community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Great Wall of China
Section: Ming era

Question: In what year were the Manchus able to cross the Great Wall?

The Great Wall concept was revived again during the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, and following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu.
The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Manchurian and Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire.
The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China.
Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River.
Unlike the earlier fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth.
Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall.
As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls.
Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong.
Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall, faced sections of the ram-earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders.
During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called "Liaodong Wall".
Similar in function to the Great Wall (whose extension, in a sense, it was), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north.
While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.
Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600.
Even after the loss of all of Liaodong, the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhaiguan pass, preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland.
The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng's rebels.
Before this time, the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid, but this time it was for conquest.
The gates at Shanhaiguan were opened by the commanding Ming general Wu Sangui on May 25 who formed an alliance with the Manchus, hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing.
The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and defeated both the rebel-founded Shun Dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance, establishing the Qing Dynasty rule over all of China.
Under Qing rule, China's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued.
On the other hand, the so-called Willow Palisade, following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall, was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria.
Its purpose, however, was not defense but rather migration control.
Article: Coffee
Section: Commodity

Question: Who sells coffee?

Coffee is bought and sold by roasters, investors, and price speculators as a tradable commodity in commodity markets and exchange-traded funds.
Coffee futures contracts for Grade 3 washed arabicas are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange under ticker symbol KC, with contract deliveries occurring every year in March, May, July, September, and December.
Coffee is an example of a product that has been susceptible to significant commodity futures price variations.
Higher and lower grade arabica coffees are sold through other channels.
Futures contracts for robusta coffee are traded on the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange and, since 2007, on the New York IntercontinentalExchange.
Coffee has been described by many, including historian Mark Pendergrast, as the world's "second most legally traded commodity."
However, this claim has been recently refuted by Pendergrast among others after further research.
Article: Shrek
Section: Influence

Question: What film noticeably influenced the current generation of mainstream animated films?

Previous films and TV shows, such as "Fractured Fairy Tales" and "The Princess Bride", have parodied the traditional fairy tale.
However, "Shrek" itself has noticeably influenced the current generation of mainstream animated films.
Particularly after "Shrek 2", animated films began to incorporate more pop culture references and end-film musical numbers.
Such elements can be seen in films like "Robots", and "Chicken Little".
It also inspired a number of computer animated films which also spoofed fairy tales, or other related story genres, often including adult-oriented humor, most of which were not nearly as successful as "Shrek", such as "Happily N'Ever After", "Igor", and "Hoodwinked!
".
Article: SeaWorld
Section: SeaWorld San Diego

Question: What year did the first Sea World open?

SeaWorld San Diego.
SeaWorld San Diego, the first SeaWorld park, opened on March 21, 1964.
The park features shows such as "One Ocean", the current Shamu show and "Sea Lions Live", a comedic show with sea lions and otters.
Rides include Journey to Atlantis, a splashdown ride that also has characteristics of a roller coaster.
The Summer Nights program changes some shows and adds others.
One show featuring Shamu is available during the night called "Shamu Rocks", a rock concert choreographed to the killer whales, and then the fireworks show "Into the Blue", which uses music from the newest dolphin show "Blue Horizons".
Article: Maple syrup
Section: Grades

Question: What body classifies the types of Canadian maple syrup?

In Canada, maple syrup is classified by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as one of three grades, each with several colour classes: Canada No.
1, including Extra Light, Light, and Medium; No.
2 Amber; and finally No.
3 Dark or any other ungraded category.
Producers in Ontario or Québec may follow either federal or provincial grading guidelines.
Québec's and Ontario's guidelines differ slightly from the federal: there are two "number" categories in Québec (Number 1, with four colour classes, and 2, with five colour classes).
As in Québec, Ontario's producers have two "number" grades: 1, with three colour classes; and 2, with one colour class, which is typically referred to as "Ontario Amber" when produced and sold in that province only.
A typical year's yield for a maple syrup producer will be about 25 to 30 percent of each of the #1 colours, 10 percent #2 Amber, and 2 percent #3 Dark.
The United States uses different grading standards.
Maple syrup is divided into two major grades: Grade A and Grade B. Grade A is further divided into three subgrades: Light Amber (sometimes known as Fancy), Medium Amber, and Dark Amber.
The Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets uses a similar grading system of colour, and is roughly equivalent, especially for lighter syrups, but using letters: "AA", "A", etc.
The Vermont grading system differs from the US system in maintaining a slightly higher standard of product density (measured on the Baumé scale).
New Hampshire maintains a similar standard, but not a separate state grading scale.
The Vermont-graded product has 0.9 percent more sugar and less water in its composition than US-graded.
One grade of syrup not for table use, called commercial or Grade C, is also produced under the Vermont system.
Vermont inspectors enforce strict syrup grading regulations, and can fine producers up to US$1000 for labeling syrup incorrectly.
Extra Light and Grade A typically have a milder flavour than Grade B, which is very dark, with a rich maple flavour.
The dark grades of syrup are used primarily for cooking and baking, although some specialty dark syrups are produced for table use.
Syrup harvested earlier in the season tends to yield a lighter color.
The classification of maple syrup in the US depends ultimately on its translucence.
US Grade A Light Amber has to be more than 75 percent translucent, US Grade A Medium Amber has to be 60.5 to 74.9 percent translucent, US Grade A Dark Amber has to be 44.0 to 60.4 percent translucent, and US Grade B is any product less than 44.0 percent translucent.
The International Maple Syrup Institute has been working on international grading standards so that all producers will use the same grading system.
Transition to the new system is expected in the coming years.
Article: Love the Way You Lie
Section: Synopsis

Question: Which person raps in a field in the movie Love the Way You Lie?

Rihanna sings the chorus in front of a burning house, while an interspersing scene shows fire on a woman's (Fox) palms.
In another scene, the woman is asleep with her lover (Monaghan) and wakes up.
Eminem begins to rap in an open field.
The woman attacks her lover after seeing the name "Cindy" and a phone number written on his hand.
He unsuccessfully tries to kiss the woman and brings her back after she attempts to leave him.
The man then pushes her onto the wall and aims his fist at her, puncturing the wall instead.
After Rihanna sings again, the video flashes back to when the couple first meet "at a seedy dive bar next door" to a liquor store.
The man steals a bottle of vodka and they kiss on the rooftop.
During the present, the man apologizes to his lover and they are reconciled.
In another flashback, he attacks someone who plays pool with his lover.
Eminem joins Rihanna in front of the burning house for the final verse.
Meanwhile, after the flashback, the woman comes home and locks herself in the bathroom to stop her abusive lover from entering.
In another scene, the fire on her palms vanish as she clasps her hands.
Flames later engulf Eminem and the couple, who are then shown fighting in front of the burning house.
In the end, the couple stay together and the video returns to their first scene, in which they sleep.
Article: Virus
Section: Bacterial viruses

Question: What is the amount per millilitre of seawater that bacteriophages occupy?

Bacteriophages are a common and diverse group of viruses and are the most abundant form of biological entity in aquatic environments – there are up to ten times more of these viruses in the oceans than there are bacteria, reaching levels of 250,000,000 bacteriophages per millilitre of seawater.
These viruses infect specific bacteria by binding to surface receptor molecules and then entering the cell.
Within a short amount of time, in some cases just minutes, bacterial polymerase starts translating viral mRNA into protein.
These proteins go on to become either new virions within the cell, helper proteins, which help assembly of new virions, or proteins involved in cell lysis.
Viral enzymes aid in the breakdown of the cell membrane, and, in the case of the T4 phage, in just over twenty minutes after injection over three hundred phages could be released.
The major way bacteria defend themselves from bacteriophages is by producing enzymes that destroy foreign DNA.
These enzymes, called restriction endonucleases, cut up the viral DNA that bacteriophages inject into bacterial cells.
Bacteria also contain a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of viruses that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block the virus's replication through a form of RNA interference.
This genetic system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.
Article: Space Needle
Section: Architecture

Question: What amount of degrees does the Space Needle rotate?

The architecture of the Space Needle is the result of a compromise between the designs of two men, Edward E. Carlson and John Graham, Jr.
The two leading ideas for the World Fair involved businessman Edward Carlson's sketch of a giant balloon tethered to the ground (see the gently sloping base) and architect John Graham's concept of a flying saucer (see the halo that houses the restaurant and observation deck).
Victor Steinbrueck introduced the hourglass profile of the tower.
The Space Needle was built to withstand wind speeds of 200 mph, double the requirements in the building code of 1962.
An earthquake registering 6.8 on the Richter Scale jolted the Needle enough in 2001 for water to slosh out of the toilets in the restrooms.
The Space Needle can endure serious structural damage during earthquakes of magnitudes below 9.
Also made to withstand Category 5 hurricane-force winds, the Space Needle sways only 1 inch per 10 mph (16 mm per 10 km/h) of wind speed.
For decades, the "hovering disk" of the Space Needle was home to two restaurants above the ground: the Space Needle Restaurant, which was originally named Eye of the Needle, and Emerald Suite.
These were closed in 2000 to make way for SkyCity, a larger restaurant that features Pacific Northwest cuisine.
It rotates 360 degrees in exactly forty-seven minutes.
In 1993, the elevators were replaced with new computerized versions.
The new elevators descend at a rate of .
On December 31, 1999 (New Year's Eve), a powerful beam of light was unveiled for the first time.
Called the Legacy Light or Skybeam, it is powered by lamps that total 85 million candela shining skyward from the top of the Space Needle to honor national holidays and special occasions in Seattle.
The concept of this beam was derived from the official 1962 World's Fair poster, which depicted such a light source although none was incorporated into the original design.
It is somewhat controversial because of the light pollution it creates.
Originally planned to be turned on 75 nights per year, it has generally been used fewer than a dozen times per year.
It did remain lit for eleven days in a row from September 11, 2001, to September 22, 2001, in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks.
The same 1962 World's Fair original poster showed a grand spiral entryway leading to the elevator, but this, too, was omitted from the final building plans.
This stairway was added as part of the Pavilion and Spacebase addition/remodel in June 2000.
The main stairwell (generally emergency access) has 848 steps in all from the basement to the top of the observation deck.
At approximately , the Space Needle was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River at the time it was built by Howard S. Wright Construction Co., but is now dwarfed by other structures along the Seattle skyline, among them the Columbia Center, at .
Unlike many other similar structures, such as the CN Tower in Toronto, the Space Needle is not used for broadcasting purposes.
Article: Belgium
Section: Sports

Question: Other than football which sports are popular in Belgium.

Since the 1970s, sports clubs and federations are organised separately within each language community.
Association football is one of the most popular sports in both parts of Belgium, together with cycling, tennis, swimming and judo.
Belgians hold the most Tour de France victories of any country except France.
They have also the most victories on the UCI Road World Championships.
Philippe Gilbert is the 2012 world champion.
Another modern well-known Belgian cyclist is Tom Boonen.
With five victories in the Tour de France and numerous other cycling records, Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx is regarded as one of the greatest cyclists of all time.
Jean-Marie Pfaff, a former Belgian goalkeeper, is considered one of the greatest in the history of football (soccer).
Belgium and The Netherlands previously hosted the UEFA European Football Championship in 2000.
Belgium hosted the 1972 European Football Championships.
The current Belgium football team have qualified for the 2014 world cup in Brazil and have a range of Premier League footbal players such as Romelu Lukaku, Eden Hazard and Marouane Fellaini.
Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin both were Player of the Year in the Women's Tennis Association as they were ranked the number one female tennis player.
The Spa-Francorchamps motor-racing circuit hosts the Formula One World Championship Belgian Grand Prix.
The Belgian driver, Jacky Ickx, won eight Grands Prix and six 24 Hours of Le Mans and finished twice as runner-up in the Formula One World Championship.
Belgium also has a strong reputation in motocross.
Sporting events annually held in Belgium include the Memorial Van Damme athletics competition, the Belgian Grand Prix Formula One, and a number of classic cycle races such as the Tour of Flanders and Liège–Bastogne–Liège.
The 1920 Summer Olympics were held in Antwerp.
Article: Watergate scandal
Section: Abstract

Question: Under which administration did the Watergate scandal occur?

The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement.
The term "Watergate" has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration.
Those activities included "dirty tricks" such as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious.
Nixon and his close aides ordered harassment of activist groups and political figures, using the FBI, CIA, and the Internal Revenue Service.
The scandal led to the discovery of multiple abuses of power by the Nixon administration, articles of impeachment, and the resignation of Republican Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, on August 9, 1974—the only resignation of a U.S. president to date.
The scandal also resulted in the indictment, trial, conviction, and incarceration of 43 people, dozens of whom were Nixon's top administration officials.
The affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate complex on June 17, 1972.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) connected cash found on the burglars to a slush fund used by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, the official organization of Nixon's campaign.
In July 1973, as evidence mounted against the president's staff, including testimony provided by former staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee, it was revealed that President Nixon had a tape-recording system in his offices and he had recorded many conversations.
After a protracted series of bitter court battles, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president had to hand over the tapes to government investigators; he ultimately complied.
Recordings from these tapes implicated the president, revealing he had attempted to cover up the questionable goings-on that had taken place after the break-in.
Facing near-certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974.
His successor, Gerald Ford, then issued a pardon to him on September 8, 1974.
The name "Watergate" and the suffix "-gate" have since become synonymous with political scandals in the United States and in other English- and non-English-speaking nations as well.
Article: Sweden
Section: Holidays

Question: In the month of August Swedes have Kraftskivor. What is this?

Apart from traditional Protestant Christian holidays, Sweden also celebrates some unique holidays, some of a pre-Christian tradition.
They include Midsummer celebrating the summer solstice; Walpurgis Night ("Valborgsmässoafton") on 30 April lighting bonfires; and Labour Day or Mayday on 1 May is dedicated to socialist demonstrations.
The day of giver-of-light Saint Lucia, 13 December, is widely acknowledged in elaborate celebrations which betoken its Italian origin and commence the month-long Christmas season.6 June is the National Day of Sweden and has since 2005 been a public holiday.
Furthermore, there are official flag day observances and a Namesdays in Sweden calendar.
In August many Swedes have "kräftskivor" (crayfish dinner parties).
Martin of Tours Eve is celebrated in Scania in November with "Mårten Gås" parties, where roast goose and "svartsoppa" ('black soup', made of goose stock, fruit, spices, spirits and goose blood) are served.
The Sami, one of Sweden's indigenous minorities, have their holiday on 6 February and Scania celebrate their Scanian Flag day on the third Sunday in July.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Adult

Question: Adult stem cells are cultivated for what purpose or purposes?

Adult stem cells, also called somatic (from Greek Σωματικóς, "of the body") stem cells, are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
They can be found in children, as well as adults.
Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number, but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and other tissues.
Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells, which have been used in treating several conditions including spinal cord injury, liver cirrhosis, chronic limb ischemia and endstage heart failure.
The quantity of bone marrow stem cells declines with age and is greater in males than females during reproductive years.
Much adult stem cell research to date has aimed to characterize their potency and self-renewal capabilities.
In mice, pluripotent stem cells are directly generated from adult fibroblast cultures.
However, mice do not live long with stem cell organs.
Most adult stem cells are lineage-restricted (multipotent) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (mesenchymal stem cell, adipose-derived stem cell, endothelial stem cell, dental pulp stem cell, etc.
Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants.
Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses.
The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as controversial as the use of embryonic stem cells, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an embryo.
Additionally, in instances where adult stem cells are obtained from the intended recipient (an autograft), the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent.
Consequently, more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research.
Article: The Usual Suspects
Section: Release

Question: How much did the Usual suspects pullin domestically?

Gramercy Pictures ran a pre-release promotion and advertising campaign before "The Usual Suspects" opened in the summer of 1995.
Word of mouth marketing was used to advertise the film, and buses and billboards were plastered with the simple question, "Who is Keyser Söze?
"The film was shown out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival and was well received by audiences and critics.
The film was then given an exclusive run in Los Angeles, where it took a combined $83,513, and New York City, where it made $132,294 on three screens in its opening weekend.
The film was then released in 42 theaters where it earned $645,363 on its opening weekend.
It averaged a strong $4,181 per screen at 517 theaters and the following week added 300 play dates.
It eventually made $23.3 million in North America.