community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Evolution
Section: Evolution of life

Question: what inhabitated the earth 3 billion years agi

 of life.
Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3–4 billion years ago.
*</ref> No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years.
The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 – 2.7 billion years ago.
The next major change in cell structure came when bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells, in a cooperative association called endosymbiosis.
The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent co-evolution, with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes.
Another engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.
*</ref>The history of life was that of the unicellular eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the Ediacaran period.
The evolution of multicellularity occurred in multiple independent events, in organisms as diverse as sponges, brown algae, cyanobacteria, slime moulds and myxobacteria.
Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms, a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over approximately 10 million years, in an event called the Cambrian explosion.
Here, the majority of types of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct.
Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.
*</ref>About 500 million years ago, plants and fungi colonised the land and were soon followed by arthropods and other animals.
Insects were particularly successful and even today make up the majority of animal species.
Amphibians first appeared around 364 million years ago, followed by early amniotes and birds around 155 million years ago (both from "reptile"-like lineages), mammals around 129 million years ago, homininae around 10 million years ago and modern humans around 250,000 years ago.
However, despite the evolution of these large animals, smaller organisms similar to the types that evolved early in this process continue to be highly successful and dominate the Earth, with the majority of both biomass and species being prokaryotes.
Article: Sailing
Section: Other terms

Question: "Made fast" and "belayed" both refer to what?

Walls are called "bulkheads" or "ceilings", while the surfaces referred to as ceilings on land are called 'overheads'or 'deckheads'.
Floors are called 'soles' or "decks".
"Broken up" was the fate of a ship that hit a "rocky point" or was simply no longer wanted.
The toilet is traditionally called the 'head', the kitchen is the "galley".
When lines are tied off, this may be referred to as 'made fast' or 'belayed.'
Sails in different sail plans have unchanging names, however.
For the naming of sails, see sail-plan.
Article: Ski jumping
Section: Ski flying

Question: Who is the "father" of ski flying?

Ski Flying is an extension of ski jumping.
The events take place on hills with a K-point of at least .
The first ski flying hill was built in Planica in Slovenia.
In 1936, the FIS started to regulate the construction of the jumping hills and issued international standards for their construction and maintenance.
Back then, it was forbidden to build a ski jumping hill which made it possible to make jumps longer than 80 meters.
Nevertheless the first-ever ski flying hill was built in Planica, Slovenia.
It took several more years before competitions on this hill were approved by FIS.
The "father" of ski flying is Janez Gorišek, an engineer, sportsman and enthusiastic sport-promoter who designed the Planica ski-jump.
There are five ski flying hills in the world today: Vikersundbakken in Vikersund, Norway; Oberstdorf, Germany; Kulm Austria; Letalnica, Planica, Slovenia; and Harrachov, Czech Republic.
A sixth hill, Copper Peak in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is currently disused, although there are plans to rebuild it to FIS standards.
There are plans for more ski flying hills, even for an indoor ski flying hill in Ylitornio, Finland.
The biggest hill is Vikersundbakken in Vikersund.
Jumps of more than have occurred at all ski flying hills.
The current World Record is , set by Norwegian Johan Remen Evensen at Vikersund in 2011.
The "Fédération Internationale de Ski" (FIS) Ski flying World Championships started in 1972 and occur biennially.
The 2010 FIS World Championships in ski flying were organised in Planica, and in 2012 the FIS World Championships took place in Vikersund, Norway.1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 "Ski flying World Championships" individual day event wins in two series also counted as an individual "World Cup" win.
Article: Telescope
Section: History

Question: Is there a limit for how big a refracting telescope can be?

The earliest recorded working telescopes were the refracting telescopes that appeared in the Netherlands in 1608.
Their development is credited to three individuals: Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, who were spectacle makers in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar.
Galileo heard about the Dutch telescope in June 1609, built his own within a month, and greatly improved upon the design in the following year.
The idea that the objective, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope.
The potential advantages of using parabolic mirrors—reduction of spherical aberration and no chromatic aberration—led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build reflecting telescopes.
In 1668, Isaac Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the Newtonian reflector.
The invention of the achromatic lens in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes.
Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing speculum metal mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857, and aluminized mirrors in 1932.
The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40 inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors.
The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10 m (33 feet).
The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of wavelengths from radio to gamma-rays.
The first purpose built radio telescope went into operation in 1937.
Since then, a tremendous variety of complex astronomical instruments have been developed.
Article: Periodic table
Section: Blocks

Question: Which block is used to offset the  periodic table?

The different regions of the periodic table are sometimes referred to as "blocks" in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled.
Each block is named according to the subshell in which the "last" electron notionally resides.
The s-block comprises the first two groups (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals) as well as hydrogen and helium.
The p-block comprises the last six groups which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC (3A to 8A in American) and contains, among other elements, all of the metalloids.
The d-block comprises groups 3 to 12 in IUPAC (or 3B to 2B in American group numbering) and contains all of the transition metals.
The f-block, usually offset below the rest of the periodic table, comprises the lanthanides and actinides.
Article: Cheese
Section: Health and nutrition

Question: How many milligrams of calcium does a serving of Cheddar cheese contain?

The nutritional value of cheese varies widely.
Cottage cheese may consist of 4% fat and 11% protein; some whey cheeses 15% fat and 11% protein,; and some triple-crème cheeses 36% fat and 7% protein.
In general, cheese supplies a great deal of calcium, protein, phosphorus and fat.
A serving of Cheddar cheese contains about of protein and 200 milligrams of calcium.
Nutritionally, cheese is essentially concentrated milk: it takes about of milk to provide that much protein, and to equal the calcium.
Article: Track and field
Section: Javelin throw

Question: When was the first modern Olympic javelin throw?

As an implement of war and hunting, javelin throwing began in prehistoric times.
Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon.
Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance.
It was the latter type from which the modern event derives.
In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an "ankyle" (thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance.
The javelin throw gained much popularity in Scandinavia in the late 18th century and athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in men's competitions.
The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line.
The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's competition was introduced in 1932.
The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but in the 1950s, former athlete Bud Held introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of which increased throwers performances.
Another former athlete, Miklós Németh invented the rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia.
The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward pitching moment to allow for easier measurement.
Rough-tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books.
The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999.
The current javelin specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in length and 800 grams in weight for men, and between 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women.
Article: United Arab Emirates
Section: Sports

Question: When did the UAE national cricket team qualify for the World Cup?

Football is a popular sport in the UAE.
Emirati football clubs Al-Ain, Al-Wasl, Al-Shabbab ACD, Al-Sharjah, Al-Wahda, and Al-Ahli are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions.
The United Arab Emirates Football Association was first established in 1971 and since then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game, organizing youth programs and improving the abilities of not only its players, but of the officials and coaches involved with its regional teams.
The UAE national football team qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1990 with Egypt.
It was the third consecutive World Cup with two Arab nations qualifying, after Kuwait and Algeria in 1982, and Iraq and Algeria again in 1986.
The UAE won the Gulf Cup Championship two times.
They won the first cup in January 2007 held in Abu Dhabi and has won the recent cup in January 2013 held in Bahrain.
Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the UAE, largely because of the expatriate population from the Indian subcontinent, the United Kingdom, and Australia.
The Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium in Sharjah has hosted 4 international test cricket matches so far.
Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi also hosted international cricket matches.
Dubai has two cricket stadiums (Dubai Cricket Ground No.1 and No.2) with a third, the DSC Cricket Stadium as part of Dubai Sports City.
Dubai is also home to the International Cricket Council.
The UAE national cricket team qualified for the 1996 Cricket World Cup and narrowly missed out on qualification for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.
Formula One is particularly popular in the United Arab Emirates, and is annually held at the picturesque Yas Marina Circuit.
The race is held at evening time, and is the first ever Grand Prix to start in daylight and finish at night.
Other popular sports include camel racing, falconry, endurance riding, and tennis.
Article: Thermodynamics
Section: Dependent and independent variables for a process

Question: In thermodynamics, how is a process described?

A process is described by changes in values of state variables of systems or by quantities of exchange of matter and energy between systems and surroundings.
The change must be specified in terms of prescribed variables.
The choice of which variables are to be used is made in advance of consideration of the course of the process, and cannot be changed.
Certain of the variables chosen in advance are called the independent variables.
From changes in independent variables may be derived changes in other variables called dependent variables.
For example a process may occur at constant pressure with pressure prescribed as an independent variable, and temperature changed as another independent variable, and then changes in volume are considered as dependent.
Careful attention to this principle is necessary in thermodynamics.
Article: How to Save a Life
Section: Abstract

Question: When was "How to Save a Life" released?

How to Save a Life is the debut album by American alternative rock group The Fray.
Released on September 13, 2005 through Epic Records, the record charted in the top 15 on the "Billboard" 200 and was a top ten hit in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the UK.
The first two singles from the album, "Over My Head (Cable Car)" and "How to Save a Life" helped the album become a commercial success and brought the band mainstream popularity.
Critical reception to the album was mixed.
The piano-rock style of the album drew comparisons with British piano-driven bands like Keane and Coldplay.
The album was certified double platinum by the RIAA, and was also certified platinum in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and in the UK.
The album went on to become the best-selling digital album of all time, breaking the record held previously by Coldplay's "X&Y".
It was ranked #21 on "Billboard"'s list of the "Best Digital Albums of the Decade".
Article: Japan
Section: Environment

Question: When did Japan begin to introduce environmental protection laws?

In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s.
Responding to rising concern about the problem, the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970.
The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan's lack of natural resources.
Current environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for conservation.
Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies, and is ranked 26th best in the world in the 2014 Environmental Performance Index.
As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change.
Article: Battle of Red Cliffs
Section: Aftermath

Question: Cao Cao recently lost which land that Lui Bei occupied?

By the end of 209, the post Cao Cao had established at Jiangling fell to Zhou Yu.
The borders of the land under Cao Cao's control contracted about , to the area around Xiangyang .
Liu Bei, on the other hand, had gained territory by taking over the four commanderies (Wuling, Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang) south of the Yangtze River.
Sun Quan's troops had suffered far greater casualties than Liu Bei's in the extended conflict against Cao Ren following the Battle of Red Cliffs , and the death of Zhou Yu in 210 resulted in a drastic weakening of Sun Quan's strength in Jing Province .
Liu Bei also occupied Jing Province that Cao Cao had recently lost — a strategic and naturally fortified area on the Yangtze River that Sun Quan claimed for himself.
The control of Jing Province provided Liu Bei with virtually unlimited access to the passage into Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) and important waterways into Wu (southeastern China), as well as dominion of the southern Yangtze River.
Never again would Cao Cao command so large a fleet as he had at Jiangling, nor would a similar opportunity to destroy his southern rivals present itself again .
The Battle of Red Cliffs and the capture of Jing Province by Liu Bei confirmed the separation of southern China from the northern heartland of the Yellow River valley, and also foreshadowed a north-south axis of hostility which would resonate for centuries .
Article: Thailand
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the country Thailand formerly known as?

Thailand ( or ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (, ; ), formerly known as Siam (; ), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia.
It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma.
Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history.
The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Adherent of Buddhism, and Upholder of religions.
Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country in terms of total area, with an area of approximately , and is the 20th-most-populous country, with around 64 million people.
The capital and largest city is Bangkok, which is Thailand's political, commercial, industrial and cultural hub.
About 75–85% of the population is ethnically Tai, which includes the four major regional groups, consisting of Central Thai (Khon Pak Klang): 30%; Northeastern Thai (Khon Isan): 22%, Northern Thai (Khon Lanna): 9%; and Southern Thai (Khon Tai): 7%.
Thai Chinese, those of significant Chinese heritage, are 14% of the population and up to 40% possess part-Chinese ancestry.
Thai Malays represent 3% of the population and the rest belong to minority groups, including Mons, Khmers and various "hill tribes".
The country's official language is Thai and the primary religion is Buddhism, which is practised by around 95% of the population.
Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1996, and is presently a newly industrialized country and a major exporter.
Tourism also contributes significantly to the Thai economy.
The country was ranked second in the 2014 United Nations Human Development Index (HDI), which measures quality of life according to areas such as life expectancy and income.
There are approximately 2.2 million legal and illegal migrants in Thailand, and the country attracts a significant number of expatriates from developed countries.
Article: Henri Matisse
Section: Books/essays

Question: When did Notes of a Painter come out?

 Notes of a Painter, 1908
 Painter's Notes on Drawing, 1930.
 "Jazz", 1947
 "Matisse on Art", collected by Jack D. Flam, 1973.
ISBN 0-7148-1518-7
 "Chatting with Henri Matisse: The Lost 1941 Interview", Getty Publications 2013.
ISBN 978-1-60606-128-2
Article: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)
Section: Abstract

Question: Who sings Stronger?

Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" is a song by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson and the titular song from her fifth studio album, "Stronger" (2011).
Originally titled as "What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)", the song served as the album's second single on January 17, 2012 through RCA Records.
Written by Jörgen Elofsson, Ali Tamposi, and David Gamson, with additional writing and production by Greg Kurstin, "Stronger" is an uptempo song which draws from the genres of pop rock, dance-pop, and electropop.
Its lyrical content mainly explores themes of empowerment and recovery following a heartbreak, with the chorus inspired by a Friedrich Nietzsche quotation: "That which does not kill us makes us stronger.
"Upon its release, "Stronger" was met with positive reviews from music critics, who considered it to be the musical highlight of "Stronger".
Clarkson's vocal performance and song's production received particular praise, while criticism targeted the song's lyrical content.
Commercially, "Stronger" became her most successful single to date.
In the United States, it became her third song to top the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for three non-consecutive weeks, surpassing "A Moment Like This" (2002) and "My Life Would Suck Without You" (2009) as her longest-running number one single on the chart.
It also topped fifteen other "Billboard" charts, including Adult Pop Songs, Adult Contemporary, Hot Dance Club Songs, and Pop Songs charts, more than any other song Clarkson has ever released.
Internationally, "Stronger" topped the national charts of Poland and Slovakia and attained a top-ten position in over fifteen countries around the world, eventually selling over five million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time.
Its success helped its parent album to sustain commercial longevity for over a year.
"Stronger" merited consideration for several industry awards—including three Grammy Award nominations, and a World Music Award nomination.
The song's accompanying music video was filmed by Shane Drake, which incorporates the theme of a global flash mob dance, featuring submitted videos of people dancing to the song.
The music video garnered positive reception from critics who felt that its overall impact was exuberant.
It earned Clarkson a nomination for a MuchMusic Video Award.
With its continued success, she performed "Stronger" on several live award shows and television appearances around the world, debuting it during the first season of the "The X Factor" (U.S.) and performing it on the 37th season of "Saturday Night Live", the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards, and the 2012 American Music Awards.
Clarkson also included the song in the set list of her Stronger Tour and on the encore set of her 2012 Summer Tour with The Fray.
Article: The Office
Section: Abstract

Question: Where was the office first made?

The Office is a popular mockumentary/cringe comedy sitcom that was first made in the United Kingdom and has now been remade in many other countries, with overall viewership in the hundreds of millions worldwide.
The original UK version was created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant.
It starred Gervais as the boss and main character.
First broadcast on BBC Two on 9 July 2001, the show ran for 14 episodes – two series of six episodes and a two-part Christmas special.
The longest running version is the U.S. version which ran for 9 seasons from 2005 to 2013.
The German version is also still in production and has seen 46 episodes over five seasons.
At least the UK and US versions share the same fictional universe.
In 2010, Gervais announced that work was starting on a Chinese version of "The Office".