community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Paintings of the 1500s

Question: What facial features does the Mona Lisa have?

Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the "Mona Lisa" or "la Gioconda", the laughing one.
In the present era it is arguably the most famous painting in the world.
Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality brought about perhaps by the fact that the artist has subtly shadowed the corners of the mouth and eyes so that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined.
The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called "sfumato" or Leonardo's smoke.
Vasari, who is generally thought to have known the painting only by repute, said that "the smile was so pleasing that it seemed divine rather than human; and those who saw it were amazed to find that it was as alive as the original".
Other characteristics found in this work are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details, the dramatic landscape background in which the world seems to be in a state of flux, the subdued colouring and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils, but laid on much like tempera and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.
Vasari expressed the opinion that the manner of painting would make even "the most confident master ... despair and lose heart."
The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.
In the painting "Virgin and Child with St. Anne" the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle.
What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed.
Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, St Anne.
She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.
This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio.
The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese.
Article: The Good Wife
Section: Season 4

Question: Why was the character Cary on The Good Wife angry at the Lockhart & Gardner firm?

Season 4 focuses on Lockhart & Gardner's efforts to come out from bankruptcy after rival lawyers Louis Canning and Patti Nyholm team up to take them down.
A trustee, Clarke Hayden, is appointed to watch over the firm, but Will and Diane are not happy once he starts getting in their way.
Trying to gain money, the firm offers partnership to some associates, because they need their initial payment.
When the debt is cleared, only Alicia is made partner and the other offers are delayed.
Feeling angry, Cary teams up with the other four-years to start a new firm.
Meanwhile, Peter Florrick runs for Governor.
Eli is once again leading his campaign, although things get complicated when he finds out he is being investigated.
Alicia befriends Maddi Haylord, who sponsors her husband's campaign, but ultimetely it turns out she is running up against him and Mike Kresteva.
In a B plot Kalinda's past comes to haunt her in the form of her husband Nick.
Once he starts threatening people in her life, she needs to get rid of him.
The firm also hires a new investigator to help her at work - Robyn Burdine.
On top of all, Alicia is back with Peter, but having a hard time supressing her feelings for Will.
Article: Space Race
Section: Apollo 11

Question: In which year did the final leg of the moon race begin?

1969 saw the final leg of the Moon Race, with the United States leading it after the flight of Apollo 8.
Unbeknownst to the Americans, the Soviet moon program was in deep trouble.
Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR had no way to land on the Moon.
The next two Apollo missions proved that the Lunar Module worked well, both in low-Earth orbit and in lunar orbit.
It was time to proceed to an actual landing mission.
Under this backdrop, Apollo 11 was being prepared for a July encounter with the Moon.
The Apollo 11 crew consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, command module pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and lunar module pilot (LMP) Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin.
They were selected as the crew in January 1969, and they trained for the mission until just before the actual launch day.
On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket – serial number SA-506 – lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida with Apollo 11 on board.
The lunar trip took just over three days.
After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named "Eagle", and began their descent.
After overcoming several computer malfunctions, Armstrong took over manual flight-control at about , and guided the Lunar Module to a landing on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility at 4:17 pm EDT, July 20, 1969.
The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft.
At 10:56:15 pm EDT, Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon.
The first step was witnessed by at least 500 million TV viewers on Earth.
His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing pad were, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later.
Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft.
The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused with the "Columbia" Command Module.
Apollo 11 safely left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969.
When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy committed the United States to landing a man on the Moon and bringing him back safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with just 161 days to spare.
With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.
This was followed by successful lunar landings on Apollo 12 (November 1969), Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).
One lunar landing attempt, Apollo 13 (April 1970), was unsuccessful, but the crew returned safely.
Article: Cake
Section: Cake flour

Question: In what ways may cake flour be substituted in a recipe?

 flour.
Special cake flour with a high starch-to-gluten ratio is made from fine-textured, soft, low-protein wheat.
It is strongly bleached, and compared to all-purpose flour, cake flour tends to result in cakes with a lighter, less dense texture.
Therefore, it is frequently specified or preferred in cakes meant to be soft, light, and or bright white, such as angel food cake.
However, if cake flour is called for, a substitute can be made by replacing a small percentage of all-purpose flour with cornstarch or removing two tablespoons from each cup of all-purpose flour.
Some recipes explicitly specify or permit all-purpose flour, notably where a firmer or denser cake texture is desired.
Article: Arepa
Section: Abstract

Question: In what countries can you find Arepas?

Arepa () is a flatbread made of ground maize dough or cooked flour prominent in the cuisine of Colombia and Venezuela.
It is eaten daily in those countries and can be served with various accompaniments such as cheese (cuajada), avocado, jelly or jam, or (especially in Venezuela) split and used to make sandwiches.
Various sizes, maize types, and added ingredients are used to vary its preparation.
It is similar in shape to the Mexican "gordita" and the Salvadoran "pupusa".
"Arepas" can also be found in Panama, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and the Canary Islands.
Article: Gymnastics
Section: Rhythmic gymnastics

Question: How many elements does gymnastics combine?

Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics although there is a new version of this discipline for men being pioneered in Japan (see Men's rhythmic gymnastics).
This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation.
The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic.
There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice.
Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution.
International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and Seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth.
Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties.
The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, European Championships, World Cup and Grand-Prix Series.
Article: Toy Story
Section: Abstract

Question: Who voiced Woody in the film Toy Story?

Toy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated buddy-comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and directed by John Lasseter, released by Walt Disney Pictures, "Toy Story" was the first feature-length computer-animated film and the first film produced by Pixar.
"Toy Story" follows a group of anthropomorphic toys who pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present, and focuses on the relationship between Woody, a pullstring cowboy doll (Tom Hanks), and Buzz Lightyear, an astronaut action figure (Tim Allen).
The film was written by John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow, and Joss Whedon, and featured music by Randy Newman.
Its executive producers were Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull.
Pixar, which produced short animated films to promote their computers, was approached by Disney to produce a computer-animated feature after the success of the short "Tin Toy" (1988), which is told from a small toy's perspective.
Lasseter, Stanton, and Pete Docter wrote early story treatments which were thrown out by Disney, who pushed for a more edgy film.
After disastrous story reels, production was halted and the script was re-written, better reflecting the tone and theme Pixar desired: that "toys deeply want children to play with them, and that this desire drives their hopes, fears, and actions."
The studio, then consisting of a relatively small number of employees, produced the film under minor financial constraints.
The top-grossing film on its opening weekend, "Toy Story" went on to earn over $361 million worldwide.
Reviews were entirely positive, praising both the animation's technical innovation and the screenplay's wit and sophistication, and it is now widely considered by many critics to be one of the best animated films ever made.
In addition to home media releases and theatrical re-releases, "Toy Story"-inspired material has run the gamut from toys, video games, theme park attractions, spin-offs, merchandise, and two sequels—"Toy Story 2" (1999) and "Toy Story 3" (2010)—both of which received massive commercial success and critical acclaim.
"Toy Story" was inducted into the National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" in 2005, its first year of eligibility.
Article: Cereal
Section: Period

Question: When can harvest begin on cereal plants?

Once the cereal plants have grown their seeds, they have completed their life cycle.
The plants die and become brown and dry.
As soon as the parent plants and their seed kernels are reasonably dry, harvest can begin.
In developed countries, cereal crops are universally machine-harvested, typically using a combine harvester, which cuts, threshes, and winnows the grain during a single pass across the field.
In developing countries, a variety of harvesting methods are in use, depending on the cost of labor, from combines to hand tools such as the scythe or cradle.
If a crop is harvested during wet weather, the grain may not dry adequately in the field to prevent spoilage during its storage.
In this case, the grain is sent to a dehydrating facility, where artificial heat dries it.
In North America, farmers commonly deliver their newly harvested grain to a grain elevator, a large storage facility that consolidates the crops of many farmers.
The farmer may sell the grain at the time of delivery or maintain ownership of a share of grain in the pool for later sale.
Storage facilities should be protected from small grain pests, rodents and birds.
Article: Basketball
Section: Rules and regulations

Question: When does a shot earn three points?

Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often vary among tournaments and organizations; international and NBA rules are used in this section.
The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own.
An attempt to score in this way is called a shot.
A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc which is from the basket in international games and in NBA games.
A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is made.
Article: Cold War
Section: Historiography and memory

Question: In what year was "Social History" created?

 Hopkins, Michael F. "Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History," "Historical Journal," Dec 2007, Vol.
50 Issue 4, pp 913–934,
 Isaac, Joel, and Duncan Bell, eds.
"Uncertain Empire: American History and the Idea of the Cold War" (2012) excerpt and text search
 Johnston, Gordon.
"Revisiting the cultural Cold War," "Social History," Aug 2010, Vol.
35 Issue 3, pp 290–307
 Nuti, Leopoldo, et al., eds.
"Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal" (2012) excerpt and text search
 Wiener, Jon.
"How We Forgot the Cold War: A Historical Journey across America" (2012) excerpt and text search
Article: Gossip Girl
Section: Product placement

Question: What company had a five-season contract with Gossip Girl?

"Gossip Girl" is known for its product placement.
The show had a contract with Verizon Wireless for its first five seasons; all the characters were seen with phones chosen by the brand until the deal ended by the sixth season.
During their contract, Verizon Wireless offered exclusive "Gossip Girl" content and created a website where ringtones of the songs featured on the show could be downloaded.
In the summer of 2008, executives of VitaminWater approached The CW for a placement deal.
During the second season, the drinks were mentioned several times in dialogues.
The partnership helped pay the costs of shooting on location in the Hamptons.
An HP TouchPad was prominently displayed in an episode of the sixth season.
According to OneNewsNow.com, other sponsors have included Procter & Gamble, L'Oreal, Target and Johnson & Johnson, which allowed the series to earn $28.2 million in ad dollars in 2007.
Article: Romania
Section: Holidays

Question: When did Kogalniceanu proclaim Romania's independence from the Ottoman Empire?

Since 2013, there are 14 non-working holidays.
In Romanian language, the consecrate Christian holidays have untranslatable correspondents, such as "Rusalii" (Pentecost), "Dragobete" (Valentine's Day) and "Florii" (Palm Sunday).
Nowadays, the National Day of Romania, a legal non-working holiday, is December the 1st, celebrated by military marches and manifestations across the country.
It commemorates the 1918 assembly of the delegates of all ethnic Romanians held in Alba Iulia, when the Union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania was declared upon.
During the communist regime, the national day was August the 23rd, marking the 1944 royal coup d'état by King Michael I when he decided about the dismissal and arrest of general Ion Antonescu, Romanian Prime Minister and Leader of the State.
On the same day he ordered the immediate cessation of Romania's collaboration with the Axis Powers, the beginning of negotiations for an armistice with the Allies and a military cooperation with the Soviet Union.
A certain segment of Romanians, who support the reinstatement of the monarchy, prefers the date of May 10 to be the National Day, as it used to be between 1866–1947.
On May 9, 1877, prime minister Kogălniceanu proclaimed the Principality of Romania's independence from the Ottoman Empire, a status recognized by the European powers in the Treaty of Berlin in 1878.
Article: Vegetable
Section: Etymology

Question: In the English language, when was the word "vegetable" first used?

The word "vegetable" was first recorded in English in the early 15th century from Old French, and was in origin applied to any plant.
This is still the sense of the adjective "vegetable" in biological context.
The word is taken from Medieval Latin "vegetabilis" "growing, flourishing" (i.e.
of a plant), a semantic change from a Late Latin meaning "to be enlivening, quickening", a derivation of the verb "vegetare" "enliven", which is derived from "vegetus" "to be alive, active" (related to "vigor"), in reference to the process of a plant growing.
In 1767, the meaning of the term "vegetable" was specified to mean "plant cultivated for food, edible herb or root."
The year 1955 noted the first use of the shortened, slang term "veggie".
As an adjective, the word "vegetable" is used in scientific and technical contexts with a different and much broader meaning, namely of "related to plants" in general, edible or not — as in "vegetable matter", "vegetable kingdom", "vegetable origin", etc.
The meaning of "vegetable" as "plant grown for food" was not established until the 18th century.
Article: Egg tart
Section: History

Question: How did egg tarts evolve?

Custard tarts were introduced in Hong Kong in the 1940s by cha chaan tengs.
Which was derived from the original "pastel de nata" ( Portuguese egg tarts ).
Egg tarts evolved from the very similar Portuguese egg tart pastries, known as pastel de nata, traveling to Hong Kong via the Portuguese colony of Macau.
Hong Kong egg tarts are an adaptation of English custard tarts.
Canton (modern Guangdong) had more frequent contact with the West, in particular Britain, than the rest of China.
Also, as a former British colony, Hong Kong adopted some British cuisine.
Article: Great Sphinx of Giza
Section: Racial characteristics

Question: Have authors made comments about the Sphinx's characteristics?

Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as "Negroid" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx.
This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole.
The face of the Sphinx has been damaged over the millennia.
Article: Ice cream
Section: Ice cream cone

Question: How were waffle cones created?

 cone.
"Mrs Marshall's Cookery Book," published in 1888, endorsed serving ice cream in cones, but the idea definitely predated that.
Agnes Marshall was a celebrated cookery writer of her day and helped to popularise ice cream.
She patented and manufactured an ice cream maker and was the first person to suggest using liquefied gases to freeze ice cream after seeing a demonstration at the Royal Institution.
Reliable evidence proves that ice cream cones were served in the 19th century, and their popularity increased greatly during the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904.
According to legend, at the World's Fair an ice cream seller had run out of the cardboard dishes used to put ice cream scoops in, so they could not sell any more produce.
Next door to the ice cream booth was a Syrian waffle booth, unsuccessful due to intense heat; the waffle maker offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles and the new product sold well, and was widely copied by other vendors.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Films

Question: What season sees the most snowboarding fils released?

Snowboarding films have become a main part of progression in the sport.
Each season, many films are released, usually in Autumn.
These are made by many snowboard specific video production companies as well as manufacturing companies that use these films as a form of advertisement.
Snowboarding videos usually contain video footage of professional riders sponsored by companies.
An example of commercial use of snowboarding films would be "The White Album", a film by snowboarding legend and filmmaker Dave Seoane about Shaun White, that includes cameos by Tony Hawk and was sponsored by PlayStation, Mountain Dew and Burton Snowboards.
Snowboarding films are also used as documentation of snowboarding and showcasing of current trends and styles of the sport.
However, sometimes the snowboarding industry is not supportive of all snowboarding-themed films.
In 2013, "The Crash Reel", a feature-length documentary by filmmaker Lucy Walker about former Shaun White rival Kevin Pearce, premiered on the film festival circuit to critical acclaim and was subsequently broadcast on HBO.
Using Pearce's career-ending traumatic brain injury and subsequent recovery as a backdrop, the film examines the physical dangers inherent to pro snowboarders and other extreme sports professional athletes under pressure by sponsors and the media to perform increasingly spectacular feats.
Although there are significant references to various brands in the film, Walker is "adamant" that the snowboarding industry did not sponsor the film in any way and in fact has been unsupportive, despite the film's mainstream media success.