community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Yosemite National Park
Section: Habitats

Question: Why is a relatively high diversity of wildlife species supported in Yosemite?

With its scrubby sun-baked chaparral, stately groves of pine, fir, and sequoia, and expanses of alpine woodlands and meadows, Yosemite National Park preserves a Sierra Nevada landscape as it prevailed before Euro-American settlement.
In contrast to surrounding lands, which have been significantly altered by logging, the park still contains some of old-growth forest.
Taken together, the park's varied habitats support over 250 species of vertebrates, which include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Along much of Yosemite's western boundary, habitats are dominated by mixed coniferous forests of Ponderosa Pine, Sugar Pine, Incense-cedar, White Fir, Douglas Fir, and a few stands of Giant Sequoia, interspersed by areas of Black Oak and Canyon Live Oak.
A relatively high diversity of wildlife species is supported by these habitats, because of relatively mild, lower-elevation climate and the mixture of habitat types and plant species.
Wildlife species typically found in these habitats include American black bear, Bobcat, Cougar, Gray fox, Mule deer, Mountain kingsnake, Gilbert's skink, White-headed Woodpecker, Brown Creeper, Spotted Owl, and a wide variety of bat species.
In the case of bats, large snags are important as roost sites.
Going higher in elevation, the coniferous forests become purer stands of Red Fir, Western White Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Lodgepole Pine, and the occasional Foxtail pine.
Fewer wildlife species tend to be found in these habitats, because of their higher elevation and lower complexity.
Species likely to be found include Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel, Chickaree, Fisher, Steller's Jay, Hermit Thrush, and Northern Goshawk.
Reptiles are not common, but include Rubber Boa, western fence lizard, and Northern Alligator Lizard.
As the landscape rises, trees become smaller and more sparse, with stands broken by areas of exposed granite.
These include Lodgepole Pine, Whitebark Pine, and Mountain Hemlock that, at highest elevations, give way to vast expanses of granite as treeline is reached.
The climate in these habitats is harsh and the growing season is short, but species such as Pika, Yellow-bellied Marmot, White-tailed Jackrabbit, Clark's Nutcracker, and Black Rosy Finch are adapted to these conditions.
Also, the treeless alpine habitats are the areas favored by Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep.
This species, however, is now found in the Yosemite area only around Tioga Pass, where a small, reintroduced population exists.
At a variety of elevations, meadows provide important, productive habitat for wildlife.
Animals come to feed on the green grasses and use the flowing and standing water found in many meadows.
Predators, in turn, are attracted to these areas.
The interface between meadow and forest is also favored by many animal species because of the proximity of open areas for foraging and cover for protection.
Species that are highly dependent upon meadow habitat include Great Grey Owl, Willow Flycatcher, Yosemite Toad, and Mountain Beaver.
Article: Despicable Me
Section: Video games

Question: Who developed the Despicable Me: Minion Mania game?

A video game titled "Despicable Me: The Game" was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and Wii.
A Nintendo DS version was released under the name "Despicable Me: Minion Mayhem".
Namco also released a version for the iPhone and iPad platform entitled "Despicable Me: Minion Mania", developed by Anino Games.
An application for iOSs and Androids was also released under the name "Despicable Me: Minion Rush".
It was developed by Gameloft and made available to the public in 2013.
Article: Croquet
Section: Golf

Question: What is one difference between golf croquet and association croquet?

In golf croquet, a hoop is won by the first ball to go through each hoop.
Unlike association croquet, there are no additional turns for hitting other balls.
Each player takes a stroke in turn, each trying to hit a ball through the same hoop.
The sequence of play is blue, red, black, yellow.
Blue and black balls play against red and yellow.
When a hoop is won, the sequence of play continues as before.
The winner of the game is the player/team who wins the most hoops.
Golf croquet is the fastest-growing version of the game, owing largely to its simplicity and competitiveness.
There is an especially large interest with competitive success by players in Egypt.
Golf croquet is easier to learn and play, but requires strategic skills and accurate play.
In comparison with association croquet, play is faster and balls are more likely to be lifted off the ground, as seen in this video footage.
In April 2013, Reg Bamford of South Africa beat Ahmed Nasr of Egypt in the final of the Golf Croquet World Championship in Cairo, becoming the first person to simultaneously hold the title in both association croquet and golf croquet.
As of 2011, the Women's Golf Croquet World Champion was Rachel Rowe (England).
Article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Section: Criticism of FBI

Question: In what year did the House Select Committee on Assassinations review the murder investigation of John F. Kennedy?

The FBI's murder investigation was reviewed by the House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1979.
The congressional Committee concluded:
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation adequately investigated Lee Harvey Oswald prior to the assassination and properly evaluated the evidence it possessed to assess his potential to endanger the public safety in a national emergency.
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted a thorough and professional investigation into the responsibility of Lee Harvey Oswald for the assassination.
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation failed to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the President.
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation was deficient in its sharing of information with other agencies and departments.
Article: Kung Fu Panda
Section: Cast

Question: Who played the role of Crane in Kung Fu Panda?

 Jack Black as Po, an energetic yet accident-prone giant panda.
He is also a die-hard fan of the Furious Five and kung fu, despite the fact that his father wants him take over the family noodle shop.
To everyone's surprise, Po is chosen as the Dragon Warrior by Master Oogway, and in the end he defeats Tai Lung.
 Dustin Hoffman as Master Shifu, an old red panda who is the stern kung fu master to the Five and (unwillingly) to Po; he is troubled over mistakes in the past and is the former-master and adoptive father of Tai Lung.
 Angelina Jolie as Tigress, a tiger and leader of the Furious Five.
She is the most hostile to Po when he's chosen as the Dragon Warrior, but eventually accepts him when he defeats Tai Lung.
 Jackie Chan as Monkey, a Gee's golden langur and member of the Furious Five; he has an easygoing attitude, and like Sun Wukong, the Monkey of Chinese folktales, he is adept with a staff.
 Lucy Liu as Viper, a Green Tree Viper and member of the Furious Five; she is kind and the most good-natured to Po when he is chosen as the Dragon Warrior.
 Seth Rogen as Mantis, a Chinese mantis and member of the Furious Five; he is extremely strong for his size and is also experienced in acupuncture.
 David Cross as Crane, a Red-crowned Crane and another member of the Furious Five; he tends to be both practical and sarcastic.
 Ian McShane as Tai Lung, a muscular snow leopard, who was denied the Dragon Scroll by Master Oogway.
After rampaging the Valley of Peace for being denied the scroll, Tai Lung was sent to Chorh-Gom Prison for twenty years, after which he escaped and returned for revenge.
He is the adoptive son and former-student of Shifu.
 Randall Duk Kim as Master Oogway, Shifu's mentor and the wise leader of the Jade Palace.
He is an ancient Galápagos tortoise.
 James Hong as Mr. Ping, Po's father, a happy-go-lucky Chinese goose who runs a noodle restaurant along with his son, who is unwilling to follow in his father's footsteps.
 Dan Fogler as Zeng, a Chinese goose who is Shifu's nervous messenger.
 Michael Clarke Duncan as Commander Vachir, a Javan rhinoceros who is the boastful warden of Chorh-Gom Prison, where Tai Lung is imprisoned.
Article: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)
Section: Sunflowers, friendship and gratitude

Question: What type of flowers did Van Gogh paint?

Van Gogh began painting in late summer 1888 and continued into the following year.
One went to decorate his friend Paul Gauguin's bedroom.
The paintings show sunflowers in all stages of life, from full bloom to withering.
The paintings were considered innovative for their use of the yellow spectrum, partly because newly invented pigments made new colours possible.
In a letter to his brother Theo, Van Gogh wrote: "It is a kind of painting that rather changes in character, and takes on a richness the longer you look at it.
Besides, you know, Gauguin likes them extraordinarily.
He said to me among other things - 'That...it's...the flower.'
You know that the peony is Jeannin's, the hollyhock belongs to Quost, but the sunflower is somewhat my own."
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Neopaganism

Question: What years saw the Stonehenge Free Festival?

Throughout the 20th century, Stonehenge began to be revived as a place of religious significance, this time by adherents of Neopagan and New Age beliefs, particularly the Neo-druids.
The historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that "it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it."
The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the Ancient Order of Druids, who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905, in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation.
This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press, who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards.
Between 1972 and 1984, Stonehenge was the site of the Stonehenge Free Festival.
After the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985, this use of the site was stopped for several years and ritual use of Stonehenge is now heavily restricted.
Some Druids have arranged an assembling of monuments styled on Stonehenge in other parts of the world.
Article: Nucleic acid sequence
Section: Sequence determination

Question: Why is knowledge of the DNA sequence important in research?

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a given DNA fragment.
The sequence of the DNA of a living thing encodes the necessary information for that living thing to survive and reproduce.
Therefore, determining the sequence is useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects.
Because of the importance of DNA to living things, knowledge of a DNA sequence may be useful in practically any biological research.
For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases.
Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases.
Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.RNA is not sequenced directly.
Instead, it is copied to a DNA by reverse transcriptase, and this DNA is then sequenced.
Current sequencing methods rely on the discriminatory ability of DNA polymerases, and therefore can only distinguish four bases.
An inosine (created from adenosine during RNA editing) is read as a G, and 5-methyl-cytosine (created from cytosine by DNA methylation) is read as a C. With current technology, it is difficult to sequence small amounts of DNA, as the signal is too weak to measure.
This is overcome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.
Article: Invasion of Normandy
Section: Assessment of the battle

Question: What the point of deception during Operation Fortitude?

The Normandy landings were the first successful opposed landings across the English Channel in over eight centuries.
They were costly in terms of men, but the defeat inflicted on the Germans was one of the largest of the war.
Strategically, the campaign led to the loss of the German position in most of France and the secure establishment of a new major front.
In larger context the Normandy landings helped the Soviets on the Eastern front, who were facing the bulk of the German forces and, to a certain extent, contributed to the shortening of the conflict there.
Although there was a shortage of artillery ammunition, at no time were the Allies critically short of any necessity.
This was a remarkable achievement considering they did not hold a port until Cherbourg fell.
By the time of the breakout the Allies also enjoyed a considerable superiority in numbers of troops (approximately 7:2) and armoured vehicles (approximately 4:1) which helped overcome the natural advantages the terrain gave to the German defenders.
Allied intelligence and counterintelligence efforts were successful beyond expectations.
The Operation Fortitude deception before the invasion kept German attention focused on the Pas de Calais, and indeed high-quality German forces were kept in this area, away from Normandy, until July.
Prior to the invasion, few German reconnaissance flights took place over Britain, and those that did saw only the dummy staging areas.
Ultra decrypts of German communications had been helpful as well, exposing German dispositions and revealing their plans such as the Mortain counterattack.
Allied air operations also contributed significantly to the invasion, via close tactical support, interdiction of German lines of communication (preventing timely movement of supplies and reinforcements—particularly the critical Panzer units), and rendering the Luftwaffe ineffective in Normandy.
Although the impact upon armoured vehicles was less than expected, air activity intimidated these units and cut their supplies.
Despite initial heavy losses in the assault phase, Allied morale remained high.
Casualty rates among all the armies were tremendous, and the Commonwealth forces had to use a recently created category—Double Intense—to be able to describe them.
Article: Love the Way You Lie
Section: Recording

Question: Where were the vocals for Eminem's "Love the Way You Lie" recorded?

Mike Strange recorded and mixed Eminem's vocals at Effigy Studios in Ferndale, Michigan.
The sessions took two days.
Strange edited the vocals with D-Verb—a reverberation software—and an Extra Long Delay plug-in.
He preferred to make few changes; for "Love the Way You Lie" he almost exclusively used board compression and console equalization.
Strange used the Bricasti and Eventide Reverb 2016 mixing tools for "brighter" reverberation.
Detroit musician Luis Resto has contributed to the arrangement on many of Eminem's songs, but did not do so for "Love the Way You Lie".
According to Strange, "Everything we needed was already in the track, apart from the vocals."
Two to three weeks after the sessions, Alex da Kid arrived to help mix and master the track.
He wanted to replace the acoustic guitar on the demo, but Eminem chose to keep it.
Strange said, "It was simply a matter of trying to match and then to improve on the demo da Kid'd sent us."
Strange's brother Joe engineered the track.
Rihanna's recording sessions took place at Sun Studios in Dublin, Ireland.
Marcos Tovar mixed her vocals, which were engineered by Spike Lindsey and mastered from Detroit over the Internet.
The American songwriter Makeba Riddick provided additional vocal production.
Strange used equalization, compression and reverberation but left the vocal balance.
He assumed that Rihanna was satisfied with her recorded vocals and did not make major changes on her seven stereo vocal tracks.
Article: Friends
Section: Awards

Question: When did the series win an Emmy Award?

To maintain the series' ensemble format, the main cast members decided to enter themselves in the same acting categories for awards.
Beginning with the series' eighth season, the actors decided to submit themselves in the lead actor balloting, rather than in the supporting actor fields.
The series was nominated for 63 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning six.
Aniston and Kudrow are the only main cast members to win an Emmy, while Cox is the only actor not to be nominated.
The series won the 2002 Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, with nominations in 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000 and 2003.
The series also won an American Comedy Award, one GLAAD Media Award, one Golden Globe Award, three Logie Awards, six People's Choice Awards, one Satellite Award, and one Screen Actors Guild Award.
Article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Section: Criticism of FBI

Question: Who conducted the investigation into the responsibility of Lee Harvey Oswald for the assassination of JFK

The FBI's murder investigation was reviewed by the House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1979.
The congressional Committee concluded:
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation adequately investigated Lee Harvey Oswald prior to the assassination and properly evaluated the evidence it possessed to assess his potential to endanger the public safety in a national emergency.
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted a thorough and professional investigation into the responsibility of Lee Harvey Oswald for the assassination.
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation failed to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the President.
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation was deficient in its sharing of information with other agencies and departments.
Article: Chile
Section: Early history

Question: When did native Americans settle where chile is

Early history.
About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present-day Chile.
Example settlement sites from the very early human habitation are Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Crater's lava tube.
The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the Mapuche (or Araucanians as they were known by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the Inca Empire to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization.
They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army.
The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river.
Article: All I Want for Christmas Is You
Section: Background and writing

Question: What stations was the song "All I Want for Christmas Is You" originally played on?

After a string of commercially successful albums, Carey's label Columbia Records began exercising the idea of the singer releasing a Christmas album.
They felt that up until that point, Carey had been viewed as a pop singer.
With the record, Columbia intended to broaden Carey's target market, and have her perceived more as an entertainer, not just a singer.
Having been brought up as Christian and always celebrating Christmas, she agreed to create a holiday-themed album.
With Walter Afanasieff, Carey co-wrote "All I Want for Christmas Is You" while recording the album in mid-1994.
In an interview, Carey explained the inspiration behind the song:I'm a very festive person and I love the holidays.
I've sung Christmas songs since I was a little girl.
I used to go Christmas caroling.
When it came to the album, we had to have a nice balance between standard Christian hymns and fun songs.
It was definitely a priority for me to write at least a few new songs, but for the most part people really want to hear the standards at Christmas time, no matter how good a new song is.
Ostensibly, the song was inspired by Carey's romantic sentiments toward her then-husband Tommy Mottola.
After the album's release, many promotional singles were released; while other songs were sent to Christian airplay radio stations, "All I Want for Christmas Is You" was sent to pop and Top 40 channels.
Author Chris Nickson described the song as "fun and mellow", and he felt its uptempo beat contrasted with the album's strong religious theme, broadening the album's appeal to teenage audiences.
Article: Family Guy
Section: Origins

Question: When did Seth MacFarlane conceive of the idea for "Family Guy"?

MacFarlane initially conceived "Family Guy" in 1995 while studying animation at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD).
During college, he created his thesis film entitled "The Life of Larry", which was submitted by his professor at RISD to Hanna-Barbera.
MacFarlane was hired by the company.
In 1996 MacFarlane created a sequel to "The Life of Larry" entitled "Larry and Steve", which featured a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve; the short was broadcast in 1997 as one of Cartoon Network's "World Premiere Toons".
Executives at Fox saw the "Larry" shorts and contracted MacFarlane to create a series, entitled "Family Guy", based on the characters.
Fox proposed MacFarlane complete a 15-minute short, and gave him a budget of $50,000.
Several aspects of "Family Guy" were inspired by the "Larry shorts".
While working on the series, the characters of Larry and his dog Steve slowly evolved into Peter and Brian.
MacFarlane stated that the difference between "The Life of Larry" and "Family Guy" was that ""Life of Larry" was shown primarily in my dorm room and "Family Guy" was shown after the Super Bowl."
After the pilot aired, the series was given the green light.
MacFarlane drew inspiration from several sitcoms such as "The Simpsons" and "All in the Family".
Premises were drawn from several 1980s Saturday morning cartoons he watched as a child, such as "The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang" and "Rubik, the Amazing Cube".
The Griffin family first appeared on the demo that MacFarlane pitched to Fox on May 15, 1998.
"Family Guy" was originally planned to start out as short movies for the sketch show "MADtv", but the plan changed because MADtv's budget was not large enough to support animation production.
MacFarlane noted that he then wanted to pitch it to Fox, as he thought that that was the place to create a prime-time animation show.
"Family Guy" was originally pitched to Fox in the same year as "King of the Hill", but the show was not bought until years later, when "King of the Hill" became successful.
Fox ordered 13 episodes of "Family Guy" to air in midseason after MacFarlane impressed executives with a seven-minute demo.