community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Yeast
Section: Nonalcoholic beverages

Question: How are kefir and kumis created?

Root beer and other sweet carbonated beverages can be produced using the same methods as beer, except the fermentation is stopped sooner, producing carbon dioxide, but only trace amounts of alcohol, and a significant amount of sugar is left in the drink.
"Kvass", a fermented drink made from rye, is popular in Eastern Europe; it has a recognizable, but low alcoholic content.
Yeast in symbiosis with acetic acid bacteria is used in the preparation of "kombucha", a fermented sweetened tea.
Species of yeasts found in the tea can vary, and may include: "Brettanomyces bruxellensis", "Candida stellata", "Schizosaccharomyces pombe", "Torulaspora delbrueckii" and "Zygosaccharomyces bailii".
"Kombucha" is a popular beverage in Eastern Europe and some former Soviet republics under the name "chajnyj grib" (Чайный гриб), which means "tea mushroom".
"Kefir" and "kumis" are made by fermenting milk with yeast and bacteria.
Article: Criminal Minds
Section: Abstract

Question: Where is "Criminal Minds" based?

Criminal Minds is an American police procedural television program that premiered September 22, 2005, on CBS.
The series follows a team of profilers from the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) based in Quantico, Virginia.
The BAU is part of the FBI National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime.
The show differs from many procedural dramas by focusing on profiling the criminal, called the unsub or "unknown subject", rather than the crime itself.
The show is produced by The Mark Gordon Company in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television then CBS Paramount Network Television) and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television).CBS announced in October 2009 that Legacy Interactive would develop a video game based on the show.
The game would require players to examine crime scenes for clues to help solve murder mysteries.
The interactive puzzle game was released in 2012, but the show's cast was not involved with the project, and as such it did not feature any of the voices of the cast.
On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed the series for a tenth season.
Article: British Museum
Section: Scholarship and legacies (1875–1900)

Question: By whom were the Museum's Cryprean excavations subsidized in 1892?

Scholarship and legacies (1875–1900).
The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum of Natural History, now the Natural History Museum, in 1887.
With the departure and the completion of the new White Wing (fronting Montague Street) in 1884, more space was available for antiquities and ethnography and the library could further expand.
This was a time of innovation as electric lighting was introduced in the Reading Room and exhibition galleries.
In 1882 the Museum was involved in the establishment of the independent Egypt Exploration Fund (now Society) the first British body to carry out research in Egypt.
A bequest from Miss Emma Turner in 1892 financed excavations in Cyprus.
In 1897 the death of the great collector and curator, A.W.
Franks, was followed by an immense bequest of 3,300 finger rings, 153 drinking vessels, 512 pieces of continental porcelain, 1,500 netsuke, 850 inro, over 30,000 bookplates and miscellaneous items of jewellery and plate, among them the Oxus Treasure.
In 1898 Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bequeathed the glittering contents from his New Smoking Room at Waddesdon Manor as the Waddesdon Bequest.
This consisted of almost 300 pieces of "objets d'art et de vertu" which included exquisite examples of jewellery, plate, enamel, carvings, glass and maiolica, among them the Holy Thorn Reliquary, probably created in the 1390s in Paris for John, Duke of Berry.
The collection was in the tradition of a schatzkammer or treasure house such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe.
Baron Ferdinand's will was most specific, and failure to observe the terms would make it void, the collection should be
Article: Biology
Section: Basic unresolved problems in biology

Question: How is it theorized sex evolved?

Despite the profound advances made over recent decades in our understanding of life’s fundamental processes, some basic problems have remained unresolved.
For example, one of the major unresolved problems in biology is the primary adaptive function of sex, and particularly its key processes in eukaryotes, meiosis and homologous recombination.
One view is that sex evolved primarily as an adaptation for increasing genetic diversity (see references e.g.).
An alternative view is that sex is an adaptation for promoting accurate DNA repair in germ-line DNA, and that increased genetic diversity is primarily a byproduct that may be useful in the long run.
(See also Evolution of sexual reproduction).
Another basic unresolved problem in biology is the biologic basis of aging.
At present, there is no consensus view on the underlying cause of aging.
Various competing theories are outlined in Ageing#Theories.
Article: Israel
Section: Religion

Question: Christians make up what percentage of Israel?

Israel and the Palestinian territories comprise the major part of the Holy Land, a region of significant importances to all Abrahamic religions – Jews, Christians, Muslims and Baha'is.
The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely: a social survey for those over the age of 20 indicates that 55% say they are "traditional", while 20% consider themselves "secular Jews", 17% define themselves as "Religious Zionists"; 8% define themselves as "Haredi Jews".
While the ultra-Orthodox, or Haredim, represented only 5% of Israel's population in 1990, they are expected to represent more than one-fifth of Israel's Jewish population by 2028.
Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority.
About 2% of the population are Christian and 1.5% are Druze.
The Christian population primarily comprises Palestinian Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants and the Foreign Laborers of multinational origins and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity.
Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers.
Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate.
The city of Jerusalem is of special importance to Jews, Muslims and Christians as it is the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such as the Israeli-controlled Old City that incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Other locations of religious importance in Israel are Nazareth (holy in Christianity as the site of the Annunciation of Mary), Tiberias and Safed (two of the Four Holy Cities in Judaism), the White Mosque in Ramla (holy in Islam as the shrine of the prophet Saleh), and the Church of Saint George in Lod (holy in Christianity and Islam as the tomb of Saint George or Al Khidr).
A number of other religious landmarks are located in the West Bank, among them Joseph's tomb in Shechem, the birthplace of Jesus and Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem, and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron.
The administrative center of the Bahá'í Faith and the Shrine of the Báb are located at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa and the leader of the faith is buried in Acre.
Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Bahá'í community in Israel, although it is a destination for pilgrimages.
Bahá'í staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict policy.
Article: Baseball
Section: Abstract

Question: What is baseball?

Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players who take turns batting and fielding.
The offense attempts to score runs by hitting a ball thrown by the pitcher with a bat and moving counter-clockwise around a series of four bases: first, second, third and home plate.
A run is scored when the runner advances around the bases and returns to home plate.
Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways.
A player on the batting team can stop at any of the bases and later advance on a teammate's hit or other means.
The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs.
One turn at bat for both teams, beginning with the visiting team, constitutes an inning, and nine innings a game.
The team with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins.
Evolving from older bat-and-ball games, an early form of baseball was being played in England by the mid-18th century.
This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed.
By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States.
Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America and the Caribbean, East Asia and Europe.
In the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are divided into the National League (NL) and American League (AL), each with three divisions: East, West, and Central.
The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series.
The top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central League and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League.
Article: I Won't Give Up
Section: Music video

Question: Who directed the music video for "I Won't Give Up" and when was it officially released?

On January 2, 2012, a lyric video was released.
Mark Blankenship from NPR found "I Won't Give Up" the best lyric video because "the lyrics are integrated into a story about a man who writes his girlfriend until they can finally reunite."
He added he preferred this video to the official one.
The official music video was directed by Mark Pellington and released on February 17, 2012.
Mraz explained "The story of the video is that we all have our stories.
We all have our own version of suffering….and everybody has many things to not give up on.
"Jason Lipshutz from "Billboard" found some similarities to Terrence Malick's film "The Tree of Life", "with its lingering shots of wholesome Americana, sun-stroked imagery, non-linear structure and contrast between out-of-focus landscape shots and striking close-ups."
The video was also compared to Bruce Springsteen's "We Take Care of Our Own" music video, "with its gritty portraits of beleaguered U.S. citizens of every race and creed."
Andrew Unterberger from PopDust described the video as "a stately, if somewhat boring, assemblage of nature shots mixed with pictures of people young and old looking semi-contemplative."
Article: The Good Wife
Section: Season 1

Question: Where is the location of the law firm in this show?

Season synopses.
Season 1.
As a junior associate at a prestigious Chicago law firm, Alicia Florrick joins her longtime friend, former law school classmate and firm partner Will Gardner, who is interested in rekindling their former relationship.
The firm's top litigator and other partner, Diane Lockhart, likes Alicia's work and her connections so she and Will award her with a full-time associate position following a trial period.
Alicia beat out Cary Agos, a clever young attorney who takes a job in the state's attorney's office, now bitter and vengeful.
Alicia finds an ally and a friend in Kalinda, the firm's tough and mysterious in-house investigator.
Gaining confidence every day, Alicia transforms herself from embarrassed politician's scorned wife to resilient career woman, especially for the sake of providing a stable home for her children, 14-year-old Zach and 13-year-old Grace.
Now that Peter is back home and planning to run for office again with help from Eli Gold, his cunning image consultant, Alicia continues to redefine herself and her role in her family's life.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Music

Question: How was the soundtrack released initially?

The film score for "Toy Story 3" was composed and conducted by Randy Newman, his sixth for Pixar after "Toy Story", "A Bug's Life", "Toy Story 2", "Monsters, Inc.", and "Cars".
Initially, Disney released the soundtrack only as digital download.
This was the second instance where Disney did not release the award-winning soundtrack of a Pixar film on CD, the first being "Up".
In January 2012, Intrada released the "Toy Story 3" soundtrack on Compact Disc.
In addition to the tracks included in the soundtrack album, the film also uses several other tracks such as "Dream Weaver" by Gary Wright, "Le Freak" by Chic, and Randy Newman's original version of "You've Got a Friend in Me."
Furthermore, tracks "Cowboy!"
and "Come to Papa" included material from Newman's rejected score to "Air Force One".
The song "Losing You" from Newman's own album "Harps and Angels" was also used in the first trailer for the film.
The Judas Priest song "Electric Eye" was also used in the film in the temp score for the opening scene of "Toy Story 3".
The aliens are playing the tune in their sports car.
The song was ultimately replaced by another piece of music.
Article: Manhattan Project
Section: Plutonium

Question: What does uranium-238 decay into?

The second line of development pursued by the Manhattan Project used the fissile element plutonium.
Although small amounts of plutonium exist in nature, the best way to obtain large quantities of the element is in a nuclear reactor, in which natural uranium is bombarded by neutrons.
The uranium-238 is transmuted into uranium-239, which rapidly decays, first into neptunium-239 and then into plutonium-239.
Only a small amount of the uranium-238 will be transformed, so the plutonium must be chemically separated from the remaining uranium, from any initial impurities, and from fission products.
Article: All I Want for Christmas Is You
Section: Remixes, Extra Festive, and Superfestive versions

Question: What album features this son as a bonus track?

When the song was first released as a single in 1994, no remixes were commissioned.
Carey re-released the song commercially in Japan in 2000, with a new remix known as the So So Def remix.
The remix contains new vocals and is played over a harder, more urban beat; it features raps by Jermaine Dupri and Bow Wow.
The remix appears on Carey's compilation album "Greatest Hits" (2001) as a bonus track.
In 2009, a remix produced by Carey and Low Sunday, called "Mariah's New Dance Mix", was released.
The mix laid the original 1994 vocals over new electronic instrumentation.
The remix garnered a positive response.
MTV's Kyle Anderson wrote that "it's difficult to improve perfection," but that the remix "does dress up the song in a disco thump that should make your office Christmas party 28 percent funkier than it was last year."
Idolator's Becky Bain praised the song's catchiness.
In 2010, Carey re-recorded the song for her thirteenth studio and second holiday album, "Merry Christmas II You".
Titled "All I Want for Christmas Is You (Extra Festive)", the new version featured re-recorded vocals, softer bell ringing and stronger drumming, and an orchestral introduction that replaced the a capella introduction.
Steven J. Horowitz from "Rap-Up" wrote that the new version "sound just as enjoyable as it did in 1994."
While the song was praised, it drew criticism for being too similar to the original.
Thomas Connor from the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote that the new version "just seems to add a few brassy backup singers to the exact same arrangement."
Caryn Ganz from "Rolling Stone" agreed, writing that it was "hard to figure out what's 'extra festive'" about the new version.
Dan Hancox, editor of "The National", also felt the new version was unnecessary.
In 2011, pop singer Justin Bieber also recorded a version of the song as a duet with Carey, titled "All I Want for Christmas Is You (Superfestive!
)", on his holiday album, "Under the Mistletoe".
The accompanying music video for the duet was filmed in Macy's department store in New York, and features Bieber shopping with his friends whilst Carey poses on a staging area next to a Christmas tree and gifts.
The two rejoice at the end by sitting in a sleigh with a crowd of young customers handing out gifts to everyone.
Article: Universal Studios Hollywood
Section: Attraction history

Question: When was the Rockslide staged event added to the Stuido Tour?

In 1965, The War Lord Tower opened as one of the first attractions in the theme park.
This was followed by the opening of the Animal Actors School Stage in 1970.
In 1974, the Rockslide staged event was added to the Studio Tour.
The following year The Land of a Thousand Faces opened on the Upper Lot.
In 1979, The Battle of Galactica replaced Rockslide as a staged event on the Studio Tour.
The Flintstones Show opened, replacing the Star Trek Adventure.
In 1996, opened.
In 1997, two shows were replaced: The Land Before Time show replaced Rocky and Bullwinkle Live; and Totally Nickelodeon replaced The Flintstones Show.
Just one year after it opened, The Land Before Time show was replaced with Coke Soak.
In 1999, T2 3-D: Battle Across Time and a Chicken Run Walkthrough opened on the upper lot.
Additionally, Beetlejuice's Rock and Roll Graveyard Revue was closed.
In 2000, the Rugrats Magic Adventure replaced Totally Nickelodeon.
In 2001, the Nickelodeon Blast Zone opened.
Also in 2001, Animal Planet Live replaced the Animal Actors School Stage.
In 2 replaced The Mummy Returns: Chamber of Doom.
The following year, Fear Factor Live replaced Spider-Man Rocks.
In 2007, Universal's House of Horrors opened, replacing Van Helsing: Fortress Dracula.
Both Lucy: A Tribute and Back to the Future: The Ride were closed, prior to being replaced in 2008 by The Simpsons Ride and The Universal Story Museum respectively.
Also in 2008, the Nickelodeon Blast Zone was rebranded to The Adventures of Curious George.
In 2009, Creature from the Black Lagoon: The Musical replaced Fear Factor Live in the Upper Lot.
In 2010, the Special Effects Stages and Backdraft attractions were closed to make way for Transformers: The Ride which was announced in 2008 (Special Effects Stages was moved to the former Creature From The Black Lagoon building and reopened as Special Effects Stage).
King Kong 360 3-D also opened.
On May 24, 2012, Transformers: The Ride opened on the Lower Lot.
On December 31, 2012, Universal Studios Hollywood closed for , the attraction at Universal Studios Florida, set to come in the April of 2014.
Universal Studios Hollywood has plans to open The Wizarding World of Harry Potter which will feature the Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride sometime in 2015-2016.
Article: Union Station (Washington, D.C.)
Section: Opening and operation

Question: Up to how many people passed through Union Station in Washington D.C. daily during World War II?

When the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad announced in 1901 that they planned to build a new union terminal, the city had two reasons to celebrate.
The decision meant that both railroads would soon remove their trackwork and terminals from the National Mall.
Though changes there appeared only gradually, the consolidation of the depots allowed the creation of the Mall as it appears today.
Secondly, the plan to bring all the city's railroads under one roof promised that Washington would finally have a station both large enough to handle large crowds and impressive enough to befit the city's role as the federal capital.
Union Station opened on October 27, 1907, with the arrival of a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad passenger train from Pittsburgh.
The terminal quickly became the portal to the Capitol.
At no time was it busier than during World War II, when as many as 200,000 people passed through in a single day.
For most of its existence, Union Station served as a hub, with service of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad, and Southern Railway.
The Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad provided a link to Richmond, Virginia, about to the south, where major north-south lines of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Seaboard Air Line Railroad provided service to the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida.
Article: Prison Break
Section: Filming

Question: Was Prison Break filmed in Hollywood during the first season?

The first three seasons of "Prison Break" were primarily filmed outside of Hollywood.
The majority of the first season of the series was filmed on location in and around Chicago.
After it was closed down in 2002, Joliet Prison became the set of "Prison Break" in 2005, standing in as Fox River State Penitentiary on screen.
Scenes set in Lincoln's cell, the infirmary, and the prison yard were all shot on location at the prison.
Lincoln's cell was alleged to be the same one in which serial killer John Wayne Gacy was incarcerated, which at least one member of the production crew refused to enter, because it was alleged to be haunted.
Other sets were built at the prison, including the cell blocks that housed the general prison population; these blocks had three tiers of cells (as opposed to the real cell block's two) and had cells much larger than real cells to allow more space for the actors and cameras.
Exterior scenes were filmed in areas around Chicago, Woodstock, and Joliet in Illinois.
Other locations included O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and Toronto, Ontario in Canada.
"Prison Break" spent $2 million per episode in the state of Illinois, which cost them a total of $24 million in 2005.
Renewed for a second season, "Prison Break" resumed filming on June 15, 2006, in Dallas, Texas due to the close proximity of rural and urban settings.
Locations within a 30-minute radius of Dallas were chosen which included Little Elm, Decatur, and Mineral Wells.
Many of these locations were used to represent various American towns.
The show was expected to spend in excess of $50 million in Texas over the course of the second season.
For the final three episodes of the second season, filming took place in Pensacola, Florida to represent Panama.
Each episode took eight days to film and approximately $1.4 million went to the local economy per episode.
The third season was shot in Dallas and had a budget of $3 million per episode.
Several of the exterior scenes with Lincoln and Gretchen negotiating the escape from the Panama jail were shot in the Casco Viejo quarter of Panama City.
The principal photography for the fourth season was relocated to Los Angeles, California.
Article: Brazil
Section: Demographics

Question: What is the population of Brazil as of 2008?

The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million (), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1 and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.
The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants.
The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478.
From 1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived.
Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline.
In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years and to 72.6 years in 2007.
It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050 thus completing the demographic transition.
In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48% and among the youth (ages 15–19) 1.74%.
It was highest (20.30%) in the Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.
Illiteracy was high (24.18%) among the rural population and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.