community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: England
Section: Major conurbations

Question: How many settlements have been designated city status in England?

The Greater London Urban Area is by far the largest urban area in England and one of the busiest cities in the world.
It is considered a global city and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself.
Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in northern England or the English Midlands.
There are fifty settlements which have been designated city status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has sixty-six.
While many cities in England are quite large in size, such as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Bradford, Nottingham and others, a large population is not necessarily a prerequisite for a settlement to be afforded city status.
Traditionally the status was afforded to towns with diocesan cathedrals and so there are smaller cities like Wells, Ely, Ripon, Truro and Chichester.
According to the Office for National Statistics the ten largest, continuous built-up urban areas are:
Article: Subatomic particle
Section: By composition

Question: How many protons and neutrons is the atomic nucleus of helium-4 composed of?

The elementary particles of the Standard Model include:
Six "flavors" of quarks: up, down, bottom, top, strange, and charm;
Six types of leptons: electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, tau neutrino;
Twelve gauge bosons (force carriers): the photon of electromagnetism, the three W and Z bosons of the weak force, and the eight gluons of the strong force;
The Higgs boson.
Various extensions of the Standard Model predict the existence of an elementary graviton particle and many other elementary particles.
Composite subatomic particles (such as protons or atomic nuclei) are bound states of two or more elementary particles.
For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while the atomic nucleus of helium-4 is composed of two protons and two neutrons.
Composite particles include all hadrons: these include baryons (such as protons and neutrons) and mesons (such as pions and kaons).
Article: Private Practice (TV series)
Section: Casting

Question: In the role of Naomi Bennett, who was Merrin Dungey replaced with?

On , it was announced by ABC that Merrin Dungey, who played the role of Naomi Bennett, would be replaced by four time Tony winner Audra McDonald.
ABC gave no reason for this change.
On , it was announced that a new character, played by KaDee Strickland, had been added to the main cast.
Tony Award Winner Idina Menzel appeared in two episodes during the second season.
Menzel was married to "Private Practice" star Taye Diggs.
David Sutcliffe, Jayne Brook, and Josh Hopkins also appeared in "Private Practice".
Article: Ice cream
Section: Cryogenic

Question: How is ice cream frozen and hardened?

Using liquid nitrogen to freeze ice cream is an old idea and has been used for many years to harden ice cream.
The use of liquid nitrogen in the primary freezing of ice cream, that is to effect the transition from the liquid to the frozen state without the use of a conventional ice cream freezer, has only recently started to see commercialization.
Some commercial innovations have been documented in the National Cryogenic Society Magazine "Cold Facts".
The most noted brands are Dippin' Dots, Blue Sky Creamery, Project Creamery, and Sub Zero Cryo Creamery.
The preparation results in a column of white condensed water vapor cloud, reminiscent of popular depictions of witches' cauldrons.
The ice cream, dangerous to eat while still "steaming", is allowed to rest until the liquid nitrogen is completely vaporised.
Sometimes ice cream is frozen to the sides of the container, and must be allowed to thaw.
Making ice cream with liquid nitrogen has advantages over conventional freezing.
Due to the rapid freezing, the crystal grains are smaller, giving the ice cream a creamier texture, and allowing one to get the same texture by using less milkfat.
Such ice crystals will grow very quickly via the processes of recrystallization, thereby obviating the original benefits unless steps are taken to inhibit ice crystal growth.
For similar reasons, good results can also be achieved with the more readily available "dry ice" and authors such as Heston Blumenthal have published recipes to produce ice cream and sorbet using a simple blender.
Article: Solar System
Section: Mercury

Question: Which planet is closest to the Sun?

 Mercury (0.4 AU from the Sun) is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet in the Solar System (0.055 Earth masses).
Mercury has no natural satellites, and its only known geological features besides impact craters are lobed ridges or rupes, probably produced by a period of contraction early in its history.
Mercury's almost negligible atmosphere consists of atoms blasted off its surface by the solar wind.
Its relatively large iron core and thin mantle have not yet been adequately explained.
Hypotheses include that its outer layers were stripped off by a giant impact; or, that it was prevented from fully accreting by the young Sun's energy.
Article: Hong Kong
Section: Health

Question: Why did local pregnant women protest?

There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong.
There is little interaction between public and private healthcare.
The hospitals offer a wide range of healthcare services, and some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to be world class.
According to UN estimates, Hong Kong has one of the longest life expectancy of any country or territory in the world.
As of 2012, Hong Kong women are the longest living demographic group in the world.
There are two medical schools in the territory, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at the University of Hong Kong.
Both have links with public sector hospitals.
With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK).
However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory.
Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals both public and private.
This has led to protest from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty in securing a bed space for giving birth and routine check-ups.
Other concerns in the decade of 2001–2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.
Article: United Kingdom
Section: Climate

Question: Which season is warmest in south-east England?

The United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round.
The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below or rising above .
The prevailing wind is from the south-west and bears frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean, although the eastern parts are mostly sheltered from this wind since the majority of the rain falls over the western regions the eastern parts are therefore the driest.
Atlantic currents, warmed by the Gulf Stream, bring mild winters; especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground.
Summers are warmest in the south-east of England, being closest to the European mainland, and coolest in the north.
Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground, and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills.
Article: Luge
Section: Abstract

Question: How is a luge defined?

A luge is a small one- or two-person sled on which one sleds supine (face up) and feet-first.
Steering is done by flexing the sled's runners with the calf of each leg or exerting opposite shoulder pressure to the seat.
Racing sleds weigh 21–25 kilograms (46–55 lb) for singles and 25–30 kilograms (55–66 lb) for doubles.
Luge is also the name of an Olympic sport.
Lugers can reach speeds of 140 km per hour (87 mph).
Manuel Pfister of Austria, reached a top speed of 154 km per hour (95.69 mph) on the track in Whistler, Canada prior to the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics.
Lugers compete against a timer and are timed to a thousandth of a second, making luge one of the most precisely timed sports in the world.
The first recorded use of the term "luge" is 1905, from the Savoy/Swiss dialect of French "luge" meaning "small coasting sled", and is possibly from a Gaulish word with the same root as English sled.
Article: Private Practice (TV series)
Section: Broadcast history

Question: What was the air time of Private Practice?

On , the backdoor pilot of "Private Practice" aired on ABC, the pilot was in the double episode of "Grey's Anatomy" entitled "The Other Side of This Life", and gave a brief description of the characters in "Private Practice".
The cast included Amy Brenneman, Paul Adelstein, Tim Daly, Taye Diggs, Chris Lowell, and Merrin Dungey.
The 2-hour episode averaged 21 million viewers, 1.9 million more viewers than "Grey's Anatomy's" third season 19.1 million viewers-per-episode average at the time of its airing.
The episode was also No.
1 in the 9:00 pm and 10:00 pm timeslots.
On , it was announced, on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", that "Private Practice" was part of ABC's 2007 fall line-up.
The first TV promo for the series aired during the season finale of "Grey's Anatomy", on .
The series premiere aired on , averaging 14.41 million viewers being the most watched show in its time slot.
The series premiered on British television on , on LIVING.
It was later moved to Thursday at 10:00 pm after "Grey's Anatomy" during mid-season 2009, to make room for the return of "Lost".
Article: Netball
Section: Indoor netball

Question: Are there multiple types of indoor netballs?

Indoor netball.
Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is surrounded on each side and overhead by a net.
The net prevents the ball from leaving the court, permitting faster play by reducing playing stoppages.
Different forms of indoor netball exist.
In a seven-per-side version called "action netball", seven players per team play with rules similar to netball.
However, a game is split into 15-minute halves with a three-minute break in between.
This version is played in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and England.
A six-per-side version of the sport is also played in New Zealand.
Two Centres per team can play in the whole court except the shooting circles; the remaining attacking and defending players are each restricted to one half of the court, including the shooting circles.
The attacking and Centre players may shoot from outside the shooting circle for a two-point goal.
A five-per-side game is also common in indoor netball.
Players can move throughout the court, with the exception of the shooting circles, which are restricted to certain attacking or defending players.
Article: Water polo
Section: Setting the ball

Question: How much time should expected after a foul before the continuation of play in water polo?

The key to the offense is to accurately pass (or "set") the ball into the center forward or hole set, positioned directly in front of the goal ("the hole").
Any field player may throw the hole set a "wet pass."
A wet pass is one that hits the water just outside of the hole set's reach.
A dry pass may also be used.
This is where the hole set receives the ball directly in his hand and then attempts a shot at the cage.
This pass is much more difficult because if the pass is not properly caught, the officials will be likely to call an offensive foul resulting in a change of ball possession.
The hole set attempts to take possession of the ball a wet pass, to shoot at the goal, or to draw a foul from his defender.
A minor foul is called if his defender (called the "hole D") attempts to impede movement before the hole set has possession.
The referee indicates the foul with one short whistle blow and points one hand to the spot of the foul and the other hand in the direction of the attack of the team to whom the free throw has been awarded.
The hole set then has a "reasonable amount of time" (typically about three seconds) to re-commence play by making a free pass to one of the other players.
The defensive team cannot hinder the hole set until the free throw has been taken, but the hole set cannot shoot a goal once the foul has been awarded until the ball has been played by at least one other player.
If the hole set attempts a goal without the free throw, the goal is not counted and the defense takes possession of the ball, unless the shot is made outside the 5-meter line.
As soon as the hole set has a free pass, the other attacking players attempt to swim (or "drive") away from their defenders towards the goal.
The players at the flat position will attempt to set a screen (also known as a pick) for the driver.
If a driver gets free from a defender, the player calls for the pass from the hole set and attempts a shot at the goal.
Article: Rugby union
Section: Rugby within international tournaments

Question: In what year did the US accomplish it's first victory at the Rugby union?

Rugby union was played at the Olympic Games in 1900, 1908, 1920 and 1924.
As per Olympic rules, the nations of Scotland, Wales and England were not allowed to play separately as they are not sovereign states.
In 1900, France won the gold, beating Great Britain 27 points to 8 and defeating Germany 27 points to 17.
In 1908, Australasia defeated Great Britain, claiming the gold medal, the score being 32 points to three.
In 1920, the United States, fielding a team with many players new to the sport of rugby, upset France in a shock win, eight points to zero.
In 1924, the United States again defeated France 17 to 3, becoming the only team to win gold twice in the sport.
In 2009 the International Olympic Committee voted with a majority of 81 to 8 that rugby union be reinstated as an Olympic sport in at least the 2016 and 2020 games, but in the sevens, 4-day tournament format.
This is something the rugby world has aspired to for a long time and Bernard Lapasset, president of the International Rugby Board, said the Olympic gold medal would be considered to be "the pinnacle of our sport" (Rugby Sevens).
Rugby sevens has been played at the Commonwealth Games since the 1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur.
The present gold medal holders are New Zealand who have won the competition on four successive occasions.
Rugby union has also been an Asian Games event since the 1998 games in Bangkok, Thailand.
In the 1998 and 2002 editions of the games, both the usual fifteen-a-side variety and rugby sevens were played, but from 2006 onwards, only rugby sevens was retained.
In 2010, the women's rugby sevens event was introduced.
The event is likely to remain a permanent fixture of the Asian Games due to elevation of rugby sevens as an Olympic sport from the 2016 Olympics onwards.
The present gold medal holders in the sevens tournament, held in 2010, are Japan in the male event and Kazakhstan in the women's.
Article: Rendang
Section: Cultural significance

Question: Who are symbolized by the chili in Rendang?

Rendang is revered in Minangkabau culture as an embodiment of the philosophy of "musyawarah", discussion and consultation with elders.
It has been claimed that the four main ingredients represent Minangkabau society as a whole :
 The meat ("dagiang") symbolizes the "Niniak Mamak", the traditional clan leaders, such as the datuk, the nobles, royalty and revered elders.
 The coconut milk ("karambia") symbolizes the "Cadiak Pandai", intellectuals, teachers, poets and writers.
 The chili ("lado") symbolizes the "Alim Ulama", clerics, "ulama" and religious leaders.
The hotness of the chili symbolizes sharia.
 The spice mixture ("pemasak") symbolizes the rest of Minangkabau society.
In Minangkabau tradition, rendang is a requisite dish for special occasions in traditional Minang ceremonies, from birth ceremonies to circumcision, marriage, Qur'an recitals and religious festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha.
Article: Luge
Section: Artificial tracks

Question: How fast do lugers usually race?

Artificial luge tracks have specially-designed and -constructed banked curves plus walled-in straights.
Most tracks are artificially refrigerated, but artificial tracks without artificial cooling also exist (for example, in St. Moritz).
Tracks tend to be very smooth.
The athletes ride in a flat, aerodynamic position on the sled, keeping their heads low to minimize air resistance.
They steer the sled mainly with their calves by applying pressure on the runners--right calf to turn left, left calf to turn right.
It takes a precise mix of shifting body weight, applying pressure with calves and rolling the shoulders.
There are also handles for minor adjustments.
A successful luger maintains complete concentration and relaxation on the sled while traveling at high speeds.
Most lugers "visualize" the course in their minds before sliding.
Fastest times result from following the perfect "line" down the track.
Any slight error, such as a brush of the wall, costs time.
Track conditions are also important.
Softer ice tends to slow speeds, while harder ice tends to lead to faster times.
Lugers race at speeds averaging 120–145 km/h (75–90 mph) around high banked curves while experiencing a centripetal acceleration of up to 5g.
Men's Singles have their start locations near where the bobsled and skeleton competitors start at most tracks, while both the Doubles and Women's Singles competition have their starthouse located further down the track.
Artificial track luge is the fastest and most agile sledding sport.
Article: Netball
Section: Description and rules

Question: Where are the goal posts located?

The objective of a game is to score more goals than the opposition.
Goals are scored when a team member positioned in the attacking shooting circle shoots the ball through the goal ring.
The goal rings are in diameter and sit atop -high goal posts that have no backboards.
A -radius semi-circular "shooting circle" is an area at each end of the court.
The goal posts are located within the shooting circle.
Each team defends one shooting circle and attacks the other.
The netball court is long, wide, and divided lengthwise into thirds.
The ball is usually made of leather or rubber, measures in circumference, and weighs .
A normal game consists of four 15-minute quarters and can be played outdoors or in a covered stadium.
Each team is allowed seven players on the court.
Each player is assigned a specific position, which limits their movement to a certain area of the court.
A "bib" worn by each player contains a two letter abbreviation of indicating this position.
Only two positions are permitted in the attacking shooting circle, and can therefore shoot for a goal.
Similarly, only two positions are permitted in the defensive shooting circle; they try to prevent the opposition from shooting goals.
Other players are restricted to two thirds of the court, with the exception of the Centre, who may move anywhere on the court except for a shooting circle.
At the beginning of every quarter and after a goal has been scored, play starts with a player in the centre position passing the ball from the centre of the court.
These "centre passes" alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal.
When the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, four players from each team can move into the centre third to receive the pass.
The centre pass must be caught or touched in the centre third.
The ball is then moved up and down the court through passing and must be touched by a player in each adjacent third of the court.
Players can hold the ball for only three seconds at any time.
It must be released before the foot they were standing on when they caught it touches the ground again.
Contact between players is only permitted if it does not impede an opponent or the general play.
When defending a pass or shot players must be at least away from the player with the ball.
If illegal contact is made, the player who contacted cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed or shot the ball.
If the ball is held in two hands and either dropped or a shot at goal is missed, the same player cannot be the first to touch it unless it first rebounds off the goal.
Article: Mexico
Section: Conquest (1519)

Question: What was introduced by Spanish conquerors unintentionally that led to the death of millions of Aztecs starting in the 1520s?

Conquest (1519).
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in February 1519 when Hernán Cortés arrived at the port in Veracruz with ca.
500 conquistadores, and later moved on to the Aztec capital.
On his search for gold and other riches, Cortés decided to invade and conquer the Aztec empire.
The ruler of the Aztec empire upon the arrival of the Spaniards was Moctezuma II, who was later killed; his successor and brother Cuitláhuac took control of the Aztec empire, but was among the first to fall from the smallpox epidemic a short time later.
Unintentionally introduced by Spanish conquerors, smallpox ravaged Mesoamerica in the 1520s, killing more than 3 million Aztecs.
Other sources, however, mentioned that the death toll of the Aztecs might have reached up to 15 million (out of a population of less than 30 million).
Severely weakened, the Aztec empire was easily defeated by Cortés and his forces on his second return.
Smallpox was a devastating and selective disease—it generally killed Aztecs but not Spaniards, who as Europeans had already been exposed to it for centuries and were therefore much more immune to it.
The deaths caused by smallpox are believed to have triggered a rapid growth of Christianity in Mexico and the Americas.
At first, the Aztecs believed the epidemic was a punishment from an angry god, but they later accepted their fate and no longer resisted the Spanish rule.
Many of the surviving Aztecs blamed the cause of smallpox to the superiority of the Christian god, which resulted in the acceptance of Catholicism and yielding to the Spanish rule throughout Mexico.
The territory became part of the Spanish Empire under the name of New Spain.
Mexico City was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521.
Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Mexico were created during the colonial period.