community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Virus
Section: Bacterial viruses

Question: What do restriction endonuclease enzymes do?

Bacteriophages are a common and diverse group of viruses and are the most abundant form of biological entity in aquatic environments – there are up to ten times more of these viruses in the oceans than there are bacteria, reaching levels of 250,000,000 bacteriophages per millilitre of seawater.
These viruses infect specific bacteria by binding to surface receptor molecules and then entering the cell.
Within a short amount of time, in some cases just minutes, bacterial polymerase starts translating viral mRNA into protein.
These proteins go on to become either new virions within the cell, helper proteins, which help assembly of new virions, or proteins involved in cell lysis.
Viral enzymes aid in the breakdown of the cell membrane, and, in the case of the T4 phage, in just over twenty minutes after injection over three hundred phages could be released.
The major way bacteria defend themselves from bacteriophages is by producing enzymes that destroy foreign DNA.
These enzymes, called restriction endonucleases, cut up the viral DNA that bacteriophages inject into bacterial cells.
Bacteria also contain a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of viruses that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block the virus's replication through a form of RNA interference.
This genetic system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.
Article: Michelangelo
Section: Architecture

Question: What structure did Michelangelo create a wooden moden for, but never complete?

Michelangelo's architectural commissions included a number that were not realised, notably the facade for Brunelleschi's Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, for which Michelangelo had a wooden model constructed, but which remains to this day unfinished rough brick.
At the same church, Giulio de' Medici (later Pope Clement VII) commissioned him to design the Medici Chapel and the tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo Medici.
Pope Clement also commissioned the Laurentian Library, for which Michelangelo also designed the extraordinary vestibule with columns recessed into niches, and a staircase that appears to spill out of the library like a flow of lava, according to Pevsner, "...revealing Mannerism in its most sublime architectural form.
"In 1546 Michelangelo produced the highly complex ovoid design for the pavement of the Campidoglio and began designing an upper storey for the Farnese Palace.
In 1547 he took on the job of completing St Peter's Basilica, begun to a design by Bramante, and with several intermediate designs by several architects.
Michelangelo returned to Bramante's design, retaining the basic form and concepts by simplifying and strengthening the design to create a more dynamic and unified whole.
Although the late 16th-century engraving depicts the dome as having a hemispherical profile, the dome of Michelangelo's model is somewhat ovoid and the final product, as completed by Giacomo della Porta is more so.
Article: Boxing
Section: Boxer rankings

Question: What diferent organizations give rakings to profeshional boxers?

There are various organizations and websites, that rank boxers in both weight class and pound-for-pound manner.
 BoxRec (ratings)
 The Ring (ratings)
 ESPN (ratings)
 Transnational Boxing Rankings Board (Ratings)
Article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Section: Criticism of Secret Service

Question: Who was it that ordered Dallas police to do things differently when Kennedy was assassinated?

Sgt.
Davis, of the Dallas Police Department, believed he had prepared stringent security precautions, in an attempt to prevent demonstrations like those marking the Adlai Stevenson visit from happening again.
The previous month, Stevenson, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, was assaulted by an anti-UN demonstrator.
But Winston Lawson of the Secret Service, who was in charge of the planning, told the Dallas Police not to assign its usual squad of experienced homicide detectives to follow immediately behind the President's car.
This police protection was routine for both visiting presidents and for motorcades of other visiting dignitaries.
Police Chief Jesse Curry later testified that had his men been in place, they might have been able to stop the assassin before he fired a second shot, because they carried submachine guns and rifles.
An investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) in 1979 concluded that "the Secret Service was deficient in the performance of its duties."
The HSCA stated:
That President Kennedy had not received adequate protection in Dallas.
That the Secret Service possessed information that was not properly analyzed, investigated, or used by the Secret Service in connection with the President's trip to Dallas.
That the Secret Service agents in the motorcade were inadequately prepared to protect the President from a sniper.
The HSCA specifically noted:No actions were taken by the agent in the right front seat of the Presidential limousine [ Roy Kellerman ] to cover the President with his body, although it would have been consistent with Secret Service procedure for him to have done so.
The primary function of the agent was to remain at all times in close proximity to the President in the event of such emergencies.
Article: Statue of Liberty
Section: Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications

Question: When was the statue of Liberty founded as a UNESCO World Heritaige Site?

There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty.
A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty, designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie ("Cie" is the French abbreviation analogous to "Co.").
A presentation tablet, also bearing Bartholdi's name, declares the statue to be a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors "the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship."
There is a tablet placed by the New York committee that commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal.
The cornerstone also bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons.
In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of "The New Colossus" and commemorates Emma Lazarus was presented by friends of the poet.
Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum in the base.
It is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977, celebrating the poet's life.
A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty.
Two Americans—Pulitzer and Lazarus—and three Frenchmen—Bartholdi, Laboulaye, and Eiffel—are depicted.
They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.
In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The UNESCO "Statement of Significance" describes the statue as a "masterpiece of the human spirit" that "endures as a highly potent symbol—inspiring contemplation, debate and protest—of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity."
Article: Great Depression
Section: Monetarist

Question: What caused the Great Depression?

Monetarists, including Milton Friedman, argue that the Great Depression was mainly caused by monetary contraction, the consequence of poor policy-making by the American Federal Reserve System and continued crisis in the banking system.
In this view, the Federal Reserve, by not acting, allowed the money supply as measured by the M2 to shrink by one-third from 1929–1933, thereby transforming a normal recession into the Great Depression.
Friedman argued that the downward turn in the economy, starting with the stock market crash, would have been just another recession.
The Federal Reserve allowed some large public bank failures – particularly that of the New York Bank of the United States – which produced panic and widespread runs on local banks, and the Federal Reserve sat idly by while banks collapsed.
He claimed that, if the Fed had provided emergency lending to these key banks, or simply bought government bonds on the open market to provide liquidity and increase the quantity of money after the key banks fell, all the rest of the banks would not have fallen after the large ones did, and the money supply would not have fallen as far and as fast as it did.
With significantly less money to go around, businessmen could not get new loans and could not even get their old loans renewed, forcing many to stop investing.
This interpretation blames the Federal Reserve for inaction, especially the New York branch.
One reason why the Federal Reserve did not act to limit the decline of the money supply was regulation.
At that time, the amount of credit the Federal Reserve could issue was limited by the Federal Reserve Act, which required 40% gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes issued.
By the late 1920s, the Federal Reserve had almost hit the limit of allowable credit that could be backed by the gold in its possession.
This credit was in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes.
A "promise of gold" is not as good as "gold in the hand", particularly when they only had enough gold to cover 40% of the Federal Reserve Notes outstanding.
During the bank panics a portion of those demand notes were redeemed for Federal Reserve gold.
Since the Federal Reserve had hit its limit on allowable credit, any reduction in gold in its vaults had to be accompanied by a greater reduction in credit.
On April 5, 1933, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6102 making the private ownership of gold certificates, coins and bullion illegal, reducing the pressure on Federal Reserve gold.
Article: Atomic number
Section: Moseley's 1913 experiment

Question: What scientist invested heavily in chemistry research in 1913?

The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913.
Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of "Z".
To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum ("Z" = 13) to gold ("Z" = 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube.
The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression.
This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e.
the element number "Z".
Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time.
Article: Chasing Cars
Section: Critical

Question: When was Chasing Cars nominated for a Grammy Award?

The song was nominated for a 2007 Grammy Award for Best Rock Song, as well as for a 2007 BRIT Award for Best British Single.
In 2007, "Chasing Cars" was voted number 1 in the Top 500 Songs: The Words Behind the Music, on Bristol's GWR FM (and other stations in The One Network).
Music's Adam Webb, however had mixed feelings for the single, when he awarded it 5 stars out of 10, saying it was a "misguided attempt to recreate its breast-beating slo-motion scarf-waving formula."
Further, he made comparisons of the song to Hollywood soundtracks, which in his words are "about as subtle as a rhino and too overt to be truly affecting.
""Billboard" magazine's Sven Phillip found the song the only one on the album "not to be missed".
He called it a "catchy, colossal ballad that succeeds without any fireworks".UK music licensing body PPL announced in December 2009 that "Chasing Cars" was the most played song of the decade.
Article: Thailand
Section: Sports

Question: Where is Muay thai native to?

Muay Thai (Thai: มวยไทย, RTGS: Muai Thai, , lit.
"Thai boxing") is a native form of kickboxing and Thailand's national sport.
It incorporates kicks, punches, knees and elbow strikes in a ring with gloves similar to those used in Western boxing and this has led to Thailand gaining medals at the Olympic Games in boxing.
Takraw (Thai: ตะกร้อ) is a sport native to Thailand, which the players hit a rattan ball and only be allowed to use their feet, knees, chest and head to touch the ball.
Sepak takraw is a form of this sport which appears in volleyball style, the players must volley a ball over a net and force it to hit the ground on opponent's side.
It is a popular in other countries in Southeast Asia also.
A rather similar game but played only with the feet is Buka ball.
Rugby is also a growing sport in Thailand with the Thailand national rugby union team rising to be ranked 61st in the world.
Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 kg welterweight rugby tournament in 2005.
The national domestic Thailand Rugby Union (TRU) competition includes several universities and services teams such as Chulalongkorn University, Mahasarakham University, Kasetsart University, Prince of Songkla University, Thammasat University, Rangsit University, the Thai Police, the Thai Army, the Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Air Force.
Local sports clubs which also compete in the TRU include the British Club of Bangkok, the Southerners Sports Club (Bangkok) and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club.
Thailand has been called the Golf Capital of Asia as it is a popular destination for golf.
The country attracts a large number of golfers from Japan, Korea, Singapore, South Africa and Western countries who come to play golf in Thailand every year.
The growing popularity of golf, especially among the middle classes and expats, is evident since there are more than 200 world-class golf courses nationwide, and some of them are chosen to host PGA and LPGA tournaments, such as Amata Spring Country Club, Alpine Golf & Sports Club, Thai Country Club and Black Mountain Golf Club.
Basketball is also a growing sport in Thailand, especially on the professional sports club level.
The Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 Asean Basketball League Championship.
The Thailand national basketball team had its most successful year at the 1966 Asian Games where it won the silver medal.
Other sports in Thailand are slowly growing as the country develops its sporting infrastructure.
The success in sports like weightlifting and Taekwondo at the last two Summer Olympic Games has demonstrated that boxing is no longer the only medal chance for Thailand.
Article: Girl with a Pearl Earring
Section: References in fiction

Question: What year was the movie "Girl with a Pearl Earring" produced?

Tracy Chevalier wrote a historical novel, also entitled "Girl with a Pearl Earring" (1999), fictionalizing the circumstances of the painting's creation.
In the novel, Johannes Vermeer becomes close with a fictional servant named Griet (based on Chevalier's close friend Georgia Kendall), whom he hires as an assistant and has sit for him as a painting model while wearing his wife's pearl earrings.
The novel inspired a 2003 film and 2008 play of the same name.
The 2003 film stars Scarlett Johansson as the girl with the pearl earring, Griet.
Johansson was nominated for various awards including a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.
Article: Medicine
Section: Specialties

Question: "Medicine" is defined by what?

In the broadest meaning of "medicine", there are many different specialties.
In the UK, most specialities have their own body or college, which have its own entrance examination.
These are collectively known as the Royal Colleges, although not all currently use the term "Royal".
The development of a speciality is often driven by new technology (such as the development of effective anaesthetics) or ways of working (such as emergency departments); the new specialty leads to the formation a unifying body of doctors and the prestige of administering their own examination.
Within medical circles, specialities usually fit into one of two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery."
"Medicine" refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most of its subspecialties require preliminary training in Internal Medicine.
In the UK, this was traditionally evidenced by passing the examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) or the equivalent college in Scotland or Ireland.
"Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in General Surgery, which in the UK leads to membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS).
At present, some specialties of medicine do not fit easily into either of these categories, such as radiology, pathology, or anesthesia.
Most of these have branched from one or other of the two camps above; for example anaesthesia developed first as a faculty of the Royal College of Surgeons (for which MRCS/FRCS would have been required) before becoming the Royal College of Anaesthetists and membership of the college is attained by sitting the examination of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Anesthetists (FRCA).
Article: France
Section: Administrative divisions

Question: When were the arrondissements abolished?

France is divided into 27 administrative regions, 22 in metropolitan France (including the territorial collectivity of Corsica), and five located overseas.
The regions are further subdivided into 101 departments, which are numbered mainly alphabetically.
This number is used in postal codes and vehicle number plates amongst others.
The 101 departments are subdivided into 341 arrondissements which are, in turn, subdivided into 4,051 cantons.
These cantons are then divided into 36,697 communes, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council.
There are 2,588 intercommunal entities grouping 33,414 of the 36,697 communes (i.e.
91.1% of all the communes).
Three communes, Paris, Lyon and Marseille are subdivided into 45 municipal arrondissements.
The regions, departments and communes are all known as territorial collectivities, meaning they possess local assemblies as well as an executive.
Arrondissements and cantons are merely administrative divisions.
However, this was not always the case.
Until 1940, the arrondissements were territorial collectivities with an elected assembly, but these were suspended by the Vichy regime and definitely abolished by the Fourth Republic in 1946.
Article: World War I
Section: July Crisis

Question: On what date did Britain declare war on Germany following an "unsatisfactory reply" to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral?

The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France, and Britain which was called the July Crisis.
Believing correctly that Serbian officials (especially the officers of the Black Hand) were involved in the plot, and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia, Austria-Hungary delivered to Serbia the July Ultimatum, a series of ten demands intentionally made unacceptable, intending to provoke a war with Serbia.
When Serbia agreed to only eight of the ten demands, Austria-Hungary declared war on 28 July 1914.
Strachan argues, "Whether an equivocal and early response by Serbia would have made any difference to Austria-Hungary's behaviour must be doubtful.
Franz Ferdinand was not the sort of personality who commanded popularity, and his demise did not cast the empire into deepest mourning".
The Russian Empire, unwilling to allow Austria-Hungary to eliminate its influence in the Balkans, and in support of its longtime Serb protégé, ordered a partial mobilisation one day later, 29 July.
Germany mobilised on 30 July, and Russia responded by declaring a full mobilisation that same day.
Germany imposed an ultimatum on Russia, through its ambassador in Berlin, to demobilise within 12 hours or face war.
Russia responded by offering to negotiate the terms of a demobilisation.
However, Germany refused to negotiate, declaring war against Russia on 1 August 1914.
Germany's war plan, the Schlieffen Plan, relied on a quick, massive invasion of France to eliminate the threat on the West, before turning east against Russia.
Simultaneously with its mobilisation against Russia, therefore, the German government issued demands that France remain neutral.
The French cabinet resisted military pressure to commence immediate mobilisation, and ordered its troops to withdraw from the border to avoid any incident.
Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August, and on 3 August declared war on France.
On 4 August, after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France, Germany declared war on Belgium as well.
Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, following an "unsatisfactory reply" to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral.
Article: South Korea
Section: Public health and safety

Question: What percentage of adults smoke in South Korea?

Although life expectancy has increased significantly since 1950, South Korea faces a number of important health-care issues.
Foremost is the impact of environmental pollution on an increasingly urbanized population.
According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, chronic diseases account for the majority of diseases in South Korea, a condition exacerbated by the health care system's focus on treatment rather than prevention.
The incidence of chronic disease in South Korea hovers around 24 percent.
Approximately 33 percent of all adults smoke.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rate of prevalence at the end of 2003 was less than 0.1 percent.
In 2001 central government expenditures on health care accounted for about 6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP).
The suicide rate in the nation was 26 per 100,000 in 2008, the highest in the industrialized world.
Young South Korean males were found to be the tallest in all of East Asia, resulting from healthy living conditions, economic development and changes in food culture.
Based on the Asia-Pacific Advisory Committee on Influenza (APACI), South Korea ranked the highest of influenza vaccination in Asia with 311 vaccines per 1,000 people.
South Korea has the highest suicide rate in the developed world.