community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Space Race
Section: Apollo 11

Question: When was lift off for the Apollo 11 Saturn V rocket?

1969 saw the final leg of the Moon Race, with the United States leading it after the flight of Apollo 8.
Unbeknownst to the Americans, the Soviet moon program was in deep trouble.
Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR had no way to land on the Moon.
The next two Apollo missions proved that the Lunar Module worked well, both in low-Earth orbit and in lunar orbit.
It was time to proceed to an actual landing mission.
Under this backdrop, Apollo 11 was being prepared for a July encounter with the Moon.
The Apollo 11 crew consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, command module pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and lunar module pilot (LMP) Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin.
They were selected as the crew in January 1969, and they trained for the mission until just before the actual launch day.
On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket – serial number SA-506 – lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida with Apollo 11 on board.
The lunar trip took just over three days.
After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named "Eagle", and began their descent.
After overcoming several computer malfunctions, Armstrong took over manual flight-control at about , and guided the Lunar Module to a landing on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility at 4:17 pm EDT, July 20, 1969.
The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft.
At 10:56:15 pm EDT, Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon.
The first step was witnessed by at least 500 million TV viewers on Earth.
His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing pad were, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later.
Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft.
The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused with the "Columbia" Command Module.
Apollo 11 safely left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969.
When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy committed the United States to landing a man on the Moon and bringing him back safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with just 161 days to spare.
With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.
This was followed by successful lunar landings on Apollo 12 (November 1969), Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).
One lunar landing attempt, Apollo 13 (April 1970), was unsuccessful, but the crew returned safely.
Article: Chicken parmigiana
Section: Abstract

Question: Which is the country that adds ham or bacon slices to the parmiginia?

Chicken parmigiana (also referred to as a "parmi" or "parma") is a chicken dish based on the Italian Parmigiana, and is regularly served in Australian pubs.
The meal consists of a breaded chicken breast, or chicken schnitzel, covered with a tomato-based neapolitan sauce and cheese.
In Australia the addition of a slice of ham or bacon makes up the parmigiana.
The dish is typically served with a side of chips and salad, although there is some dispute as to whether the chips should be served under or next to the chicken.
Size is considered to be a major part of the chicken parmigiana, and increased competition has led to a greater focus on the size of the meal.
Some restaurants hold competitions with prizes for people who successfully finish a large chicken parmigiana, such as the "Parmageddon" which was held in an Adelaide Hills pub.
The popularity of the chicken parmigiana led to a specialised chicken parmigiana restaurant opening in Melbourne, and the chicken parmigiana is the subject of reviews on dedicated websites which compare the dish as purchased from various pubs within a region.
Other meals have also taken on the chicken parmigiana theme, including pies and Subway sandwiches.
Article: Karate
Section: Canada

Question: When did Masaru Shintani die?

 and its influence outside Japan.
Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country.
Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization.
During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia.
Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa.
In 1956 after 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu).
In 1958 Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially call his style Wado.
In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in the 1940s under Tsuyoshi Chitose.
In 1954 Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and laid the foundation for the National Karate Association.
In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton.
In 1966 he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation.
During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America.
In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995.
Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death.
Shintani died May 7, 2000.
Article: SeaWorld
Section: SeaWorld Ohio sale, re-birth, and eventual transition

Question: What happened to SeaWorld after it closed down?

 Ohio sale, re-birth, and eventual transition.
In February 2001, Anheuser-Busch sold the SeaWorld Ohio park to Six Flags, Inc., operators of neighboring "Six Flags Ohio" (Geauga Lake until the end of 1999, reverting to the "Geauga Lake" name in 2004).
Upon completion of the sale, the two parks were combined in spring 2001 as the so-called "mega-park" "Six Flags Worlds Of Adventure", which boasted its "Three parks in one" uniqueness: a waterpark, an amusement park, and a wildlife animal park - all included in one price of admission.
SeaWorld executives replied that their park had been sold because of the short season of the animal park, because of Northeastern Ohio's cold winter months, and also because they were not able to get the rights to build roller coasters like the other SeaWorld properties had been able to.
In March 2004, Six Flags, Inc., announced that it had sold "Six Flags Worlds of Adventure" to Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, the operators of the Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio.
Cedar Fair took the park back to its original "Geauga Lake" name, which had a history dating back to 1888.
Since the Six Flags company retained ownership of the animals, the majority of the animal portion of the park, including all of the exhibits and animal stadiums, was either emptied or fenced off for the 2004 season.
After a nearly season-long wait, the Cedar Fair company announced its plans for the non-operational side of the former SeaWorld Ohio/Six Flags Worlds of Adventure-Wildlife Side.
That entire portion of the land would become an immense waterpark, named "Wildwater Kingdom", opening in two phases, with the first phase in 2005, followed by the second phase in 2006.
This decision marked the end of the marine-life park permanently.
All of the animal stadiums and buildings were next torn down or converted into other venues.
Some of the SeaWorld property remained intact, albeit hidden or modified.
What remained included the former seal and sea lion area, the Ski Stadium (to be used in a Lumberjack show in 2006), the Aquarium (to be used for unknown purposes), and two movie theater houses/simulators, once housing 3D/4D movies.
The Ski Stadium was removed in off-season 2008 to make way for "Coconut Cove", a refreshment station/observation area.
All of these, except for Wildwater Kingdom, closed in 2007.
Article: Badminton
Section: Comparisons of technique

Question: What modern coaching resource is mentioned?

Badminton and tennis techniques differ substantially.
The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton rackets allow badminton players to make use of the wrist and fingers much more than tennis players; in tennis the wrist is normally held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may lead to injury.
For the same reasons, badminton players can generate power from a short racket swing: for some strokes such as net kills, an elite player's swing may be less than .
For strokes that require more power, a longer swing will typically be used, but the badminton racket swing will rarely be as long as a typical tennis swing.
It is often asserted that power in badminton strokes comes mainly from the wrist.
This is a misconception and may be criticised for two reasons.
First, it is strictly speaking a category error: the wrist is a joint, not a muscle; the forearm muscles control its movement.
Second, wrist movements are weak when compared to forearm or upper arm movements.
Badminton biomechanics have not been the subject of extensive scientific study, but some studies confirm the minor role of the wrist in power generation, and indicate that the major contributions to power come from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm.
Modern coaching resources such as the "Badminton England Technique DVD" reflect these ideas by emphasising forearm rotation rather than wrist movements.
Article: Man at the Crossroads
Section: Work

Question: What did the painting represent to Rivera?

Rivera's composition depicted many aspects of contemporary social and scientific culture.
In the center, a workman was depicted controlling machinery.
Before him, a giant fist emerged holding an orb depicting the recombination of atoms and dividing cells in acts of chemical and biological generation.
From the central figure four propeller-like shapes stretched to the corner of the composition, depicting arcs of light created by giant lenses anchoring the left and right edges of the space.
Rivera described these as "elongated ellipses".
Within these, cosmological and biological forces such as exploding suns and cell-forms were depicted.
These represented the discoveries made possible by the telescope and the microscope.
Between and beyond the arcs were scenes of modern social life.
Wealthy society women are seen playing cards and smoking at the left.
Opposite, on the right, Lenin is seen holding hands with a multi-racial group of workers.
Soldiers and war machinery occupied the top left above the society women, and a Russian May Day rally with red flags was seen at the right, above Lenin.
For Rivera, this represented contrasting social visions: the "debauched rich" watched by the unemployed while war rages; and a socialist utopia ushered in by Lenin.
Beyond the giant lenses to left and right were depicted figures contemplating the central scene, behind which were gigantic classical statues.
The one on the left depicted an angry Jupiter, whose raised hand holding a thunderbolt has been stuck off by a lightening strike.
The one on the right was a headless seated Caesar.
For Rivera these represented the replacement of superstition by scientific mastery of nature, and the overthrow of authoritarian rule by liberated workers.
The bottom part of the painting was to depict the controlled growth of natural resources, in the form of a variety of plants emerging from their roots, visible in a cut-away view under the soil.
However, this section was never completed.
It exists only in the later recreation of the composition in Mexico.
Article: The Vampire Diaries
Section: Spin-off

Question: Who carried out the second spin-off attempt of The Vampire Diaries?

Former president of entertainment at The CW, Dawn Ostroff, mentioned a spin-off idea in 2010 that she said could happen in a few years.
A spin-off was in development for the 2011 fall line-up but, due to Kevin Williamson's commitment to "The Secret Circle", it was put on hold indefinitely.
On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a back-door pilot focused on the Originals, starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus titled "The Originals" would air on 25 April for a potential series pick-up for the 2013–2014 season.
This second spin-off attempt was carried out by Julie Plec with no involvement by Kevin Williamson.
On April 26, 2013, The CW announced that "The Originals" had been ordered to series to premiere in the 2013–14 television season.
"The Originals" premiered on October 3, 2013.
Daniel Gillies as Elijah, Claire Holt as Rebekah and Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley will also continue to play their characters, originally from "The Vampire Diaries", in the new spin-off series.
Article: Beach volleyball
Section: Governing bodies

Question: What is the governing body for volleyball in Europe?

The primary international governing body for beach volleyball is the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB).
The regional governing bodies are:
Asia – Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC)
Africa – Confédération Africaine de Volleyball (CAV)
Europe – European Volleyball Confederation (CEV)
North and Central America – North, Central America and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation (NORCECA)
South America – Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV)
In the United States, USA Volleyball is the governing body for beach volleyball, as well as indoor volleyball.
In the 2010–11 academic year, the NCAA began sponsoring beach volleyball, which it calls "sand volleyball", as an "emerging" women's sport.
Initially, it was sponsored only for Division II, with Division I added the following academic year.
NCAA competition follows standard beach volleyball rules, with competitions involving five doubles teams from each participating school.
Article: Indonesia
Section: Abstract

Question: What and where is Indonesia?

Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia ( ), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia and Oceania.
Indonesia is an archipelago comprising 13,466 islands.
It encompasses 33 provinces and 1 Special Administrative Region (for being governed by a pre-colonial monarchy) with over 238 million people, making it the world's fourth most populous country.
Indonesia's republic form of government comprises an elected legislature and president.
The nation's capital city is Jakarta.
The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia.
Other neighboring countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
The Indonesian economy is the world's 16th largest by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India.
Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished.
Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources.
Muslim traders brought the now-dominant Islam, while European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery.
Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II.
Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups.
The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese.
A shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it.
Indonesia's national motto, ""Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"" ("Unity in Diversity" "literally," "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country.
Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity.
The country has abundant natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread.
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: Vegetation

Question: What is the forest called that lines the banks?

Mopane woodland savannah predominates in the area, with smaller areas of Miombo and Rhodesian Teak woodland and scrubland savannah.
Riverine forest with palm trees lines the banks and islands above the falls.
The most notable aspect of the area's vegetation though is the rainforest nurtured by the spray from the falls, containing plants rare for the area such as pod mahogany, ebony, ivory palm, wild date palm and a number of creepers and lianas.
Vegetation has suffered in recent droughts, and so have the animals that depend on it, particularly antelope.
Article: Battle of Hastings
Section: Background and location

Question: Which Norman-French word refers to the Battle of Hastings?

Background and location.
Because many of the primary accounts contradict each other at times, it is impossible to provide a description of the battle that is beyond dispute.
The only undisputed facts are that the fighting began at 9 am on Saturday 14 October 1066 and that the battle lasted until dusk.
Sunset on the day of the battle was at 4:54 pm, with the battlefield mostly dark by 5:54 pm and in full darkness by 6:24 pm.
Moonrise that night was not until 11:12 pm, so once the sun set, there was little light on the battlefield.
William of Jumieges reports that Duke William kept his army armed and ready against a surprise night attack for the entire night before.
The battle took place north of Hastings at the present-day town of Battle, between two hills – Caldbec Hill to the north and Telham Hill to the south.
The area was heavily wooded, with a marsh nearby.
The name traditionally given to the battle is unusual – there were several settlements much closer to the battlefield than Hastings.
The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" called it the battle "at the hoary apple tree".
Within 40 years, the battle was also known as "Senlac", a Norman-French adaptation of the Old English word "Sandlacu", which means "sandy water".
This may have been the name of the stream that crosses the battlefield.
The battle was already being referred to as "bellum Hasestingas" or "Battle of Hastings" by 1087, in the "Domesday Book".
Sunrise was at 6:48 am that morning, and reports of the day record that it was unusually bright.
The weather conditions are not recorded.
The route that the English army took to the battlefield is not known precisely.
Several roads are possible: one, an old Roman road that ran from Rochester to Hastings has long been favoured because of a large coin hoard found nearby in 1876.
Another possibility is a Roman road between London and Lewes and then over local tracks to the battlefield.
Some accounts of the battle indicate that the Normans advanced from Hastings to the battlefield, but the contemporary account of William of Jumieges places the Normans at the site of the battle the night before.
Most historians incline towards the former view, but M. K. Lawson argues that William of Jumieges's account is correct.
Article: Das Boot
Section: Criticism by novelist Buchheim

Question: What year did Lothar-Gunter Buchheim review "Das Boot"?

Even though impressed by the technological accuracy of the film's set-design and port construction buildings, novelist Lothar-Günter Buchheim expressed great disappointment with Petersen's adaptation in a film review published in 1981, especially with Petersen's aesthetic vision for the film and the way the plot and the effects are, according to him, overdone and clichéd by the adaptation.
He also criticised the hysterical overacting of the cast, which he called highly unrealistic, while acknowledging the cast's acting talent in general.
Buchheim, after several attempts for an American adaptation had failed, had provided a script detailing his own narrative, cinematographical and photographical ideas as soon as Petersen was chosen as new director.
It would have amounted in full to a complete six-hour epic; however, Petersen turned him down because at the time the producers were aiming for a 90-minute feature for international release.
However, today's Director's Cut of "Das Boot" amounts to over 200 minutes, and the complete TV version of the film is 282 minutes long.
Buchheim, himself a U-boat correspondent, attacked specifically what he called Petersen's sacrificing of both realism and suspense in dialogue, narration, and photography for the sake of cheap dramatic thrills and action effects (for example, in reality one single exploding bolt of the boat's pressure hull would have been enough for the whole crew to worry about the U-boat being crushed by water pressure, while Petersen has several bolts loosening in various scenes).
Buchheim also criticized depictions of the crew's loud behaviour during patrols as unrealistic and celebrations after achieving a torpedo hit or surviving a bombing as unprofessional.
Furthermore, an officer—even an outsider like Lt. Werner—would have commanded special respect and that throwing an oil-drenched towel into his face would not have been tolerated.
Uttering concerns about the end result, Buchheim felt that unlike his clearly anti-war novel the adaptation was "another re-glorification and re-mystification" of the German World War II U-boat war, German heroism and nationalism.
He called the film a cross between a "cheap, shallow American action flick" and a "contemporary German propaganda newsreel from World War II".
Article: Wake Me Up When September Ends
Section: Abstract

Question: When was Wake Me Up When September Ends released?

"Wake Me Up When September Ends" is a song by American rock band Green Day.
It was released in June 2005 as the fourth single from their seventh album, "American Idiot".
The song deals with the death of lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong's father, who died when Armstrong was a child.
The single peaked at number six in the United States, becoming Green Day's third Top 10 single.
It also peaked at #8 in Canada and the UK, while making #13 in Australia.
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" had sold 1,652,000 copies as of May 2010, and was the second highest selling single in the U.S. from "American Idiot", behind only the multi-platinum "Boulevard of Broken Dreams".
The song ended the streak of Green Day's three consecutive #1 hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart (American Idiot, Boulevard of Broken Dreams and Holiday), but it hit #2 on the chart almost hitting #1 by Gorillaz Feel Good Inc..
The song also hit #2 on the Adult Top 40 and #4 on the Mainstream Top 40.
This was the band's most successful song to the adult contemporary market, hitting #13 on its own chart and their only song to chart other than "Boulevard of Broken Dreams".
The song is certified Silver in the United Kingdom for sales of 200,000
Article: DNA
Section: Genetic engineering

Question: What is recombinant DNA?

Uses in technology.
Genetic engineering.
Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms, such as phenol-chloroform extraction, and to manipulate it in the laboratory, such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction.
Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant DNA is a man-made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences.
They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format, by using a viral vector.
The genetically modified organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant proteins, used in medical research, or be grown in agriculture.