community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Battle of Moscow
Section: Casualties

Question: According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, how many Germans died?

Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates.
Not all historians agree on what should be considered the "Battle of Moscow" in the timeline of World War II.
While the start of the battle is usually regarded as the beginning of Operation "Typhoon" on 30 September 1941 (or sometimes on 2 October 1941), there are two different dates for the end of the offensive.
In particular, some sources (such as Erickson and Glantz) exclude the Rzhev offensive from the scope of the battle, considering it as a distinct operation and making the Moscow offensive "stop" on 7 January 1942—thus lowering the number of casualties.
Other historians, who include the Rzhev and Vyazma operations in the scope of the battle (thus making the battle end in May 1942), give higher casualty numbers.
There are also significant differences in figures from various sources.
John Erickson, in his "Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies", gives a figure of 653,924 Soviet casualties between October 1941 and January 1942.
Glantz, in his book "When Titans Clashed", gives a figure of 658,279 for the defense phase alone, plus 370,955 for the winter counteroffensive until 7 January 1942.
The estimate of 400,000 German casualties by January 1942 reported in the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", published in 1973–1978, is clearly inflated.
A much more accurate estimate is provided in the "Moscow Encyclopedia", published in 1997; its authors, based on various sources, give a figure of 145,000 German and 900,000 Soviet casualties for the defensive phase, along with 103,000 German and 380,000 Soviet casualties for the counteroffensive until 7 January 1942.
Many of the Soviet casualties, however, consisted of captured men.
On the other hand, Wehrmacht daily casualty reports show 35,757 killed in action, 128,716 wounded, and 9,721 missing in action for the entire Army Group Center between 1 October 1941 and 10 January 1942.
Therefore, total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 174,000 and 248,000 for the "Wehrmacht" (Wehrmacht reports / Moscow encyclopedia estimate) and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army (Erickson / Moscow encyclopedia estimate).
Regardless of these disagreements, the Battle of Moscow is considered among the most lethal battles in world history.
Article: Apollo 11
Section: 40th anniversary events

Question: Who were the astronauts who won the Congressional Gold Medal?

On July 15, 2009, Life.com released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by "Life" photographer Ralph Morse prior to the Apollo 11 launch.
From July 16–24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.
In addition, it is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments.
On July 20, 2009, the crew of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with U.S. President Barack Obama at the White House.
"We expect that there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins and Aldrin," Obama said.
"We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey.
"The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum set up a Flash website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.
A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing:It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today ...
The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close the excitement that was generated by those astronauts - Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.
On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States.
The bill was sponsored by Florida Sen. Bill Nelson and Florida Rep. Alan Grayson.
In July 2010, air to ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronised and released for the first time.
Article: Udon
Section: Origin

Question: What century did Kukai travel to china to study?

There are many stories explaining the origin of udon.
One story says that in AD.1241, Enni, a Rinzai monk, introduced flour milling technology to Japan.
Floured crops were then made into noodles such as udon, soba, and pancakes which were eaten by locals.
Milling techniques were spread around the country.
In the Edo period, the thicker wheat noodle was generally called udon, and served with a hot broth called nurumugi(温麦).
The chilled variety was called hiyamugi(冷麦).
Another story states that in Nara period, a Japanese envoy was introduced to 14 kinds of confection whilst in Tang Dynasty China.
One of them was called sakubei(索餅).
Sakubei was listed as 'muginawa'(牟義縄) on Shin Senji Kyo(新撰字鏡), a dictionary which was published in Heian Era.
The muginawa is believed to be an origin for many kinds of Japanese noodles.
However, the muginawa listed on Shin Senji Kyo(新撰字鏡) was made with wheat and rice flour.
Another historical story for udon claims that the original name of the noodle was 'konton', which was made with wheat flour and sweet fillings.
Yet another story says that a Buddhist priest called Kukai introduced udon noodles to Shikoku during the Heian Era.
In China, similar thick wheat flour noodles are called "cū miàn" (粗麵).
This noodle was 2 to 3 mm in diameter, a flat pancake-shaped "noodle" added to miso-based soup.
The Sino-Japanese characters for udon (饂飩) is similar to, but different from, the modern Chinese characters for wonton, which is called hún dùn in Mandarin (馄炖), a type of dumplings.
In Chinese, udon noodles are called "wūdōngmiàn" (烏冬 "wūdōng" or 烏冬麵), and sometimes "wūlóngmiàn" (烏龍麵), which has the same characters as those used in "Oolong" tea ("wūlóngchá", 烏龍茶), though there is no semantic relation between the two usages.Kūkai, the Buddhist priest, traveled to China around the beginning of the 9th century to study.
Sanuki Province claimed to have been the first to adopt udon noodles from Kūkai.
Hakata claimed to have produced udon noodles based on Enni's recipe.
Article: Modern Family
Section: Ratings

Question: What day of the week was the second season of the show the highest rated?

Since its premiere, the series has remained popular.
In its first season, the show became the sixth highest-rated scripted show in America among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, and the third-highest rated new show.
Aided by winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, the show's second season became the highest rated show on Wednesday on premiere week and also rose 34% from the previous season among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.
The show frequently ranked as television's top scripted series in adults 18–49 as well.
The success of the show has been positively compared to "The Cosby Show".
During the 2010–2011 season, "Modern Family" was the highest rated scripted show in the 18–49 demographic, and the third highest rated overall sitcom behind CBS's "The Big Bang Theory" and "Two and a Half Men".
The season also ranked first among DVR viewers.
The third season premiere became ABC's top-rated season premiere in six years.
The series' success in ratings has also led to the series being credited for reviving sitcoms.
Article: Field hockey
Section: Free hits

Question: When are free hits awarded?

Free hits are awarded when offences are committed outside the scoring circles (the term 'free hit' is standard usage but the ball need not be hit).
The ball may be hit, pushed or lifted in any direction by the team offended against.
The ball can be lifted from a free hit but not by hitting, you must flick or scoop to lift from a free hit.
(In previous rules versions hits in the area outside the circle in open play have been permitted but lifting one direction from a free hit prohibited).
Opponents must move from the ball when a free hit is awarded.
A free hit must be taken from within playing distance of the place of the offence for which it was awarded and the ball must be stationary when the free-hit is taken.
As mentioned above, a 15 m hit is awarded if an attacking player commits a foul forward of that line, or if the ball passes over the back line off an attacker.
These free hits are taken in line with where the foul was committed (taking a line parallel with the sideline between where the offence was committed, or the ball went out of play).
When an attacking free hit is awarded within 5 m of the circle everyone including the person taking the penalty must be five metres from the circle and everyone apart from the person taking the free hit must be five metres away from the ball.
When taking an attacking free hit the ball may not be hit straight into the circle if you are within your attacking 23 metre area (25 yard area).
It must travel 5 metres before going in.
Article: Vincent van Gogh
Section: Flowering Orchards

Question: Did the Flowering Orchards have any other names?

The series of "Flowering Orchards", sometimes referred to as the "Orchards in Blossom" paintings, were among the first groups of work that Van Gogh completed after his arrival in Arles, Provence in February 1888.
The 14 paintings in this group are optimistic, joyous and visually expressive of the burgeoning Springtime.
They are delicately sensitive, silent, quiet and unpopulated.
About "The Cherry Tree" Vincent wrote to Theo on 21 April 1888 and said he had 10 orchards and: "one big (painting) of a cherry tree, which I've spoiled".
The following spring he painted another smaller group of orchards, including "View of Arles, Flowering Orchards".
Van Gogh was taken by the landscape and vegetation of the South of France, and often visited the farm gardens near Arles.
Because of the vivid light supplied by the Mediterranean climate his palette significantly brightened.
From his arrival, he was interested in capturing the effect of the seasons on the surrounding landscape and plant life.
Article: Tennis
Section: Grip

Question: What is the technique to hold a racquet so you can hit shots called?

A grip is a way of holding the racquet in order to hit shots during a match.
The grip affects the angle of the racquet face when it hits the ball and influences the pace, spin, and placement of the shot.
Players use various grips during play, including the Continental (The "Handshake Grip"), Eastern (Can be either semi-eastern or full eastern.
Usually used for backhands.
), and Western (semi-western or full western, usually for forehand grips) grips.
Most players change grips during a match depending on what shot they are hitting; for example, slice shots and serves call for a Continental grip.
Article: Forrest Gump
Section: Home media

Question: When was the film released on Blu-Ray in November 2009?

"Forrest Gump" was first released on VHS tape on April 27, 1995, as a two-disc Laserdisc set on April 28, 1995, (including the "Through the Eyes of Forrest" special feature), before being released in a two-disc DVD set on August 28, 2001.
Special features included director and producer commentaries, production featurettes, and screen tests.
The film was released on Blu-ray disc in November 2009.
Article: As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song)
Section: Abstract

Question: Who sang the song "As Long as You Love Me"?

As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song)"As Long as You Love Me" is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber, from his third studio album, "Believe" (2012).
The track was produced by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins and Andre Lindal.
It was written by Rodney Jerkins, Andre Lindal, Nasri Atweh, Sean Anderson and Justin Bieber.
It was first released on June 11, 2012 as a promotional single from the album, and one month later it was released as the album's second single.
The track features American rapper Big Sean.
The song has since charted in the United Kingdom first at number thirty as a promo single with first week sales of 11,598, and then after being released as a single it improved its position on the UK Singles Chart reaching number 22.
On "Billboard"s Rhythmic Airplay Chart, the single reached number one, giving Bieber his first number one single on an American airplay music chart.
It also reached the number one position on "Billboard"s Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, making Bieber the fifth Canadian artist to reach that position after Martin Solveig featuring Dragonette's "Hello" in 2011.
The song has sold 2,240,000 copies in the US as December 2012.
The music video features actor Michael Madsen.
Article: Cricket
Section: Overs

Question: How many deliveries constitutes an over?

The bowler bowls the ball in sets of six deliveries (or "balls") and each set of six balls is called an over.
This name came about because the umpire calls "Over!"
when six balls have been bowled.
At this point, another bowler is deployed at the other end, and the fielding side changes ends while the batsmen do not.
A bowler cannot bowl two successive overs, although a bowler can bowl unchanged at the same end for several overs.
The batsmen do not change ends and so the one who was non-striker is now the striker and vice-versa.
The umpires also change positions so that the one who was at square leg now stands behind the wicket at the non-striker's end and "vice-versa".
Article: Nebula
Section: Planetary nebulae

Question: What year will the sun become a new nebula

Planetary nebulae form from the gaseous shells that are ejected from low-mass asymptotic giant branch stars when they transform into white dwarfs.
They are emission nebulae with spectra similar to those of emission nebulae found in star formation regions.
Technically they are HII regions, because most hydrogen will be ionized, but they are denser and more compact than the nebulae in star formation regions.
Planetary nebulae were given their name by the first astronomical observers who became able to distinguish them from planets, who tended to confuse them with planets, of more interest to them.
Our Sun is expected to spawn a planetary nebula about 12 billion years after its formation.
Article: Korean War
Section: Naval warfare

Question: Why were there so few naval battles in the Korean War?

Because neither Korea had a large navy, the Korean War featured few naval battles; mostly the combatant navies served as naval artillery for their in-country armies.
A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the US Navy cruiser USS "Juneau", the Royal Navy cruiser HMS "Jamaica", and the frigate HMS "Black Swan" fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them.
During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea and sank supply and ammunition ships to deny the sea to North Korea.
Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to US and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines the North Koreans employed for defensive purposes.
During the war, five U.S. Navy ships were lost (two minesweepers, two minesweeper escorts, and one ocean tug) all of them to mines, while 87 other warships suffered from slight to moderate damage from North Korean coastal artillery.
The USS "Juneau" sank ammunition ships that had been present in her previous battle.
The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon, days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship "PC 703" sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island, near Inchon.
Three other supply ships were sunk by "PC-703" two days later in the Yellow Sea.
Article: The Lord of the Rings
Section: Themes

Question: is Elf a race of a character?

Although "The Lord of the Rings" was published in the 1950s, Tolkien insisted that the One Ring was not an allegory for the Atomic Bomb, nor were his works a strict allegory of any kind, but were open to interpretation as the reader saw fit.
A few critics have found what they consider to be racial elements in the story, generally based upon their views of how Tolkien's imagery depicts good and evil, characters' race (e.g.
Elf, Dwarf, Hobbit, Southron, Númenórean, Orc); and that the character's race is seen as determining their behaviour.
Counter-arguments note that race-focused critiques often omit relevant textual evidence to the contrary, cite imagery from adaptations rather than the work itself; ignore the absence of evidence of racist attitudes or events in the author's personal life and claim that the perception of racism is itself a marginal view.
Critics have also seen social class rather than race as being the determinant factor for the portrayal of good and evil.
Commentators such as science fiction author David Brin have interpreted the work to hold unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure.
In his essay "Epic Pooh", science fiction and fantasy author Michael Moorcock critiques the world-view displayed by the book as deeply conservative, in both the 'paternalism' of the narrative voice and the power-structures in the narrative.
Tom Shippey cites the origin of this portrayal of evil as a reflection of the prejudices of European middle-classes during the inter-war years towards the industrial working class.
Other observers have cited Christian and Catholic themes in "The Lord of the Rings".
The book has been read as fitting the model of Joseph Campbell's "monomyth".
Article: Set Fire to the Rain
Section: Track listing

Question: What sort of album features the remixes to Set Fire to the Rain?

;Digital EP — remixes
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Thomas Gold Remix) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Thomas Gold Dub) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Moto Blanco Remix) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Moto Blanco Edit) –
Article: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
Section: Abstract

Question: How did Rembrandt sign his paintings?

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is a 1632 oil painting on canvas by Rembrandt housed in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague, the Netherlands.
Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is pictured explaining the musculature of the arm to medical professionals.
Some of the spectators are various doctors who paid commissions to be included in the painting.
The painting is signed in the top-left hand corner "Rembrant.
f 1632".
This may be the first instance of Rembrandt signing a painting with his forename (in its original form) as opposed to the monogramme "RHL" (Rembrant Harmenszoon of Leiden), and is thus a sign of his growing artistic confidence.
The event can be dated to 16 January 1632: the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, of which Tulp was official City Anatomist, permitted only one public dissection a year, and the body would have to be that of an executed criminal.
Anatomy lessons were a social event in the 17th century, taking place in lecture rooms that were actual theatres, with students, colleagues and the general public being permitted to attend on payment of an entrance fee.
The spectators are appropriately dressed for a solemn social occasion.
It is thought that the uppermost (not holding the paper) and farthest left figures were added to the picture later.
One person is missing: the Preparator, whose task it was to prepare the body for the lesson.
In the 17th century an important scientist such as Dr. Tulp would not be involved in menial and bloody work like dissection, and such tasks would be left to others.
It is for this reason that the picture shows no cutting instruments.
Instead we see in the lower right corner an enormous open textbook on anatomy, possibly the 1543 "De humani corporis fabrica" ("Fabric of the Human Body") by Andreas Vesalius.
Medical specialists have commented on the accuracy of muscles and tendons painted by the 26-year-old Rembrandt.
It is not known where he obtained such knowledge; it is possible that he copied the details from an anatomical textbook.
However, in 2006 Dutch researchers recreated the scene with a male cadaver, revealing several discrepancies of the exposed left forearm compared to that of a real corpse.
The surgically astute will notice that the origin of the exposed forearm muscles would seem to indicate that the flexor compartment originates at the lateral epicondyle, when it is, in fact, the medial epicondyle.
It is the common extensor origin that originates at the lateral epicondyle.
In a 2007 study, the American artist and anatomist David J. Jackowe and his colleagues demonstrated that the mysterious white cord that courses along the ulnar aspect of the cadaver's carpus and little finger, long thought to be either an ulnar nerve variant or artistic error, is most likely the tendon of an anomalous forearm muscle, the accessory abductor digiti minimi.
Article: Space Race
Section: Project Gemini

Question: How long did Buzz Aldrin work outside the spacecraft in November 1966?

Focused by the commitment to a moon landing, in January 1962 the US introduced Project Gemini, a two-crew-member spacecraft that would support Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, Extra-vehicular Activity for extended periods, and accomplishing useful work rather than just "walking in space."
Although Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, Gemini took advantage of the USSR's two-year hiatus after Voskhod, which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight.
Gemini achieved several significant firsts during the course of ten piloted missions:
 On Gemini 3 (March 1965), astronauts Virgil "Gus" Grissom and John W. Young became the first to demonstrate their ability to change their craft's orbit.
 On Gemini 5 (August 1965), astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles "Pete" Conrad set a record of almost eight days in space, long enough for a piloted lunar mission.
 On Gemini 6A (December 1965), Command Pilot Wally Schirra achieved the first space rendezvous with Gemini 7, accurately matching his orbit to that of the other craft, station-keeping for three consecutive orbits at distances as close as .
 Gemini 7 also set a human spaceflight endurance record of fourteen days for Frank Borman and James A. Lovell, which stood until both nations started launching space laboratories in the early 1970s.
 On Gemini 8 (March 1966), Command Pilot Neil Armstrong achieved the first docking between two spacecraft, his Gemini craft and an Agena target vehicle.
 Gemini 11 (September 1966), commanded by Conrad, achieved the first direct-ascent rendezvous with its Agena target on the first orbit, and used the Agena's rocket to achieve an apogee of .
 On Gemini 12 (November 1966), Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin spent over five hours working comfortably during three (EVA) sessions, finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft.
(This proved to be the most difficult goal to achieve.
)
Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions.
In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions.