community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Handball
Section: International body

Question: During which season is handball featured in Olympics?

The International Handball Federation (IHF) is the administrative and controlling body for international handball.
The federation organizes world championships, held in uneven years, with separate competitions for men and women.
The IHF World Men's Handball Championship 2009 and 2011 title holders were France; the 2013 title holders are Spain.
The IHF World Women's Handball Championship 2009 title holders were Russia; the IHF 2011 Women’s World Championship title holders are Norway.
The IHF 2013 Women’s World Championship will be hosted in Serbia, December 6–22.
The IHF is composed of five continental federations which organize continental championships held every other second year.
In addition to these competitions between national teams, the federations arrange international tournaments between club teams.
The federations and their corresponding tournaments and members are summarize in the following table:Handball is an Olympic sport played during the Summer Olympics.
It is also played during the Pan American Games, All-Africa Games, and Asian Games.
It is also played on Mediterranean games.
Article: Nanking Massacre
Section: Japanese war crimes on the march to Nanking

Question: What was the contest between two officers about?

Approach of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Japanese war crimes on the march to Nanking.
Although the Nanking Massacre is generally described as having occurred over a six-week period after the fall of Nanking, the crimes committed by the Japanese army were not limited to that period.
Many atrocities were reported to have been committed as the Japanese army advanced from Shanghai to Nanking.
According to one Japanese journalist embedded with Imperial forces at the time, "The reason that the Army is advancing to Nanking quite rapidly is due to the tacit consent among the officers and men that they could loot and rape as they wish.
"Novelist Ishikawa Tatsuzo vividly described how the 16th Division of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force committed atrocities on the march between Shanghai and Nanking in his novel "Ikiteiru Heitai" (Living Soldiers), which was based on interviews that Tatsuzo conducted with troops in Nanking in January 1938.
Perhaps the most notorious atrocity was a killing contest between two Japanese officers as reported in the "Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun" and the English language "Japan Advertiser".
The contest— a race between the two officers (later executed for wartime atrocities) to see which of them could kill 100 people first using only a sword— was covered much like a sporting event with regular updates on the score over a series of days.
In Japan, the veracity of the newspaper article about the contest was the subject of ferocious debate for several decades starting in 1967.
In 2000, a historian concurred with certain Japanese scholars who had argued that the contest was a concocted story, with the collusion of the soldiers themselves for the purpose of raising the national fighting spirit.
In 2005, a Tokyo district judge dismissed a suit by the families of the lieutenants, stating that "the lieutenants admitted the fact that they raced to kill 100 people" and that the story cannot be proven to be clearly false.
The judge also ruled against the civil claim of the plaintiffs because the original article was more than 60 years old.
The historicity of the event remains disputed in Japan.
Article: Cold War
Section: Gorbachev reforms

Question: Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of which party?

Final years (1985–91).
Gorbachev reforms.
By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985, the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s.
These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state.
An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called "perestroika", or restructuring.
Perestroika relaxed the production quota system, allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment.
These measures were intended to redirect the country's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector.
Despite initial skepticism in the West, the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West.
Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms, Gorbachev simultaneously introduced "glasnost", or openness, which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions.
"Glasnost" was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee.
Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world, particularly with the United States, contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations.
Article: Chemotherapy
Section: The term "chemotherapy"

Question: What year was the first chemotherapeutic agent discovered?

Chemotherapy is described in one dictionary entry as "the treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs."
The word "chemotherapy" without a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning is broader.
The term was historically used for non-oncological references, such as the use of antibiotics ("antibacterial chemotherapy").
The first modern chemotherapeutic agent was arsphenamine, an arsenic compound discovered in 1909 and used to treat syphilis.
This was later followed by sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) and penicillin.
Other uses that have been termed chemotherapy are the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Article: Climate change
Section: Plate tectonics

Question: What determines the geometry of the oceans?

Over the course of millions of years, the motion of tectonic plates reconfigures global land and ocean areas and generates topography.
This can affect both global and local patterns of climate and atmosphere-ocean circulation.
The position of the continents determines the geometry of the oceans and therefore influences patterns of ocean circulation.
The locations of the seas are important in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across the globe, and therefore, in determining global climate.
A recent example of tectonic control on ocean circulation is the formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 5 million years ago, which shut off direct mixing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
This strongly affected the ocean dynamics of what is now the Gulf Stream and may have led to Northern Hemisphere ice cover.
During the Carboniferous period, about 300 to 360 million years ago, plate tectonics may have triggered large-scale storage of carbon and increased glaciation.
Geologic evidence points to a "megamonsoonal" circulation pattern during the time of the supercontinent Pangaea, and climate modeling suggests that the existence of the supercontinent was conducive to the establishment of monsoons.
The size of continents is also important.
Because of the stabilizing effect of the oceans on temperature, yearly temperature variations are generally lower in coastal areas than they are inland.
A larger supercontinent will therefore have more area in which climate is strongly seasonal than will several smaller continents or islands.
Article: Subatomic particle
Section: By composition

Question: What is included in composite particles?

The elementary particles of the Standard Model include:
Six "flavors" of quarks: up, down, bottom, top, strange, and charm;
Six types of leptons: electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, tau neutrino;
Twelve gauge bosons (force carriers): the photon of electromagnetism, the three W and Z bosons of the weak force, and the eight gluons of the strong force;
The Higgs boson.
Various extensions of the Standard Model predict the existence of an elementary graviton particle and many other elementary particles.
Composite subatomic particles (such as protons or atomic nuclei) are bound states of two or more elementary particles.
For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while the atomic nucleus of helium-4 is composed of two protons and two neutrons.
Composite particles include all hadrons: these include baryons (such as protons and neutrons) and mesons (such as pions and kaons).
Article: Tunisia
Section: Literature

Question: What period of time does Arabic writing go back to?

Tunisian literature exists in two forms: Arabic and French.
Arabic literature dates back to the 7th century with the arrival of Arab civilization in the region.
It is more important in both volume and value than French literature, introduced during the French protectorate from 1881.
Among the literary figures include Ali Douagi, who has produced more than 150 radio stories, over 500 poems and folk songs and nearly 15 plays, Khraief Bashir, an Arabic novelist who published many notable books in the 1930s and which caused a scandal because the dialogues were written in Tunisian dialect, and others such as Moncef Ghachem, Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad or Mahmoud Messaadi.
As for poetry, Tunisian poetry typically opts for nonconformity and innovation with poets such as Aboul-Qacem Echebbi.
As for literature in French, it is characterized by its critical approach.
Contrary to the pessimism of Albert Memmi, who predicted that literature Tunisian was sentenced to die young, a high number of Tunisian writers are abroad including Abdelwahab Meddeb, Bakri Tahar, Mustapha Tlili, Hele Beji or Mellah Fawzi.
The themes of wandering, exile and heartbreak are the focus of their creative writing.
The national bibliography lists 1249 non-school books published in 2002 in Tunisia, with 885 titles in Arabic.
In 2006 this figure had increased to 1,500 and 1,700 in 2007.
Nearly a third of the books are published for children.
Article: Seafood
Section: Sustainability

Question: When was the scientific study that found that if current trends continue all fish stocks will collapse within fifty years published?

Research into population trends of various species of seafood is pointing to a global collapse of seafood species by 2048.
Such a collapse would occur due to pollution and overfishing, threatening oceanic ecosystems, according to some researchers.
A major international scientific study released in November 2006 in the journal "Science" found that about one-third of all fishing stocks worldwide have collapsed (with a collapse being defined as a decline to less than 10% of their maximum observed abundance), and that if current trends continue all fish stocks worldwide will collapse within fifty years.
In July 2009, Boris Worm of Dalhousie University, the author of the November 2006 study in "Science," co-authored an update on the state of the world's fisheries with one of the original study's critics, Ray Hilborn of the University of Washington at Seattle.
The new study found that through good fisheries management techniques even depleted fish stocks can be revived and made commercially viable again.
The FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 report estimates that in 2003, of the main fish stocks or groups of resources for which assessment information is available, "approximately one-quarter were overexploited, depleted or recovering from depletion (16%, 7% and 1% respectively) and needed rebuilding.
"The National Fisheries Institute, a trade advocacy group representing the United States seafood industry, disagree.
They claim that currently observed declines in fish population are due to natural fluctuations and that enhanced technologies will eventually alleviate whatever impact humanity is having on oceanic life.
Article: Anatomy
Section: Insect anatomy

Question: What are the anatomical details of an insect?

Insects possess segmented bodies supported by a hard-jointed outer covering made mostly of chitin.
The segments of the body are organized into three distinct parts, a head, a thorax and an abdomen.
The head typically bears a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, one to three simple eyes (ocelli) and three sets of modified appendages that form the mouthparts.
The thorax has three pairs of segmented legs, one pair each for the three segments that compose the thorax and one or two pairs of wings.
The abdomen is composed of eleven segments, some of which may be fused and houses the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive systems.
There is considerable variations between species and many adaptations to the body parts, especially wings, legs, antennae and mouthparts.
Article: Somebody That I Used to Know
Section: Abstract

Question: When did the video to Somebody that I used to Know premier?

"Somebody That I Used to Know" is a song written and recorded by Belgian-Australian singer-songwriter Gotye, featuring New Zealand singer/guitarist Kimbra.
The song was released in Australia and New Zealand by on 5 July 2011 as the second single from Gotye's third studio album, "Making Mirrors" (2011).
It was later released by Universal Music in December 2011 in the United Kingdom, and in January 2012 in the United States and Ireland.
"Somebody That I Used To Know" was written and recorded by Gotye at his parents' house on the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria and is lyrically related to the experiences he has had with relationships.
"Somebody That I Used to Know" is a mid-tempo, indie pop ballad.
It samples Luiz Bonfá's song "Seville" from his 1967 album "Luiz Bonfa Plays Great Songs".
The song received positive reception from critics, who noted the similarities between the song and works by Sting, Peter Gabriel and American folk band Bon Iver.
The song won the Triple J Hottest 100 poll at the end of 2011, as well as ARIA Awards for song of the year and best video, while Kimbra was voted best female artist and Gotye was named best male artist and producer of the year.
In 2013 the song won two Grammy Awards for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Record of the Year, and came ninth in the Triple J Hottest 100 of the Past 20 Years, 2013.
Commercially, "Somebody That I Used to Know" became Gotye's most successful and signature song.
It topped the US, UK, Australian as well as 23 other national charts, and reached the top 10 in more than 30 countries around the world.
The song has sold more than 13 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling digital singles of all time.
It was also placed at the top of a number of year-end charts by "Billboard Magazine" (including the Hot 100, Adult Pop Songs, and Alternative Songs) and other record chart companies around the world.
"Somebody That I Used To Know" has been performed several times live on shows such as "The Voice", "American Idol" and "Saturday Night Live".
It was covered by Canadian indie rock group Walk off the Earth using a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members.
The original single's accompanying music video was directed by Natasha Pincus.
The video premiered on 30 July 2011 and shows Gotye and Kimbra naked against a white backdrop, and while they sing, a pattern of paint gradually covers his skin and the backdrop via stop motion animation.
Article: Boston Tea Party
Section: Tea trade to 1767

Question: Where was the biggest market for illicit tea?

As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century, rival companies were formed to import the product from China.
In England, Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea in 1698.
When tea became popular in the British colonies, Parliament sought to eliminate foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain.
The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies; by law, the company was required to sell its tea wholesale at auctions in England.
British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies, where they resold it to merchants in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.
Until 1767, the East India Company paid an "ad valorem" tax of about 25% on tea that it imported into Great Britain.
Parliament laid additional taxes on tea sold for consumption in Britain.
These high taxes, combined with the fact that tea imported into Holland was not taxed by the Dutch government, meant that Britons and British Americans could buy smuggled Dutch tea at much cheaper prices.
The biggest market for illicit tea was England—by the 1760s the East India Company was losing £400,000 per year to smugglers in Great Britain—but Dutch tea was also smuggled into British America in significant quantities.
In 1767, to help the East India Company compete with smuggled Dutch tea, Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which lowered the tax on tea consumed in Great Britain, and gave the East India Company a refund of the 25% duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies.
To help offset this loss of government revenue, Parliament also passed the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767, which levied new taxes, including one on tea, in the colonies.
Instead of solving the smuggling problem, however, the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about Parliament's right to tax the colonies.
Article: Association football
Section: Abstract

Question: In how many countries is the world's most popular sport played?

Association football, commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball.
It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries, making it the world's most popular sport.
The game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end.
The object of the game is to score by using any part of the body besides the arms and hands to get the football into the opposing goal.
The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and then only in their penalty area.
Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may use their head or torso to strike the ball instead.
The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins.
If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition.
The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863.
Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; ) which organises a World Cup every four years.
Article: Vegetable
Section: Color pigments

Question: What causes the yellow and orange colors of fruits and vegetables?

The green color of leaf vegetables is due to the presence of the green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is affected by the pH, and it changes to olive green in acid conditions, and to bright green in alkaline conditions.
Some of the acids are released in steam during cooking, particularly if cooked without a cover.
The yellow/orange colors of fruits and vegetables are due to the presence of carotenoids, which are also affected by normal cooking processes or changes in pH.
The red/blue coloring of some fruits and vegetables (e.g., blackberries and red cabbage) are due to anthocyanins, which are sensitive to changes in pH.
When the pH is neutral, the pigments are purple, when acidic, red, and when alkaline, blue.
These pigments are quite water-soluble.
This property can be used in rudimentary testing of pH.
Article: Mexico
Section: Cinema and media

Question: In what year was Maria Candelaria awarded the Palme d'Or?

Mexican films from the Golden Age in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years.
Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe.
Maria Candelaria (1944) by Emilio Fernández, was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II.
The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized in Mexico, between 1947 to 1965 some of him master pieces like Los Olvidados (1949), Viridiana (1961) and El angel exterminador (1963).
Famous actors and actresses from this period include María Félix, Pedro Infante, Dolores del Río, Jorge Negrete and the comedian Cantinflas.
More recently, films such as Como agua para chocolate (1992), Cronos (1993), Y tu mamá también (2001), and Pan's Labyrinth (2006) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognised, as in the prestigious Cannes Film Festival.
Mexican directors Alejandro González Iñárritu (Amores perros, Babel), Alfonso Cuarón (Children of Men, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), Guillermo del Toro, Carlos Carrera (The Crime of Father Amaro), and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga are some of the most known present-day film makers.
Two of the major television networks based in Mexico are Televisa and TV Azteca.
Televisa is also the largest producer of Spanish-language content in the world and also the world's largest Spanish-language media network.
Grupo Multimedios is another media conglomerate with Spanish-language broadcasting in Mexico, Spain, and the United States.
The "telenovelas" are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen all over the world with renowned names like Verónica Castro, Lucía Méndez, Lucero, and Thalía.
Article: Parks and Recreation
Section: DVD and streaming video

Question: How many episodes did the Season 1 DVD of Parks and Recreation have?

The first season of "Parks and Recreation" was released on DVD in region 1 on September 8, 2009.
The DVD included all six episodes, as well as an "Extended Producer's Cut" of the season finale, "Rock Show".
The disc also included cast and crew commentary tracks for each episode, as well as about 30 minutes of deleted scenes.
The second season was released in a four-disc set in region 1 on November 30, 2010.
They included extended episodes for "The Master Plan" and "Freddy Spaghetti", as well as two-and-a-half hours of deleted scenes, a third season preview and additional video clips.
Audio commentaries were recorded for the episodes "Sister City", "Ron and Tammy", "Hunting Trip", "Woman of the Year", "The Master Plan" and "Freddy Spaghetti".
"Parks and Recreation" can be viewed on the streaming video service Hulu, as well as the "Instant Watch" streaming feature of Netflix and Amazon Prime.
Individual episodes can also be purchased on the Apple Inc. digital media iTunes Store and viewed on an NBC mobile browser on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad.