community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Botany
Section: Evolution

Question: What does it mean to be a megaspory?

The chloroplasts of plants have a number of biochemical, structural and genetic similarities to cyanobacteria, (commonly but incorrectly known as "blue-green algae") and are thought to be derived from an ancient endosymbiotic relationship between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and a cyanobacterial resident.
The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others.
There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves.
The algal division Charophyta, sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta, is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants.
The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina.
Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem.
They include mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian.
Representatives of the lycopods have survived to the present day.
By the end of the Devonian period, several groups, including the lycopods, sphenophylls and progymnosperms, had independently evolved "megaspory" – their spores were of two distinct sizes, larger megaspores and smaller microspores.
Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the spore-producing organs (megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory.
Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers (integuments).
The young sporophyte develops within the seed, which on germination splits to release it.
The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian Famennian stage.
Following the evolution of the seed habit, seed plants diversified, giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups, including seed ferns, as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Gymnosperms produce "naked seeds" not fully enclosed in an ovary; modern representatives include conifers, cycads, "Ginkgo", and Gnetales.
Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in a structure such as a carpel or an ovary.
Ongoing research on the molecular phylogenetics of living plants appears to show that the angiosperms are a sister clade to the gymnosperms.
Article: Looper (film)
Section: Release

Question: Who released the film theatrically in the United States?

"Looper" premiered on September 6, 2012 at the opening night of the Toronto International Film Festival.
The film was then released theatrically in the United States on , 2012 by FilmDistrict, who obtained the domestic rights from production company Endgame Entertainment at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.
In turn, FilmDistrict chose to release the film with TriStar Pictures.
The Chinese release of the film reintegrates a substantial number of scenes set in Shanghai.
The move was requested by Chinese production company DMG Entertainment in order to further appeal to Chinese audiences.
Several of these scenes were shortened or cut for the American release.
Johnson released a free audio commentary on SoundCloud to be downloaded and listened to during the film, with the warning: "Needless to say, this is NOT to be listened to on a first viewing, or before you've seen the film."
Article: Astrophysics
Section: Abstract

Question: Which branch of astronomy is concerned with the physics of the universe?

Astrophysics (from Greek "astron", ἄστρον "star", and "physis", φύσις "nature") is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, especially with "the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space."
Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background.
Their emissions are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition.
Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, "astrophysicists" typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.
In practice, modern astronomical research often involves a substantial amount of work in the realm(s) of theoretical and/or observational physics.
Highly elusive areas of study for astrophysicists, which are of immense interest to the public, include their attempts to determine: the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and black holes; whether or not time travel is possible, wormholes can form, or the multiverse exists; and the origin and ultimate fate of the universe.
Topics also studied by theoretical astrophysicists include: solar system formation and evolution; stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics.
Astrophysics can be studied at the bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. levels in physics or astronomy departments at many universities.
Many such programs retain the name "astronomy" for historical purposes.
Article: Payphone (song)
Section: Covers

Question: Who posted cover versions of "Payphone"?

On 7 May 2012, singing sisters Cimorelli posted a cover on YouTube, which has been watched over 15 million times but Dani and Lauren changed up the rap.
Tanner Patrick, Dave Days, Megan Nicole, Tiffany Alvord and Avery also posted cover versions of "Payphone".
In July 2012, Canadian indie group Walk off the Earth released a cover on YouTube where many of the instruments being played are looped live, allowing one member to effectively play six instruments over the course of the song, with the recorded loops all playing at once.
The same month, the band Boyce Avenue also released a cover of the song.
American post-hardcore group Crown The Empire has done a heavy cover of the song as well for Fearless Records' compilation album "Punk Goes Pop 5".
Comedy rapper Rucka Rucka Ali recorded a parody, "Dago", on his 2012 album "Rucka's World".
In October 2012, Daniel Evans, a finalist on season 5 of The X Factor (UK) published and subsequently released an acoustic piano ballad version on his YouTube channel.
Article: Bibimbap
Section: Variations

Question: Is dolsot bibimpab served hot or cold?

A variation of this dish, "dolsot bibimbap" (돌솥 비빔밥, "dolsot" meaning "stone pot"), is served in a very hot stone bowl in which a raw egg is cooked against the sides of the bowl.
The bowl is so hot that anything that touches it sizzles for minutes.
Before the rice is placed in the bowl, the bottom of the bowl is coated with sesame oil, making the layer of the rice touching the bowl golden brown and crisp.
The city of Jeonju, the capital of the North Jeolla Province of South Korea, is famous throughout the nation for its version of "bibimbap", said to be based on a royal court dish of the Joseon Dynasty.
A further variation of "bibimbap", called "hoedeopbap", uses a variety of raw seafood, such as tilapia, salmon, tuna or sometimes octopus, but each bowl of rice usually contain one kind of meat.
The term "hoe" in the word means raw fish.
The dish is popular along the coasts of Korea where fish are abundant.
Article: Badminton
Section: Mixed doubles

Question: Who are capable of playing powerfully from the back-court?

In mixed doubles, both pairs typically try to maintain an attacking formation with the woman at the front and the man at the back.
This is because the male players are usually substantially stronger, and can therefore produce smashes that are more powerful.
As a result, mixed doubles require greater tactical awareness and subtler positional play.
Clever opponents will try to reverse the ideal position, by forcing the woman towards the back or the man towards the front.
In order to protect against this danger, mixed players must be careful and systematic in their shot selection.
At high levels of play, the formations will generally be more flexible: the top women players are capable of playing powerfully from the back-court, and will happily do so if required.
When the opportunity arises, however, the pair will switch back to the standard mixed attacking position, with the woman in front and men in the back.
Article: Atomic number
Section: Abstract

Question: What is a way of determining the atomic weight of an element?

In chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.
It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z.
The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element.
In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.
The atomic number, "Z", should not be confused with the mass number, "A", which is the number of nucleons, the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
The number of neutrons, "N", is known as the neutron number of the atom; thus, "A" = "Z" + "N" (these quantities are always whole numbers).
Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in unified atomic mass units (making a quantity called the "relative isotopic mass,") is roughly (to within 1%) equal to the whole number "A".
Atoms with the same atomic number "Z" but different neutron numbers "N", and hence different atomic masses, are known as isotopes.
A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight.
Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century.
The conventional symbol "Z" comes from the German word meaning number/numeral/figure, which, prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order is approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights.
Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this "Z" number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word (and its English equivalent "atomic number") come into common use in this context.
Article: Beach volleyball
Section: Skills

Question: Are the standards for hand setting stricter for indoor or beach volleyball?

As in indoor volleyball, there are several basic skills competitive players need to master: serving, passing, setting, attacking, blocking, and digging.
Serving is the act of putting the ball into play by striking it with the hand or arm from behind the rear court boundary.
The skill is similar on the beach and indoors, with the exception that on the beach the wind often has a significant effect on the trajectory of the ball.
The pass is the first of a team's 3 allowed contacts, and is also very similar on the beach and indoors.
However, the standards for hand setting (handling the ball overhand using finger action with the hands separated) are stricter on the beach.
In practice, this means that players are effectively forbidden from setting the ball on serve receive; similarly, players seldom use a hand setting motion as the first (except on a hard driven attack) or last of the three allowed team contacts.
Digging is a similar skill to passing, but the term is not used to describe receiving the serve or a free ball, but rather refers to an attempt to prevent an opponent's attack hit from touching the court.
The set is the second team contact, and its purpose is to position the ball for an attack on the third hit.
A hand setting motion is often used, but bump setting, an underhand motion in which the ball bounces off the forearms, is also common.
When using the hand motion contact for the setting the ball has to come out "clean".
This means that the ball cannot spin at all in the air once it leaves the setters hands.
If a referee determines that it was not a "clean" contact then they will call a double contact and the point will be given to the other team.
After completing the contact, the setter typically turns his attention to the defense and communicates to his partner whether a blocker is up and which area of the court is open.
The second contact can also be used to attack the ball.
Attacking includes skills such as spiking—hitting the ball hard with one open hand on a downward trajectory from above the top of the net; rolling—a similar motion to spiking, but softer and with an arcing trajectory; and dinking—directing the ball very softly low over the net.
Attack hits are also frequently made with a poking motion with the knuckles or stiff straight fingers.
Blocking is an attempt to direct an attack hit by the opponents back into their court by reaching above the top of the net.
Players often decide against blocking (if the pass and set are not in a good position to produce a spike attack) and instead opt to Peel off the net and dig.
This peeling action is a skill almost exclusive to beach volleyball.
Article: Up Series
Section: Lynn

Question: After attending the same primary school as Jackie and Sue, Lynn Johnson attended which type of school?

After attending the same primary school as Jackie and Sue, Lynn Johnson attended a grammar school.
She went on to marry at 19, had 2 daughters, and become a children's librarian at 21.
She later became a school librarian and remained in that career until being made redundant due to budget cuts.
At 56 Up she continues to believe her career as a librarian is of great value and it has helped define her life.
She is a doting grandmother with 3 grandchildren, and still married to her husband Russ whom she still considers her soulmate.
Article: Teen Wolf
Section: Sequels

Question: When did Teen Wolf episode 1 air?

The film was followed by a cartoon spin-off in 1986, and a sequel in 1987 titled "Teen Wolf Too", with Jason Bateman starring as Todd Howard, Scott's cousin.
A second sequel starring Alyssa Milano was planned, but never filmed.
Another female version of "Teen Wolf" was in the works that later developed into 1989's "Teen Witch".
A Canadian television series similar in theme ran from 1999 to 2002 entitled "Big Wolf on Campus".
In June 2009, MTV announced that they would be adapting "Teen Wolf" into a television series "with a greater emphasis on romance, horror and werewolf mythology".
Australian director Russell Mulcahy directed the pilot film of the television series.
The first episode for the new MTV series aired on June 5, 2011.
Article: Friends
Section: Season 9

Question: What was the season 9 finale?

Season nine begins with Ross and Rachel living together as roommates with baby Emma.
Monica and Chandler try to conceive a baby of their own but find out that they are unable to, due to health restrictions.
Phoebe begins dating Mike Hannigan (Paul Rudd), and chooses to be with him over her ex-boyfriend David (Hank Azaria).
Rachel and Emma move in with Joey in the middle of the season, and Rachel develops romantic feelings for him, while the rest of the "friends" try hard to get Ross and Rachel back together.
The group travels to Barbados in the finale to hear Ross give a keynote speech at a palaeontology conference.
Joey and his girlfriend Charlie (Aisha Tyler) break up, and she begins a relationship with Ross.
Joey and Rachel's feelings for each other return, and the finale ends with them kissing.
Article: Subatomic particle
Section: Abstract

Question: What are subatomic particles?

In the physical sciences, subatomic particles are particles smaller than atoms.
(although some subatomic particles have mass greater than some atoms).
There are two types of subatomic particles: elementary particles, which according to current theories are not made of other particles; and "composite" particles.
Particle physics and nuclear physics study these particles and how they interact.
In particle physics, the concept of a particle is one of several concepts inherited from classical physics.
But it also reflects the modern understanding that at the quantum scale matter and energy behave very differently from what much of everyday experience would lead us to expect.
The idea of a particle underwent serious rethinking in light of experiments that showed that light could behave like a stream of particles (called photons) as well as exhibit wave-like properties.
This led to the new concept of wave–particle duality to reflect that quantum-scale "particles" behave like both particles and waves.
Another new concept, the uncertainty principle, states that such their properties as position and momentum cannot be measured exactly.
In more recent times, wave–particle duality has been shown to apply not only to photons but to increasingly massive particles.
Interactions of particles in the framework of quantum field theory are understood as creation and annihilation of "quanta" of corresponding fundamental interactions.
This blends particle physics with field theory.
Article: Turkey
Section: Geography

Question: The fault lines that led to the creation of the Black Sea contributed to the creation of what other geologic features of Turkey?

Turkey is a transcontinental Eurasian country.
Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles.
European Turkey comprises 3% of the country.
The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.
It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 25° and 45° E. Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe.
Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area.
The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south.
Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.
The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria.
The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south.
Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 ft), and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country.
Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean.
The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt.
This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area.
As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions.
The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea.
There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, along which a major earthquake occurred in 1999.
Article: American Dad!
Section: Farces

Question: Who does Stan ask for help in opening a restaurant in "Stan's Food Restaurant"?

Plot techniques.
"American Dad!"
has commonly made use of farces as most of the predicaments that befall the main characters have escalated into the extremes, to the point of getting outrageously out-of-hand.
For example, in the episode "Home Wrecker", Stan and Francine's marital harmony breaks down from a difference of opinion on remodeling the house.
It gets to the point where they divide the house in two, each decorating their half of the house in their desired fashion.
Not satisfied with this however, they both attempted to drive the other out of the home and eventually erected a colossal block wall, dividing the two halves of the house.
The rest of the family members were forced to spend one holiday after the next alternating between Fran's and Stan's place (the sides of the house treated as distinct homes).
As another example, in the episode "Stan's Food Restaurant", Stan asks for Roger's help in starting a restaurant.
As things progress, Roger makes heavy changes in the layout, eventually kicking Stan out of the project.
Stan retaliates by opening another restaurant next door, which becomes a smashing success.
Roger responds by blowing up Stan's restaurant but destroying his own in the process.
Stan threatens to kill Roger, but backs down after Roger pulls a gun on him and tells him to relax.
Article: Treaty of Versailles
Section: Occupation

Question: What date did allied troops enter Germany?

The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from Belgium, France, and Luxembourg within fifteen days.
In addition, it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland.
In late 1918, Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation.