community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Sistine Chapel ceiling
Section: Treatment

Question: Michelangelo's Jesse Tree showcases what emotions?

Michelangelo's depiction of the Genealogy of Jesus departs from an artistic tradition for this topic that was common in medieval times, especially in stained-glass windows.
This so-called Jesse Tree shows Jesse lying prone and a tree growing from his side with the ancestors on each branch, in a visual treatment of a biblical verse.
The figures in the lunettes appear to be families, but in every case they are families that are divided.
The figures in them are physically divided by the name tablet but they are also divided by a range of human emotions that turn them outward or in on themselves and sometimes towards their partner with jealousy, suspicion, rage or simply boredom.
In them Michelangelo has portrayed the anger and unhappiness of the human condition, painting "the daily round of merely domestic life as if it were a curse".
In their constraining niches, the ancestors "sit, squat and wait".
Of the fourteen lunettes, the two that were probably painted first, the families of Eleazar and Mathan and of Jacob and Joseph are the most detailed.
They become progressively broader towards the altar end, one of the last being painted in only two days.
The Eleazar and Mathan picture contains two figures with a wealth of costume detail that is not present in any other lunette.
Prior to restoration, of all the paintings in the Sistine Chapel, the lunettes and spandrels were the dirtiest.
Added to this, there has always been a problem of poor daytime visibility of the panels nearest the windows because of "halination".
Consequently, they were the least well known of all Michelangelo's publicly accessible works.
The recent restoration has made these masterly studies of human nature and inventive depiction of the human form known once more.
Section References
Article: It Will Rain
Section: Credits and personnel

Question: What people played the violin on "It Will Rain"?

 Recording
Engineered at: Levcon Studios in Los Angeles, California; mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood, California.
Personnel
Songwriting – Ari Levine, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence 
Production – The Smeezingtons
Engineer – Ari Levine
Arrangement by (string arrangement)– Phredley Brown
Mixing – Manny Marroquin 
 Mixed By (assisted by)– Chris Galland, Erik Madrid
Mastering – David Kutch 
Bass– Oscar Hidalgo
Conductor– Suzie Katayama
Viola– Andrew Duckles
Violin– Charlie Bisharat, Josefina Vergara
Article: SeaWorld
Section: Drive hunt captures

Question: Does SeaWorld capture dolphins from the wild presently?

In response to criticism leveled at SeaWorld and other marine parks by the award-winning documentary film "The Cove" which accuses them of obtaining dolphins obtained in drive hunts, SeaWorld spokesperson Fred Jacobs stated that, "We think we're being unfairly criticized for something we're opposed to."
He adds that, "SeaWorld opposes the dolphin hunts documented in "The Cove".
We do not purchase any animals from these hunts.
More than 80 percent of the marine mammals in our care were born in our parks.
We haven't collected a dolphin from the wild in decades."
Since 1993 there have been no permits issued to facilities in the United States to import dolphins acquired through drive hunt methods.
Marilee Menard, the executive director of the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums, has also stated that she believes that "The Cove" filmmakers are "misrepresenting that the majority of zoos and aquariums with dolphins around the world are taking these animals."
Article: Black hole
Section: Entropy and thermodynamics

Question: What was Bekenstein's proposal concerning black holes?

Open questions.
Entropy and thermodynamics.
In 1971, Hawking showed under general conditions that the total area of the event horizons of any collection of classical black holes can never decrease, even if they collide and merge.
This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of a system can never decrease.
As with classical objects at absolute zero temperature, it was assumed that black holes had zero entropy.
If this were the case, the second law of thermodynamics would be violated by entropy-laden matter entering a black hole, resulting in a decrease of the total entropy of the universe.
Therefore, Bekenstein proposed that a black hole should have an entropy, and that it should be proportional to its horizon area.
The link with the laws of thermodynamics was further strengthened by Hawking's discovery that quantum field theory predicts that a black hole radiates blackbody radiation at a constant temperature.
This seemingly causes a violation of the second law of black hole mechanics, since the radiation will carry away energy from the black hole causing it to shrink.
The radiation, however also carries away entropy, and it can be proven under general assumptions that the sum of the entropy of the matter surrounding a black hole and one quarter of the area of the horizon as measured in Planck units is in fact always increasing.
This allows the formulation of the first law of black hole mechanics as an analogue of the first law of thermodynamics, with the mass acting as energy, the surface gravity as temperature and the area as entropy.
One puzzling feature is that the entropy of a black hole scales with its area rather than with its volume, since entropy is normally an extensive quantity that scales linearly with the volume of the system.
This odd property led Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind to propose the holographic principle, which suggests that anything that happens in a volume of spacetime can be described by data on the boundary of that volume.
Although general relativity can be used to perform a semi-classical calculation of black hole entropy, this situation is theoretically unsatisfying.
In statistical mechanics, entropy is understood as counting the number of microscopic configurations of a system that have the same macroscopic qualities (such as mass, charge, pressure, etc.).
Without a satisfactory theory of quantum gravity, one cannot perform such a computation for black holes.
Some progress has been made in various approaches to quantum gravity.
In 1995, Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa showed that counting the microstates of a specific supersymmetric black hole in string theory reproduced the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy.
Since then, similar results have been reported for different black holes both in string theory and in other approaches to quantum gravity like loop quantum gravity.
Article: Sailing
Section: Heeling

Question: How can you stop heeling?

When a ship or boat leans over to one side, from the action of waves or from the centrifugal force of a turn or under wind pressure or from amount of exposed topsides, it is said to 'heel'.
A sailing boat that is over-canvassed and therefore heeling, may sail less efficiently depending on fundamental or opportunistic factors such as temporary nature of the feature (e.g.
wind gust), use (e.g.
racing), crew ability, point of sail, hull size & design.
When a vessel is subject to a heeling force (such as wind pressure), vessel buoyancy & beam of the hull will counter-act the heeling force.
A weighted keel provides additional means to right the boat.
In some high-performance racing yachts, water ballast or the angle of a canting keel can be changed to provide additional righting force to counteract heeling.
The crew may move their personal weight to the high (upwind) side of the boat, this is called "hiking", which also changes the centre of gravity & produces a righting lever to reduce the degree of heeling.
Incidental benefits include faster vessel speed caused by more efficient action of the hull & sails.
Other options to reduce heeling include reducing exposed sail area & efficiency of the sail setting & a variant of hiking called "trapezing".
This can only be done if the vessel is designed for this, as in dinghy sailing.
A sailor can (usually involuntarily) try turning upwind in gusts (it is known as "rounding up").
This can lead to difficulties in controlling the vessel if over-canvassed.
Wind can be spilled from the sails by 'sheeting out', or loosening them.
The number of sails, their size and shape can be altered.
Raising the dinghy centreboard can reduce heeling by allowing more leeway.
The increasingly asymmetric underwater shape of the hull matching the increasing angle of heel may generate an increasing directional turning force into the wind.
The sails' centre of effort will also increase this turning effect or force on the vessel's motion due to increasing lever effect with increased heeling which shows itself as increased human effort required to steer a straight course.
Increased heeling reduces exposed sail area relative to the wind direction, so leading to an equilibrium state.
As more heeling force causes more heel, weather helm may be experienced.
This condition has a braking effect on the vessel but has the safety effect in that an excessively hard pressed boat will try and turn into the wind therefore reducing the forces on the sail.
Small amounts (≤5 degrees) of weather helm are generally considered desirable because of the consequent aerofoil lift effect from the rudder.
This aerofoil lift produces helpful motion to windward & the corollary of the reason why lee helm is dangerous.
Lee helm, the opposite of weather helm, is generally considered to be dangerous because the vessel turns away from the wind when the helm is released, thus increasing forces on the sail at a time when the helmsperson is not in control.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Early works

Question: What early work of art did da Vinci paint in conjunction with Verrocchio?

Leonardo's early works begin with the "Baptism of Christ" painted in conjunction with Verrocchio.
Two other paintings appear to date from his time at the workshop, both of which are Annunciations.
One is small, long and high.
It is a "predella" to go at the base of a larger composition, in this case a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated.
The other is a much larger work, long.
In both these Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, such as in Fra Angelico's two well-known pictures of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily.
Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.
In the smaller picture Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will.
In the larger picture, however, Mary is not submissive.
The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.
This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence.
In this painting the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.
Article: Biomolecule
Section: Types of biomolecules

Question: Explain biomolecules.

A diverse range of biomolecules exist, including:
 Small molecules:
* Lipids, polysaccharides, glycolipids, sterols, glycerolipids
* Vitamins
* Hormones, neurotransmitters
*Metabolites
 Monomers, oligomers and polymers:
Article: French fries
Section: Tornado fries

Question: How are tornado fries made?

Tornado fries are made by skewering the whole potato, and then cutting with a specialized spiral slicer.
The potato is spread evenly along the skewer and deep fried.
The cooking process fuses the potato to the skewer and holds it in place.
It is then sprinkled with dry seasonings or served with dipping sauce.
Tornado fries gets their name from the tornado-like shape that the potato has on the skewer.
Article: Salvador Dalí
Section: Graphic arts

Question: When were a lot of fake Salvador Dali paintings made?

The artist worked extensively in the graphic arts, producing many etchings and lithographs.
While his early work in printmaking is equal in quality to his important paintings, as he grew older he would sell the rights to images but not be involved in the print production itself.
In addition, a large number of fakes were produced in the 1980s and 1990s, thus further confusing the Dalí print market.
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: National parks

Question: Which park is adjacent to Victoria Falls National Park?

Natural environment.
National parks.
The two national parks at the falls are relatively small—Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park is and Victoria Falls National Park is .
However, next to the latter on the southern bank is the Zambezi National Park, extending west along the river.
Animals can move between the two Zimbabwean parks and can also reach Matetsi Safari Area, Kazuma Pan National Park and Hwange National Park to the south.
On the Zambian side, fences and the outskirts of Livingstone tend to confine most animals to the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park.
In addition fences put up by lodges in response to crime restrict animal movement.
In 2004 a separate group of police called the Tourism Police was started.
They are commonly seen around the main tourist areas, and can be identified by their uniforms with yellow reflective bibs.
Article: Central Park
Section: Fauna

Question: Eastern gray squirrel is part of what genus?

 Birds:
The first official list of birds observed in Central Park was drawn up by Augustus G. Paine, Jr.. Paine was an avid hobby ornithologist and, together with his friend Lewis B. Woodruff, drew up a list of birds counting 235 species.
This was regarded as the first official list and was published in "Forest and Stream" on June 10, 1886.
An article in "The New Yorker" on August 26, 1974 calls attention to this early list.
Over the decades the list has been updated and changed.
The park is frequented by various migratory species of birds during their Spring and Fall migration on the Atlantic Flyway.
Over a quarter of all the bird species found in the United States have been seen in Central Park.
One of these species is the Red-tailed hawk, which re-established a presence in the park when a male hawk known as Pale Male for his light coloration, nested on a building on Fifth Avenue, across the street from the park.
He became a local media celebrity and a prolific breeder.
Central Park was the site of the misguided unleashing of European starlings in North America, a native of Eurasia which has become an invasive species.
In April, 1890, eighty birds were released by Eugene Schieffelin, and the following March another eighty; these one hundred and sixty birds are the progenitors of the flocks which now span the United States and parts of Canada.
 Mammals
* Raccoon ("Procyon lotor"): nocturnal tree dwellers that come down to ground level to feed at night, have become extremely common in Central Park in recent years, prompting the Parks Department to post rabies warnings around certain areas.
* Eastern gray squirrel, or grey squirrel ("Sciurus carolinensis"), is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the eastern and midwestern United States.
* Eastern Chipmunk ("Tamias striatus"): although not commonly sighted, there are chipmunks in Central Park.
* Virginia Opossum ("Didelphis virginiana"): a nocturnal marsupial that rests in trees during the day and searches for food on the ground at night.
 Arthropods: In 2002 a new genus and species of centipede ("Nannarrup hoffmani") was discovered in Central Park.
At about long, it is one of the smallest centipedes in the world.
Article: Disney's Hollywood Studios
Section: Annual events

Question: How many lights are displayed at the event?

Disney's Hollywood Studios hosts a number of events during the year that often draw thousands of fans to the park.
 ESPN The Weekend (late winter) features commentators from the Disney-owned cable sports channels as well as sports celebrities.
 Star Wars Weekends (May - June) brings "Star Wars" fans and celebrities together for special park events.
Running Fridays-Sundays throughout June, they feature the 501st Legion (a worldwide "Star Wars" costuming group) parading through the park in Stormtrooper costumes, several "Star Wars" actors appearing each weekend for photos and autographs, Jedi Training Academy classes for younger guests, and other activities.
 The Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights (November–January) take over the Streets of America during the Christmas season.
The display features over five million Christmas lights on more than of wire.
One former event of note was the ABC Super Soap Weekend.
Scheduled in November, the event paid tribute to the legions of fans of soap operas from ABC.
Guests could meet stars from "All My Children", "One Life to Live" and "General Hospital".
The event's final presentation was in November 2008, with ABC instead planning to schedule multiple, smaller regional events around the country for its fans.
Article: Quantum mechanics
Section: Quantum mechanics and classical physics

Question: What is the difference between Quantum interference and classical "waves"?

 and classical physics.
Predictions of quantum mechanics have been verified experimentally to an extremely high degree of accuracy.
According to the correspondence principle between classical and quantum mechanics, all objects obey the laws of quantum mechanics, and classical mechanics is just an approximation for large systems of objects (or a statistical quantum mechanics of a large collection of particles).
The laws of classical mechanics thus follow from the laws of quantum mechanics as a statistical average at the limit of large systems or large quantum numbers.
However, chaotic systems do not have good quantum numbers, and quantum chaos studies the relationship between classical and quantum descriptions in these systems.
Quantum coherence is an essential difference between classical and quantum theories as illustrated by the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox — an attempt to disprove quantum mechanics by an appeal to local realism.
Quantum interference involves adding together "probability amplitudes", whereas classical "waves" infer that there is an adding together of "intensities".
For microscopic bodies, the extension of the system is much smaller than the coherence length, which gives rise to long-range entanglement and other nonlocal phenomena characteristic of quantum systems.
Quantum coherence is not typically evident at macroscopic scales, though an exception to this rule may occur at extremely low temperatures (i.e.
approaching absolute zero) at which quantum behavior may manifest itself macroscopically.
This is in accordance with the following observations:
 Many macroscopic properties of a classical system are a direct consequence of the quantum behavior of its parts.
For example, the stability of bulk matter (consisting of atoms and molecules which would quickly collapse under electric forces alone), the rigidity of solids, and the mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical and magnetic properties of matter are all results of the interaction of electric charges under the rules of quantum mechanics.
 While the seemingly "exotic" behavior of matter posited by quantum mechanics and relativity theory become more apparent when dealing with particles of extremely small size or velocities approaching the speed of light, the laws of classical, often considered "Newtonian", physics remain accurate in predicting the behavior of the vast majority of "large" objects (on the order of the size of large molecules or bigger) at velocities much smaller than the velocity of light.
Article: Forbidden City
Section: Influence

Question: What 1918 movie's title was taken from the Forbidden City Landmark?

The Forbidden City, the culmination of the two-thousand-year development of classical Chinese and East Asian architecture, has been influential in the subsequent development of Chinese architecture, as well as providing inspiration for many artistic works.
Some specific examples include:
Depiction in art, film, literature and popular culture
The Forbidden City has served as the scene to many works of fiction.
In recent years, it has been depicted in films and television series.
Some notable examples include:
 "The Forbidden City" (1918), a fiction film about a Chinese emperor and an American.
 "The Last Emperor" (1987), a biographical film about Puyi, was the first feature film ever authorised by the government of the People's Republic of China to be filmed in the Forbidden City.
 "Marco Polo" a joint NBC and RAI TV miniseries broadcast in the early 1980s, was filmed inside the Forbidden City.
Note, however, that the present Forbidden City did not exist in the Yuan dynasty, when Marco Polo met Kublai Khan.
Performance venue
The Forbidden City has also served as a performance venue.
However, its use for this purpose is strictly limited, due to the heavy impact of equipment and performance on the ancient structures.
Almost all performances said to be "in the Forbidden City" are held outside the palace walls.
 Giacomo Puccini's opera, "Turandot", the story of a Chinese princess, was performed at the Imperial Shrine just outside the Forbidden City for the first time in 1998.
 In 1997, Greek-born composer and keyboardist Yanni performed a live concert in front of the Forbidden City.
The concert was recorded and later released as part of the "Tribute" album.
 In 2001, the Three Tenors, Spanish singers Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and the Italian singer Luciano Pavarotti sang in front of Forbidden City main gate as one of their performances.
 In 2004, the French musician Jean Michel Jarre performed a live concert in front of the Forbidden City, accompanied by 260 musicians, as part of the "Year of France in China" festivities.
Article: Pho
Section: Etymology and origins

Question: What is in pho?

Reviews of 19th and 20th century Indochinese literature have found that pho entered the mainstream sometime in the 1910s.
Georges Dumoutier's extensive 1907 account of Vietnamese cuisine omits any mention of pho, while Nguyễn Công Hoan recalls its sale by street vendors in 1913.
A 1931 dictionary is the first to define ' as a soup: "from the word '.
A dish consisting of small slices of rice cake boiled with beef.
"Possibly the earliest English-language reference to pho was in the book "Recipes of All Nations", edited by Countess Morphy in 1935: In the book, pho is described as "an Annamese soup held in high esteem ... made with beef, a veal bone, onions, a bayleaf, salt, and pepper, and a small teaspoon of "nuoc-mam"".
"There are two prevailing theories on the origin of the word "" and, by extension, the dish itself.
As author Nguyễn Dư notes, both questions are significant to Vietnamese identity.
Article: Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas
Section: "Meet Me in St. Louis"

Question: Where did the song "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" first appear?

The song was written while Martin was vacationing in a house in the neighborhood of Southside in Birmingham, Alabama, that his father Hugh Martin designed for his mother as a honeymoon cottage.
Located at 1919 South 15th Avenue, (just down the street from his birthplace at 1900 South 14th Avenue) the house became the home of Martin and his family in 1923.
The song first appeared in a scene in "Meet Me in St. Louis", in which a family is distraught by the father's plans to move to New York City for a job promotion, leaving behind their beloved home in St. Louis, Missouri, just before the long-anticipated 1904 World's Fair begins.
In a scene set on Christmas Eve, Judy Garland's character, Esther, sings the song to cheer up her despondent five-year-old sister, Tootie, played by Margaret O'Brien.