community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Nanking Massacre
Section: Assault and capture of Nanking

Question: Which segment came through the Guanghua Gate?

The Japanese awaited an answer to their demand for surrender but no response was received from the Chinese by the deadline on December 10.
General Matsui Iwane waited another hour before issuing the command to take Nanking by force.
The Japanese army mounted its assault on the Nanking walls from multiple directions; the SEF’s 16th Division attacked three gates on the eastern side, the 6th Division of the 10A launched its offensive on the western walls, and the SEF’s 9th Division advanced into the area in-between.
On December 12, under heavy artillery fire and aerial bombardment, General Tang Sheng-chi ordered his men to retreat.
What followed was nothing short of chaos.
Some Chinese soldiers stripped civilians of their clothing in a desperate attempt to blend in, and many others were shot by the Chinese supervisory unit as they tried to flee.
On 13 December, the 6th and the 116th Divisions of the Japanese Army were the first to enter the city, facing little military resistance.
Simultaneously, the 9th Division entered nearby Guanghua Gate, and the 16th Division entered the Zhongshan and Taiping gates.
That same afternoon, two small Japanese Navy fleets arrived on both sides of the Yangtze River.
Article: Where Have You Been
Section: Live performances

Question: Rihanna performed "Where have you been" at what charity event?

Rihanna performed "Where Have You Been" for the first time live at the 2012 Post-Grammy Charity Fundraiser, along with "We Found Love", on February 13, 2012.
On April 15, 2012, Rihanna performed the song at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, again with "We Found Love".
On May 5, 2012, Rihanna performed the song on "Saturday Night Live" in the United States.
The performance featured an aesthetic similar to that of the music video; the "SNL" set was decorated in a "One Thousand and One Nights" fashion.
Rihanna and her backup dancers performed a highly choreographed dance routine, the same as the music video, and wore Arabian inspired outfits.
She also performed the song at the 2012 Robin Hood Benefit in New York.
The performance was in "Cleopatra" style.
The singer performed the song on "American Idol"'s season 11 finale on May 23, 2012.
Rihanna performed "Where Have You Been" at Radio 1's Hackney Weekend on June 24, 2012, as the tenth song on the set list.
The performance featured a giant sphinx on the stage.
Article: Prison Break
Section: Home media

Question: What was the first Fox TV show to be released on Blu-ray?ea

The DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets of each season were released after their television broadcast in various regions.
At the 2006 International Consumer Electronics Show, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced that the complete first season of "Prison Break" was to be released on Blu-ray in early 2007.
The release date was later announced to be November 13, 2007 and "Prison Break" became the first television show to be released on Blu-ray Disc by Fox.
The Blu-ray box set contains six discs and includes all the DVD box set's special features.
A DVD set containing the first three seasons was released on May 19, 2008 in Region 2.
The television movie, "", was included in the Season 4 set in Regions 2 and 4, but was released separately in Region 1.
"The Final Break" was later released separately in Regions 2 and 4.
In France, Germany and the United Kingdom, a Blu-ray package of all four seasons including "The Final Break" has been released.
Over a year after its initial release, Season 4 was later re-issued in Region 4 without "The Final Break" included.
Article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Section: Assassination

Question: After the shot assassinated Martin Luther King, Jr., who was seen running from the scene?

King was booked in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, owned by businessman Walter Bailey (and named after his wife).
King's close friend and colleague Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, who was King's roommate in the motel room the day of the assassination, told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that King and his entourage stayed in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel so often that it was known as the "King-Abernathy Suite.
"According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's last words were to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was going to attend: "Ben, make sure you play 'Take My Hand, Precious Lord' in the meeting tonight.
Play it real pretty.
"[[File:Lorraine Motel 04 15 Mar 2012.jpg|thumb|260px|The Lorraine Motel, where Dr. King was assassinated, is nowthe site of the National Civil Rights Museum.
The wreath marks the approximate place Dr. King was standing at the time.
]]At 6:01 p.m. on Thursday, April 4, 1968, while he was standing on the motel's second floor balcony, King was struck by a single .30-06 bullet fired from a Remington 760 Gamemaster.
The bullet entered through his right cheek, breaking his jaw, neck and several vertebrae as it traveled down his spinal cord, severing the jugular vein and major arteries in the process before lodging in his shoulder.
By the force of the blast, King's necktie was ripped completely off his shirt.
He fell violently backwards onto the balcony unconscious.
Shortly after the shot was fired, witnesses saw James Earl Ray fleeing from a rooming house across the street from the Lorraine Motel where he was renting a room.
A package was dumped close to the site that included a rifle and binoculars with Ray's fingerprints on them.
The rifle had been purchased by Ray under an alias six days before.
A worldwide manhunt was triggered that culminated in the arrest of Ray at London Heathrow Airport two months later.
Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor.
King was bleeding profusely from the wound in his cheek.
His SCLC colleague Andrew Young believed he was dead, though King still had a pulse.
King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where doctors opened his chest and performed Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
He never regained consciousness and was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m.
According to Taylor Branch, King's autopsy revealed that though he was only 39 years old, he had the heart of a 60-year-old man which Branch attributed to the stress of 13 years in the civil rights movement.
Article: Battle of Hastings
Section: Harold moves south

Question: Where did Harald Hardrada camp on the night of 13 October?

After defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, Harold left much of his forces in the north, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion.
It is unclear when Harold learned of William's landing, but it was probably while he was travelling south.
Harold stopped in London, and was there for about a week before Hastings, so it is likely that he spent about a week on his march south, averaging about per day, for the approximately .
Harold camped at Caldbec Hill on the night of 13 October, near what was described as a "hoar-apple tree".
This location was about from William's castle at Hastings.
Some of the early contemporary French accounts mention an emissary or emissaries sent by Harold to William, which is likely.
Nothing came of these efforts.
Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke.
The exact events preceding the battle are obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy.
Harold had taken a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present-day Battle, East Sussex), about from William's castle at Hastings.
Article: Mona Lisa
Section: Frame

Question: When was the Mona Lisa fitted?

Because the "Mona Lisa"'s poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity, the picture has experienced some warping.
In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II, and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honor the anniversary of Leonardo's 500th birthday, the "Mona Lisa" was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces.
This flexible frame, which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below, exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further.
In 1970, the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beechwood had been infested with insects.
In 2004–2005, a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones, and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel's warp.
The "Mona Lisa" has had many different decorative frames in its history, owing to changes in taste over the centuries.
In 1909, the Comtesse de Béhague gave the portrait its current frame, a Renaissance-era work consistent with the historical period of the "Mona Lisa".
The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames, but no part of the original paint layer has been trimmed.
Article: Bacteria
Section: Movement

Question: Can you define Flagella?

Many bacteria can move using a variety of mechanisms: flagella are used for swimming through fluids; bacterial gliding and twitching motility move bacteria across surfaces; and changes of buoyancy allow vertical motion.
Swimming bacteria frequently move near 10 body lengths per second and a few as fast as 100.
This makes them at least as fast as fish, on a relative scale.
In bacterial gliding and twitching motility, bacteria use their type IV pili as a grappling hook, repeatedly extending it, anchoring it and then retracting it with remarkable force (>80 pN).
Flagella are semi-rigid cylindrical structures that are rotated and function much like the propeller on a ship.
Objects as small as bacteria operate a low Reynolds number and cylindrical forms are more efficient than the flat, paddle-like, forms appropriate at human-size scale.
Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell (peritrichous).
The bacterial flagella is the best-understood motility structure in any organism and is made of about 20 proteins, with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly.
The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power.
This motor drives the motion of the filament, which acts as a propeller.
Many bacteria (such as "E. coli") have two distinct modes of movement: forward movement (swimming) and tumbling.
The tumbling allows them to reorient and makes their movement a three-dimensional random walk.
(See external links below for link to videos.)
The flagella of a unique group of bacteria, the spirochaetes, are found between two membranes in the periplasmic space.
They have a distinctive helical body that twists about as it moves.
Motile bacteria are attracted or repelled by certain stimuli in behaviors called taxes: these include chemotaxis, phototaxis, energy taxis, and magnetotaxis.
In one peculiar group, the myxobacteria, individual bacteria move together to form waves of cells that then differentiate to form fruiting bodies containing spores.
The myxobacteria move only when on solid surfaces, unlike "E. coli", which is motile in liquid or solid media.
Several "Listeria" and "Shigella" species move inside host cells by usurping the cytoskeleton, which is normally used to move organelles inside the cell.
By promoting actin polymerization at one pole of their cells, they can form a kind of tail that pushes them through the host cell's cytoplasm.
Article: Palace of Versailles
Section: History

Question: How many distinct building campaigns were there for Versailles?

The earliest mention of the name of Versailles is in a document dated 1038, relating to the village of Versailles.
In 1575, the seigneury of Versailles was bought by Albert de Gondi, a naturalized Florentine, who invited Louis XIII on several hunting trips in the forests surrounding Versailles.
Pleased with the location, Louis ordered the construction of a hunting lodge in 1624.
Eight years later, Louis obtained the seigneury of Versailles from the Gondi family and began to make enlargements to the château.
This structure would become the core of the new palace.
Louis XIII's successor, Louis XIV, had it expanded into one of the largest palaces in the world.
Following the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678, he began to gradually move the court to Versailles.
The court was officially established there on 6 May 1682.
After the disgrace of Nicolas Fouquet in 1661, Louis confiscated Fouquet's estate and employed the talents of Le Vau, Le Nôtre, and Le Brun, who all had worked on Fouquet's grand château Vaux-le-Vicomte, for his building campaigns at Versailles and elsewhere.
For Versailles, there were four distinct building campaigns.
Article: Up Series
Section: Andrew

Question: What were the names of the Kinsington boys featured in Up?

Andrew was one of three boys chosen from the same pre-preparatory school in the wealthy London district of Kensington (the other two being Charles and John).
The three are introduced in "Seven Up!"
singing "Waltzing Matilda" in Latin.
At the age of seven, when asked what newspaper he reads, if any, Andrew stated that he reads "The Financial Times" (although he later revealed he was in fact just repeating what his father had told him when asked the same question).
All three could say which prep schools, public schools and universities they planned to attend (Oxford or Cambridge in all cases); two named the specific Oxbridge college they intended to join.
Andrew Brackfield's academic career culminated in his studying at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Andrew subsequently became a solicitor, married and raised a family.
He is the only one of the three Kensington boys to have appeared in all the "Up" films.
Both Andrew and his wife are most satisfied with how their children have turned out, followed by their relationship.
Article: Andy Warhol
Section: Early life (1928–1949)

Question: What age was Warhol when his father passed away?

Early life (1928–1949).
Andy Warhol (né Andrej Varhola, Jr.) was born on August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
He was the fourth child of Andrej Varhola (Americanized as Andrew Warhola, Sr., 1889–1942) and Júlia (née Zavacká, 1892–1972), whose first child was born in their homeland and died before their move to the U.S. Andy had two older brothers, Paul (born June 26, 1922) and John Warhola (May 31, 1925 – December 24, 2010).
His parents were working-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó (now called Miková), located in today's northeastern Slovakia, part of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Warhol's father immigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhol's grandparents.
Warhol's father worked in a coal mine.
The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh.
The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church.
Andy Warhol had two older brothers—Pavol (Paul), the oldest, was born before the family emigrated; Ján was born in Pittsburgh.
Pavol's son, James Warhola, became a successful children's book illustrator.
About 1939, he started to collect autographed cards of film stars.
In third grade, Warhol had Sydenham's chorea (also known as St. Vitus' Dance), the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness.
He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors.
Often bedridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother.
At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed.
Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences.
When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident.
As a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945.
After graduating from high school, his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of becoming an art teacher, but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where he studied commercial art.
In 1949, he moved to New York City and began a career in magazine illustration and advertising.
In 1949, he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design.
Article: Arepa
Section: Similar dishes

Question: What ingredients can be used to make an arepa?

In Colombia, the "arepuela" is similar to the traditional "arepa".
It is made with wheat flour and sometimes anise, and when fried, the layers expand and the "arepuela" inflates, similar to miniature tortillas or pancakes.
This is very common in the interior of Colombia.
In the north, "bollos" are popular for breakfast and made with the same dough as an "arepa", but boiled rather than fried, giving them a texture similar to matzo balls or Czech bread dumplings.
In Costa Rica, "Arepas" can be made from batter, and may be similar to pancakes.
There are at least two sorts, the "pancake" "arepa", which is made with baking powder, and the "big flat" "arepa", which is made without baking powder.
These big flat "arepas" are, in size, not unlike the big tortillas one finds in Guanacaste (northern Costa Rica), (i.e.
some twelve inches in diameter) and are made of white flour and are sugary.
Once perfectly cooked, they should resemble a "giraffe skin", or a "jaguar skin" (i.e., white/yellowish with brown spots).
In Mexico, Gorditas are a similar fried dish, but are different from tortillas.
In Puerto Rico, "arepas" are made with maize meal, coconut milk, lard, butter, flour, and baking powder.
Preparation and cooking varies according to city and family tradition.
In El Salvador, Pupusas are similar flat cakes, but the most important difference is the traditional dough is made from nixtamal.
It is also filled before it is cooked, usually some pork, white cheese or black beans.
Other stypes of "pupusas" are now made from rice dough, particularly in the town called Olocuilta in the department of La Paz.
There are also some newer versions of the dish based on plantain dough.
Article: Gangnam Style
Section: Production

Question: Who directed the video for Gangnam Style?

The music video is directed by Cho Soo-hyun, who also directed the MV for Psy's follow-up single "Gentleman" and the MV for "This Love" by Shinhwa.
It shows Psy performing a comical horse-riding dance and appearing in unexpected locations around the Gangnam District, such as an outdoor yoga session and a hot tub.
He wears several distinctive suits and black sunglasses with a mindset of "dress classy and dance cheesy".
It features a "skewering the Gangnam image" by the "non-Gangnam Psy"; this parody would be recognizable to viewers familiar with Korean culture.
Although there are more than ten different locations featured, only two of the scenes are actually filmed in the Gangnam district.
The sauna scene, elevator scene and bathroom scene were filmed elsewhere in the greater Seoul region, and some shots were filmed in World Trade Center Seoul and the Songdo International Business District, which includes Songdo Central Park and International Business District Station.
The video was shot over 48 hours in July 2012.
In K-pop, it is routine to have cameos by celebrities in a music video, such as in the dance scenes in the elevator and the parking garage.
The guests in the music video include:
 4Minute member Hyuna, who dances in the subway car and attracts Psy's attention.
 Big Bang members Daesung and Seungri, who play two old men playing a board game in the park; they dive from the park bench after the explosion.
 Hwang Min-woo, a 7-year-old boy who dances at the beginning of the video.
During an interview with CNN, Psy stated that "the night before the music video shoot, I was watching "Korea's Got Talent" and saw him dance to Michael Jackson.
His moves were ridiculous.
So we called him up and asked him to be in the music video, which was shooting the very next day, and he came and it all worked out."
He has been praised for his eye-catching dance moves that have received a lot of attention from viewers.
 Comedian/television personality Korea's Nation emcee Yoo Jae-suk, who engages in a dance duel with Psy.
 Comedian/television personality Noh Hongchul, who does his trademark pelvis-thrusting dance in an elevator while Psy raps underneath him.
The music was composed by Psy and Yoo Gun-hyung, a producer in South Korea who has also collaborated with Psy in the past.
Yoo also arranged the song while Psy was responsible for the lyrics.
Article: Table tennis
Section: Corkspin

Question: To impart a spin on the ball which is parallel to its trajectory, how must the racket be swung?

This type of spin is almost exclusively employed in service, but it is also used from time to time in the lob at the professional level.
Unlike any of the aforementioned techniques, corkspin (sometimes referred to as "drill-spin") features a unique situation in which the axis of spin is more or less parallel to the trajectory of the ball.
This means that the Magnus effect will have little to no effect on the trajectory of a cork-spun ball.
Upon bouncing, the ball will dart right or left, depending on the direction of the spin, making it very difficult to return.
Although in theory this type of spin produces the most obnoxious effects, it is not as strategically practical as sidespin or backspin in terms of the limitations that it imposes upon the opponent during their return.
Aside from the initial direction change when bouncing, provided that it does not exceed the reach of the opponent, a cork-spun ball is easily countered with topspin "or" backspin.
Similar to a backspin stroke, the corkspin stroke has a lower maximum velocity, simply due to the contact angle of the racket when producing the stroke.
To impart a spin on the ball which is parallel to its trajectory, the racket must be swung more or less perpendicular to the trajectory of the ball.
This greatly limits the amount of forward momentum that can be transferred to the ball by the racket.
Corkspin is almost always mixed with another variety of spin, as it is less effective and harder to produce on its own.