community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Venezuela
Section: Languages

Question: Is only Spanish spoken in Venezuela?

Although the country is mostly monolingual Spanish, many languages are spoken in Venezuela.
In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes more than thirty indigenous languages, including Wayuu, Warao, Pemón, and many others for the official use of the indigenous peoples, mostly with few speakers – less than 1% of the total population.
Immigrants, in addition to Spanish, speak their own languages.
Arabic is spoken by Lebanese and Syrian colonies on Isla de Margarita, Maracaibo, Punto Fijo, Puerto la Cruz, El Tigre, Maracay, and Caracas.
Portuguese is spoken not only by the Portuguese community in Santa Elena de Uairén but also by much of the population due to its proximity to Brazil.
The German community speaks their native language, while the Colonia Tovar speaks mostly an Alemannic dialect of German called "coloniero".
English is the most widely used foreign language in demand and is spoken by many professionals, academics, and members of the upper and middle classes as a result of oil exploration by foreign companies, in addition to its acceptance as a lingua franca.
Culturally, English is common in southern towns like El Callao, for the English-speaking native influence evident in folk songs and calypso Venezuelan and French with English voices.
Italian instruction is guaranteed by the presence of a constant number of schools and private institutions because the Italian government considered mandatory language teaching at school level.
Other languages spoken by large communities in the country are Chinese and Galician, among others.
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Before the monument (8000 BC forward)

Question: How many of the posts were in an east-west alignment?

Before the monument (8000 BC forward).
Archaeologists have found four, or possibly five, large Mesolithic postholes (one may have been a natural tree throw), which date to around 8000 BC, beneath the nearby modern tourist car-park.
These held pine posts around in diameter which were erected and eventually rotted "in situ".
Three of the posts (and possibly four) were in an east-west alignment which may have had ritual significance; no parallels are known from Britain at the time but similar sites have been found in Scandinavia.
Salisbury Plain was then still wooded but 4,000 years later, during the earlier Neolithic, people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape.
In approximately 3500 BC, a Stonehenge Cursus was built north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area.
Article: Australia
Section: Sport

Question: What year did skiing begin in Australlia?

Approximately 24% of Australians over the age of 15 regularly participate in organised sporting activities.
Australia has strong international teams in cricket, field hockey, netball, rugby league, and rugby union, having been Olympic or world champions at least twice in each sport in the last 25 years for both men and women where applicable.
Australia is also powerful in track cycling, rowing, and swimming, having consistently been in the top-five medal-winners at Olympic or World Championship level since 2000.
Swimming is the strongest of these sports; Australia is the second-most prolific medal winner in the sport in Olympic history.
Some of Australia's most internationally well-known and successful sportspeople are swimmers Dawn Fraser, Murray Rose, Shane Gould, and Ian Thorpe; sprinters Shirley Strickland, Betty Cuthbert, and Cathy Freeman; tennis players Rod Laver, Roy Emerson, Ken Rosewall, Evonne Goolagong, and Margaret Court; cricketers Donald Bradman and Shane Warne; three-time Formula One world champion Jack Brabham; five-time motorcycle grand prix world champion Mick Doohan; golfers Greg Norman and Karrie Webb; cyclist Hubert Opperman, prodigious billiards player Walter Lindrum and basketball players Andrew Bogut and Lauren Jackson.
Nationally, other popular sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, squash, surfing, soccer, and motor racing.
The annual Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race attract intense interest.
Australia has participated in every summer Olympics of the modern era, and every Commonwealth Games.
Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and ranked among the top six medal-takers for the games of 2000, 2004 and 2008.
In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Australia was placed 10th in the medal table.
Australia has also hosted the 1938, 1962, 1982, 2006 Commonwealth Games and will host the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Other major international events held in Australia include the Australian Open tennis grand slam tournament, international cricket matches, and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix.
Australia hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the annual Australia–New Zealand Bledisloe Cup is keenly watched.
The highest-rating television programs include sports telecasts such as the summer Olympics, FIFA World Cup, Rugby League State of Origin, and the grand finals of the National Rugby League and Australian Football League.
Skiing in Australia began in the 1860s and snow sports take place in the Australian Alps and parts of Tasmania.
Article: Stone Mountain
Section: Geology

Question: What are some characteristics of tourmaline?

Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion.
Primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains.
It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth's crust.
This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface.
Stone Mountain pluton continues underground at its longest point into Gwinnett County.
Numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as “the largest exposed piece of granite in the world".
This misnomer is most likely a result of advertisement by granite companies and early park administration.
Stone Mountain, though often called a pink granite dome, actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite to granite and granodiorite.
The minerals within the rock include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, microcline and muscovite, with smaller amounts of biotite and tourmaline.
The tourmaline is mostly black in color, and the majority of it exists as optically continuous skeletal crystals, but much larger, euhedral pegmatitic tourmaline crystals can also be found in the mountain's numerous, cross-cutting felsic dikes.
Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma.
The granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny, which was the time when North America and North Africa collided.
Over time, erosion eventually exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock.
This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain in DeKalb County, smaller outcroppings further east of Stone Mountain.
Article: Glee (TV series)
Section: Ratings

Question: What rating was given to the pilot of the show Glee?

The pilot episode of "Glee" averaged 9.62 million viewers, and the following eleven episodes attained between 6.10 and 7.65 million.
The mid-season finale was watched by 8.13 million viewers, with the show returning in April 2010 to a season high of 13.66 million viewers.
The following six episodes attained between 11.49 and 12.98 million viewers, falling to 8.99 million for the penultimate episode "Funk".
Viewing figures rose to 11.07 million viewers for the season finale, giving "Glee" the highest finale rating for a new show in the 2009–10 television season.
Only the first twenty episodes of the first season were accounted for when calculating the season average due to the final two episodes airing outside the traditional sweeps period.
On February 6, 2011, after the Super Bowl, "Glee" received its highest ever ratings, with over 26.8 million tuning in to see the special episode, with a peak of 39.5 million.
In 2011, "Glee" generated $2 million advertising revenue per half hour.
In 2012, the show was the fourth-highest revenue earning show of the year, with US$2.83 million ad revenue per half hour, behind "Two and a Half Men", "The X Factor (U.S.)" and "American Idol".
Article: Gossip Girl
Section: International adaptations

Question: What year did filming begin of the Mexican adaptation of "Gossip Girl"?

"Gossip Girl" spawned several adaptations in other countries.
The Turkish version is known as "Küçük Sırlar" (Little Lies).
On March 5, 2012, it was reported that Warner Bros. International Television and Metan Development Group would produce a Chinese teen drama series called "China Girl" inspired by "Gossip Girl".
Production is set to start in June with the show airing in November.
The show will follow the lives of students at a university instead of a high school.
A Mexican version of the series has been greenlit as well by Mexican producer Pedro Torres and is titled "".
The show will star Sofía Sisniega, Oka Giner, Jon Ecker, Vadhir Derbez, Diego Amozurrutia, and Macarena Achaga.
Filming of the Mexican adaptation began in January 2013 with the series set to air in July 5, 2013 on Televisa.
A demo of the series has been released.
The show will also air in the United States on Univision in 2014.
The show was not renewed for a second season.
Article: Great Wall of China
Section: Condition

Question: What may cause some of the wall to disappear in the next 20 years?

While some portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many locations the Wall is in disrepair.
Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads.
Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism.
Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction.
More than of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from sandstorms.
In places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than to less than .
The square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared completely.
Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud, rather than brick and stone, and thus are more susceptible to erosion.
In August 2012, a section of the wall in north China's Hebei province collapsed after days of continuous heavy rains.
Article: Hong Kong
Section: Legal system and judiciary

Question: What is the facts of the English Common Law?

Hong Kong's legal system is completely independent from the legal system of mainland China.
In contrast to mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law tradition established under British rule.
The essence of English common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying legal precedent ("stare decisis") to the facts before them.
For example, murder is a common law crime rather than one established by an Act of Parliament.
Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament; murder, for example, now carries a mandatory life sentence rather than the death penalty.
According to Article 92 of the Basic Law, Hong Kong's courts may refer to decisions rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents, and judges from other common law jurisdictions, most commonly England, Canada and Australia, are allowed to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.
Structurally, the court system consists of the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, which is made up of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and the District Court, which includes the Family Court.
Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.
Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive.
The Court of Final Appeal has the power of final adjudication with respect to the law of Hong Kong as well as the power of final interpretation over local laws including the power to strike down local ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic LawThe Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government.
Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and international legal cooperation between different jurisdictions.
Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government.
As protector of the public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.
The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.
Article: Sweden
Section: Language

Question: Why are the dialects spoken in Scania influenced by Danish?

The official language of Sweden is Swedish, a North Germanic language, related and very similar to Danish and Norwegian, but differing in pronunciation and orthography.
Norwegians have little difficulty understanding Swedish, and Danes can also understand it, with slightly more difficulty than the Norwegians.
The same goes for standard Swedish speakers, who find it far easier to understand Norwegian than Danish.
The dialects spoken in Scania, the southernmost part of the country, are influenced by Danish because the region traditionally was a part of Denmark and is nowadays situated closely to it.
Sweden Finns are Sweden's largest linguistic minority, comprising about 5% of Sweden's population, and Finnish is recognized as a minority language.
Along with Finnish, four other minority languages are also recognized: Meänkieli, Sami, Romani and Yiddish.
Swedish became Sweden's official language on 1 July 2009, when a new language law was implemented.
The issue of whether Swedish should be declared the official language has been raised in the past, and the Riksdag voted on the matter in 2005, but the proposal narrowly failed.
In varying degrees, depending largely on frequency of interaction with English, a majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, understand and speak English owing to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films, and the relative similarity of the two languages which makes learning English easier.
In a 2005 survey by Eurobarometer, 89% of Swedes reported the ability to speak English.
English became a compulsory subject for secondary school students studying natural sciences as early as 1849, and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since the late 1940s.
Depending on the local school authorities, English is currently a compulsory subject between first grade and ninth grade, with all students continuing in secondary school studying English for at least another year.
Most students also study one and sometimes two additional languages.
These include (but are not limited to) German, French and Spanish.
Some Danish and Norwegian is at times also taught as part of Swedish courses for native speakers.
Article: Greece
Section: Religion

Question: Which Portestant denomination is the biggest in Greece?

The Greek Constitution recognizes the Orthodox Christian faith as the "prevailing" faith of the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all.
The Greek government does not keep statistics on religious groups and censuses do not ask for religious affiliation.
According to the U.S. State Department, an estimated 97% of Greek citizens identify themselves as Orthodox Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church.
In a Eurostat – Eurobarometer 2010 poll, 79% of Greek citizens responded that they "believe there is a God".
According to other sources, 15.8% of Greeks describe themselves as "very religious", which is the highest among all European countries.
The survey also found that just 3.5% never attend a church, compared to 4.9% in Poland and 59.1% in the Czech Republic.
Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority, which is mostly located in Thrace, range from 98,000 to 140,000, (between 0.9% and 1.2%) while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000.
Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim religion, although most are secular in orientation.
Following the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Greece and Turkey agreed to a population transfer based on cultural and religious identity.
About 500,000 Muslims from Greece, predominantly Turks, but also other Muslims, were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Asia Minor (now Turkey).
Judaism has existed in Greece for more than 2,000 years.
Sephardi Jews used to have a large presence in the city of Thessaloniki (by 1900, some 80,000, or more than half of the population, were Jews), but nowadays the Greek-Jewish community who survived German occupation and the Holocaust, during World War II, is estimated to number around 5,500 people.
Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000.
Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers.
Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000.
Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and other Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church have 12,000 members.
Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches.
There are not official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000.
The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 28,859 active members.
Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism has also been reportedly practiced by thousands of Greeks.
Article: Sweden
Section: Science and technology

Question: How many other countries hold more patents than Sweden?

Tycho Brahe, born in 1546 in an area of present-day Sweden which was then Denmark, made the careful astronomic observations upon which Kepler proved and quantified the heliocentric Copernican solar system.
In the 18th century Sweden's scientific revolution took off.
Previously, technical progress had mainly come from mainland Europe.
In 1739, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was founded, with people such as Carolus Linnaeus and Anders Celsius as early members.
Many of the companies founded by early pioneers still remain major international brands.
Gustaf Dalén founded AGA, and received the Nobel Prize for his sun valve.
Alfred Nobel invented dynamite and instituted the Nobel Prizes.
Lars Magnus Ericsson started the company bearing his name, Ericsson, still one of the largest telecom companies in the world.
Jonas Wenström was an early pioneer in alternating current and is along with Serbian inventor Nikola Tesla credited as one of the inventors of the three-phase electrical system.
The traditional engineering industry is still a major source of Swedish inventions, but pharmaceuticals, electronics and other high-tech industries are gaining ground.
Tetra Pak was an invention for storing liquid foods, invented by Erik Wallenberg.
Losec, an ulcer medicine, was the world's best-selling drug in the 1990s and was developed by AstraZeneca.
More recently Håkan Lans invented the Automatic Identification System, a worldwide standard for shipping and civil aviation navigation.
A large portion of the Swedish economy is to this day based on the export of technical inventions, and many large multinational corporations from Sweden have their origins in the ingenuity of Swedish inventors.
Swedish inventors held 41,735 patents in the United States , according to the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
As a nation, only ten other countries hold more patents than Sweden.
Article: Wrestling
Section: Greco-Roman

Question: Name one way of winning in a Greco-Roman wresting Match.

Greco-Roman is an international discipline and an Olympic sport.
In Greco-Roman style, it is forbidden to hold the opponent below the belt, to make trips, and to actively use the legs in the execution of any action.
Recent rule changes in Greco-Roman increase opportunities for and place greater emphasis on explosive, 'high amplitude' throws.
Pinning one's opponent to the mat is one way of winning.
One of the most well known Greco-Roman wrestlers is Alexander Karelin from Russia.
Article: Statue of Liberty
Section: Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications

Question: When was the mounting point of the plaque changed?

There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty.
A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty, designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie ("Cie" is the French abbreviation analogous to "Co.").
A presentation tablet, also bearing Bartholdi's name, declares the statue to be a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors "the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship."
There is a tablet placed by the New York committee that commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal.
The cornerstone also bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons.
In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of "The New Colossus" and commemorates Emma Lazarus was presented by friends of the poet.
Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum in the base.
It is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977, celebrating the poet's life.
A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty.
Two Americans—Pulitzer and Lazarus—and three Frenchmen—Bartholdi, Laboulaye, and Eiffel—are depicted.
They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.
In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The UNESCO "Statement of Significance" describes the statue as a "masterpiece of the human spirit" that "endures as a highly potent symbol—inspiring contemplation, debate and protest—of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity."
Article: Nebula
Section: Protoplanetary nebula

Question: What does PPN stand for?

A protoplanetary nebula (PPN) is an astronomical object which is at the short-lived episode during a star's rapid stellar evolution between the late asymptotic giant branch (LAGB) phase and the following planetary nebula (PN) phase.
During the AGB phase, the star undergoes mass loss, emitting a circumstellar shell of hydrogen gas.
When this phase comes to an end, the star enters the PPN phase.
The PPN is energized by the central star, causing it to emit strong infrared radiation and become a reflection nebula.
Collaminated stellar winds from the central star shape and shock the shell into an axially symmetric form, while producing a fast moving molecular wind.
The exact point when a PPN becomes a planetary nebula (PN) is defined by the temperature of the central star.
The PPN phase continues until the central star reaches a temperature of 30,000 K, after which is it hot enough to ionize the surrounding gas.