and Rihanna's parts on July 20, 2010; scenes with Fox and Monaghan were shot three days later.
By July 24, 2010, they had finished the shoot.
Kahn confirmed the completion of the director's cut the next day.
He said Fox's involvement made the video powerful, commenting for "Vibe":We wanted to make a specific story about two people—Meg and Dom—not a video that was representative of all couples or all domestic violence situations.
I'm not saying that all couples fight this way.
I just want people just to be able to identify with the characters and recognize that they've seen relationships like this where two people are together that are completely wrong for each other and things spiral out of control.
... Megan was the key to this video.
...
I'll tell you as a director the reason why and Monaghan's scenes in the video feel so real is because in the moment they were real.
Monaghan told MTV he thought the couple represents Eminem and Scott.
The clip was produced by Kathy Angstadt and Maryann Tanedo of HSI Productions.
Shortly before its release, Eminem reported in a press statement: "Joseph and I worked pretty closely together to make sure we got this right".
He said the difficult topic resulted in a powerful video because of the contributions of Rihanna, Fox and Monaghan.
Fox donated her appearance fee to the Soujourn House, a battered women's shelter.
On August 5, 2010, the video premiered on MTV and the music video website Vevo.
Article: Belgium
Section: Health

Question: How much has life expectancy grown since 1960?

The Belgians are known to enjoy good health.
According to 2012 estimates, the average life expectancy is 79.65 years.
Since 1960, life expectancy has, in line with the European average, grown by two months per year.
Death in Belgium is mainly due to heart and vascular disorders, neoplasms, disorders of the respiratory system and unnatural causes of death (accidents, suicide).
Non-natural causes of death and cancer are the most common causes of death for females up to age 24 and males up to age 44.
Healthcare in Belgium is financed through both social security contributions and taxation.
Health insurance is compulsory.
Health care is delivered by a mostly private system of independent medical practitioners and hospitals.
Most of the time each provided service is directly paid by the patient and reimbursed later on by health insurance companies.
Belgian health care system is supervised and financed by the federal government, the three Communities and the three Regions, i.e.
six distinct Ministries (the Flemish Community and Region have merged).
Article: Cold War
Section: Chinese Civil War and SEATO

Question: In what year did the Liberation Army defeat the KMT?

In 1949, Mao Zedong's People's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai-shek's United States-backed Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalist Government in China, and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People's Republic of China.
According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad, the Communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai-Shek, and because in his search for a powerful centralized government, Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China.
Moreover, his party was weakened in the war against Japanese.
Meanwhile the Communists told different groups, such as peasants, exactly what they wanted to hear, and cloaked themselves in the cover of Chinese nationalism.
Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan.
Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949, the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand the containment policy.
In NSC-68, a secret 1950 document, the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense.
United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia, Africa, and Latin America, in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements, often led by communist parties financed by the USSR, fighting against the restoration of Europe's colonial empires in South-East Asia and elsewhere.
In the early 1950s (a period sometimes known as the "Pactomania"), the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and the Philippines (notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954), thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long-term military bases.