community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Squash (sport)
Section: History

Question: When was the MRA founded?

Squash's use of stringed racquets is shared with tennis, which dates from the late sixteenth century, though is more directly descended from the game of racquets from England.
In "racquets", instead of hitting over a net as in tennis, players hit a squeezable ball against walls.
Squash was invented in Harrow School out of the older game racquets around 1830 before the game spread to other schools, eventually becoming an international sport.
The first courts built at this school were rather dangerous because they were near water pipes, buttresses, chimneys, and ledges.
The school soon built four outside courts.
Natural rubber was the material of choice for the ball.
Students modified their racquets to have a smaller reach to play in these cramped conditions.
The racquets have changed in much the same way as those used in tennis.
Squash racquets used to be made out of laminated timber.
In the 1980s, construction shifted to lighter, carbon-based materials (such as graphite) with small additions of such components as Kevlar, boron and titanium.
Natural "gut" strings were replaced with synthetic strings.
In the 19th century the game increased in popularity with various schools, clubs and even private citizens building squash courts, but with no set dimensions.
The first squash court in North America appeared at St. Paul's School in New Hampshire in 1884.
In 1904 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the earliest national association of squash in the world was formed as the United States Squash Racquets Association, (USSRA), now known as U.S.
Squash.
In April 1907 the Tennis, Racquets & Fives Association set up a sub committee to set standards for squash.
Then the sport soon formed, combining the three sports together called “Squash”.
In 1912 the Titanic had a squash court in first class.
It was not until 1923 that the Royal Automobile Club hosted a meeting to further discuss the rules and regulations and another five years elapsed before the Squash Racquets Association was formed to set standards for squash in Great Britain.
The sport spread to America and Canada, and eventually around the globe.
It was founded in 1924 in New York as Metropolitan Racquets Association, or MSRA.
Article: Sien (Van Gogh series)
Section: Public soup kitchen

Question: What is chiaroscuro?

Quite poor, Sien's family often relied upon the public soup kitchen for food.
Hulsker called the signed drawing "The Public Soup Kitchen" (F1020a below) important and attractive.
Van Gogh and his contemporary George Hendrik Breitner had sketched together at a soup kitchen in the Geest (it is not known which of the several possibilities it was).
After going to the trouble and expense of installing shutters in his windows to adust the light and to recreate the scene itself in his studio, van Gogh was able to study his models at lesisure.
In this way he was able to introduce more "chiaroscuro" (light and dark) in his drawing, which he executed with the natural ('mountain') chalk that Theo had sent him and whose properties he lauds in his letters.
All the models are from Sien's family: her mother and baby on the left, her sister, back turned, and her daughter, hair cropped as a precaution against lice, in the center, with Sien herself, superbly executed in profile, on the right.
The watercolor F1020b (below) is much less successful as van Gogh himself acknowledged, blaming the paper in part for not being right for the job.
Article: Republic of Ireland
Section: Politics

Question: When did Enda Kenny assume the office of Taoiseach?

Ireland is a constitutional republic with a parliamentary system of government.
The is the bicameral national parliament composed of the President of Ireland and the two Houses of the Oireachtas:The President serves as head of state, and is elected for a seven-year term and may be re-elected once.
The President is primarily a figurehead, but is entrusted with certain constitutional powers with the advice of the Council of State.
The office has absolute discretion in some areas, such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court for a judgement on its constitutionality.
Michael D. Higgins became the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November 2011.
The serves as the head of government and is appointed by the President upon the nomination of the .
Most "" have served as the leader of the political party that gains the most seats in national elections.
It has become customary for coalitions to form a government, as there has not been a single-party government since 1989.
Enda Kenny assumed the office of Taoiseach on 9 March 2011.
The is composed of sixty members, with eleven nominated by the , six elected by two universities, and 43 elected by public representatives from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis.
The has 166 members () elected to represent multi-seat constituencies under the system of proportional representation and by means of the single transferable vote.
The Government is constitutionally limited to fifteen members.
No more than two members can be selected from the , and the , (deputy prime minister) and Minister for Finance must be members of the .
The Dáil must be dissolved within five years after its first meeting following the previous election, and a general election for members of the Dáil must take place no later than thirty days after the dissolution.
According to the Constitution of Ireland, parliamentary elections must be held at least every seven years, though a lower limit may be set by statute law.
The current government is a coalition administration led by with Enda Kenny as , supported by the Labour Party with Eamon Gilmore as .
Opposition parties in the current are Fianna Fáil, Sinn Féin, the Socialist Party, the PBPA, the WUAG, as well as a number of Independents.
Ireland has been a member state of the European Union since 1973, but has chosen to remain outside the Schengen Area.
Citizens of the United Kingdom can freely enter the country without a passport due to the Common Travel Area, which is a passport-free zone comprising the islands of Ireland, Great Britain, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
However, some identification is required at airports and seaports.
Article: Astrology
Section: Mediaeval objections

Question: How does natural astrology differ from judicial astrology?

In the seventh century, Isidore of Seville argued in his "Etymologiae" that astronomy described the movements of the heavens, while astrology had two parts: one was scientific, describing the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars, while the other, making predictions, was theologically erroneous.
In contrast, John Gower in the fourteenth century defined astrology as essentially limited to the making of predictions.
The influence of the stars was in turn divided into natural astrology, with for example effects on tides and the growth of plants, and judicial astrology, with supposedly predictable effects on people.
The fourteenth century skeptic Nicole Oresme however included astronomy as a part of astrology in his "Livre de divinacions".
Oresme argued that current approaches to prediction of events such as plagues, wars, and weather were inappropriate, but that such prediction was a valid field of inquiry.
However, he attacked the use of astrology to choose the timing of actions (so-called interrogation and election) as wholly false, and rejected the determination of human action by the stars on grounds of free will.
The friar Laurens Pignon (c. 1368–1449) similarly rejected all forms of divination and determinism, including by the stars, in his 1411 "Contre les Devineurs".
This was in opposition to the tradition carried by the Arab astronomer Albumasar (787-886) whose "Introductorium in Astronomiam" and "De Magnis Coniunctionibus" argued the view that both individual actions and larger scale history are determined by the stars.
Article: United Kingdom
Section: Energy

Question: How much of the UK's electricity was gas-produced in 2011, percentage-wise?

In 2006, the UK was the world's ninth-largest consumer of energy and the 15th largest producer.
The UK is home to a number of large energy companies, including two of the six oil and gas "supermajors" – BP and Royal Dutch Shell – and BG Group.
In 2011, 40% of the UK's electricity was produced by gas, 30% by coal, 19% by nuclear power and 4.2% by wind, hydro, biofuels and wastes.
In 2009, the UK produced 1.5 million barrels per day (bbl/d) of oil and consumed 1.7 million bbl/d.
Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of oil since 2005. the UK had around 3.1 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves, the largest of any EU member state.
In 2009, 66.5% of the UK's oil supply was imported.
In 2009, the UK was the 13th largest producer of natural gas in the world and the largest producer in the EU.
Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004.
In 2009, half of British gas was supplied from imports and this is expected to increase to at least 75% by 2015, as domestic reserves are depleted.
Coal production played a key role in the UK economy in the 19th and 20th centuries.
In the mid-1970s, 130 million tonnes of coal was being produced annually, not falling below 100 million tonnes until the early 1980s.
During the 1980s and 1990s the industry was scaled back considerably.
In 2011, the UK produced 18.3 million tonnes of coal.
In 2005 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 171 million tons.
The UK Coal Authority has stated there is a potential to produce between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes of coal through underground coal gasification (UCG) or 'fraking', and that, based on current UK coal consumption, such reserves could last between 200 and 400 years.
However, environmental and social concerns have been raised over chemicals getting into the water table and minor earthquakes damaging homes.
In the late 1990s, nuclear power plants contributed around 25% of total annual electricity generation in the UK, but this has gradually declined as old plants have been shut down and ageing-related problems affect plant availability.
In 2012, the UK had 16 reactors normally generating about 19% of its electricity.
All but one of the reactors will be retired by 2023.
Unlike Germany and Japan, the UK intends to build a new generation of nuclear plants from about 2018.
Article: Singapore
Section: Media

Question: Where are the most internet users, or the highest internet penetration rate?

Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore.
MediaCorp operates most free-to-air television channels and free-to-air radio stations in Singapore.
There are a total of seven free-to-air TV channels offered by Mediacorp.
The channels are Channel 5 (English channel), Channel News Asia (English channel), Okto (English channel), Channel 8 (Chinese channel), Channel U (Chinese channel), Suria (Malay channel) and Vasantham (Indian channel).
Starhub Cable Vision (SCV) also offers cable television with channels from all around the world and Singtel's MioTV provides an IPTV service.
Singapore Press Holdings, a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.
Singapore's media industry has sometimes been criticised for being too regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as Freedom House.
In 2010, Reporters Without Borders, a France-based international non-governmental organisation, ranked Singapore 136 out of 178 in its Press Freedom Index, just below Mexico.
The Media Development Authority regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.
Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned.
Television is censored, and shows like Sex and the City and Queer as Folk (UK TV series) are banned.
There are 3.4 million users of the internet in Singapore, one of the highest internet penetration rates in the world.
The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet, but it maintains a list of one hundred websites (mostly pornographic) that it blocks as a 'symbolic statement of the Singaporean community's stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet'.
As the block covers only home internet access, users may still visit the blocked websites from their office computers.
Article: Treaty of Versailles
Section: World War I

Question: Where was World War 1 fought?

World War I.
The First World War (1914–1918) was fought across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia.
Countries beyond the war zones were also affected by the disruption of international trade, finance and diplomatic pressures from the belligerents.
In 1917, two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire, which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin.
Article: The Usual Suspects
Section: Nominations and awards

Question: Which Academy Award did Kevin Spacey win for his work on The Usual Suspects?

Christopher McQuarrie was nominated for the Best Original Screenplay and Kevin Spacey was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards.
They both won, and in his acceptance speech Spacey memorably said, "Well, whoever Keyser Söze is, I can tell you he's gonna get gloriously drunk tonight.
"McQuarrie also won the Best Original Screenplay award at the 1996 British Academy Film Awards.
The film was also nominated for Best Film, and best editing.
It won for best editing.
The film was nominated for three Independent Spirit Awards — Best Supporting Actor for Benicio del Toro, Best Screenplay for Christopher McQuarrie and Best Cinematography for Newton Thomas Sigel.
Both Del Toro and McQuarrie won in their categories.
"The Usual Suspects" was screened at the 1995 Seattle International Film Festival, where Bryan Singer was awarded Best Director and Kevin Spacey won for Best Actor.
The Boston Society of Film Critics gave Spacey the Best Supporting Actor award for his work on the film.
Spacey went on to win this award with the New York Film Critics Circle and the National Board of Review, which also gave the cast an ensemble acting award.
Article: The Kid with a Bike
Section: Reception

Question: The Kid with a Bike got what rating from Peter Bradshaw?

The film received near universal acclaim.
It scored a 96% "Certified Fresh" approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 109 reviews; the film review aggregate site described the critical consensus that the film "is a heart-wrenching, thematically and spiritually rich drama."
Jonathan Romney wrote in "Screen Daily": "After the slightly sub-par "Lorna's Silence" (2008), the brothers are back on peerless form with this story of innocence betrayed and befriended, which must count as one of the best films about childhood since "Kes" – or for that matter "Bicycle Thieves", to which it surely nods."
Romney further commented: "Shooting as usual with cinematographer Alain Marcoen, and in their familiar stamping ground of Seraing, the brothers this time bring a somewhat different, airier look to their locations, more suburban than in the past.
Marcoen's camerawork, also, is rather more free-wheeling than the tightly constrained (and often imitated) tightness of "The Son"."
At the 2011 London Film Festival it was among "Sight & Sound"s 30 recommendations; according to them, "The Dardenne brothers may be the most consistently high-achieving filmmakers of our time – the kings, if you like, of poetic neorealism.
Like all their films, "Le Gamin au vélo" ("The Kid with a Bike") is near perfect."
Upon its March 2012 UK release, Peter Bradshaw gave it (four stars out of 5) and said it "revive the memory of De Sica's 1948 classic "Bicycle Thieves""; it is a "heartfelt, boldly direct film composed in the social-realist key signature of C major, revisiting the film-makers' classic themes of parenthood, trust and love.
"On the negative side, one critic called the film "trite" and its thinking "lazy", while another reviewer called it "formulaic" and "superficial".
Article: Jingle Bell Rock
Section: Helms recordings

Question: Which version of the song 'Jingle Bell Rock' is the most popular around the world?

"Jingle Bell Rock" has been performed by many, but Helms' version is the most known in the world.
Its title and some of its lyrics are takeoffs on the old Christmas standard, "Jingle Bells."
It makes brief references to other popular songs of the 1950s, such as "Rock Around the Clock," and mentions going to a "Jingle hop."
An electric guitar played by Hank Garland can be heard playing the first notes to the chorus from "Jingle Bells.
"Despite being titled a Jingle Bell "Rock", Helms' version of the song was performed in the crossover style known as rockabilly.
Bobby Helms' original version on Decca 9-30513 from 1957, was re-recorded by him on Kapp K-719 in 1965 and yet again in 1967 on Little Darlin' LD-0038.
In 1970, Helms recorded an entire album titled "Jingle Bell Rock" on Certron C-7013, releasing from the album the title track on Certron C-10021 with a picture sleeve.
In yet another re-recording, Helms released a version on Ashley AS-4200 (year unknown).
In 1983, Bobby Helms released his last recording of "Jingle Bell Rock" on Black Rose 82713.
Article: She Will Be Loved
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the peak position of She Will Be Loved in the UK?

"She Will Be Loved" is the third single on the American band Maroon 5's 2002 debut album, "Songs About Jane".
Released in 2004, the single peaked at #5 in the United States, and by December 2012 had sold more than 2,722,000 digital downloads.
It peaked at #4 in the United Kingdom.
In Australia, it reached #1, a position it held for 5 non-consecutive weeks.
The single is noted for its music video starring Kelly Preston.
The song proved as successful as the band's previous hits, "This Love" and "Harder to Breathe", hitting number 1 on the Mainstream Top 40 and Adult Top 40 charts, but it prompted many alternative radio outlets to remove Maroon 5 from their playlists, on the ground that the band's newer songs were too light for alt-rock audiences.
These stations continued to play "Harder to Breathe" and "This Love", but Maroon 5's newer hits were played only on pop and adult contemporary stations.
Article: 30 Rock
Section: Awards and nominations

Question: When did "30 Rock" receive the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Series?

Capping its critically successful first season, "30 Rock" won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series and Elaine Stritch was awarded an Emmy in September 2007 for her work as a guest actress in "Hiatus".
Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin were nominated in the Outstanding Lead Actress and Outstanding Lead Actor in a comedy series categories respectively.
"Jack-Tor" and "Tracy Does Conan" were both nominated in the category of Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series.
"30 Rock" received four Creative Arts Emmy Awards.
Alec Baldwin received the Golden Globe Award for in 2007.
Baldwin also received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2007.
The show also received various other guild award nominations during its first season.
In 2008, Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin both won Screen Actors Guild Awards.
The series took home the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Series in 2008.
It also received the Danny Thomas Producer of the Year Award in Episodic Series – Comedy from the Producers Guild of America in 2008.
"30 Rock" received 17 Emmy nominations, for its second season, meaning it was the second most nominated series of the year.
These 17 nominations broke the record for the most nominations for a comedy series, meaning that "30 Rock" was the most-nominated comedy series for any individual Emmy year.
The previous holder of this record was "The Larry Sanders Show" in 1996 with 16 nominations.
"30 Rock" also won the Television Critics Association Award for "Outstanding Achievement in Comedy.
"Also in 2008, "30 Rock" completed a sweep of the major awards for best comedy series at that year's Primetime Emmy Awards.
The show won Outstanding Comedy Series, Alec Baldwin was recognized as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, and Tina Fey was given the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.
This marks the eighth time in the history of the Emmy awards that a show won best series plus best lead actor and actress.
Tina Fey also won the award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for the episode "Cooter".
At the 2008 Golden Globe awards, "30 Rock" won the award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, Alec Baldwin won Best Actor in a Television Musical or Comedy, and Tina Fey won Best Actress in a Television Musical or Comedy.
For the show's 2007 episodes, "30 Rock" received a Peabody Award at the 67th Annual Peabody Awards.
Upon announcing the award, the Peabody Board commended the show for being "not only a great workplace comedy in the tradition of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", complete with fresh, indelible secondary characters, but also a sly, gleeful satire of corporate media, especially the network that airs it".
In 2009 "30 Rock" received a record-breaking 22 Primetime Emmy Award nominations and won five Emmy Awards, including Best Comedy Series and Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Alec Baldwin).
Article: Thailand
Section: Sports

Question: Muay thai is native to what area?

Muay Thai (Thai: มวยไทย, RTGS: Muai Thai, , lit.
"Thai boxing") is a native form of kickboxing and Thailand's national sport.
It incorporates kicks, punches, knees and elbow strikes in a ring with gloves similar to those used in Western boxing and this has led to Thailand gaining medals at the Olympic Games in boxing.
Takraw (Thai: ตะกร้อ) is a sport native to Thailand, which the players hit a rattan ball and only be allowed to use their feet, knees, chest and head to touch the ball.
Sepak takraw is a form of this sport which appears in volleyball style, the players must volley a ball over a net and force it to hit the ground on opponent's side.
It is a popular in other countries in Southeast Asia also.
A rather similar game but played only with the feet is Buka ball.
Rugby is also a growing sport in Thailand with the Thailand national rugby union team rising to be ranked 61st in the world.
Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 kg welterweight rugby tournament in 2005.
The national domestic Thailand Rugby Union (TRU) competition includes several universities and services teams such as Chulalongkorn University, Mahasarakham University, Kasetsart University, Prince of Songkla University, Thammasat University, Rangsit University, the Thai Police, the Thai Army, the Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Air Force.
Local sports clubs which also compete in the TRU include the British Club of Bangkok, the Southerners Sports Club (Bangkok) and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club.
Thailand has been called the Golf Capital of Asia as it is a popular destination for golf.
The country attracts a large number of golfers from Japan, Korea, Singapore, South Africa and Western countries who come to play golf in Thailand every year.
The growing popularity of golf, especially among the middle classes and expats, is evident since there are more than 200 world-class golf courses nationwide, and some of them are chosen to host PGA and LPGA tournaments, such as Amata Spring Country Club, Alpine Golf & Sports Club, Thai Country Club and Black Mountain Golf Club.
Basketball is also a growing sport in Thailand, especially on the professional sports club level.
The Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 Asean Basketball League Championship.
The Thailand national basketball team had its most successful year at the 1966 Asian Games where it won the silver medal.
Other sports in Thailand are slowly growing as the country develops its sporting infrastructure.
The success in sports like weightlifting and Taekwondo at the last two Summer Olympic Games has demonstrated that boxing is no longer the only medal chance for Thailand.