community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Magnetic resonance imaging
Section: MRI versus CT

Question: What does CT stand for?

MRI and computed tomography (CT) are complementary imaging technologies and each has advantages and limitations for particular applications.
CT is more widely used than MRI in OECD countries with a mean of 132 vs 46 exams per 1000 population performed respectively.
A concern is the potential for CT to contribute to radiation-induced cancer and in 2007 it was estimated that 0.4% of current cancers in the United States were due to CTs performed in the past, and that in the future this figure may rise to 1.5–2% based on historical rates of CT usage.
An Australian study found that one in every 1800 CT scans was associated with an excess cancer.
An advantage of MRI is that no ionizing radiation is used and so it is recommended over CT when either approach could yield the same diagnostic information.
However, although the cost of MRI has fallen, making it more competitive with CT, there are not many common imaging scenarios in which MRI can simply replace CT, although this substitution has been suggested for the imaging of liver disease.
The effect of low doses of radiation on carcinogenesis are also disputed.
Although MRI is associated with biological effects, these have not been proven to cause measurable harm.
In a comparison of possible genotoxic effects of MRI compared with those of CT scans, Knuuti et al.
noted that although previous studies have demonstrated DNA damage associated with MRI, "the long-term biological and clinical significance of DNA double-strand breaks induced by MRI remains unknown".
Iodinated contrast medium is routinely used in CT and the main adverse events are anaphylactoid reactions and nephrotoxicity.
Commonly used MRI contrast agents have a good safety profile but linear non-ionic agents in particular have been implicated in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with severely impaired renal function.MRI is contraindicated in the presence of MR-unsafe implants, and although these patients may be imaged with CT, beam hardening artefact from metallic devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, may also affect image quality.
MRI is a longer investigation than CT and an exam may take between 20 - 40 mins depending on complexity.
Article: Handball
Section: Goalkeeper

Question: What is the different between handball and association football?

Only the goalkeepers are allowed to move freely within the goal perimeter, although they may not cross the goal perimeter line while carrying or dribbling the ball.
Within the zone, they are allowed to touch the ball with all parts of their bodies including their feet.
The goalkeepers may participate in the normal play of their teammates.
They may be substituted by a regular field player if their team elects to use this scheme in order to outnumber the defending players.
This field player becomes the designated goalkeeper on the court; and must wear some vest or bib to be identified as such.
If either goalkeeper deflects the ball over the outer goal line, their team stays in possession of the ball, in contrast to other sports like association football.
The goalkeeper resumes the play with a throw from within the zone ("goalkeeper throw").
Passing to one's own goalkeeper results in a turnover.
Throwing the ball against the head of the goalkeeper when he is not moving is to be punished by disqualification ("red card").
Article: Fencing
Section: Other variants

Question: Do schools use a variation of the FIE format?

Other variants include chair fencing, "one-hit épée" (one of the five events which constitute modern pentathlon) and the various types of non-Olympic competitive fencing.
Chair fencing is similar to wheelchair fencing but for the able bodied.
The opponents set up opposing chairs and fence while seated; all the usual rules of fencing are applied.
An example of the latter is the American Fencing League (distinct from the United States Fencing Association): the format of competitions is different and the right of way rules are interpreted in a different way.
In a number of countries, school and university matches deviate slightly from the FIE format.
Article: All I Want for Christmas Is You
Section: Background and writing

Question: When did Carey write the hit song "All I Want for Christmas is You?"

After a string of commercially successful albums, Carey's label Columbia Records began exercising the idea of the singer releasing a Christmas album.
They felt that up until that point, Carey had been viewed as a pop singer.
With the record, Columbia intended to broaden Carey's target market, and have her perceived more as an entertainer, not just a singer.
Having been brought up as Christian and always celebrating Christmas, she agreed to create a holiday-themed album.
With Walter Afanasieff, Carey co-wrote "All I Want for Christmas Is You" while recording the album in mid-1994.
In an interview, Carey explained the inspiration behind the song:I'm a very festive person and I love the holidays.
I've sung Christmas songs since I was a little girl.
I used to go Christmas caroling.
When it came to the album, we had to have a nice balance between standard Christian hymns and fun songs.
It was definitely a priority for me to write at least a few new songs, but for the most part people really want to hear the standards at Christmas time, no matter how good a new song is.
Ostensibly, the song was inspired by Carey's romantic sentiments toward her then-husband Tommy Mottola.
After the album's release, many promotional singles were released; while other songs were sent to Christian airplay radio stations, "All I Want for Christmas Is You" was sent to pop and Top 40 channels.
Author Chris Nickson described the song as "fun and mellow", and he felt its uptempo beat contrasted with the album's strong religious theme, broadening the album's appeal to teenage audiences.
Article: Racquetball
Section: Strategy

Question: Where do you go after you make a shot in Racquetball?

The primary strategy of racquetball is to command the center of the court just at or behind the dashed receiving line.
This allows the player to move as quickly as possible to all areas of the court and limit open court areas which are difficult to defend.
After a shot, return quickly to center court.
The antithesis of this is to be against a wall which severely limits the player's movement and allows the opponent an open court.
Keep an eye on the opponent by glancing sideways to anticipate their return shot and move appropriately in the court.
Learn the typical return shots of the opponent and move appropriately in the court for a return shot.
Attempt to not be predictable with your return shots.
Other more obvious strategies are to keep the returned ball as low on the front wall as possible, keeping the ball moving fast (limiting reaction time) and to keep your opponent moving away from center court by the use of lobs, cross court shots, and dinks.
Article: Space Race
Section: Apollo 11

Question: what year was the final leg of the moon race

1969 saw the final leg of the Moon Race, with the United States leading it after the flight of Apollo 8.
Unbeknownst to the Americans, the Soviet moon program was in deep trouble.
Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR had no way to land on the Moon.
The next two Apollo missions proved that the Lunar Module worked well, both in low-Earth orbit and in lunar orbit.
It was time to proceed to an actual landing mission.
Under this backdrop, Apollo 11 was being prepared for a July encounter with the Moon.
The Apollo 11 crew consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, command module pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and lunar module pilot (LMP) Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin.
They were selected as the crew in January 1969, and they trained for the mission until just before the actual launch day.
On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket – serial number SA-506 – lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida with Apollo 11 on board.
The lunar trip took just over three days.
After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named "Eagle", and began their descent.
After overcoming several computer malfunctions, Armstrong took over manual flight-control at about , and guided the Lunar Module to a landing on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility at 4:17 pm EDT, July 20, 1969.
The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft.
At 10:56:15 pm EDT, Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon.
The first step was witnessed by at least 500 million TV viewers on Earth.
His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing pad were, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later.
Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft.
The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused with the "Columbia" Command Module.
Apollo 11 safely left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969.
When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy committed the United States to landing a man on the Moon and bringing him back safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with just 161 days to spare.
With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.
This was followed by successful lunar landings on Apollo 12 (November 1969), Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).
One lunar landing attempt, Apollo 13 (April 1970), was unsuccessful, but the crew returned safely.
Article: Henry Moore
Section: World War Two

Question: When was Moore commissioned by the Church of St. Matthew to carve Madonna and Child?

At the outbreak of the Second World War the Chelsea School of Art was evacuated to Northampton and Moore resigned his teaching post.
During the war, Moore produced powerful drawings of Londoners sleeping in the London Underground while sheltering from the Blitz.
Kenneth Clark, the chairman of the War Artists' Advisory Committee,WAAC, had previously tried to recruit Moore as a full-time salaried war artist and now agreed to purchase some of the shelter drewings and issued contracts for further examples.
The shelter drawings WAAC acquired were completed between the autumn of 1940 and the spring of 1941 and are regarded as among the finest products of the WAAC scheme.
In August 1941 WAAC commissioned Moore to drew miners working underground at the Wheldale Colliery in Yorkshire, where his father had worked at the start of the century.
Whereas Moore drew the people in the shelters as passively waiting the all-clear he shows the miners aggressively working the coal-faces.
These drawings helped to boost Moore's international reputation, particularly in America where examples were included in the WAAC "Britain at War" exhibition which toured North America throughout the war.
After their Hampstead home was hit by bomb shrapnel in September 1940, Moore and Irina moved out of London to live in a farmhouse called Hoglands in the hamlet of Perry Green near Much Hadham, Hertfordshire.
This was to become Moore's home and workshop for the rest of his life.
Despite acquiring significant wealth later in life, Moore never felt the need to move to larger premises and, apart from the addition of a number of outbuildings and studios, the house changed little over the years.
In 1943 he received a commission from the Church of St. Matthew, Northampton, to carve a Madonna and Child; this sculpture was the first in an important series of family-group sculptures.
Article: Shooting
Section: Practical uses

Question: Were guns a valid weapon in duels?

Shooting is used for hunting upland game birds such as grouse or pheasant, rabbits, culling, deer hunting, or other wild game animals, or shooting pest animals.
Clay pigeon shooting is meant to simulate shooting live pigeons released from traps, after doing so was banned in the United Kingdom in 1921.
Sometimes "shooting" refers to the hunting activity itself.
Shooting is also used in warfare, self-defense, crime, and law enforcement.
Duels were sometimes held using guns.
Shooting without a target has applications such as celebratory gunfire, 21-gun salute, or firing starting pistols, incapable of releasing bullets.
Article: Pudding
Section: Terminology

Question: What do they call dessert in the UK?

In the United Kingdom and most Commonwealth countries, "pudding" can be used to describe both sweet and savory dishes.
However, unless qualified, the term in everyday usage typically denotes a dessert; in the UK, "pudding" is used as synonym for a dessert course.
Dessert puddings are rich, fairly homogeneous starch- or dairy-based desserts such as rice pudding, steamed cake mixtures such as Treacle sponge pudding with or without the addition of ingredients such as dried fruits such as Christmas pudding.
Savory dishes include things such as Yorkshire pudding, black pudding, suet pudding and steak and kidney pudding.
In the United States and Canada, "pudding" characteristically denotes a sweet milk-based dessert similar in consistency to egg-based custards, instant custards or a mousse, often commercially set using gelatin or similar collagen agent such as the Jello brand line of products.
In Commonwealth countries these puddings are called custards (often shortened to curd) if they are egg-thickened, blancmange if starch-thickened, and jelly if gelatin based.
Pudding may also refer to other dishes such as bread and rice pudding, although typically these names derive from the origin as British dishes.
Article: Donatello
Section: Work in Florence

Question: In Donatello's "Feast of Herod," how are the foreground figures represented?

In Florence, Donatello assisted Lorenzo Ghiberti with the statues of prophets for the north door of the Florence Baptistery, for which he received payment in November 1406 and early 1408.
In 1409–1411 he executed the colossal seated figure of "Saint John the Evangelist", which until 1588 occupied a niche of the old cathedral façade, and is now placed in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo.
This work marks a decisive step forward from late Gothic Mannerism in the search for naturalism and the rendering of human feelings.
The face, the shoulders and the bust are still idealized, while the hands and the fold of cloth over the legs are more realistic.
In 1411–1413, Donatello worked on a statue of St. Mark for the guild church of Orsanmichele.
In 1417 he completed the "Saint George" for the Confraternity of the Cuirass-makers.
The elegant "St. George and the Dragon" relief on the statue's base, executed in schiacciato (a very low bas-relief) is one of the first examples of central-point perspective in sculpture.
From 1423 is the "Saint Louis of Toulouse" for the Orsanmichele, now in the Museum of the Basilica di Santa Croce.
Donatello had also sculpted the classical frame for this work, which remains, while the statue was moved in 1460 and replaced by "Incredulity of Saint Thomas" by Verrocchio.
Between 1415 and 1426, Donatello created five statues for the campanile of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, also known as the Duomo.
These works are the "Beardless Prophet"; "Bearded Prophet" (both from 1415); the "Sacrifice of Isaac" (1421); "Habbakuk" (1423–1425); and "Jeremiah" (1423–1426); which follow the classical models for orators and are characterized by strong portrait details.
From the late teens is the "Pazzi Madonna" relief in Berlin.
In 1425, he executed the notable "Crucifix" for Santa Croce; this work portrays Christ in a moment of the agony, eyes and mouth partially opened, the body contracted in an ungraceful posture.
From 1425–1427, Donatello collaborated with Michelozzo on the funerary monument of the Antipope John XXIII for the Battistero in Florence.
Donatello made the recumbent bronze figure of the deceased, under a shell.
In 1427, he completed in Pisa a marble relief for the funerary monument of Cardinal Rainaldo Brancacci at the church of Sant'Angelo a Nilo in Naples.
In the same period, he executed the relief of the "Feast of Herod" and the statues of "Faith" and "Hope" for the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Siena.
The relief is mostly in "stiacciato", with the foreground figures are done in bas-relief.
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Theory of critical opalescence

Question: When will be the derivative zero?

Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point.
Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density.
At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large fluctuations.
The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white.
Einstein relates this to Rayleigh scattering, which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.
Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter.
Article: September 11 attacks
Section: Other al-Qaeda members

Question: How many years of prison was Mounir el-Motassadeq sentenced to for the September 11 hijacking?

In "Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed" from the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui, five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operation's details.
They are bin Laden, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Abu Turab al-Urduni and Mohammed Atef.
To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted for the attacks.
On September 26, 2005, the Spanish high court sentenced Abu Dahdah to 27 years in prison for conspiracy on the 9/11 attacks and being a member of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda.
At the same time, another 17 al-Qaeda members were sentenced to penalties of between six and eleven years.
On February 16, 2006, the Spanish Supreme Court reduced the Abu Dahdah penalty to 12 years because it considered that his participation in the conspiracy was not proven.
Also in 2006, Moussaoui, who some originally suspected might have been the assigned 20th hijacker, was convicted for the lesser role of conspiracy to commit acts of terrorism and air piracy.
He is serving a life sentence without parole.
Mounir el-Motassadeq, an associate of the Hamburg-based hijackers, is serving 15 years for his role in helping the hijackers prepare for the attacks.
The Hamburg cell in Germany included radical Islamists who eventually came to be key operatives in the 9/11 attacks.
Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Ziad Jarrah, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, and Said Bahaji were all members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell.
Article: Greece
Section: Maritime industry

Question: The Greek flag is currently on how many ships?

The shipping industry is a key element of Greek economic activity dating back to ancient times.
Today, shipping is one of the country's most important industries.
It accounts for 4.5% of GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit.
During the 1960s, the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled, primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates, Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.
The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold to them by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s.
According to a United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report in 2011, the Greek merchant navy is the largest in the world at 16.2% of the world's total capacity, up from 15.96% in 2010.
This is a drop from the equivalent number in 2006, which was 18.2%.
The total tonnage of the country's merchant fleet is 202 million dwt, ranked 1st in the world.
In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports).
In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships.
However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.
Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).
Article: Basketball
Section: Rules and regulations

Question: What earns a point shot in basketball?

Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often vary among tournaments and organizations; international and NBA rules are used in this section.
The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own.
An attempt to score in this way is called a shot.
A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc which is from the basket in international games and in NBA games.
A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is made.
Article: Rendang
Section: History

Question: Where was Rendang created?

Rendang originates from the Sumatran Minangkabau region.
One of the earliest written records of rendang is from the early 16th century Hikayat Amir Hamzah.
The making of rendang spreads from Minangkabau region to Mandailing, Riau, Jambi, across the strait to Malacca and Negeri Sembilan, resulting in a variety of rendang traditions.
The popularity of rendang has spread widely from its original domain because of the "merantau" (migrating) culture of Minangkabau people.
Overseas Minangkabau leave their hometown to start a career in other Indonesian cities as well as neighboring countries, and Padang restaurants, Minangkabau eating establishments that are ubiquitous in Indonesian cities, spring up.
These Padang restaurants have introduced and popularized rendang and other Padang food dishes across Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the wider world.
Andalas University historian, Prof. Gusti Asnan suggests that rendang began to spread across the region when Minangkabau merchants and migrant workers began to trade and migrate to Malacca in the 16th century.
“Because the journey through the river waterways in Sumatra took much time, a durable preserved dry rendang is suitable for long journey.” The dried Padang rendang is a durable food, good to consume for weeks, even when left at room temperature.