community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Switzerland
Section: Geography

Question: The Rhone river is both the main input and output of which lake?

Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of .
The population is about 7.9 million, resulting in an average population density of around 190 people per square kilometre (485/sq mi).
The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half.
In the largest Canton of Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km² (70 /sq mi).
Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss plateau or middleland, and the Jura mountains on the north.
The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country, comprising about 60% of the country's total area.
Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps many glaciers are found, totalling an area of 1,063 square kilometres.
From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe.
The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe, among which are included Lake Geneva, Lake Constance and Lake Maggiore.
Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and contains 6% of Europe's stock of fresh water.
Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory.
About a hundred of Switzerland's mountain peaks are close to or higher than .
At , Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn () is probably the most famous.
Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais.
The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau () and Eiger, and the many picturesque valleys in the region.
In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing the St. Moritz area in canton Graubünden, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina ().
The more populous northern part of the country, comprising about 30% of the country's total area, is called the Middle Land.
It has greater open and hilly landscapes, partly forested, partly open pastures, usually with grazing herds, or vegetables and fruit fields, but it is still hilly.
There are large lakes found here and the biggest Swiss cities are in this area of the country.
The largest lake is Lake Geneva (also called Lac Léman in French), in western Switzerland.
The Rhône River is both the main input and output of Lake Geneva.
Article: The Thinker
Section: Casts

Question: When was "The Thinker" moved to the Hotel Biron?

"The Thinker" has been cast in multiple versions and is found around the world; the history of the progression from models to castings is complicated and still not entirely clear.
About 28 monumental-sized bronze casts of the sculpture are in museums and public places.
In addition, there are sculptures of different study size scales and plaster versions (often painted bronze) in both monumental and study sizes.
Some newer castings have been produced posthumously and are not considered part of the original production.
Rodin made the first small plaster version around 1880.
The first large-scale bronze casting was finished in 1902 but not presented to the public until 1904.
It became the property of the city of Paris — thanks to a subscription organized by Rodin admirers — and was put in front of the Panthéon in 1906.
In 1922, it was moved to the Hôtel Biron, which had been transformed into the Rodin Museum.
The first cast sculpture can be found in front of Grawemeyer Hall on the University of Louisville Belknap Campus in Louisville, Kentucky.
Made in Paris, it was first displayed at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904 and was then given to the city.
This sculpture was the only cast created by the lost-wax casting method.
Article: Colosseum
Section: Abstract

Question: How many people could the Colosseum hold?

The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: "Amphitheatrum Flavium"; Italian: "Anfiteatro Flavio" or "Colosseo") is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy.
Built of concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheatre of the Roman Empire, and is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering.
It is the largest amphitheatre in the world.
The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum.
Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in 70 AD, and was completed in 80 AD under his successor and heir Titus.
Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96).
These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name "(Flavius)".
The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators, and was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology.
The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era.
It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.
Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome.
It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.
The Colosseum, like all the Historic Centre of Rome, Properties of the Holy See in Italy and the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
In 2007 the complex was also included among the New7Wonders of the World, following a competition organized by New Open World Corporation (NOWC).
The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.
Article: Aurora
Section: Auroral mechanism

Question: What is the most common color of auroras?

l mechanism.
Auroras are associated with the solar wind, a flow of ions continuously flowing outward from the Sun.
The Earth's magnetic field traps these particles, many of which travel toward the poles where they are accelerated toward Earth.
Collisions between these ions and atmospheric atoms and molecules cause energy releases in the form of auroras appearing in large circles around the poles.
Auroras are more frequent and brighter during the intense phase of the solar cycle when coronal mass ejections increase the intensity of the solar wind.
Auroras result from emissions of photons in the Earth's upper atmosphere, above , from ionized nitrogen molecules regaining an electron, and oxygen atoms and nitrogen molecules returning from an excited state to ground state.
They are ionized or excited by the collision of solar wind and magnetospheric particles being funneled down and accelerated along the Earth's magnetic field lines; excitation energy is lost by the emission of a photon, or by collision with another atom or molecule:
oxygen emissions: green or brownish-red, depending on the amount of energy absorbed.
nitrogen emissions: blue or red; blue if the atom regains an electron after it has been ionized, red if returning to ground state from an excited state.
Oxygen is unusual in terms of its return to ground state: it can take three quarters of a second to emit green light and up to two minutes to emit red.
Collisions with other atoms or molecules absorb the excitation energy and prevent emission.
Because the very top of the atmosphere has a higher percentage of oxygen and is sparsely distributed such collisions are rare enough to allow time for oxygen to emit red.
Collisions become more frequent progressing down into the atmosphere, so that red emissions do not have time to happen, and eventually even green light emissions are prevented.
This is why there is a color differential with altitude; at high altitude oxygen red dominates, then oxygen green and nitrogen blue/red, then finally nitrogen blue/red when collisions prevent oxygen from emitting anything.
Green is the most common of all auroras.
Behind it is pink, a mixture of light green and red, followed by pure red, yellow (a mixture of red and green), and finally, pure blue.
Article: Computer science
Section: Education

Question: When the the ACM and CSTA release a report entitled "Running on Empty: The Failure to Teach K-12 Computer Science in the Digital Age"?

Some universities teach computer science as a theoretical study of computation and algorithmic reasoning.
These programs often feature the theory of computation, analysis of algorithms, formal methods, concurrency theory, databases, computer graphics, and systems analysis, among others.
They typically also teach computer programming, but treat it as a vessel for the support of other fields of computer science rather than a central focus of high-level study.
The ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Curriculum Task Force "Computing Curriculum 2005" (and 2008 update) gives a guideline for university curriculum.
Other colleges and universities, as well as secondary schools and vocational programs that teach computer science, emphasize the practice of advanced programming rather than the theory of algorithms and computation in their computer science curricula.
Such curricula tend to focus on those skills that are important to workers entering the software industry.
The process aspects of computer programming are often referred to as software engineering.
While computer science professions increasingly drive the U.S. economy, computer science education is absent in most American K-12 curricula.
A report entitled "Running on Empty: The Failure to Teach K-12 Computer Science in the Digital Age" was released in October 2010 by Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA), and revealed that only 14 states have adopted significant education standards for high school computer science.
The report also found that only nine states count high school computer science courses as a core academic subject in their graduation requirements.
In tandem with "Running on Empty", a new non-partisan advocacy coalition - Computing in the Core (CinC) - was founded to influence federal and state policy, such as the Computer Science Education Act, which calls for grants to states to develop plans for improving computer science education and supporting computer science teachers.
Within the United States a gender gap in computer science education has been observed as well.
Research conducted by the WGBH Educational Foundation and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) revealed that more than twice as many high school boys considered computer science to be a “very good” or “good” college major than high school girls.
In addition, the high school Advanced Placement (AP) exam for computer science has displayed a disparity in gender.
Compared to other AP subjects it has the lowest number of female participants, with a composition of about 15 percent women.
This gender gap in computer science is further witnessed at the college level, where 31 percent of undergraduate computer science degrees are earned by women and only 8 percent of computer science faculty consists of women.
According to an article published by the Epistemic Games Group in August 2012, the number of women graduates in the computer science field has declined to 13 percent.
Article: Wadjda
Section: Cast

Question: Who played Wadjda in the movie?

 Reem Abdullah as Mother
 Waad Mohammed as Wadjda (وجدة)
 Abdullrahman Algohani as Abdullah
 Sultan Al Assaf as Father
 Ahd Kamel as Ms Hussa
 Ibrahim Al Mozael as Toyshop Owner
 Noof Saad as Qu'ran Teacher
 Rafa Al Sanea as Fatima
 Alanoud Sajini as Fatin
Article: Archery
Section: Protective equipment

Question: What is the definitoin of "brassard"?

Most archers wear a bracer (also known as an arm-guard) to protect the inside of the bow arm from being hit by the string and prevent clothing from catching the bow string.
The bracer does not brace the arm; the word comes from the armoury term "brassard", meaning an armoured sleeve or badge.
The Navajo people have developed highly ornamented bracers as non-functional items of adornment.
Some archers (mostly women) also wear protection on their chests, called chestguards or plastrons.
The myth of the Amazons was that they had one breast removed to solve this problem.
Roger Ascham mentions one archer, presumably with an unusual shooting style, who wore a leather guard for his face.
The drawing digits are normally protected by a leather tab, glove, or thumb ring.
A simple tab of leather is commonly used, as is a skeleton glove.
Medieval Europeans probably used a complete leather glove.
Eurasiatic archers who used the thumb or Mongolian draw protected their thumbs, usually with leather according to the author of "Arab Archery", but also with special rings of various hard materials.
Many surviving Turkish and Chinese examples are works of considerable art.
Some are so highly ornamented that the users could not have used them to loose an arrow.
Possibly these were items of personal adornment, and hence value, remaining extant whilst leather had virtually no intrinsic value and would also deteriorate with time.
In traditional Japanese archery a special glove is used, provided with a ridge which is used to draw the string.
Article: Universal Studios Florida
Section: New York

Question: What was the ride "Twister...Ride It Out" inspired by?

This section of the park is aptly named.
Within its boundaries can be found architectural styles and sets that resemble the New York from the past and present.
New York's flagship attraction is Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride.
Opening in May 2004, this indoor roller coaster was inspired by "The Mummy film franchise".
Outside the ride guests can purchase merchandise items from "Sahara Traders".
Twister... Ride it Out is a live-action attraction that uses special effects to simulate a tornado.
It was inspired by the 1996 film "Twister".
The attraction opened in 1998 and features a merchandise shop entitled "Aftermath" nearby.
A walkthrough attraction named Delancey Street Preview Center allows visitors to preview upcoming films or television shows created by Universal Studios.
This allows the company to receive feedback from a wide range of sources.
The Preview Center opened in 2006.
In the streets of New York, The Blues Brothers perform a variety of classic rock and soul songs multiple times per day in The Blues Brothers Live.
New York features several dining outlets: "Finnegan's Bar and Grill" and "Louie's Italian Restaurant" which were designed for the park as well as "Starbucks Coffee" and "Ben & Jerry's" which are commercial franchises.
Within New York exist three merchandise shops: "Sahara Traders", "Aftermath" and "Rosie's Irish Shop".
The first two feature merchandise related to attractions within this area.
As Nickelodeon was headquartered in the park at the time, the opening credits for "Roundhouse" and "All That" (two of its shows) were filmed around this area of the park.
Article: Boxing
Section: Professional vs. amateur boxing

Question: Which centuries did people box mainly for money in?

Throughout the 17th through 19th centuries, boxing bouts were motivated by money, as the fighters competed for prize money, promoters controlled the gate, and spectators bet on the result.
The modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur sports, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in 1908.
In their current form, Olympic and other amateur bouts are typically limited to three or four rounds, scoring is computed by points based on the number of clean blows landed, regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective headgear, reducing the number of injuries, knockdowns, and knockouts.
Currently scoring blows in amateur boxing are subjectively counted by ringside judges, but the Australian Institute for Sport has demonstrated a prototype of an Automated Boxing Scoring System, which introduces scoring objectivity, improves safety, and arguably makes the sport more interesting to spectators.
Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport globally, though amateur boxing is dominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics.
For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at the Olympics, serves to develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career.
Article: Union Station (Washington, D.C.)
Section: Architecture

Question: What type of architectural feature does Union Station pay homage to?

Architect Daniel H. Burnham, assisted by Pierce Anderson, was inspired by a number of different architectural styles.
Classical elements included the Arch of Constantine (exterior, main façade) and the great vaulted spaces of the Baths of Diocletian (interior); prominent siting at the intersection of two of Pierre L'Enfant's avenues, with an orientation that faced the United States Capitol just five blocks away; a massive scale, including a façade stretching more than 600 feet and a waiting room ceiling 96 feet above the floor; stone inscriptions and allegorical sculpture in the Beaux-Arts style; expensive materials such as marble, gold leaf, and white granite from a previously unused quarry.
In the Attic block, above the main cornice of the central block, stand six colossal statues (modeled on the Dacian prisoners of the Arch of Constantine) created by Louis St. Gaudens.
These are entitled "The Progress of Railroading" and their iconography expresses the confident enthusiasm of the American Renaissance movement: Prometheus (for Fire), Thales (for Electricity), Themis (for Freedom and Justice), Apollo (for Imagination and Inspiration), Ceres (for Agriculture) and Archimedes (for Mechanics).
The substitution of Agriculture for Commerce in a railroad station iconography vividly conveys the power of a specifically American lobbying bloc.
St. Gaudens also created the 26 centurions for the station's main hall.
Burnham drew upon a tradition, launched with the 1837 Euston railway station in London, of treating the entrance to a major terminal as a triumphal arch.
He linked the monumental end pavilions with long arcades enclosing loggias in a long series of bays that were vaulted with the lightweight fireproof Guastavino tiles favored by American Beaux-Arts architects.
The final aspect owed much to the Court of Heroes at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, where Burnham had been coordinating architect.
The setting of Union Station’s façade at the focus of converging avenues in a park-like green setting is one of the few executed achievements of the City Beautiful movement: elite city planning that was based on the "goosefoot" ("patte d'oie") of formal garden plans made by Baroque designers such as André Le Nôtre.
The station held a full range of dining rooms and other services, including barber shops and a mortuary.
Union Station was equipped with a presidential suite which is now occupied by a restaurant.
Article: Das Boot
Section: List

Question: When was the first BBC mini-series based on Das Boot?

 150 minutes (1981, 1982) Theatrical
 209 minutes (1981) unreleased
 300 minutes (1984, 1988) BBC mini-series
 208 minutes (1997) Director's Cut
 293 minutes (2004) "Das Boot: The Original Uncut Version"
Article: Nebula
Section: Abstract

Question: What does nebula mean in Latin?

A nebula (from Latin: "cloud"; pl.
"nebulae" or "nebulæ", with ligature, or "nebulas") is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases.
Originally, "nebula" was a name for any diffuse astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way.
The Andromeda Galaxy, for instance, was referred to as the "Andromeda Nebula" (and spiral galaxies in general as "spiral nebulae") before the true nature of galaxies was confirmed in the early 20th century by Vesto Slipher, Edwin Hubble and others.
Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Eagle Nebula.
This nebula is depicted in one of NASA's most famous images, the "Pillars of Creation".
In these regions the formations of gas, dust, and other materials "clump" together to form larger masses, which attract further matter, and eventually will become massive enough to form stars.
The remaining materials are then believed to form planets, and other planetary system objects.
Article: Great Sphinx of Giza
Section: Racial characteristics

Question: Damage has occurred on which part of the Sphinx?

Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as "Negroid" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx.
This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole.
The face of the Sphinx has been damaged over the millennia.
Article: Cricket
Section: Fielding

Question: What is the primary job of the wicket-keeper in Cricket?

All eleven players on the fielding side take the field together.
One of them is the wicket-keeper "aka" "keeper" who operates behind the wicket being defended by the batsman on strike.
Wicket-keeping is normally a specialist occupation and his primary job is to gather deliveries that the batsman does not hit, so that the batsmen cannot run byes.
He wears special gloves (he is the only fielder allowed to do so), a box over the groin, and pads to cover his lower legs.
Owing to his position directly behind the striker, the wicket-keeper has a good chance of getting a batsman out caught off a fine edge from the bat.
He is the only player who can get a batsman out stumped.
Apart from the one currently bowling, the other nine fielders are tactically deployed by the team captain in chosen positions around the field.
These positions are not fixed but they are known by specific and sometimes colourful names such as "slip", "third man", "silly mid on" and "long leg".
There are always many unprotected areas.
The captain is the most important member of the fielding side as he determines all the tactics including who should bowl (and how); and he is responsible for "setting the field", though usually in consultation with the bowler.
In all forms of cricket, if a fielder gets injured or becomes ill during a match, a substitute is allowed to field instead of him.
The substitute cannot bowl, act as a captain or keep wicket.
The substitute leaves the field when the injured player is fit to return.
Article: Proton
Section: Atomic number

Question: How many isotopes of chlorine have 18 or 20 neutrons?

 in chemistry.
Atomic number.
In chemistry, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as the atomic number, which determines the chemical element to which the atom belongs.
For example, the atomic number of chlorine is 17; this means that each chlorine atom has 17 protons and that all atoms with 17 protons are chlorine atoms.
The chemical properties of each atom are determined by the number of (negatively charged) electrons, which for neutral atoms is equal to the number of (positive) protons so that the total charge is zero.
For example, a neutral chlorine atom has 17 protons and 17 electrons, whereas a Cl− anion has 17 protons and 18 electrons for a total charge of −1.
All atoms of a given element are not necessarily identical, however, as the number of neutrons may vary to form different isotopes, and energy levels may differ forming different nuclear isomers.
For example, there are two stable isotopes of chlorine: with 35 − 17 = 18 neutrons and with 37 − 17 = 20 neutrons.