community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Climate change
Section: Glaciers

Question: How long has the Holocene lasted?

Glaciers are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change.
Their size is determined by a mass balance between snow input and melt output.
As temperatures warm, glaciers retreat unless snow precipitation increases to make up for the additional melt; the converse is also true.
Glaciers grow and shrink due both to natural variability and external forcings.
Variability in temperature, precipitation, and englacial and subglacial hydrology can strongly determine the evolution of a glacier in a particular season.
Therefore, one must average over a decadal or longer time-scale and/or over a many individual glaciers to smooth out the local short-term variability and obtain a glacier history that is related to climate.
A world glacier inventory has been compiled since the 1970s, initially based mainly on aerial photographs and maps but now relying more on satellites.
This compilation tracks more than 100,000 glaciers covering a total area of approximately 240,000 km2, and preliminary estimates indicate that the remaining ice cover is around 445,000 km2.
The World Glacier Monitoring Service collects data annually on glacier retreat and glacier mass balance.
From this data, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly, with strong glacier retreats in the 1940s, stable or growing conditions during the 1920s and 1970s, and again retreating from the mid-1980s to present.
The most significant climate processes since the middle to late Pliocene (approximately 3 million years ago) are the glacial and interglacial cycles.
The present interglacial period (the Holocene) has lasted about 11,700 years.
Shaped by orbital variations, responses such as the rise and fall of continental ice sheets and significant sea-level changes helped create the climate.
Other changes, including Heinrich events, Dansgaard–Oeschger events and the Younger Dryas, however, illustrate how glacial variations may also influence climate without the orbital forcing.
Glaciers leave behind moraines that contain a wealth of material—including organic matter, quartz, and potassium that may be dated—recording the periods in which a glacier advanced and retreated.
Similarly, by tephrochronological techniques, the lack of glacier cover can be identified by the presence of soil or volcanic tephra horizons whose date of deposit may also be ascertained.
Article: Netball
Section: For children

Question: How long are the quarters in High Five Netball?

Netball has been adapted in several ways to meet children's needs.
The rules for children are similar to those for adults, but various aspects of the game (such as the length of each quarter, goal height, and ball size) are modified.
Fun Net is a version of netball developed by Netball Australia for five- to seven-year-olds.
It aims to improve basic netball skills using games and activities.
The Fun Net program runs for 8–16 weeks.
There are no winners or losers.
The goal posts are high, and a smaller ball is used.
Netball Australia also runs a modified game called Netta aimed at 8- to 11-year-olds.
The goal height and ball size are the same as for adults, but players rotate positions during the game, permitting each player to play each position.
Netta was created to develop passing and catching skills.
Its rules permit six seconds between catching and passing the ball, instead of the three seconds permitted in the adult game.
Most players under 11 play this version at netball clubs.
A version called High Five Netball is promoted by the All England Netball Association.
It is aimed at 9- to 11-year-old girls and includes only five positions.
The players swap positions during the game.
When a player is not on the court, she is expected to help the game in some other way, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper.
High Five Netball has four six-minute quarters.
Article: United States
Section: Health

Question: Which state was the first to introduce universal health insurance?

The United States has life expectancy of 78.4 years at birth, up from 75.2 years in 1990, ranks it 50th among 221 nations, and 27th out of the 34 industrialized OECD countries, down from 20th in 1990.
Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere have contributed to lowering the country's rank in life expectancy from 1987, when it was 11th in the world.
Obesity rates in the United States are among the highest in the world.
Approximately one-third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight; the obesity rate, the highest in the industrialized world, has more than doubled in the last quarter-century.
Obesity-related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals.
The infant mortality rate of 6.06 per thousand places the United States 176th highest out of 222 countries.
In 2010, coronary artery disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain, depression, musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability.
The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, physical inactivity, and alcohol use.
Alzheimer's disease, drug abuse, kidney disease and cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.
U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations.
The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation.
America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians, while the EU and Switzerland together contributed to five.
Since 1966, Americans have received more Nobel Prizes in Medicine than the rest of the world.
From 1989 to 2002, four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe.
The U.S. health-care system far outspends any other nation, measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP.
Health-care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal.
In 2010, 49.9 million residents or 16.3% of the population did not carry health insurance.
The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue.
In 2006, Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance.
Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near-universal health insurance system around the country by 2014, though the bill and its ultimate impact are issues of controversy.
Article: Peru
Section: Demographics

Question: What percentage of Peru residents live in urban areas in 2007?

Peru is a multiethnic country formed by different groups over five centuries.
Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the Spanish Conquest of the 16th century; according to historian Noble David Cook their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of infectious diseases.
Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and indigenous peoples.
Gradual European immigration from Italy, Spain, France, Britain, and Germany followed independence.
Peru freed its black slaves in 1854.
Chinese arrived in the 1850s, replacing slave workers, and have since greatly influenced Peruvian society.
The last Peruvian census that attempted to classify persons according to ethnicity was in 1940, when 53% of the population was found to be white or mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) and 46% was found to be Amerindian.
According to the CIA World Factbook, the majority of the people in Peru are Amerindians, mostly Quechua and Aymara, followed by mestizos.
Yet, in a 2006 survey from the "Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática" (INEI), the Peruvian population self-identified primarily as mestizo (59.5%), followed by Quechua (22.7%), Aymara (2.7%), Amazonian (1.8%), Black/Mulatto (1.6%), white (4.9%), and "Others" (6.7%).
With about 29.5 million inhabitants, Peru is the fifth most populous country in South America.
Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.
As of 2007, 75.9% lived in urban areas and 24.1% in rural areas.
Major cities include Lima (home to over 8 million people), Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Cusco, Chimbote, and Huancayo; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the 2007 census.
There are 15 uncontacted Amerindian tribes in Peru.
Spanish, the first language of 83.9% of Peruvians aged five and older in 2007, is the primary language of the country.
It coexists with several indigenous languages, the most common of which is Quechua, spoken by 13.2% of the population.
Other native and foreign languages were spoken at that time by 2.7% and 0.1% of Peruvians, respectively.
In the 2007 census, 81.3% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as Catholic, 12.5% as Evangelical, 3.3% as of other denominations, and 2.9% as non-religious.
Literacy was estimated at 92.9% in 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).
Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools.
Article: England
Section: Education

Question: How many of England's universities are public?

The Department for Education is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.
State-run and -funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren.
Of these, a minority are faith schools, primarily Church of England or Catholic.
Between three and four is nursery school, 4 and 11 is primary school, and 11 to 16 is secondary school.
After finishing compulsory education, pupils take a GCSE examination, following which they may decide to continue in further education for two years.
Further education colleges, such as sixth form colleges are either separate or attached to the secondary school institution and prepare students to sit A-Level examinations, for higher education at universities.
Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, in some areas there are selective intake grammar schools, to which entrance is subject to passing the eleven plus exam.
Around 7.2% of English schoolchildren attend private schools, which are funded by private sources.
Standards in state schools are monitored by the Office for Standards in Education, and in private schools by the Independent Schools Inspectorate.
Students normally enter universities in the United Kingdom from 18 onwards, where they study for an academic degree.
There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which are public.
The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for higher education in England.
Students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance.
The first degree offered to undergraduates is the Bachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete.
Students are then eligible for a postgraduate degree, a Master's degree, taking one year, or a Doctorate degree, which takes three.
England's universities include some of the highest-ranked universities in the world; the University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, the University of Oxford and University College London are all ranked in the global top 10 in the 2010 "QS World University Rankings".
The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.
The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the "Financial Times".
Academic degrees in England are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class).
The King's School, Canterbury and King's School, Rochester are the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.
Many of England's better-known schools, such as Winchester College, Eton College, St Paul's School, Rugby School, and Harrow School are fee-paying institutions.
Article: Invasion of Normandy
Section: German leadership

Question: What out of control factors influenced the German defeat at Normandy?

German commanders at all levels failed to react to the assault phase in a timely manner.
Communications problems exacerbated the difficulties caused by Allied air and naval firepower.
Local commanders also seemed incapable of the task of fighting an aggressive defense on the beach, as Rommel envisioned.
The German High Command remained fixated on the Calais area, and von Rundstedt was not permitted to commit the armoured reserve.
When it was finally released late in the day, any chance of success was much more difficult.
Overall, despite considerable Allied material superiority, the Germans kept the Allies bottled up in a small beachhead for nearly two months, aided immeasurably by terrain factors.
Although there were several known disputes among the Allied commanders, their tactics and strategy were essentially determined by agreement between the main commanders.
By contrast, the German leaders were bullied and their decisions interfered with by Hitler, controlling the battle from a distance with little knowledge of local conditions.
Field Marshals von Rundstedt and Rommel repeatedly asked Hitler for more discretion but were refused.
Von Rundstedt was removed from his command on 29 June after he bluntly told the Chief of Staff at Hitler's Armed Forces HQ (Field Marshal Keitel) to "Make peace, you idiots!"
Rommel was severely injured by Allied aircraft on 17 July.
The German commanders also suffered in the quality of the available troops.
Sixty thousand of the 850,000 in Rundstedt's command were raised from the many prisoners of war captured on the Eastern Front.
These "Ost" units had volunteered to fight against Stalin, but when instead unwisely used to defend France against the Western Allies, ended up being unreliable.
Many surrendered or deserted at the first available opportunity.
Article: International Space Station
Section: Stress

Question: Who was the cosmonaut that wrote about a difficult period onboard the Salyut 6?

There has been considerable evidence that psychosocial stressors are among the most important impediments to optimal crew morale and performance.
Cosmonaut Valery Ryumin, wrote in his journal during a particularly difficult period onboard the Salyut 6 space station: “All the conditions necessary for murder are met if you shut two men in a cabin measuring 18 feet by 20 and leave them together for two months.”NASA's interest in psychological stress caused by space travel, initially studied when their manned missions began, was rekindled when astronauts joined cosmonauts on the Russian space station Mir.
Common sources of stress in early American missions included maintaining high performance while under public scrutiny, as well as isolation from peers and family.
The latter is still often a cause of stress on the ISS, such as when the mother of NASA Astronaut Daniel Tani died in a car accident, and when Michael Fincke was forced to miss the birth of his second child.
A study of the longest spaceflight concluded that the first three weeks represent a critical period where attention is adversely affected because of the demand to adjust to the extreme change of environment.
While Skylab's 3 crews remained one, two, and three months respectively, long term crews on Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and the ISS last about five to six months while MIR's expeditions often lasted longer.
The ISS working environment includes further stress caused by living and working in cramped conditions with people from very different cultures who speak a different language.
First generation space stations had crews who spoke a single language, while second and third-generation stations have crew from many cultures who speak many languages.
The ISS is unique because visitors are not classed automatically into 'host' or 'guest' categories as with previous stations and spacecraft, and may not suffer from feelings of isolation in the same way.
Crew members with a military pilot background and those with an academic science background or teachers and politicians may have problems understanding each other's jargon and worldview.
Article: Party Rock Anthem
Section: Track listings

Question: In what format is the album Party Rock Anthem available?

;Download
"Party Rock Anthem" – 4:28
;CD single
"Party Rock Anthem" (Album Version) – 4:23
"Party Rock Anthem" (Audiobot Remix) – 6:01
;Remixes
"Party Rock Anthem" (Wideboys Radio Edit) – 3:25
"Party Rock Anthem" (Wideboys Club Mix) – 5:49
"Party Rock Anthem" (Benny Benassi Radio Edit) – 3:36
"Party Rock Anthem" (Benny Benassi Club Mix) – 6:17
"Party Rock Anthem" (Christopher Lawrence Radio Edit) – 3:38
"Party Rock Anthem" (Christopher Lawrence Club Mix) – 7:11
"Party Rock Anthem" (Arion Dubstep Remix) – 3:23
"Party Rock Anthem" (Russ Chimes Dub) – 6:25
"Party Rock Anthem" (Alesso Remix) – 5:49
"Party Rock Anthem" (Avollo Remix) - 6.17
"Party Rock Anthem" (DJ Enferno Remix) – 4:52
"Party Rock Anthem" (Kim Fai Remix) – 6:53
"Party Rock Anthem" (Millions Like Us Dubstep Remix) – 4:38
"Party Rock Anthem" (Alyn's Goin Hard Remix) – 4:20
"Party Rock Anthem" (Mt Parahaki Dubstep Remix) – 4:22
"Party Rock Anthem" (DJ Bent Dutch Remix) - 5:54
Article: Life Is Beautiful
Section: Awards

Question: When did Life is Beautiful win an award for Best Music?

"Life is Beautiful" was shown at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to win the Grand Prix.
At the 71st Academy Awards, the film won awards for Best Music, Original Dramatic Score, and Best Foreign Language Film, with Benigni winning Best Actor for his role.
The film also received Academy Award nominations for Directing, Film Editing, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Picture.
Article: Sydney Opera House
Section: Opening

Question: Was the opening of the Sydney Opera House broadcast on television?

The Opera House was formally opened by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, on 20 October 1973.
A large crowd attended.
Utzon was not invited to the ceremony, nor was his name mentioned.
The opening was televised and included fireworks and a performance of Beethoven's Symphony No.
9.
Article: Gossip Girl
Section: Season 2: 2008–2009

Question: What does the second season explore?

The second season mainly explores the senior year of the characters with the premiere at the Hamptons and primarily focused on the relationship between Blair and Chuck, who were labeled "the heart of "GG"" by "People" magazine.
At first, both characters negate their feelings for one another, and go through random schemes and manipulations.
The first half of the season deals with Serena's growing prominence as a socialite which draws the attention of Blair as their friendship is tested when the character of Poppy Lifton (Tamara Feldman) arrives, a socialite who inadvertently drives a wedge between Serena and Blair after inspiring Serena to take her place in the spotlight during the early episodes of the season.
Nate faces the aftermath of his father's criminal past and pursues a relationship with Vanessa, who becomes further entangled into the world of the Upper East Side.
Jenny reignites her rebellious nature by pursuing a career as a fashion designer, thereby challenging Rufus' skills as a parent while Dan's friendship with Nate and relationship with Serena slowly transforms him from a social outcast to an insider.
The show finished its first half during the first week of December, with the shocking death of Bart Bass.
The second half of the season reveals the impact of Bart's death, causing a significant change of character direction for Chuck that subsequently leads to the growth of Rufus and Lily's relationship, the revelation of the two having a son together, and contributing to the decline of Dan and Serena's relationship.
John Shea reprised his role as Harold Waldorf during a Thanksgiving episode and becomes entangled in Blair's striving ambition of attending Yale.
Desmond Harrington entered the series as Chuck's manipulative uncle, Jack Bass.
Feldman returned to the season with Armie Hammer as Serena's new love interest, Gabriel Edwards.
Michelle Trachtenberg returned to the role of Georgina Sparks and filmed her scenes during February, also adjoining her character's return to the second season mystery.
A backdoor pilot for a spin-off premiered in May, but was not picked up by The CW to the limited number of spots available on their fall line-up.
As the storylines progressed, the role of "Gossip Girl" is slightly decreased.
She continues to run her blog, but she keeps the ultimate information for herself, sending it in the final episode as the last blast, where Serena decides to find out who "Gossip Girl" really is, but ultimately fails.
The season finale ended with a well-received kiss between Blair and Chuck.
Article: How to Survive a Plague
Section: Accolades

Question: What awards did "How to Survive a Plague" receive?

"How to Survive a Plague" received awards for best documentary of 2012 from the Gotham Independent Film Awards and from the Boston Society of Film Critics.
The Independent Spirit Awards nominated it for Best Documentary.
It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in the 85th Academy Awards.
The film also won a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary.
It was nominated for a Directors Guild Award and the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival.
Critic A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" named "How to Survive a Plague" one of the best five documentaries of 2012.
Fellow "New York Times" critic Stephen Holden called the documentary the eighth best film of 2012.
It also won Documentary of the Year at Attitude magazine's Attitude Awards 2013.
Article: Yogurt
Section: Nutritional value and health benefits

Question: Does yogurt contain a large amount of protein?

Yogurt is nutritionally rich in protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12.
It has nutritional benefits beyond those of milk.
Lactose-intolerant individuals can sometimes tolerate yogurt better than other dairy products, because the lactose in the milk is converted to glucose and galactose, and partially fermented to lactic acid, by the bacterial culture.
Yogurt containing live cultures has been found effective in a randomized trial at preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
Yogurt contains varying amounts of fat.
There is non-fat (0% fat), low-fat (usually 2% fat) and plain or whole milk yogurt (4% fat).
A study published in the "International Journal of Obesity" (11 January 2005) also found that the consumption of low-fat yogurt can promote weight loss, relative to a gelatin placebo.
Yogurt is a valuable health food for both infants and elderly persons.
For children, it is a balanced source of protein, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals.
For senior citizens, who usually have more sensitive colons or whose intestines have run out of lactase, yogurt is also a valuable food.
Elderly intestines showed declining levels of bifidus bacteria, which allow the growth of toxin-producing and, perhaps, cancer-causing bacteria.
Yogurt may help prevent osteoporosis, reduce the risk of high blood pressure.
Yogurt with active cultures helps the gut, may discourage vaginal infections, and may help one feel fuller.
The "yogurt defense" was made famous by the trial of Carol Downer, one of the developers of menstrual extraction.
She was arrested at her self-help group and charged with practicing medicine without a license, as she inserted yogurt into the vagina of another woman to treat a yeast condition.
Carol Downer was acquitted; the jury did not equate inserting yogurt with practicing medicine.