community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Atomic number
Section: Abstract

Question: What is one determinant of an elements atomic weight?

In chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.
It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z.
The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element.
In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.
The atomic number, "Z", should not be confused with the mass number, "A", which is the number of nucleons, the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
The number of neutrons, "N", is known as the neutron number of the atom; thus, "A" = "Z" + "N" (these quantities are always whole numbers).
Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in unified atomic mass units (making a quantity called the "relative isotopic mass,") is roughly (to within 1%) equal to the whole number "A".
Atoms with the same atomic number "Z" but different neutron numbers "N", and hence different atomic masses, are known as isotopes.
A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight.
Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century.
The conventional symbol "Z" comes from the German word meaning number/numeral/figure, which, prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order is approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights.
Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this "Z" number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word (and its English equivalent "atomic number") come into common use in this context.
Article: Union Station (Washington, D.C.)
Section: Opening and operation

Question: How many people traveled through Washington D.C.'s Union Station each day during World War II?

When the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad announced in 1901 that they planned to build a new union terminal, the city had two reasons to celebrate.
The decision meant that both railroads would soon remove their trackwork and terminals from the National Mall.
Though changes there appeared only gradually, the consolidation of the depots allowed the creation of the Mall as it appears today.
Secondly, the plan to bring all the city's railroads under one roof promised that Washington would finally have a station both large enough to handle large crowds and impressive enough to befit the city's role as the federal capital.
Union Station opened on October 27, 1907, with the arrival of a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passenger train from Pittsburgh.
The terminal quickly became the portal to the Capitol.
At no time was it busier than during World War II, when as many as 200,000 people passed through in a single day.
For most of its existence, Union Station served as a hub, with service of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad, and Southern Railway.
The Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad provided a link to Richmond, Virginia, about to the south, where major north-south lines of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Seaboard Air Line Railroad provided service to the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida.
Article: Udon
Section: Dishes

Question: When do you typically eat uddon noodles?

Like many Japanese noodles, udon noodles are served chilled in the summer and hot in the winter.
Toppings are chosen to reflect the seasons.
Most toppings are added without much cooking, although some are deep-fried.
Many of these dishes may also be prepared with soba.
Article: Australia
Section: States and territories

Question: What kind of government does Australia have?

Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)—and two major mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT).
In most respects these two territories function as states, but the Commonwealth Parliament can override any legislation of their parliaments.
By contrast, federal legislation overrides state legislation only in areas that are set out in Section 51 of the Australian Constitution; state parliaments retain all residual legislative powers, including those over schools, state police, the state judiciary, roads, public transport and local government, since these do not fall under the provisions listed in Section 51.
Each state and major mainland territory has its own parliament—unicameral in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland—and bicameral in the other states.
The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution.
The lower houses are known as the Legislative Assembly (the House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the Legislative Council.
The head of the government in each state is the Premier and in each territory the Chief Minister.
The Queen is represented in each state by a Governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator.
In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.
The federal parliament directly administers the following territories:
 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 Australian Antarctic Territory
 Christmas Island
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 Coral Sea Islands
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales
Norfolk Island is also technically an external territory; however, under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 it has been granted more autonomy and is governed locally by its own legislative assembly.
The Queen is represented by an Administrator.
Article: Counting Stars
Section: Credits and personnel

Question: Who wrote "Counting Stars"?

Recording
Recorded at Black Rock Studio Santorini, Santorini, Greece, and Patriot Studios, Denver, Colorado
Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York
Personnel
Songwriting – Ryan Tedder
Production – Ryan Tedder, Noel Zancanella
Engineering – Smith Carlson
Assistant engineering – Matthew Tryba
Harp – HarpEri
Backing vocals — Bobbie Gordon, Brent Kutzle, Zach Filkins, David McGlohon
Mixing – Joe Zook
Assistant mix engineering – Ryan Lipman
Mastering – Chris Gehringer, Will Quinnell
Article: Cloning
Section: Ethical issues of cloning

Question: What does the ethics of cloning refer to in bioethics?

In bioethics, the ethics of cloning' refers to a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning.
While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well.
Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in livestock production.
Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning in order to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, to avoid the need for immunosuppressive drugs, and to stave off the effects of aging.
Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology.
Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe, that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), and have concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.
Religious groups are divided, with some opposing the technology as usurping God's place and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits.
Cloning of animals is opposed by animal-groups due to the number of cloned animals that suffer from malformations before they die, and while food from cloned animals has been approved by the US FDA, its use is opposed by groups concerned about food safety.
Article: Grey's Anatomy
Section: Merchandise

Question: Who did CafePress collaborate with on their online merchandise?

ABC has partnered with CafePress and Barco Uniforms to provide branded merchandise through an online store.
The products available include shirts, sweatshirts, kitchen-ware, home-ware, and bags, with the "Grey's Anatomy" logo on it.
Also available are custom unisex scrubs and lab coats in a variety of colors and sizes, designed by Barco.
The merchandise released by ABC is available for purchase at the "Grey's Anatomy" official website, and US$1 from every purchase to Barco's Nightingales Foundation.
Five volumes of the "Grey's Anatomy Original Soundtrack" have been released as of 2011.
For the first two seasons, the show's main title theme was an excerpt from "Cosy in the Rocket", by British duo Psapp; it is featured on the first soundtrack album released via ABC's corporate cousin, Hollywood Records, on September 27, 2005.
The second soundtrack, featuring songs from the series' second season, was released on September 12, 2006, followed by a third soundtrack with music from the third season.
Following the seventh season musical episode "Song Beneath the Song", ""Grey's Anatomy": The Music Event" soundtrack was released, with volume four of the soundtrack released subsequently.
In January 2009, Ubisoft announced that it had signed a licensing agreement with ABC Studios to develop a video game based on "Grey's Anatomy".
Designed for the Wii, Nintendo DS, and PC, "" was released on March 10, 2009.
The game allows the player to assume the role of one of the main characters, making decisions for the character's personal and professional life, and competing in a number of minigames.
It has been criticized by reviewers because of the simplicity of the mini-games and voice actors who do not play the same characters on the series, with Jason Ocampo of "IGN" giving it a 6.0 out of 10 overall rating.
ABC and Nielsen partnered in 2011 to create a "Grey Anatomy" application for Apple's iPad.
The application was designed to allow viewers to participate in polls and learn trivial facts as they watch a live episode.
It uses Nielsen's Media-Sync software to listen for the episode and to post features as the episode progresses.
Article: The Big Bang Theory
Section: Howard's mother

Question: Who voiced Howard's never seen mother?

In scenes set at Howard's home in which he interacts with his never-seen mother (voiced by Carol Ann Susi), he always does so via shouting conversations between the rooms in his house, and she similarly interacts with other characters in this manner, though she did appear momentarily in the overhead photo of Howard and Bernadette's wedding and from the side in "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation" episode, though her face was not shown.
She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways, such as being overly controlling of Howard's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble.
She is dependent on Howard, as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning.
Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him, takes him to the dentist, does his laundry and "grounds" him when he returns home after briefly moving out.
Until Howard's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth season finale, Howard's former living situation led Leonard's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology, and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal.
Her tendency to communicate with Howard by shouting between rooms has led Bernadette and Raj to do impressions of her, and Bernadette to attempt to communicate with her in one episode by imitating her style of shouting.
Article: Battle of Midway
Section: Japanese casualties

Question: How many casualties did the four carriers have?

By the time the battle ended, 3,057 Japanese had died.
Casualties aboard the four carriers were:"Akagi": 267; "Kaga": 811; "Hiryu": 392; "Soryu": 711; a total of 2,181.
The heavy cruisers "Mikuma" (sunk; 700 casualties) and "Mogami" (badly damaged; 92) accounted for another 792 deaths.
In addition, the destroyers "Arashio" (bombed; 35) and "Asashio" (strafed by aircraft; 21) were both damaged during the air attacks which sank "Mikuma" and caused further damage to "Mogami".
Floatplanes were lost from the cruisers "Chikuma" (3) and "Tone" (2).
Dead aboard the destroyers "Tanikaze" (11), "Arashi" (1), "Kazagumo" (1) and the fleet oiler "Akebono Maru" (10) made up the remaining 23 casualties.
Article: Austria
Section: Middle Ages

Question: After Emperor Sigismund, who was the next Emperor?

In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria.
In 1438 Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund.
Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.
The Habsburgs began also to accumulate lands far from the hereditary lands.
In 1477 Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family.
His son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, and thus acquired Spain and its Italian, African and New World appendages for the Habsburgs.
In 1526 following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule.
Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the so-called Long War of 1593 to 1606.
The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly twenty times; burning, pillaging, and taking thousands ofslaves.
Article: Sushi
Section: Nigirizushi

Question: At which restaurant was 'Gunkan-maki' created?

"Nigirizushi" (, "hand-pressed sushi") consists of an oblong mound of "sushi rice" that the chef presses into a small rectangular box between the palms of the hands, usually with a bit of "wasabi", and a topping (the "neta") draped over it.
"Neta" are typically fish such as salmon, tuna or other seafood.
Certain toppings are typically bound to the rice with a thin strip of "nori", most commonly octopus ("tako"), freshwater eel ("unagi"), sea eel ("anago"), squid ("ika"), and sweet egg ("tamago").
"Gunkanmaki" (, "warship roll") is a special type of "nigirizushi": an oval, hand-formed clump of sushi rice that has a strip of "nori" wrapped around its perimeter to form a vessel that is filled with some soft, loose or fine-chopped ingredient that requires the confinement of "nori" such as roe, "nattō", oysters, "uni" (sea urchin roe), corn with mayonnaise, scallops, and quail eggs.
"Gunkan-maki" was invented at the "Ginza Kyubey" restaurant in 1941; its invention significantly expanded the repertoire of soft toppings used in sushi.
"Temarizushi" (, "ball sushi") is a ball-shaped sushi made by pressing rice and fish into a ball-shaped form by hand using a plastic wrap.
Article: Global warming
Section: Solar activity

Question: What causes the depletion of the ozone layer?

Since 1978, output from the Sun has been precisely measured by satellites.
These measurements indicate that the Sun's output has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be attributed to an increase in solar energy reaching the Earth.
Climate models have been used to examine the role of the sun in recent climate change.
Models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in solar output and volcanic activity.
Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.
Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.
Models and observations show that greenhouse warming results in warming of the lower atmosphere (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).
Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants has also resulted in a strong cooling effect in the stratosphere.
If the sun were responsible for observed warming, warming of both the troposphere and stratosphere would be expected.
Article: The Holocaust
Section: Involvement of other countries and nationals

Question: Was response to the Holocaust international?

 Bermuda Conference
 Évian Conference
 International response to the Holocaust
 Patria disaster
 Struma disaster
 Voyage of the Damned
Article: Grand Canyon
Section: Grand Canyon tourism

Question: How many visitors are there to the Grand Canyon National Park each year?

 tourism.
Grand Canyon National Park is one of the world’s premier natural attractions, attracting about five million visitors per year.
Overall, 83% were from the United States: California (12.2%), Arizona (8.9%), Texas (4.8%), Florida (3.4%) and New York (3.2%) represented the top domestic visitors.
Seventeen percent of visitors were from outside the United States; the most prominently represented nations were the United Kingdom (3.8%), Canada (3.5%), Japan (2.1%), Germany (1.9%) and The Netherlands (1.2%).
The South Rim is open all year round weather permitting.
The North Rim is generally open mid-May to mid-October.
Article: Central Park
Section: Geology

Question: What fault zone extends across Central Park?

There are four different types of bedrock in Manhattan.
In Central Park, Manhattan schist and Hartland schist, which are both metamorphosed sedimentary rock, are exposed in various outcroppings.
The other two types, Fordham gneiss (an older deeper layer) and Inwood marble (metamorphosed limestone which overlays the gneiss), do not surface in the park.
Fordham gneiss, which consists of metamorphosed igneous rocks, was formed a billion years ago, during what is known as the Grenville orogeny that occurred during the creation of an ancient super-continent.
It is the oldest rock in the Canadian Shield, the most ancient part of the North American tectonic plate.
Manhattan schist and Hartland schist were formed in the Iapetus Ocean during the Taconic orogeny in the Paleozoic era, about 450 million years ago.
During this period the tectonic plates began to move toward each other, which resulted in the creation of the supercontinent, Pangaea.
Cameron's Line is a fault zone that traverses Central Park on an east-west axis.
Various glaciers have covered the area of Central Park in the past, with the most recent being the Wisconsin glacier which receded about 12,000 years ago.
Evidence of past glaciers are visible throughout the park in the form of "glacial erratics" (large boulders dropped by the receding glacier) and north-south glacial striations visible on stone outcroppings.
Article: Switzerland
Section: Urbanization

Question: In how many years has Switzerland become largely urban rather than largely rural>

Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas.
Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years.
Since 1935 urban development has claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the previous 2,000 years.
This urban sprawl does not only affect the plateau but also the Jura and the Alpine foothills and there are growing concerns about land use.
However from the beginning of the 21st century, the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.
Switzerland has a dense network of cities, where large, medium and small cities are complementary.
The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of man's presence.
The weight of the largest metropolitan areas, which are Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern tend to increase.
In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests.
In addition the two main centers of Zürich and Geneva are recognized for their particularly great quality of life.
Article: Nigeria
Section: Civil war (1967-1970)

Question: How many people died in the Nigerian Civil War?

Civil war (1967-1970).
The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led in 1966 to several back-to-back military coups.
The first was in January and led by a collection of young leftists under Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu.
It was partially successful; the coup plotters murdered Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region.
Despite this, they could not set up a central government.
President Nwafor Orizu was then pressured to hand over government to the Nigeria Army, under the command of General JTU Aguyi-Ironsi.
The coup was counter-acted by another successful plot, supported primarily by Northern military officers and Northerners who favoured the NPC, it was engineered by Northern officers, which allowed Lt Colonel Yakubu Gowon to become head of state.
This sequence of events led to an increase in ethnic tension and violence.
The Northern coup, motivated by ethnic and religious reasons, resulted in the deaths of many military officers and civilians, especially those of Igbo descent.
The violence against the Igbo increased their desire for autonomy.
By May 1967, the Eastern Region voted to declare independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt Colonel Emeka Ojukwu.
The Nigerian Civil War began as the Nigerian (Western and Northern) side attacked Biafra (South-eastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem.
The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970.
Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war .
France, Egypt, Soviet Union, Britain and others were deeply involved in the civil war behind the scenes.
Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government while France and others helped the Biafrans.
Nigeria also used Egyptian pilots for their air force.