community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Chemistry
Section: Bonding

Question: What rule do atoms that tend to combine in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell follow?

Atoms sticking together in molecules or crystals are said to be bonded with one another.
A chemical bond may be visualized as the multipole balance between the positive charges in the nuclei and the negative charges oscillating about them.
More than simple attraction and repulsion, the energies and distributions characterize the availability of an electron to bond to another atom.
A chemical bond can be a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond or just because of Van der Waals force.
Each of these kinds of bonds is ascribed to some potential.
These potentials create the interactions which hold atoms together in molecules or crystals.
In many simple compounds, Valence Bond Theory, the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model (VSEPR), and the concept of oxidation number can be used to explain molecular structure and composition.
An ionic bond is formed when a metal loses one or more of its electrons, becoming a positively charged cation, and the electrons are then gained by the non-metal atom, becoming a negatively charged anion.
The two oppositely charged ions attract one another, and the ionic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between them.
For example, sodium (Na), a metal, loses one electron to become an Na+ cation while chlorine (Cl), a non-metal, gains this electron to become Cl-.
The ions are held together due to electrostatic attraction, and that compound sodium chloride (NaCl), or common table salt, is formed.
In a covalent bond, one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two atoms: the resulting electrically neutral group of bonded atoms is termed a molecule.
Atoms will share valence electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas electron configuration (eight electrons in their outermost shell) for each atom.
Atoms that tend to combine in such a way that they each have eight electrons in their valence shell are said to follow the octet rule.
However, some elements like hydrogen and lithium need only two electrons in their outermost shell to attain this stable configuration; these atoms are said to follow the "duet rule", and in this way they are reaching the electron configuration of the noble gas helium, which has two electrons in its outer shell.
Similarly, theories from classical physics can be used to predict many ionic structures.
With more complicated compounds, such as metal complexes, valence bond theory is less applicable and alternative approaches, such as the molecular orbital theory, are generally used.
See diagram on electronic orbitals.
Article: Universal Studios Hollywood
Section: Attraction history

Question: When was Transformers: The Ride released?

In 1965, The War Lord Tower opened as one of the first attractions in the theme park.
This was followed by the opening of the Animal Actors School Stage in 1970.
In 1974, the Rockslide staged event was added to the Studio Tour.
The following year The Land of a Thousand Faces opened on the Upper Lot.
In 1979, The Battle of Galactica replaced Rockslide as a staged event on the Studio Tour.
The Flintstones Show opened, replacing the Star Trek Adventure.
In 1996, opened.
In 1997, two shows were replaced: The Land Before Time show replaced Rocky and Bullwinkle Live; and Totally Nickelodeon replaced The Flintstones Show.
Just one year after it opened, The Land Before Time show was replaced with Coke Soak.
In 1999, T2 3-D: Battle Across Time and a Chicken Run Walkthrough opened on the upper lot.
Additionally, Beetlejuice's Rock and Roll Graveyard Revue was closed.
In 2000, the Rugrats Magic Adventure replaced Totally Nickelodeon.
In 2001, the Nickelodeon Blast Zone opened.
Also in 2001, Animal Planet Live replaced the Animal Actors School Stage.
In 2 replaced The Mummy Returns: Chamber of Doom.
The following year, Fear Factor Live replaced Spider-Man Rocks.
In 2007, Universal's House of Horrors opened, replacing Van Helsing: Fortress Dracula.
Both Lucy: A Tribute and Back to the Future: The Ride were closed, prior to being replaced in 2008 by The Simpsons Ride and The Universal Story Museum respectively.
Also in 2008, the Nickelodeon Blast Zone was rebranded to The Adventures of Curious George.
In 2009, Creature from the Black Lagoon: The Musical replaced Fear Factor Live in the Upper Lot.
In 2010, the Special Effects Stages and Backdraft attractions were closed to make way for Transformers: The Ride which was announced in 2008 (Special Effects Stages was moved to the former Creature From The Black Lagoon building and reopened as Special Effects Stage).
King Kong 360 3-D also opened.
On May 24, 2012, Transformers: The Ride opened on the Lower Lot.
On December 31, 2012, Universal Studios Hollywood closed for , the attraction at Universal Studios Florida, set to come in the April of 2014.
Universal Studios Hollywood has plans to open The Wizarding World of Harry Potter which will feature the Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride sometime in 2015-2016.
Article: Arepa
Section: Similar dishes

Question: In Colombia, what is the "arepuela" similar to?

In Colombia, the "arepuela" is similar to the traditional "arepa".
It is made with wheat flour and sometimes anise, and when fried, the layers expand and the "arepuela" inflates, similar to miniature tortillas or pancakes.
This is very common in the interior of Colombia.
In the north, "bollos" are popular for breakfast and made with the same dough as an "arepa", but boiled rather than fried, giving them a texture similar to matzo balls or Czech bread dumplings.
In Costa Rica, "Arepas" can be made from batter, and may be similar to pancakes.
There are at least two sorts, the "pancake" "arepa", which is made with baking powder, and the "big flat" "arepa", which is made without baking powder.
These big flat "arepas" are, in size, not unlike the big tortillas one finds in Guanacaste (northern Costa Rica), (i.e.
some twelve inches in diameter) and are made of white flour and are sugary.
Once perfectly cooked, they should resemble a "giraffe skin", or a "jaguar skin" (i.e., white/yellowish with brown spots).
In Mexico, Gorditas are a similar fried dish, but are different from tortillas.
In Puerto Rico, "arepas" are made with maize meal, coconut milk, lard, butter, flour, and baking powder.
Preparation and cooking varies according to city and family tradition.
In El Salvador, Pupusas are similar flat cakes, but the most important difference is the traditional dough is made from nixtamal.
It is also filled before it is cooked, usually some pork, white cheese or black beans.
Other stypes of "pupusas" are now made from rice dough, particularly in the town called Olocuilta in the department of La Paz.
There are also some newer versions of the dish based on plantain dough.
Article: Chernobyl disaster
Section: Debris removal

Question: What was dropped from helicopters after Chernobyl?

The worst of the radioactive debris was collected inside what was left of the reactor, much of it shoveled in by liquidators wearing heavy protective gear (dubbed "bio-robots" by the military); these workers could only spend a maximum of 40 seconds at a time working on the rooftops of the surrounding buildings because of the extremely high doses of radiation given off by the blocks of graphite and other debris.
The reactor itself was covered with bags of sand, lead and boric acid dropped from helicopters: some 5,000 metric tons of material were dropped during the week that followed the accident.
At the time there was still fear that the reactor could re-enter a self-sustaining nuclear chain-reaction and explode again, and a new containment structure was planned to prevent rain entering and triggering such an explosion, and to prevent further release of radioactive material.
This was the largest civil engineering task in history, involving a quarter of a million construction workers who all reached their official lifetime limits of radiation.
By December 1986, a large concrete sarcophagus had been erected to seal off the reactor and its contents.
A unique "clean up" medal was given to the workers.
Many of the vehicles used by the "liquidators" remain parked in a field in the Chernobyl area.
During the construction of the sarcophagus, a scientific team re-entered the reactor as part of an investigation dubbed "Complex Expedition", to locate and contain nuclear fuel in a way that could not lead to another explosion.
These scientists manually collected cold fuel rods, but great heat was still emanating from the core.
Rates of radiation in different parts of the building were monitored by drilling holes into the reactor and inserting long metal detector tubes.
The scientists were exposed to high levels of radiation and radioactive dust.
After six months of investigation, in December 1986, they discovered with the help of a remote camera an intensely radioactive mass in the basement of Unit Four, more than two metres wide and weighing hundreds of tons, which they called "the elephant's foot" for its wrinkled appearance.
The mass was composed of sand, glass and a large amount of nuclear fuel that had escaped from the reactor.
The concrete beneath the reactor was steaming hot, and was breached by solidified lava and spectacular unknown crystalline forms termed chernobylite.
It was concluded that there was no further risk of explosion.
Article: Universal Studios Florida
Section: Grad Bash and Gradventure

Question: What is Grad Bash?

"Grad Bash" and "Gradventure" are two separate events held in April and May at the park.
Grad Bash is an event for graduating high school senior classes who can gather for an exclusive, all-night party at the Universal Orlando Resort featuring all of the best park attractions, live performances by some of the most popular musicians, dance parties with DJs, and pre-parties live at The Universal Music Plaza Stage in the Production Central area.
After Disney's retirement of Grad Nite, Grad Bash will be held for five nights in 2012.
Gradventure is similar, but is designed for junior high/middle school graduating students.
Article: Drive By (song)
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the name of the sixth studio album of the band American roots rock band?

Drive By (song)"Drive By" is a song by American roots rock band, Train, from their sixth studio album, "California 37".
It was released in the United States as the album's lead single on January 10, 2012.
The song was written by lead singer Patrick Monahan and Norwegian songwriting duo Espen Lind, Amund Bjørklund, the same team responsible for Train's 2009 hit single "Hey, Soul Sister".
"Drive By" peaked at number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming the band's third top 10 hit in the US.
It was awarded a double platinum certification by the RIAA on July 23, 2012, for more than 2 million sales in the US.
Internationally, the song became a top ten hit in 13 countries.
Train performed the song on television series "90210" in the episode "Blood Is Thicker Than Mud", which aired on March 13, 2012.
Train also performed a parody entitled "Five By" with Elmo and Count von Count for an episode of "Sesame Street".
Article: Turkey
Section: Geography

Question: who is a transcontinental Eurasian country.

Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country.
Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles.
European Turkey comprises 3% of the country.
The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.
It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E. Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe.
Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area.
The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south.
Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.
The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria.
The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south.
Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 ft), and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country.
Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean.
The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt.
This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area.
As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions.
The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea.
There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, along which a major earthquake occurred in 1999.
Article: The Bachelor (U.S. TV series)
Section: Questions of authenticity

Question: Is the show scripted?

On February 26, 2009, in an exclusive interview between "The Bachelor" Season 13 contestant Megan Parris, and Steve Carbone, Megan commented that the producers edit the footage to create a fictional storyline.
"I don't think producers showed any real conversation I had with anyone...
The viewers fail to realize that editing is what makes the show... You'll hear someone make one comment and then they'll show a clip of somebody's face to make it look like "that" is their facial reaction to that statement, but really, somebody made that face the day before to something else.
It's just piecing things together to make a story.
"On March 26, 2009, Megan Parris argued that not only was the show scripted, but that producers bullied contestants into saying things to the camera that contestants did not want to say.
"'There's nothing real about it,' she said of the show's trademark "confessionals," in which contestants talk to the camera about the latest goings-on.
"It is scripted," she said.
"They basically will call you names, berate you, curse at you until they get you to say what they want you to say."
Both ABC and Warner Bros., the studio that produces "The Bachelor," had no comment.
"On March 15, 2010, creator Mike Fleiss appeared on "20/20" and said that he develops contestants into characters that will cater to his audience's tastes and that they "need fair share of villains every season."
Fleiss has come under fire for admitting that "The Bachelor" has less to do with reality than it does making good television.
On February 24, 2012, during the taping of "The Women Tell All" episode of "The Bachelor," a private conversation between contestant Courtney Robertson and a show producer went public when microphones were accidentally left on in between camera takes.
The conversation revealed the producer's role as a coach encouraging Robertson to fake certain emotions for the camera which she was not feeling.
Article: Hersheypark
Section: Regional competition

Question: Where is DelGrosso's Amusement Park located?

Regional competition includes:
DelGrosso's Amusement Park, located in Tipton, Pennsylvania
Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, located near Allentown, Pennsylvania
Kennywood Park, located near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Knoebels Amusement Resort, located in Elysburg, Pennsylvania
Six Flags America, located near Baltimore, Maryland
Six Flags Great Adventure, located in Jackson, New Jersey
Dutch Wonderland, located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Sesame Place, located in Langhorne, Pennsylvania
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Stonehenge 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC)

Question: During which phase were the bluestones rearranged?

 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC).
This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones.
They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring.
Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales.
All the stones formed well-spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III.
The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically.
Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work, Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors, as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well-founded and began to fall over.
However, only minor changes were made after this phase.
Article: Diving
Section: Entry

Question: Why is it impossible to achieve a completely vertical, stiff position through entry when diving?

The rules state that the body should be vertical, or nearly so, for entry.
Strictly speaking, it is physically impossible to achieve a literally vertical position throughout the entry as there will inevitably still be some rotational momentum while the body is entering the water.
Divers therefore attempt to create the illusion of being vertical, especially when performing rapidly rotating multiple somersault movements.
One technique is to allow the upper body to enter slightly short of vertical so that the continuing rotation leaves the final impression of the legs entering vertically.
Another is to use "entry save" movements of scooping the upper body underwater in the direction of rotation so as to counteract the rotation of the legs.
The arms must be beside the body for feet-first dives, which are typically competed only on the 1m springboard and only at fairly low levels of competition, and extended forwards in line for "head-first" dives, which are much more common competitively.
It used to be common for the hands to be interlocked with the fingers extended towards the water, but a different technique has become favoured during the last few decades.
Now the usual practice is for one hand to grasp the other with palms down to strike the water with a flat surface.
This creates a vacuum between the hands, arms and head which, with a vertical entry, will pull down and under any splash until deep enough to have minimal effect on the surface of the water (the so-called "rip entry").
Once a diver is completely under the water they may choose to roll or scoop in the same direction their dive was rotating to pull their legs into a more vertical position.
Article: Handball
Section: International body

Question: When is the IHF Womens World Championship?

The International Handball Federation (IHF) is the administrative and controlling body for international handball.
The federation organizes world championships, held in uneven years, with separate competitions for men and women.
The IHF World Men's Handball Championship 2009 and 2011 title holders were France; the 2013 title holders are Spain.
The IHF World Women's Handball Championship 2009 title holders were Russia; the IHF 2011 Women’s World Championship title holders are Norway.
The IHF 2013 Women’s World Championship will be hosted in Serbia, December 6–22.
The IHF is composed of five continental federations which organize continental championships held every other second year.
In addition to these competitions between national teams, the federations arrange international tournaments between club teams.
The federations and their corresponding tournaments and members are summarize in the following table:Handball is an Olympic sport played during the Summer Olympics.
It is also played during the Pan American Games, All-Africa Games, and Asian Games.
It is also played on Mediterranean games.
Article: I Won't Give Up
Section: Critical reception

Question: What did Loh Chuan Junn write of the musical piece?

The song received generally favorable reviews.
David Greenwald of MTV wrote, "The fresh track's wispy acoustic guitars and patient melody remind us of Irish crooner Damien Rice's 'Delicate,' though when Mraz soars into the chorus, it's with his own signature full-blast hook."
Loh Chuan Junn of MSN Music wrote that "The string-drenched, acoustic-guitar-based sound makes for easy listening, and gets into the listener's head after just the first listen.
With such an honest revelation of emotions in his lyrics, it's hard to imagine the tune does not stir hearts."
According to Katherine St Asaph of PopDust, the song was probably the closest to his and Colbie Caillat collaboration “Lucky.” She added that it was "a gentle acoustic ballad with a hint of speak-singing a ways in but otherwise straightforward and straight-faced soft-rocks its way through sentiments like “when I look into your eyes, it’s like watching the night sky or a beautiful sunrise–there’s just so much they hold”–still earnest, but joke-free."
Amy Dawson of Metro UK called it "a delicate, countrified guitar ballad that drives into a power-chorus singalong conclusion."
Colin McGuire of PopMatters was mixed in his review, writing that "'I Won’t Give Up', for instance, is acoustic guitar-laden folky pop that falls at least a little bit flat with its predictably bland approach.
While the song’s hook proves itself memorable enough, the track never graduates into anything other than the ballad-like tediousness the singer has a tendency to revert into."
Article: Coffee
Section: Health benefits

Question: What evidence supports the strength of the effect of antioxidants in roasted coffee?

According to Cancer Research UK, the results of the large-scale study published in 2012 clarified the evidence of the effect of coffee drinking on cancer, and that evidence beforehand had been conflicting.
They say the study showed that drinking coffee "had no effect on the risk of dying from cancer.
"Other studies suggest coffee consumption reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and gout.
The fact that decaffeinated coffee also exhibits preventative effects against diseases such as prostate cancer and type 2 diabetes suggests that coffee's health benefits are not solely a product of its caffeine content.
Specifically, the antidiabetic effect of caffeine has been attributed to caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid.
The presence of antioxidants in coffee has been shown to prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.
Evidence suggests that roasted coffee has a stronger antioxidant effect than green coffee.
Coffee is no longer thought to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate of heart failure, with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day.
Moreover, habitual coffee consumption is associated with improved vascular function.
In a ten year study among 50,739 US women (mean age, 63 years) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (in 1996), coffee consumption was negatively correlated with risk of developing depression.
A review published in 2004 indicated a negative correlation between suicide rates and coffee consumption.
It was suggested that the action of caffeine in blocking the inhibitory effects of adenosine on dopamine nerves in the brain reduced feelings of depression.
Coffee consumption is also associated with improved endothelial function.
Coffee extracts have been shown to inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, enzyme which converts cortisone to cortisol and is a current pharmaceutical target for the treatment of diabetes type 2 and the metabolic syndrome.