community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Electron
Section: Abstract

Question: What's the main cause of chemical bonding?

The electron (symbol: ) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge.
Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure.
The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton.
Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value in units of "ħ", which means that it is a fermion.
Being fermions, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle.
Electrons also have properties of both particles and waves, and so can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light.
Experiments with electrons best demonstrate this duality because electrons have a tiny mass.
Many physical phenomena involve electrons in an essential role, such as electricity, magnetism, and thermal conductivity, and they also participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions.
An electron in space generates an electric field surrounding it.
An electron moving relative to an observer generates a magnetic field.
External magnetic fields deflect an electron.
Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when accelerated.
Laboratory instruments are capable of containing and observing individual electrons as well as electron plasma using electromagnetic fields, whereas dedicated telescopes can detect electron plasma in outer space.
Electrons have many applications, including electronics, welding, cathode ray tubes, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization detectors and particle accelerators.
Interactions involving electrons and other subatomic particles are of interest in fields such as chemistry and nuclear physics.
The Coulomb force interaction between positive protons inside atomic nuclei and negative electrons composes atoms.
Ionization or changes in the proportions of particles changes the binding energy of the system.
The exchange or sharing of the electrons between two or more atoms is the main cause of chemical bonding.
British natural philosopher Richard Laming first hypothesized the concept of an indivisible quantity of electric charge to explain the chemical properties of atoms in 1838; Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney named this charge 'electron' in 1891, and J. J. Thomson and his team of British physicists identified it as a particle in 1897.
Electrons can also participate in nuclear reactions, such as nucleosynthesis in stars, where they are known as beta particles.
Electrons may be created through beta decay of radioactive isotopes and in high-energy collisions, for instance when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere.
The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron; it is identical to the electron except that it carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign.
When an electron collides with a positron, both particles may be totally annihilated, producing gamma ray photons.
Article: Marzipan
Section: Iberian Peninsula line

Question: What percentage of marzipan must be almond paste?

Another possible geographic origin is in Spain, then known as Al-Andalus.
In Toledo (850-900, though more probably 1150 during the reign of Alfonso VII) this specialty was known as "Postre Regio" instead of "Mazapán") and there are also mentions in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights of an almond paste eaten during Ramadan and as an aphrodisiac.
Mazapán is Toledo's most famous dessert, often created for Christmas, and has PGI status.
Almonds have to be at least 50% of the total weight, following the directives of "Mazapán de Toledo" regulator counseil.
Another idea to support this line is the important tradition of another Spanish almond-based Christmas confectionery, the turron.
Under EU law, marzipan must have a minimum almond oil content of 14% and a maximum moisture content of 8.5%.
Optional additional ingredients are rosewater, honey, pistachios, preservatives, and sometimes hazelnut.
In the U.S., marzipan is not officially defined, but it is generally made with a higher ratio of sugar to almonds than almond paste.
One brand, for instance, has 28% almonds in its marzipan, and 45% almonds in its almond paste.
However, in Sweden and Finland almond paste refers to a marzipan that contains 50% ground almonds, a much higher quality than regular marzipan.
In Germany, Lübecker Marzipan is known for its quality.
It contains 66% almonds.
The original manually produced Mozartkugeln are made from green pistachio marzipan.
Article: Disneyland
Section: Abstract

Question: What year did construction begin at Disneyland?

Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955.
It is the only theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney.
It was originally the only attraction on the property; its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s.
Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s.
He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit; however, he soon realized that the proposed site was too small.
After hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Walt bought a site near Anaheim in 1953.
Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a special televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17, 1955.
Since its opening, Disneyland has undergone a number of expansions and renovations, including the addition of New Orleans Square in 1966, Bear Country (now Critter Country) in 1972, and Mickey's Toontown in 1993.
Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneyland's original parking lot and opened in 2001.
Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened.
In 2011, the park hosted approximately 16.14 million guests, making it the second most visited park in the world that calendar year.
According to a March 2005 report from the Disney Company, there are 65,700 jobs supported by the Disneyland Resort, which includes, at the Resort itself, 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees (that is, independent contractors or their employees).
Article: Popcorn
Section: Abstract

Question: How is popcorn able to pop?

Popcorn, also known as popping corn, is a type of corn (maize, "Zea mays var.
everta") that expands from the kernel and puffs up when heated.
Popcorn is able to pop because, like amaranth grain, sorghum, quinoa, and millet, its kernels have a hard moisture-sealed hull and a dense starchy interior.
Pressure builds inside the kernel, and a small explosion (or "pop") is the end result.
Some strains of corn are now cultivated specifically as popping corns.
There are various techniques for popping corn.
Along with prepackaged popcorn, which is generally intended to be prepared in a microwave oven, there are small home appliances for popping corn.
These methods require the use of minimally processed popping corn.
A larger-scale, commercial popcorn machine was invented by Charles Cretors in the late 19th century.
Unpopped popcorn is considered nonperishable and will last indefinitely if stored in ideal conditions.
Depending on how it is prepared and cooked, some consider popcorn to be a health food, while others caution against it for a variety of reasons.
Popcorn can also have non-food applications, ranging from holiday decorations to packaging materials.
Article: Jackson Pollock
Section: At auction

Question: When was the painting last shown in America?

Art market.
At auction.
In 1973, Blue Poles "(Blue Poles: Number 11, 1952)," was purchased by the Australian Whitlam Government for the National Gallery of Australia for US $2 million (A$1.3 million at the time of payment).
At the time, this was the highest price ever paid for a modern painting.
The painting is now one of the most popular exhibits in the gallery.
It was a centerpiece of the Museum of Modern Art's 1998 retrospective in New York, the first time the painting had been shown in America since its purchase.
In November 2006, Pollock's "No.
5, 1948" became the world's most expensive painting, when it was sold privately to an undisclosed buyer for the sum of $140,000,000.
Another artist record was established in 2004, when "No.
12" (1949), a medium-sized drip painting that had been shown in the United States Pavilion at the 1950 Venice Biennale, fetched $11.7 million at Christie's, New York.
In 2012, "Number 28, 1951," one of the artist’s combinations of drip and brushwork in shades of silvery gray with red, yellow and shots of blue and white, also sold at Christie's, New York, for $20.5 million—$23 million with fees—within its estimated range of $20 million to $30 million.
In 2013 Pollock's "Number 19" (1948) was sold by Christies for a reported $58,363,750 during an auction that ultimately reached $495 million total sales in one night which Christies reports as a record to date as the most expensive auction of contemporary art.
Article: Equestrianism
Section: Overview of equestrian activities

Question: What sorts of riding activities can you do with a horse that are non-competitive and recreational?

Horses are trained and ridden for practical working purposes such as in police work or for controlling herd animals on a ranch.
They are also used in competitive sports including, but not limited to, dressage, endurance riding, eventing, reining, show jumping, tent pegging, vaulting, polo, horse racing, driving, and rodeo.
(See additional equestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples.)
Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horse shows, where horses perform in a wide variety of disciplines.
Horses (and other equids such as mules and donkeys) are used for non-competitive recreational riding such as fox hunting, trail riding or hacking.
There is public access to horse trails in almost every part of the world; many parks, ranches, and public stables offer both guided and independent riding.
Horses are also used for therapeutic purposes, both in specialized paraequestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve human health and emotional development.
Horses are also driven in harness racing, at horse shows and in other types of exhibition, historical reenactment or ceremony, often pulling carriages.
In some parts of the world, they are still used for practical purposes such as farming.
Horses continue to be used in public service: in traditional ceremonies (parades, funerals), police and volunteer mounted patrols, and for mounted search and rescue.
Article: The New Normal (TV series)
Section: Recurring cast

Question: Who is Rocky's brother in the show The New Normal?

 Jackie Hoffman as Frances, David's mother
 Barry Bostwick as Marty, David's father
 Mary Kay Place as Colleen, Bryan's mother
 Marlo Thomas as Nancy Niles, Jane's boss
 Cheri Oteri as Carla, Bryan and David's baby consultant
 John Stamos as Brice, Jane's love interest and co-worker at Niles and Windsor Realtors
 Michael Hitchcock as Gary, the head of the surrogacy firm
 John Benjamin Hickey as Father Michael
Sterling Sulieman as Clint, Rocky's brother
Article: Biochemistry
Section: Proteins

Question: How many standard amino acids are there?

Proteins are very large molecules – macro-biopolymers – made from monomers called "amino acids".
There are 20 standard amino acids, each containing a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side-chain (known as an "R" group).
The "R" group is what makes each amino acid different, and the properties of the side-chains greatly influence the overall three-dimensional conformation of a protein.
When amino acids combine, they form a special bond called a peptide bond through dehydration synthesis, and become a polypeptide, or protein.
In order to determine whether two proteins are related, or in other words to decide whether they are homologous or not, scientists use sequence-comparison methods.
Methods like Sequence Alignments and Structural Alignments are powerful tools that help scientists identify homologies between related molecules.
The relevance of finding homologies among proteins goes beyond forming an evolutionary pattern of protein families.
By finding how similar two protein sequences are, we acquire knowledge about their structure and therefore their function.
Article: What Makes You Beautiful
Section: Music video

Question: On what date did "What Makes You Beautiful" premiere?

The music video for "What Makes You Beautiful" was directed by John Urbano.
Filmed for two days in July 2011, it premiered on 19 August 2011.
On each of the five days preceding the video's premiere, One Direction posted a teaser trailer of the video online.
Each teaser showed footage from the video and behind the scenes, and one member of the band announcing how many days were left until the video premiere.
The video opens with One Direction spending time on a Malibu, California beach inter cut with scenes of them driving an orange campervan.
During the second verse, a group of three girls joins the band at the beach; in Styles' bridge solo, he intimately sings to one girl individually.
During the final choruses the band and girls are shown sitting around a fire, lighting sparklers and taking photographs.
On video sharing website MUZU TV, the video was the fourth most-watched music video of 2011 in the UK.
The video won two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Pop Video and Most Share-Worthy Video, and earned the group the award for Best New Artist on 6 September 2012.
As of March 2014, the music video has garnered almost 500 million Vevo views.
In 2012, a blogger at BuzzFeed noticed similarities between the video and pop punk band Blink-182's video for "All the Small Things" — the video was filmed on Santa Monica Beach and is shot from the same camera angle as in "What Makes You Beautiful", leading media outlets to joke that the band parodied One Direction eleven years prior to their formation.
Article: Navy Pier
Section: Third use: college classroom

Question: Navy Peir went to which college after the war?

With the war over, Navy Pier went to the University of Illinois, which used the facility beginning in 1946 for a two-year undergraduate program primarily serving returning veterans.
From the former Navy staff, Caveny stayed as the Undergraduate Division Dean, and Wolleson as the Dean of Students.
During its University of Illinois days, Navy Pier was also the site of a string of public events.
The International Exhibitions of the early 1960s drew attractions from around the world, including circus and folkloric dance acts, arts and crafts, and international cuisine.
In 1965, the University moved to the Chicago Circle campus, and the Pier again fell into disuse.
Article: Solar System
Section: Kuiper belt

Question: Do dwarf plants exist in the Kuiper belt?

The Kuiper belt is a great ring of debris similar to the asteroid belt, but consisting mainly of objects composed primarily of ice.
It extends between 30 and 50 AU from the Sun.
Though it is estimated to contain anything from dozens to thousands of dwarf planets, it is composed mainly of small Solar System bodies.
Many of the larger Kuiper belt objects, such as Quaoar, Varuna, and Orcus, may prove to be dwarf planets with further data.
There are estimated to be over 100,000 Kuiper belt objects with a diameter greater than 50 km, but the total mass of the Kuiper belt is thought to be only a tenth or even a hundredth the mass of Earth.
Many Kuiper belt objects have multiple satellites, and most have orbits that take them outside the plane of the ecliptic.
The Kuiper belt can be roughly divided into the "classical" belt and the resonances.
Resonances are orbits linked to that of Neptune (e.g.
twice for every three Neptune orbits, or once for every two).
The first resonance begins within the orbit of Neptune itself.
The classical belt consists of objects having no resonance with Neptune, and extends from roughly 39.4 AU to 47.7 AU.
Members of the classical Kuiper belt are classified as cubewanos, after the first of their kind to be discovered, , and are still in near primordial, low-eccentricity orbits.
Article: Statue of Liberty
Section: Location and visiting

Question: What year did the government cede the islands in New York?

Access and attributes.
Location and visiting.
The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island, south of Ellis Island.
Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800.
As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line.
Land created by reclamation at Ellis is New Jersey territory.
No charge is made for entrance to Statue of Liberty National Monument, but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use, as private boats may not dock at the island.
A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing Circle Line, which had operated the service since 1953.
The ferries, which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan, also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public, making a combined trip possible.
All ferry riders are subject to security screening, similar to airport procedures, prior to boarding.
Visitors intending to enter the statue's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum/pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket.
Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket, which may be reserved up to a year in advance.
A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend: ten per group, three groups per hour.
Climbers may bring only medication and cameras—lockers are provided for other items—and must undergo a second security screening.
Article: Man at the Crossroads
Section: Cultural significance

Question: Which magazine created E.B.?

The Rockefeller-Rivera dispute has become an emblem of the relationship of politics, aesthetics, creative freedom and economic power.
The American poet Archibald MacLeish's 1933 collection "Frescoes for Mr. Rockefeller's City" was inspired by the incident.
It included six "irony-laden" poems about the mural in which both Rockefeller and Rivera were criticised.
"The New Yorker" magazine published E. B.
White's poem "I paint what I see: A ballad of artistic integrity" on May 20, 1933, an imaginary debate between Rockefeller and Rivera.
It has been discussed or dramatized in a number of films dealing with the politics of art.
The events are dramatized in the American films "Cradle Will Rock" and "Frida", both set in the 1930s.
In "Cradle Will Rock", the painting we see is identical to the Mexican version.
When it is smashed, only the fragment of plaster containing the depiction of syphilis remains.
It is also discussed in the Tamil film "Anbe Sivam", in which an Indian Communist argues with a supporter of the capitalist system.
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: Tourism in recent years

Question: What was the reason for visitors for checking the rules before crossing the border?

By the end of the 1990s almost 300,000 people were visiting the falls annually, and this was expected to rise to over a million in the next decade.
Unlike the game parks, Victoria Falls has more Zimbabwean and Zambian visitors than international tourists; the attraction is accessible by bus and train, and is therefore comparatively inexpensive to reach.
The two countries permit tourists to make day trips from each side and visas can be obtained at the border posts.
Costs vary from US$45-US$80 (as of 01 December 2013).
Visitors with single entry visas will need to purchase a visa each time they cross the border.
Regular changes in visa regulations mean visitors should check the rules before crossing the border.
A famous feature is the naturally formed Devil's Pool, near the edge of the falls on Livingstone Island on the Zambian side.
When the river flow is at a certain level, usually between September and December, a rock barrier forms an eddy with minimal current, allowing adventurous swimmers to splash around in relative safety a few feet from the point where the water cascades over the falls.
Occasional deaths have been reported when people have slipped over the rock barrier.
The numbers of visitors to the Zimbabwean side of the falls has historically been much higher than the number visiting the Zambia side, due to the greater development of the visitor facilities there.
However, the number of tourists visiting Zimbabwe began to decline in the early 2000s as political tensions between supporters and opponents of president Robert Mugabe increased.
In 2006, hotel occupancy on the Zimbabwean side hovered at around 30%, while the Zambian side was at near-capacity, with rates in top hotels reaching US$630 per night.
The rapid development has prompted the United Nations to consider revoking the Falls' status as a World Heritage Site.
In addition, problems of waste disposal and a lack of effective management of the falls' environment are a concern.
Article: I Won't Give Up
Section: Chart performance

Question: The reaction to I Won't Give Up surprised who?

While the song debuted at number 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, it immediately hit the top spot on the Hot Digital Songs chart selling 229,000 downloads for its first week.
On the Hot 100, the track's launch is the highest for a male pop/rock singer-songwriter since David Cook burst in at number 3 with "The Time of My Life" the week of June 7, 2008, after he was crowned "American Idol" champion.
On Adult Pop Songs it began at number 36.
On the week of October 18, 2012, the song became the "Greatest Gainer" on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart, reaching number 7.
After the success, his manager Bill Silva commented: "What surprised us is how the fans reacted.
We didn't pre-promote the single, we didn't go to radio with it, and this song did 229,000 units its first week in the U.S.
There was clearly something resonant about the song, and it immediately shifted the strategy for what the rollout of the album was going to be."
The song has sold 3,113,000 copies in the US.
Internationally, the song also achieved success.
In Austria, the song debuted at number 23 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart, on March 23, 2012.
Later, the song jumped to number 22, before falling for two consecutive weeks, until it reached again number 22, on April 20, 2012.
Later, the song reached number 20, before climbing to number 17.
On May 11, 2012, the song fell to number 21, but the next week the song peaked at number 12.
It spent 22 weeks on the chart.
In Netherlands, the song was a big hit, debuting at number 52 on the Dutch Top 40 chart, on January 7, 2012.
After climbing the charts for six consecutive weeks and reaching number 11, the song fell for two consecutive weeks, until it climbed to number 10.
The song kept on climbing for 2 weeks, until it peaked at number 3, on April 21, 2012.
It spent a total of 32 consecutive weeks on the chart.
In the UK, the song debuted at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart week of March 24, 2012, and peaked at number 11.
It remained for 30 weeks on the chart and became the 46th biggest selling single of 2012.