community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Yellowstone National Park
Section: Flora

Question: What part of the total forested are is covered by Lodgepole Pine forests?

Over 1,700 species of trees and other vascular plants are native to the park.
Another 170 species are considered to be exotic species and are non-native.
Of the eight conifer tree species documented, Lodgepole Pine forests cover 80% of the total forested areas.
Other conifers, such as Subalpine Fir, Engelmann Spruce, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir and Whitebark Pine, are found in scattered groves throughout the park.
As of 2007, the whitebark pine is threatened by a fungus known as white pine blister rust; however, this is mostly confined to forests well to the north and west.
In Yellowstone, about seven percent of the whitebark pine species have been impacted with the fungus, compared to nearly complete infestations in northwestern Montana.
Quaking Aspen and willows are the most common species of deciduous trees.
The aspen forests have declined significantly since the early 20th century, but scientists at Oregon State University attribute recent recovery of the aspen to the reintroduction of wolves which has changed the grazing habits of local elk.
There are dozens of species of flowering plants that have been identified, most of which bloom between the months of May and September.
The Yellowstone Sand Verbena is a rare flowering plant found only in Yellowstone.
It is closely related to species usually found in much warmer climates, making the sand verbena an enigma.
The estimated 8,000 examples of this rare flowering plant all make their home in the sandy soils on the shores of Yellowstone Lake, well above the waterline.
In Yellowstone's hot waters, bacteria form mats of bizarre shapes consisting of trillions of individuals.
These bacteria are some of the most primitive life forms on earth.
Flies and other arthropods live on the mats, even in the middle of the bitterly cold winters.
Initially, scientists thought that microbes there gained sustenance only from sulfur.
In 2005 researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered that the sustenance for at least some of the diverse hyperthermophilic species is molecular hydrogen.
"Thermus aquaticus" is a bacterium found in the Yellowstone hot springs that produces an important enzyme (Taq polymerase) that is easily replicated in the lab and is useful in replicating DNA as part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process.
The retrieval of these bacteria can be achieved with no impact to the ecosystem.
Other bacteria in the Yellowstone hot springs may also prove useful to scientists who are searching for cures for various diseases.
Non-native plants sometimes threaten native species by using up nutrient resources.
Though exotic species are most commonly found in areas with the greatest human visitation, such as near roads and at major tourist areas, they have also spread into the backcountry.
Generally, most exotic species are controlled by pulling the plants out of the soil or by spraying, both of which are time consuming and expensive.
Article: Nurse Jackie
Section: Critical reception

Question: what rating did Entertainment Weekly give to the first episode of Nurse Jackie

Critical reception.
The premiere of "Nurse Jackie" was met with generally positive reviews from critics.
"Entertainment Weekly" gave the first episode a B+, stating "Edie Falco brings a genial forcefulness to Nurse Jackie."
"New York" magazine called the Showtime series "smart, acrid, alternately sharp and sentimental" and "the best series yet in the cable channel’s ongoing meditation on the nature of addiction ... and the setting for a truly breakthrough female character".
James Poniewozik from "Time" magazine ranked Nurse Jackie's episode "Tiny Bubbles" (106) as 5th on his "Top 10 Episodes of 2009" list.
Reception was not entirely positive, with "Variety" noting, "The series increasingly feels like all style and limited substance – a star showcase that's less 'triumphant return' than 'Nice to have you back, but...'"
Article: How to Save a Life
Section: Track listing

Question: How many bonus tracks are on the CD of How to Save a Life?

In later editions, an extra track was added:
<li value=13>"Unsaid" – 3:05
Bonus CD:
<li value=14>"Over My Head (Cable Car)" (Live at the Gothic (05.20.2005))
"How to Save a Life" (Live for MTV.com & VH1.com (07.14.2005))
"Look After You" (Live at Red Rocks (08.12.2005))
"Heaven Forbid" (Live at Red Rocks (08.12.2005))
Bonus DVD:
How to Save a Life (The Story)
On The Road 2006 (Documentary)
"Over My Head (Cable Car)" (Music Video)
"Over My Head (Cable Car)" (Making the video)
Article: Chemical reaction
Section: Applications

Question: Why is it important to make the reactions as efficient as possible?

Chemical reactions are central to chemical engineering where they are used for the synthesis of new compounds from natural raw materials such as petroleum and mineral ores.
It is essential to make the reaction as efficient as possible, maximizing the yield and minimizing the amount of reagents, energy inputs and waste.
Catalysts are especially helpful for reducing the energy required for the reaction and increasing its reaction rate.
Some specific reactions have their niche applications.
For example, the thermite reaction is used to generate light and heat in pyrotechnics and welding.
Although it is less controllable than the more conventional oxy-fuel welding, arc welding and flash welding, it requires much less equipment and is still used to mend rails, especially in remote areas.
Article: How I Met Your Mother
Section: Books

Question: When was "How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy" released?

 "The Bro Code", cited by Barney many times throughout the series, is a set of written rules for bros to follow, and has been published as a tie-in novel, an audiobook, an iPhone Application and an Android Application.
Barney alleges it was written by Barnabus Stinson, a contemporary of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin.
Many of the rules listed in this book also appear in the show's closing vanity cards in syndication, similar to what Chuck Lorre uses to end episodes of several of his shows, "Dharma and Greg", "The Big Bang Theory", "Two and a Half Men", and "Mike and Molly".
 "Bro on the Go", a companion to "The Bro Code", released in 2009.
 "Bro Code for Parents: What to Expect When You're Awesome", released in 2012.
 "The Playbook," based on the fifth season episode of the same name, by Barney Stinson and Matt Kuhn.
 "How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy", released in 2013.
Article: Hersheypark
Section: Pioneer Frontier

Question: When were the Tidal Force and Canyon River Rapids rezoned into the Boardwalk?

The largest area of the park, Pioneer Frontier, the southwestern-themed section of the park, includes four of the park’s roller coasters: Trailblazer (the second oldest in the park), Sidewinder, Storm Runner, and Fahrenheit.
It also includes the Frontier Flyers, The Howler, Mini Scrambler, and Livery Stables.
It also has its own food court which features a wide variety of restaurants.
The section previously included the area up to and including Tidal Force until 2007 when Tidal Force and Canyon River Rapids were rezoned into the new Boardwalk.
Article: The Bachelor (U.S. TV series)
Section: Plot

Question: What are some of the causes of conflict and drama on "The Bachelor"?

As the show is designed, the series revolves around a single bachelor (deemed eligible) who starts with a pool of romantic interests (typically 25) from whom the bachelor is expected to select a wife.
During the course of the season, the bachelor eliminates candidates (see The elimination process), with the bachelor proposing marriage to his final selection.
The participants travel to romantic and exotic locations for their adventures, and the conflicts in the series, both internal and external, stem from the elimination-style format of the show.
The above description is a general guideline.
In practice, the show does not always follow its designed structure, and those variations are often a source of drama and conflict.
 A candidate who was eliminated returns to the show to plead her case to the bachelor.
 A bachelor distributes more roses or fewer roses than planned.
 A bachelor eliminates both women in a two-on-one date.
 A bachelor eliminates a woman outside of a rose ceremony.
 The bachelor chooses to pursue a relationship with his final selection rather than propose marriage.
The two most notable cases where the bachelor violated the premise of the show are Brad Womack, who selected neither of his final two women, and Jason Mesnick, who in the "After the Final Rose" episode broke off his engagement and proposed to the first runner-up.
(The two are now married.)
Article: Watergate scandal
Section: Resignation

Question: Who is responsible for getting rid of the "smoking gun" tape?

The release of the "smoking gun" tape destroyed Nixon politically.
The 10 congressmen who voted against all three articles of impeachment in the House Judiciary Committee announced they would all support impeachment when the vote was taken in the full House.
On the night of August 7, 1974, Senators Barry Goldwater and Hugh Scott and Congressman John Jacob Rhodes met with Nixon in the Oval Office and told him that his support in Congress had all but disappeared.
Rhodes told Nixon that he would face certain impeachment when the articles came up for vote in the full House.
Goldwater and Scott told the president that there were not only enough votes in the Senate to convict him, but that no more than 15 Senators were willing to vote for acquittal.
Realizing that he had no chance of staying in office, Nixon decided to resign.
In a nationally televised address from the Oval Office on the evening of August 8, 1974, the president said, in part:The morning that his resignation was to take effect, the President, with Mrs. Nixon and their family, said farewell to the White House staff in the East Room.
A helicopter carried them from the White House to Andrews Air Force base in Maryland.
Nixon later wrote that he thought, "As the helicopter moved on to Andrews, I found myself thinking not of the past, but of the future.
What could I do now?…" At Andrews, he and his family boarded Air Force One to El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in California, and then were transported to his home in San Clemente.
Article: Rendang
Section: Types

Question: Whats the dish that is meat cooked in spicy coconut milk?

In Minangkabau culinary tradition, there are three recognised stages in cooking meat in spicy coconut milk.
The dish which results is categorised according to the liquid content of the cooked coconut milk, which ranges from the most wet and soupy to the most dry: Gulai — Kalio — Rendang.
The ingredients of gulai, kalio and rendang are almost identical with the exceptions that gulai usually has less red chilli pepper and more turmeric, while rendang has richer spices.
If pieces of meat are cooked in spicy coconut milk and the process stopped right when the meat is done and the coconut milk has reached its boiling point, the dish is called gulai.
If the process continues until the coconut milk is partly evaporated and the meat has begun to brown, then you have kalio.
For a traditional dry rendang, the process continues hours beyond this, until the liquid has all but completely evaporated and the color turns to a dark brown, almost black color.
Thus not only liquid content but also colour indicate which type of rendang is involved: gulai is light yellow, kalio is brown, and rendang is very dark brown.
Today one mostly only finds two simpler categories of rendang: either dry or wet.
Article: Electromagnetism
Section: Classical electrodynamics

Question: Who helped reconcile the peculiarities of classical electromagnetism?

The scientist William Gilbert proposed, in his "De Magnete" (1600), that electricity and magnetism, while both capable of causing attraction and repulsion of objects, were distinct effects.
Mariners had noticed that lightning strikes had the ability to disturb a compass needle, but the link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until Benjamin Franklin's proposed experiments in 1752.
One of the first to discover and publish a link between man-made electric current and magnetism was Romagnosi, who in 1802 noticed that connecting a wire across a voltaic pile deflected a nearby compass needle.
However, the effect did not become widely known until 1820, when Ørsted performed a similar experiment.
Ørsted's work influenced Ampère to produce a theory of electromagnetism that set the subject on a mathematical foundation.
A theory of electromagnetism, known as classical electromagnetism, was developed by various physicists over the course of the 19th century, culminating in the work of James Clerk Maxwell, who unified the preceding developments into a single theory and discovered the electromagnetic nature of light.
In classical electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field obeys a set of equations known as Maxwell's equations, and the electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law.
One of the peculiarities of classical electromagnetism is that it is difficult to reconcile with classical mechanics, but it is compatible with special relativity.
According to Maxwell's equations, the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant, dependent only on the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space.
This violates Galilean invariance, a long-standing cornerstone of classical mechanics.
One way to reconcile the two theories (electromagnetism and classical mechanics) is to assume the existence of a luminiferous aether through which the light propagates.
However, subsequent experimental efforts failed to detect the presence of the aether.
After important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré, in 1905, Albert Einstein solved the problem with the introduction of special relativity, which replaces classical kinematics with a new theory of kinematics that is compatible with classical electromagnetism.
(For more information, see History of special relativity.
)In addition, relativity theory shows that in moving frames of reference a magnetic field transforms to a field with a nonzero electric component and vice versa; thus firmly showing that they are two sides of the same coin, and thus the term "electromagnetism".
(For more information, see Classical electromagnetism and special relativity and Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism.
Article: South Park
Section: Recognitions and awards

Question: What is the amount of times that "South Park" was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program?

In 2004, Channel 4 voted "South Park" the third-greatest cartoon of all time.
In 2007, "Time" magazine included the show on its list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time", proclaiming it as "America's best source of rapid-fire satire for past decade".
The same year, "Rolling Stone" declared it to be the funniest show on television since its debut 10 years prior.
In 2008, "South Park" was named the 12th-greatest TV show of the past 25 years by "Entertainment Weekly", while AOL declared it as having the "most astute" characters of any show in history when naming it the 16th-best television comedy series of all time.
In 2011, "South Park" was voted number one in the "25 Greatest Animated TV Series" poll by "Entertainment Weekly".
The character of Cartman ranked 10th on TV Guide's 2002 list of the "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters", 198th on VH1's "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons", 19th on Bravo's "100 Greatest TV Characters" television special in 2004, and second on MSNBC's 2005 list of TV's scariest characters behind Mr. Burns from "The Simpsons".
In 2006, Comedy Central received a Peabody Award for "South Park"'s "stringent social commentary" and "undeniably fearless lampooning of all that is self-important and hypocritical in American life".
In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked "South Park" at number 63 among the "101 Best-Written Shows Ever".
Also in 2013, TV Guide listed the show at number 10 among the "60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time".
"South Park" won the CableACE Award for Best Animated Series in 1997, the last year the awards were given out.
In 1998, "South Park" was nominated for the Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program.
It was also nominated for the 1998 GLAAD Award for Outstanding TV – Individual Episode for "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride".
"South Park" has been nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ten times (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2013).
The show has won the award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour) four times, for the 2005 episode "Best Friends Forever", the 2006 episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft", the 2009 episode "Margaritaville", and the 2012 episode "Raising the Bar".
The Imaginationland trilogy of episodes won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour Or More) in 2008.
Article: The Holocaust
Section: Involvement of other countries and nationals

Question: How was the response to the holocaust?

 Bermuda Conference
 Évian Conference
 International response to the Holocaust
 Patria disaster
 Struma disaster
 Voyage of the Damned
Article: Croquet
Section: Captain Moreton's Eglinton Castle

Question: When was the "Rules of the Eglinton Castle and Cassiobury Croquet" published?

The earliest known reference to croquet in Scotland is the booklet "The Game of Croquet, its Laws and Regulations" which was published in the mid-1860s for the proprietor of Eglinton Castle, the Earl of Eglinton.
On the page facing the title page is a picture of Eglinton Castle with a game of "croquet" in full swing.
The croquet lawn existed on the northern terrace, between Eglinton Castle and the Lugton Water.
The 13th Earl developed a variation on croquet named Captain Moreton's Eglinton Castle croquet, which had small bells on the eight hoops "to ring the changes", two pegs, a double hoop with a bell and two tunnels for the ball to pass through.
In 1865 the 'Rules of the Eglinton Castle and Cassiobury Croquet' was published by Edmund Routledge.
Several incomplete sets of this form of croquet are known to exist, and one complete set is still used for demonstration games in the West of Scotland.
It is not known why the earl named the game thus.
Article: Bibimbap
Section: History

Question: What is the Siujeonseo?

"Bibimbap" is first mentioned in the "Siuijeonseo", an anonymous cookbook from the late 19th century.
There its name is given as 부븸밥 ("bubuimbap").
Some scholars assert that bibimbap originates from the traditional practice of mixing all the food offerings made at an ancestral rite ("jesa") in a bowl before partaking in it.
In Korean households, "bibimbap" is frequently prepared from steamed rice, vegetables, and meat.
Since the late 20th century, "bibimbap" has become widespread in different countries, due to its convenience of preparation.
It is also served on many airlines connecting to South Korea.
Article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Section: Memphis

Question: Did he make a reference to the bomb threat?

King travelled to Memphis, Tennessee in support of striking African American sanitation workers.
The workers had staged a walkout on February 11, 1968, to protest unequal wages and working conditions imposed by then-mayor Henry Loeb.
At the time, Memphis paid black workers significantly lower wages than whites.
In addition, unlike white people, black people received no pay if they stayed home during bad weather; consequently, most black people were compelled to work even in driving rain and snow storms.
On April 3, King returned to Memphis to address a gathering at the Mason Temple (World Headquarters of the Church of God in Christ).
His airline flight to Memphis was delayed by a bomb threat against his plane.
With a thunderstorm raging outside, King delivered the last speech of his life, now known as the "I've Been to the Mountaintop" address.
As he neared the close, he made reference to the bomb threat:
Article: Microscope
Section: Abstract

Question: What is a microscope used for ?

A microscope (from the , "mikrós", "small" and , "skopeîn", "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.
The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy.
Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.
There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is the optical microscope which uses light to image the sample.
Other major types of microscopes are the electron microscope (both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types of scanning probe microscope.
Article: Hong Kong
Section: Legal system and judiciary

Question: What is the connection between China's and Hong Kong's legal systems?

Hong Kong's legal system is completely independent from the legal system of mainland China.
In contrast to mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law tradition established under British rule.
The essence of English common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying legal precedent ("stare decisis") to the facts before them.
For example, murder is a common law crime rather than one established by an Act of Parliament.
Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament; murder, for example, now carries a mandatory life sentence rather than the death penalty.
According to Article 92 of the Basic Law, Hong Kong's courts may refer to decisions rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents, and judges from other common law jurisdictions, most commonly England, Canada and Australia, are allowed to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.
Structurally, the court system consists of the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, which is made up of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and the District Court, which includes the Family Court.
Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.
Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive.
The Court of Final Appeal has the power of final adjudication with respect to the law of Hong Kong as well as the power of final interpretation over local laws including the power to strike down local ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic LawThe Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government.
Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and international legal cooperation between different jurisdictions.
Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government.
As protector of the public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.
The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.
Article: How to Survive a Plague
Section: Subjects

Question: Was Geroge H. W. Bush featured in the film?

People featured in the film include:
Bill Bahlman
David Barr
Gregg Bordowitz
George H. W. Bush (archive footage)
Bill Clinton (archive footage)
Spencer Cox
Jim Eigo
Mark Harrington
Jesse Helms (archive footage)
Garance Franke-Ruta
Larry Kramer
Mathilde Krim
Ed Koch
Iris Long
Ray Navarro
Bob Rafsky
Peter Staley