community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Anatomy

Question: What year did da Vinci collaborate with Marcantonio della Torre?

Leonardo's formal training in the anatomy of the human body began with his apprenticeship to Andrea del Verrocchio, who insisted that all his pupils learn anatomy.
As an artist, he quickly became master of "topographic anatomy", drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.
As a successful artist, he was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome.
From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre.
Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words towards a treatise on anatomy.
These papers were left to his heir, Francesco Melzi, for publication, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.
It was left incomplete at the time of Melzi's death more than fifty years later, with only a small amount of the material on anatomy included in Leonardo's "Treatise on painting", published in France in 1632.
During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer who made a number of drawings from them.
Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and studies muscles and sinews.
He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.
He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus "in utero".
The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published, would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.
As an artist, Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.
He also drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.
Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans.
He also made a number of studies of horses.
Article: England
Section: Major conurbations

Question: In England, what is the number of settlements that have been given the status of city?

The Greater London Urban Area is by far the largest urban area in England and one of the busiest cities in the world.
It is considered a global city and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself.
Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in northern England or the English Midlands.
There are fifty settlements which have been designated city status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has sixty-six.
While many cities in England are quite large in size, such as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Bradford, Nottingham and others, a large population is not necessarily a prerequisite for a settlement to be afforded city status.
Traditionally the status was afforded to towns with diocesan cathedrals and so there are smaller cities like Wells, Ely, Ripon, Truro and Chichester.
According to the Office for National Statistics the ten largest, continuous built-up urban areas are:
Article: Gymnastics
Section: Vault

Question: What factors determine how far a gymnast will start from the vault?

Artistic events for women.
In the vaulting events gymnasts sprint down a runway, jump onto or perform a roundoff entry onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then sprint off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment).
Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength.
The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements.
Round-off entry vaults are the most common vaults in elite level gymnastics.
In vaults with roundoff entries, gymnasts "round-off" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard).
From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards as in a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting platform (horse).
She then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations.
The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet.
In 2001, the traditional vaulting horse was replaced with a new apparatus, sometimes known as a tongue or vaulting table.
The new apparatus is more stable, wider, and longer than the older vaulting horse—approximately 1m in length and 1m in width—giving gymnasts a larger blocking surface, and is therefore considered safer than the vaulting horse used in the past.
With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table, gymnasts are attempting more difficult and dangerous vaults.
Article: Disney's Animal Kingdom
Section: Restaurants and shops

Question: Where can I dine with characters in The Animal Kingdom?

The park contains three table service restaurants:
Rainforest Cafe, a themed restaurant chain operated by Landry's, located just outside the main entrance (also accessible from inside the park);
Yak & Yeti, an Asian-themed restaurant located in the park's Asia section (operated by Landry's Restaurants) that opened on November 14, 2007; and
Tusker House, located in Africa and one of the park's original quick-service restaurants, was converted into a buffet restaurant and re-opened on November 17, 2007.
Tusker House hosts "Donald's Safari Breakfast" and "Donald's Dining Safari Lunch," a character-dining event where guests enjoy a buffet while meeting Donald Duck and other Disney characters.
There are five quick-service restaurants located throughout the park:
Flame Tree Barbecue, on Discovery Island near DinoLand USA;
Pizzafari, also on Discovery Island, near Camp Minnie-Mickey;
Restaurantosaurus, in DinoLand USA;
Tamu Tamu Refreshments, in Africa; and,
Yak & Yeti Local Foods Café, located next to the larger Yak & Yeti table-service facility.
As with other Walt Disney World theme parks, Disney's Animal Kingdom has other locations and carts that offer snacks and beverages.
Article: NASA
Section: Project Apollo (1961–72)

Question: Name the first manned spacecraft to orbit another body?

Project Apollo (1961–72).
The U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in putting the first man in space, motivated President John F. Kennedy to ask the Congress on May 25, 1961 to commit the federal government to a program to land a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which effectively launched the Apollo program.
Apollo was one of the most expensive American scientific programs ever.
It is estimated to have cost $ in present-day US dollars.
(In comparison, the Manhattan Project cost roughly $, accounting for inflation.
)It used the Saturn rockets as launch vehicles, which were far bigger than the rockets built for previous projects.
The spacecraft was also bigger; it had two main parts, the combined command and service module (CSM) and the lunar landing module (LM).
The LM was to be left on the Moon and only the command module (CM) containing the three astronauts would eventually return to Earth.
The second manned mission, Apollo 8, brought astronauts for the first time in a flight around the Moon in December 1968.
Shortly before, the Soviets had sent an unmanned spacecraft around the Moon.
On the next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the Moon landing were practiced and then finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.
The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was followed by Buzz Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above.
Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972.
Throughout these six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon.
These missions returned a wealth of scientific data and of lunar samples.
Topics covered by experiments performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind.
The Moon landing marked the end of the space race and as a gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon.
Apollo set major milestones in human spaceflight.
It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit, and landing humans on another celestial body.
Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while Apollo 17 marked the last moonwalk and the last manned mission beyond low Earth orbit.
The program spurred advances in many areas of technology peripheral to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.
Apollo sparked interest in many fields of engineering and left many physical facilities and machines developed for the program as landmarks.
Many objects and artifacts from the program are on display at various locations throughout the world, notably at the Smithsonian's Air and Space Museums.
Article: Fight Club
Section: Marketing

Question: David Fincher's filming for Fight Club wrapped in what year?

Filming concluded in December 1998, and David Fincher edited the footage in early 1999 to prepare "Fight Club" for a screening with senior executives.
They did not receive the film positively and were concerned that there would not be an audience for the film.
Executive producer Art Linson, who supported the film, recalled the response: "So many incidences of "Fight Club" were alarming, no group of executives could narrow them down."
Nevertheless, "Fight Club" was originally slated to be released in July 1999 but was later changed to August 6, 1999.
The studio further delayed the film's release, this time to autumn, citing a crowded summer schedule and a hurried post-production process.
Outsiders attributed the delays to the Columbine High School massacre earlier in the year.
Marketing executives at 20th Century Fox faced difficulties in marketing "Fight Club" and at one point considered marketing it as an art film.
They considered that the film was primarily geared toward male audiences because of its violence and believed that not even Brad Pitt would attract female filmgoers.
Research testing showed that the film appealed to teenagers.
Fincher refused to let the posters and trailers focus on Pitt and encouraged the studio to hire the advertising firm Wieden+Kennedy to devise a marketing plan.
The firm proposed a bar of pink soap with the title "Fight Club" embossed on it as the film's main marketing image; the proposal was considered "a bad joke" by Fox executives.
Fincher also released two early trailers in the form of fake public service announcements presented by Pitt and Norton; the studio did not think the trailers marketed the film appropriately.
Instead, the studio financed a $20 million large-scale campaign to provide a press junket, posters, billboards, and trailers for TV that highlighted the film's fight scenes.
The studio advertised "Fight Club" on cable during World Wrestling Federation broadcasts, which Fincher protested, believing that the placement created the wrong context for the film.
Linson believed that the "ill-conceived one-dimensional" marketing by marketing executive Robert Harper largely contributed to "Fight Club"s lukewarm box office performance in the United States.
Article: Gravitational wave
Section: Radiation from other sources

Question: Why do we need to understand gravitational waves to understand mass?

Although the waves from the Earth-Sun system are minuscule, astronomers can point to other sources for which the radiation should be substantial.
One important example is the Hulse-Taylor binary — a pair of stars, one of which is a pulsar.
The characteristics of their orbit can be deduced from the Doppler shifting of radio signals given off by the pulsar.
Each of the stars has a mass about 1.4 times that of the Sun and the size of their orbit is about 1/75 of the Earth-Sun orbit.
This means the distance between the two stars is just a few times larger than the diameter of our own Sun.
The combination of greater masses and smaller separation means that the energy given off by the Hulse-Taylor binary will be far greater than the energy given off by the Earth-Sun system — roughly 1022 times as much.
The information about the orbit can be used to predict just how much energy (and angular momentum) should be given off in the form of gravitational waves.
As the energy is carried off, the stars should draw closer to each other.
This effect is called an inspiral, and it can be observed in the pulsar's signals.
The measurements on the Hulse-Taylor system have been carried out over more than 30 years.
It has been shown that the gravitational radiation predicted by general relativity allows these observations to be matched within 0.2 percent.
In 1993, Russell Hulse and Joe Taylor were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work, which was the first indirect evidence for gravitational waves.
Unfortunately, the orbital lifetime of this binary system before merger is about 1.84 billion years.
This is a substantial fraction of the age of the universe.
Inspirals are very important sources of gravitational waves.
Any time two compact objects (white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes) are in close orbits, they send out intense gravitational waves.
As they spiral closer to each other, these waves become more intense.
At some point they should become so intense that direct detection by their effect on objects on Earth or in space is possible.
This direct detection is the goal of several large scale experiments.
The only difficulty is that most systems like the Hulse-Taylor binary are so far away.
The amplitude of waves given off by the Hulse-Taylor binary as seen on Earth would be roughly "h" ≈ 10−26.
There are some sources, however, that astrophysicists expect to find with much larger amplitudes of "h" ≈ 10−20.
At least eight other binary pulsars have been discovered.
Article: Salvador Dalí
Section: Final years

Question: Salvador Dalí suffered from what disease like symptoms?

In 1980 at age 76, Dalí's health took a catastrophic turn.
His right hand trembled terribly, with Parkinson-like symptoms.
His near-senile wife, Gala Dalí, allegedly had been dosing him with a dangerous cocktail of unprescribed medicine that damaged his nervous system, thus causing an untimely end to his artistic capacity.
In 1982, King Juan Carlos bestowed on Dalí the title of "Marqués de Dalí de Púbol" ("Marquis of Dalí de Púbol") in the nobility of Spain, hereby referring to Púbol, the place where he lived.
The title was in first instance hereditary, but on request of Dalí changed to life only in 1983.
To show his gratitude for this, Dalí later gave the king a drawing ("Head of Europa", which would turn out to be Dalí's final drawing) after the king visited him on his deathbed.
Gala died on June 10, 1982, at the age of 87.
After Gala's death, Dalí lost much of his will to live.
He deliberately dehydrated himself, possibly as a suicide attempt, with claims stating he had tried to put himself into a state of suspended animation as he had read that some microorganisms could do.
He moved from Figueres to the castle in Púbol, which he had bought for Gala and had been the site of her death.
In 1984, a fire broke out in his bedroom under unclear circumstances.
It was possibly a suicide attempt by Dalí, or possibly simple negligence by his staff.
Dalí was rescued by friend and collaborator Robert Descharnes and returned to Figueres, where a group of his friends, patrons, and fellow artists saw to it that he was comfortable living in his Theater-Museum in his final years.
There have been allegations that Dalí was forced by his guardians to sign blank canvases that would later, even after his death, be used in forgeries and sold as originals.
As a result, art dealers tend to be wary of late works attributed to Dalí.
In November 1988, Dalí entered the hospital with heart failure; a pacemaker had already been implanted previously.
On December 5, 1988, he was visited by King Juan Carlos, who confessed that he had always been a serious devotee of Dalí.
On January 23, 1989, while his favorite record of "Tristan and Isolde" played, he died of heart failure at Figueres at the age of 84.
He is buried in the crypt of his Teatro Museo in Figueres.
The location is across the street from the church of "Sant Pere", where he had his baptism, first communion, and funeral, and is only three blocks from the house where he was born.
The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation currently serves as his official estate.
The US copyright representative for the Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.
In 2002, the Society made the news when they asked Google to remove a customized version of its logo put up to commemorate Dalí, alleging that portions of specific artworks under their protection had been used without permission.
Google complied with the request, but denied that there was any copyright violation.
Article: Great Wall of China
Section: Condition

Question: What are some of the causes that may make the wall to disappear in the next 20 years?

While some portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many locations the Wall is in disrepair.
Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads.
Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism.
Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction.
More than of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from sandstorms.
In places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than to less than .
The square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared completely.
Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud, rather than brick and stone, and thus are more susceptible to erosion.
In August 2012, a section of the wall in north China's Hebei province collapsed after days of continuous heavy rains.
Article: Periodic table
Section: Mendeleev's table

Question: When did Meyer make an extended version of his table

Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870, respectively.
Mendeleev's table was his first published version; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his (Meyer's) table of 1864.
They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat.
The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev's table came from two decisions he made.
The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered.
Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so, but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements, such as gallium and germanium.
The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements, such as tellurium and iodine, to better classify them into chemical families.
With the development of theories of atomic structure, it became apparent that Mendeleev had unintentionally listed the elements in order of increasing atomic number or nuclear charge.
The significance of atomic numbers to the organization of the periodic table was not appreciated until the existence and properties of protons and neutrons became understood.
Mendeleev's periodic tables used atomic weight instead of atomic number to organize the elements, information determinable to fair precision in his time.
Atomic weight worked well enough in most cases to (as noted) give a presentation that was able to predict the properties of missing elements more accurately than any other method then known.
Substitution of atomic numbers, once understood, gave a definitive, integer-based sequence for the elements, still used today even as new synthetic elements are being produced and studied.
Article: Some Nights
Section: Background

Question: When was Fun signed on?

Fun signed to Fueled by Ramen in late 2010.
Lead vocalist Nate Ruess, who had apprehensions about joining a major label in the past, recalled the switch being "very, very easy" for the group, stating that both parties approached it as if they "knew what were getting into with each other."
The transition was in the works with the label for almost nine months, when the head of the label reached out to the band.
Ruess was flattered that employed workers for the label would buy their own tickets to Fun.
shows and "talk about us with the passion you'd generally reserve for an artist you're working with."
After lengthy discussions within the band, the band decided to give the label a try.
Ruess recalls that he was listening to "so much hip-hop" during the production that it became a big influence for him.
The band felt inspired and gradually began working on new songs, each carrying an obvious hip-hop influence.
Consciously, the band began working in the hip-hop factor and realized they wanted a hip-hop producer.
After scanning the liner notes of his other hip-hop records, Ruess noticed that Jeff Bhasker was one of the most common names.
Bhasker was preoccupied at the time working with Beyoncé but Ruess was persistent in meeting with him.
Article: I Want to Hold Your Hand
Section: Musical structure

Question: In what chord does the opening melody of "ill tell you"

The song is in the key of G and opens on "I'll tell you" with a D-B, B-D melody note drop and rise over a I (G) chord.
Controversy exists over the landmark chord that Lennon stated McCartney hit on the piano while they were composing the song.
Marshall considers it is the minor vi (Em) chord (the third chord in the I-V7-vi (G-D7-Em) progression).
Everett is of the same opinion.
Pedler claims, however, that more surprising is the melody note drop from B to F# against a III7 (B7) chord on "understand".
Music theorists are divided over whether this chord is a iii (Bm), a B major, or a B7 or even a B5 power chord with no major or minor defining third.