community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: What Makes You Beautiful
Section: Background and release

Question: Who is responsible for mixing the audio?

After being formed and finishing third in the seventh series of "The X Factor" in 2010, One Direction were signed to Syco Music, a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment.
"What Makes You Beautiful" was written by Rami Yacoub, Carl Falk and Savan Kotecha, and was produced by Yacoub and Falk.
Instrumentation was completed by Falk and Yacoub.
Serban Ghenea handled the audio mixing, Tom Coyne the audio mastering, and John Hanes the mix engineering, for which Phil Seaford served as the assistant.
After recording the song at Cosmos Studios and Kinglet Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, the band felt relieved to have a song that they were happy to release as their debut single.
Band member Liam Payne called the song "perfect", and Harry Styles said, "When we were recording in the studio we knew instantly that we wanted this track to be our first single."
Styles spoke to MTV News, "I think for us we wanted to release something that wasn't cheesy but it was fun.
It kind of represented us, I think it took us a while to find it but I think we found the right song."
Payne added, "We always wanted single to be something that people didn't expect and then when we heard it, it wasn't what we expected either so it kind of fitted perfectly."
"What Makes You Beautiful" premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 10 August 2011, and was released by Syco Music in Europe, Australia and New Zealand via digital download on 11 September 2011.
A CD single was released in the United Kingdom on 12 September 2011, and followed in Australia and Germany on 25 November 2011 and 2 December 2011, respectively.
For the North American release of "Up All Night" on 13 March 2012, Columbia Records executives used social media to shape its marketing campaign.
Columbia Records co-chairman Steve Barnett and his team decided to reverse the usual pattern of releasing a single on radio.
Instead the label mounted a four-month marketing campaign aimed at building a fan base through social media before a single was ever released or played on the radio.
The social media campaign asked fans to sign petitions and to enter video competitions to win a concert in their town.
The campaign was a success as One Direction's Facebook followers in the United States rose from 40,000 to 400,000.
As a result, "What Makes You Beautiful" sold more than 131,000 copies in its first week, even though it had yet to be played on the radio.
Radio programmers were flooded with calls from fans.
Johnny Wright, who managed New Kids on the Block, Backstreet Boys and 'N Sync, said: "Now they are calling the radio station, and the radio station is scratching its head, saying, "We don't even have that record yet".
It's almost like the return of The Beatles.
I call it hype, but it's positive hype because it's all real.
It's not manufactured.
No one paid these kids."
The single was released in Canada via digital download on 31 January 2012.
"What Makes You Beautiful" was released 14 February 2012 in the United States and was sent by Columbia Records to US contemporary hit radio (CHR) playlists on 28 February 2012.
Article: Fruit
Section: Safety

Question: What do you do with produce when it touches raw meat?

For food safety, the CDC recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of food contamination and foodborne illness.
Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected.
At the store, they should not be damaged or bruised and pre-cut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice.
All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating.
This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten.
It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage.
Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as utensils that have come in contact with raw foods.
Fruits and vegetables, if they are not going to be cooked, should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood or eggs.
All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours.
After a certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness.
Article: Lights (musician)
Section: 2006–07: Musical beginnings

Question: Who is Lights' manager?

Music career.2006–07: Musical beginnings.
Lights was signed at the age of 15.
In high school, Lights played guitar and sang in the metal band Shovel Face.
Lights started her career being a writer for Sony/ATV Music Publishing.
Lights was among the songwriters who composed music for the television series "Instant Star".
She and Luke McMaster are credited with composing "Perfect," sung in the role of Jude Harrison on the show by Alexz Johnson.
In late 2006, she worked with Canadian photographer Marc Lostracco to film her very first music video, "February Air," for a Sony promotion.
However, Sony never confirmed with the deal, and it never happened.
In 2007, she was discovered by Jian Ghomeshi.
He is still her manager.
Article: Michelangelo
Section: Figure compositions

Question: What was depicted in Florentine art?

Michelangelo's relief of the "Battle of the Centaurs", created while he was still a youth associated with the Medici Academy, is an unusually complex relief in that it shows a great number of figures involved in a vigorous struggle.
Such a complex disarray of figures was rare in Florentine art, where it would usually only be found in images showing either the Massacre of the Innocents or the Torments of Hell.
The relief treatment, in which some of the figures are boldly projecting, may indicate Michelangelo's familiarity with Roman sarcophagus reliefs from the collection of Lorenzo Medici, and similar marble panels created by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano, and with the figurative compositions on Ghiberti's Baptistry Doors.
The composition of the "Battle of Cascina", is known in its entirety only from copies, as the original cartoon, according to Vasari, was so admired that it deteriorated and was eventually in pieces.
It reflects the earlier relief in the energy and diversity of the figures, with many different postures, and many being viewed from the back, as they turn toward the approaching enemy and prepare for battle.
In "The Last Judgement" it is said that Michelangelo drew inspiration from a fresco by Melozzo da Forli in the Church of the Holy Apostles, Rome.
While the work is very different in character to Michelangelo's, Melozzo had depicting figures from different angles, as if they were floating in the Heaven and seen from below.
Melozzo's majestic figure of Christ, with windblown cloak, demonstrates a degree of foreshortening of the figure that had also been employed by Andrea Mantegna, but was not usual in the frescos of Florentine painters.
In "The Last Judgement" Michelangelo had the opportunity to depict, on an unprecedented scale, figures in the action of either rising heavenward or falling and being dragged down.
In the two frescos of the Pauline Chapel, the "Crucifixion of Peter" and the "Conversion of Paul", Michelangelo has used the various groups of figures to convey a complex narrative.
In the "Crucifixion of Peter" soldiers busy themselves about their assigned duty of digging a post hole and raising the cross while various people look on and discuss the events.
A group of horrified women cluster in the foreground, while another group of Christians is led by a tall man to witness the events.
In the right foreground, Michelangelo walks out of the painting with an expression of disillusionment.
Article: I Want to Hold Your Hand
Section: Parodies and sampling

Question: Beatallica is a parody of what band besides the Beatles?

 Neil Innes' The Rutles also pastiched the song as "Hold My Hand" in 1978.
 For the 2006 album "Love", George Martin and his son, Giles, melded the original studio recording with a live performance at the Hollywood Bowl, complete with screaming hordes of teenage girls.
 Beatallica, a parody of both the Beatles and Metallica, recorded a parody titled "I Want To Choke Your Band".
 In Disneyland's original "Star Tours" attraction, a maintenance droid listens to a song called "I Want to Weld Your Hand.
"
Article: Curling
Section: Curling culture

Question: what is the highest level of mixed curling not including the world chamionships or olympics

 culture.
Competition teams are normally named after the skip, for example, Team Martin after skip Kevin Martin.
Amateur league players can (and do) creatively name their teams, but when in competition (a bonspiel) the official team will have a standard name.
Top curling championships are typically played by all-male or all-female teams.
The game is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women.
The Canadian Mixed Curling Championship is the highest-level mixed curling competition, in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events.
Curling tournaments may use the Schenkel system for determining the participants in matches.
Curling is played in many countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom (especially Scotland), the United States, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland and Japan, all of which compete in the world championships.
Curling is particularly popular in Canada.
Improvements in ice making and changes in the rules to increase scoring and promote complex strategy have increased the already high popularity of the sport in Canada, and large television audiences watch annual curling telecasts, especially the Scotties Tournament of Hearts (the national championship for women), the Tim Hortons Brier (the national championship for men), and the women's and men's world championships.
Despite the Canadian province of Manitoba's small population (ranked 5th of 10 Canadian provinces), Manitoban teams have won the Brier more times than teams from any other province.
The Tournament of Hearts and the Brier are contested by provincial and territorial champions, and the world championships by national champions.
Curling is the provincial sport of Saskatchewan.
From there Ernie Richardson and his family team dominated Canadian and international curling during the late 1950s and early 1960s and have been considered to be the best male curlers of all time.
Sandra Schmirler led her team to the first ever gold medal in women's curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics.
When she died two years later from cancer, over 15,000 people attended her funeral, and it was broadcast on national television.
Article: Wake in Fright
Section: Production

Question: Who attempted to raise funding the film?

A film version of "Wake in Fright", based on the 1961 novel by Kenneth Cook, was linked with the actor Dirk Bogarde and the director Joseph Losey as early as 1963.
Morris West later secured the film rights and tried, unsuccessfully, to raise funding for the film's production.
The rights were eventually bought by NLT and Group W. and Canadian director Ted Kotcheff was recruited to direct the film.
At the time of production, Kotcheff had directed two films, "Tiara Tahiti" (1962) and "Two Men Sharing" (1969).
After "Wake in Fright", Kotcheff would continue to have a successful career as a director.
His later films included "The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz" (1973), "Fun with Dick and Jane" (1977), "First Blood" (1982) and "Weekend at Bernie's" (1988).
The shooting of "Wake in Fright" began in Australia in January 1970 at Broken Hill, New South Wales (the area which had inspired Cook for the setting of his novel), with interiors shot the next month at Ajax Studios in the Sydney beach-side suburb of Bondi.
It was the last film to feature the veteran character actor Chips Rafferty, who died of a heart attack prior to "Wake in Fright"s release, and the first film with Jack Thompson, the future Australian cinema star, among its cast members.
Coincidentally, Rafferty (real name John William Pilbean Goffage) had been born in Broken Hill, the film's stand-in for "The Yabba", in 1909.
Article: Computer science
Section: The great insights of computer science

Question: What was Alan Turing's contribution to the field of computer science?

The philosopher of computing Bill Rapaport noted three "Great Insights of Computer Science" 
 Leibniz's, Boole's, Alan Turing's, Shannon's, & Morse's insight: There are only 2 objects that a computer has to deal with in order to represent "anything"
All the information about any computable problem can be represented using only 0 & 1 (or any other bistable pair that can flip-flop between two easily distinguishable states,such as "on"/"off", "magnetized/de-magnetized", "high-voltage/low-voltage", etc.
).
 Alan Turing's insight: There are only 5 actions that a computer has to perform in order to do "anything"
 Every algorithm can be expressed in a language for a computer consisting of only 5 basic instructions:
: * move left one location
: * move right one location
: * read symbol at current location
: * print 0 at current location
: * print 1 at current location
 Boehm and Jacopini's insight: There are only 3 ways of combining these actions (into more complex ones) that are needed in order for a computer to do "anything"
Only 3 rules are needed to combine any set of basic instructions into more complex ones:
 sequence:
: first do this; then do that
 selection :
: IF such-&-such is the case, 
: THEN do this 
: ELSE do that
 repetition:
: WHILE such & such is the case DO this
Note that the 3 rules of Boehm's and Jacopini's insight can be further simplified with the use of goto (which means it's more elementary than structured programming.)
Article: Claude Monet
Section: First "Impressionist" exhibition

Question: When did Monet have his first exhibition to show his artwork?

Monet and Impressionism.
First "Impressionist" exhibition.
From the late 1860s, Monet and other like-minded artists met with rejection from the conservative Académie des Beaux-Arts which held its annual exhibition at the Salon de Paris.
During the latter part of 1873, Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Alfred Sisley organized the Société anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs (Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers) to exhibit their artworks independently.
At their first exhibition, held in April 1874, Monet exhibited the work that was to give the group its lasting name.
"Impression, Sunrise" was painted in 1872, depicting a Le Havre port landscape.
From the painting's title the art critic Louis Leroy, in his review, "L'Exposition des Impressionnistes," which appeared in Le Charivari, coined the term "Impressionism".
It was intended as disparagement but the Impressionists appropriated the term for themselves.
Article: The Starry Night
Section: Genesis

Question: Who did Van Gogh write in 1888 expressing his desire to paint the night sky?

In a letter written to Émile Bernard in April 1888, Van Gogh expressed his desire to paint the night sky, and questioned whether he could achieve his intention by painting from nature as the Impressionists did:In September 1888, before his December breakdown that resulted in his hospitalisation in Arles, he painted "Starry Night Over the Rhone".
Working by night under a gas lamp, Van Gogh painted this work directly from nature.
"It does me good to do what's difficult, "Van Gogh wrote, "That doesn’t stop me having a tremendous need for, shall I say the word—for religion—so I go outside at night to paint the stars.
"In May 1889, Van Gogh decided to enter the asylum at Saint-Rémy, where he stayed for the next year.
His time there was very productive, although interrupted by incapacitating nervous attacks.
Inspired by the landscape surrounding the asylum, he painted "Starry Night" in June 1889.
Unlike the earlier "Starry Night Over the Rhone", the new night scene was painted in daylight, from memory.
In mid-September 1889, following a heavy crisis which lasted from mid-July to the last days of August, he thought to include "Starry Night" in the next batch of works to be sent to his brother, Theo, in Paris.
In order to reduce the shipping costs, he withheld three of the studies, including "Starry Night".
These three went to Paris with the shipment that followed.
When Theo did not immediately report its arrival, Vincent inquired again and finally received Theo's commentary on his recent work.
Article: Baseball
Section: Batting and baserunning tactics

Question: Why might a batter make a sacrifice bunt?

Several basic offensive tactics come into play with a runner on first base, including the fundamental choice of whether to attempt a steal of second base.
The hit and run is sometimes employed with a skillful contact hitter: the runner takes off with the pitch drawing the shortstop or second baseman over to second base, creating a gap in the infield for the batter to poke the ball through.
The sacrifice bunt calls for the batter to focus on making contact with the ball so that it rolls a short distance into the infield, allowing the runner to advance into scoring position even at the expense of the batter being thrown out at first—a batter who succeeds is credited with a sacrifice.
(A batter, particularly one who is a fast runner, may also attempt to bunt for a hit.)
A sacrifice bunt employed with a runner on third base, aimed at bringing that runner home, is known as a squeeze play.
With a runner on third and fewer than two outs, a batter may instead concentrate on hitting a fly ball that, even if it is caught, will be deep enough to allow the runner to tag up and score—a successful batter in this case gets credit for a sacrifice fly.
The manager will sometimes signal a batter who is ahead in the count (i.e., has more balls than strikes) to take, or not swing at, the next pitch.
Article: Free Bird
Section: Cover versions

Question: What Will to Power track made the Billboard Hot 100 in 1988?

The American dance-pop group Will to Power created a medley of this song and the 1976 Peter Frampton song "Baby, I Love Your Way" in 1988.
Titled "Baby, I Love Your Way/Freebird Medley", it spent one week at No.
1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart.
It was also covered by Wynonna Judd on the 1994 tribute album "Skynyrd Frynds".
The song was also covered by Bronx Casket Co. on their 2005 album "Hellectric" in Goth style.
American Jam band Phish often performs an A cappella version of the song live.
Article: Operation Barbarossa
Section: Nazi Germany policy towards the Soviet Union

Question: What did the Nazis do to the Russians and other Slavics?

German intentions.
Nazi Germany policy towards the Soviet Union.
As early as 1925, Hitler suggested in "Mein Kampf" that he would invade the Soviet Union, asserting that the German people needed "Lebensraum" ("living space", i.e., land and raw materials) and that these should be sought in the East.
Nazism viewed the Soviet Union (and all of Eastern Europe) as populated by ""Untermensch"" Slavs, ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" masters.
"Mein Kampf" said Germany's destiny was to turn "to the East" as it did "six hundred years ago" and "the end of the Jewish domination in Russia will also be the end of Russia as a State."
Thereafter, Hitler spoke of an inescapable battle against "pan-Slav ideals", in which victory would lead to "permanent mastery of the world", although he also said they would "walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us".
Accordingly, it was stated Nazi policy to kill, deport, or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land with Germanic peoples (see Generalplan Ost).
Before World War II, observers believed that in a war with the Soviet Union, Germany would attack through the Baltic states while the "Kriegsmarine" would seize Leningrad from the sea.
They assumed that possessing the entire Baltic basin would satisfy Hitler, who would not repeat Napoleon's mistake of attacking Moscow.
Article: Human swimming
Section: Abstract

Question: How is locomotion achieved?

Human swimming is the self propulsion of a person through water or other liquid, for survival, recreation, sport, exercise or other reason.
Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs, the body, or both.
Humans are able to hold their breath underwater and undertake rudimentary locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as an evolutionary response.
Swimming is consistently found to be among the top recreational activities undertaken by the public, and in some countries, swimming lessons are a compulsory part of the educational curriculum.
As a formalized sport, swimming features in a range of local, national and international competitions, including featuring in every modern summer Olympics.
Article: Boston Tea Party
Section: Abstract

Question: What did the demonstrators disguised themselves as?

The Boston Tea Party (initially referred to by John Adams as "the Destruction of the Tea in Boston") was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, on December 16, 1773.
Disguised as American Indians, the demonstrators destroyed an entire shipment of tea, which had been sent by the East India Company, in defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773.
They boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into Boston Harbor, ruining the tea.
The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution.
The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history, and other political protests such as the Tea Party movement after 2010 explicitly refer to it.
The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act, which had been passed by the British Parliament in 1773.
Colonists objected to the Tea Act because they believed that it violated their rights as Englishmen to "No taxation without representation," that is, be taxed only by their own elected representatives and not by a British parliament in which they were not represented.
Protesters had successfully prevented the unloading of taxed tea in three other colonies, but in Boston, embattled Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain.
The Boston Tea Party was a key event in the growth of the American Revolution.
Parliament responded in 1774 with the Coercive Acts, or Intolerable Acts, which, among other provisions, ended local self-government in Massachusetts and closed Boston's commerce.
Colonists up and down the Thirteen Colonies in turn responded to the Coercive Acts with additional acts of protest, and by convening the First Continental Congress, which petitioned the British monarch for repeal of the acts and coordinated colonial resistance to them.
The crisis escalated, and the American Revolutionary War began near Boston in 1775.