community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Space Needle
Section: Architecture

Question: Who introduced the hourglass profile of the tower?

The architecture of the Space Needle is the result of a compromise between the designs of two men, Edward E. Carlson and John Graham, Jr.
The two leading ideas for the World Fair involved businessman Edward Carlson's sketch of a giant balloon tethered to the ground (see the gently sloping base) and architect John Graham's concept of a flying saucer (see the halo that houses the restaurant and observation deck).
Victor Steinbrueck introduced the hourglass profile of the tower.
The Space Needle was built to withstand wind speeds of 200 mph, double the requirements in the building code of 1962.
An earthquake registering 6.8 on the Richter Scale jolted the Needle enough in 2001 for water to slosh out of the toilets in the restrooms.
The Space Needle can endure serious structural damage during earthquakes of magnitudes below 9.
Also made to withstand Category 5 hurricane-force winds, the Space Needle sways only 1 inch per 10 mph (16 mm per 10 km/h) of wind speed.
For decades, the "hovering disk" of the Space Needle was home to two restaurants above the ground: the Space Needle Restaurant, which was originally named Eye of the Needle, and Emerald Suite.
These were closed in 2000 to make way for SkyCity, a larger restaurant that features Pacific Northwest cuisine.
It rotates 360 degrees in exactly forty-seven minutes.
In 1993, the elevators were replaced with new computerized versions.
The new elevators descend at a rate of .
On December 31, 1999 (New Year's Eve), a powerful beam of light was unveiled for the first time.
Called the Legacy Light or Skybeam, it is powered by lamps that total 85 million candela shining skyward from the top of the Space Needle to honor national holidays and special occasions in Seattle.
The concept of this beam was derived from the official 1962 World's Fair poster, which depicted such a light source although none was incorporated into the original design.
It is somewhat controversial because of the light pollution it creates.
Originally planned to be turned on 75 nights per year, it has generally been used fewer than a dozen times per year.
It did remain lit for eleven days in a row from September 11, 2001, to September 22, 2001, in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks.
The same 1962 World's Fair original poster showed a grand spiral entryway leading to the elevator, but this, too, was omitted from the final building plans.
This stairway was added as part of the Pavilion and Spacebase addition/remodel in June 2000.
The main stairwell (generally emergency access) has 848 steps in all from the basement to the top of the observation deck.
At approximately , the Space Needle was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River at the time it was built by Howard S. Wright Construction Co., but is now dwarfed by other structures along the Seattle skyline, among them the Columbia Center, at .
Unlike many other similar structures, such as the CN Tower in Toronto, the Space Needle is not used for broadcasting purposes.
Article: Gilmore Girls
Section: Rory's friends

Question: When did Paris and Doyle date?

Rory's friendships with long-time best friend Lane Kim (Keiko Agena), a second-generation Korean American from a strict Christian home, and Paris Geller (Liza Weil), a friend/rival at both Chilton and Yale, play strongly in the show.
Although she shares a close bond with the two, they do not appear to get along with one another.
At the end of the Season 6, Lane marries Hep Alien band-mate Zach van Gerbig (Todd Lowe), a sweet, slightly clumsy rocker.
At the beginning of the Season 7, Lane discovers that she is unexpectedly pregnant and gives birth to twins (Kwan and Steve) later in the season.
Also in Season 7, Paris is accepted to Harvard Medical School (Harvard is the school she has wanted to go to for years, as her family are all alumni, but was rejected for undergraduate studies in Season 3).
In Season 4, Doyle McMaster (Danny Strong) storms onto the show as the "Yale Daily News" editor.
He and Paris start dating in Season 5, after Paris's relationship with a much older Professor Asher Fleming (Michael York) ends with Fleming's sudden death.
Article: Association football
Section: Players, equipment, and officials

Question: Football teams are composed of how many individuals?

Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper.
Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven.
Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal.
Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.
The basic equipment or "kit" players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards.
An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals.
Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury.
Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches.
The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.
A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game.
The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches.
Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game.
In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match.
IFAB recommends that "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team."
Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.
A game is officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final.
The referee is assisted by two assistant referees.
In many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.
Article: David (Michelangelo)
Section: Later history

Question: How come the statue of David was removed from the Piazza?

In 1873 the statue of David was removed from the piazza, to protect it from damage, and displayed in the Accademia Gallery, Florence, where it attracts many visitors.
A replica was placed in the Piazza della Signoria in 1910.
In 1991, a man attacked the statue with a hammer he had concealed beneath his jacket, in the process damaging the toes of the left foot, before being restrained.
On 12 November 2010, a fiberglass replica of the "David" was installed on the roofline of Florence Cathedral, for one day only.
Photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the "Operai" who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen.
In 2010, a dispute over the ownership of David arose when, based on a legal review of historical documents, the Italian Culture Ministry claimed ownership of the statue in opposition to the city of Florence, where it has always been located.
Florence disputes the state claim.
Article: Vietnam
Section: Administrative subdivisions

Question: What is the number of municipalities in Vietname?

Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces (Vietnamese: "tỉnh", from the Chinese 省, "shěng").
There are also five municipalities ("thành phố trực thuộc trung ương"), which are administratively on the same level as provinces.
The provinces are subdivided into provincial municipalities ("thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh"), townships ("thị xã") and counties ("huyện"), which are in turn subdivided into towns ("thị trấn") or communes ("xã").
The centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into districts ("quận") and counties, which are further subdivided into wards ("phường").
Article: What Makes You Beautiful
Section: Live performances

Question: What was the estimated number of fans that came to the plaza?

One Direction performed "What Makes You Beautiful" for the first time on "Red or Black?"
on 10 September 2011.
The performance started with hosts Ant & Dec announcing that the band was supposedly running late for their appearance, and cut to a video of One Direction boarding a London Tube carriage full of fans, as the studio version of the song began playing.
Each fan on the tube was given a numbered ticket.
The band and fans disembarked the tube and made their way to the television studio, where the remainder of the song was sung live.
After the song, Styles caught a numbered ticket raining onstage.
The number corresponded to a ticket held by a fan from the tube; the colour of the fan's shirt was the correct answer for the "Red or Black?"
challenge.
The band performed "What Makes You Beautiful" after its B-side, "Na Na Na", at the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards on 9 October 2011.
The band also performed the song to open telethon "Children in Need 2011" on 19 November 2011.
After "Gotta Be You" and "One Thing", One Direction performed "What Makes You Beautiful" at Capital FM's "Jingle Bell Ball" on 4 December 2011, at The O2 Arena.
They performed a medley of "She Makes Me Wanna" and "What Makes You Beautiful" with JLS on the "The X Factor" eighth series final on 10 December 2011.
The group performed "One Thing" and "What Makes You Beautiful" on "Dancing on Ice" on 5 February 2012.
In Italy, the band performed the song at the 2012 Sanremo Music Festival on 14 February 2012.
In France, they performed "What Makes You Beautiful" and "One Thing" on "Le Grand Journal" on 22 February 2012.
In the United States, One Direction performed the song along with "More than This" and "One Thing" for the first time on "The Today Show" at the Rockefeller Center on 12 March 2012.
An estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza.
Melissa Lonner, senior entertainment producer for "The Today Show", said: "One Direction is relatively unknown with no hits yet.
They basically exploded, and all the adults are saying, 'Who are these people, and how do they know about it?'".
They also performed the song at the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards on 31 March 2012.
One Direction performed "What Makes You Beautiful" and "One Thing" on the NBC comedy television show "Saturday Night Live" on 7 April 2012, and also appeared in a comedy sketch with Sofía Vergara.
In Australia, they performed "One Thing" and "What Makes You Beautiful" at the 54th Logie Awards, where they also presented an award for "Most Popular New Female Talent" on 15 April 2012.
On 12 August 2012, One Direction performed "What Makes You Beautiful" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.
It was included on the set list of the group's headlining sold-out show at Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012.
One Direction performed the song on two of their major concert tours: Up All Night Tour (2011–12) and Take Me Home Tour (2013).
Article: Black hole
Section: X-ray binaries

Question: What is the  period of low X-ray emission called?

X-ray binaries are binary star systems that are luminous in the X-ray part of the spectrum.
These X-ray emissions are generally thought to be caused by one of the component stars being a compact object accreting matter from the other (regular) star.
The presence of an ordinary star in such a system provides a unique opportunity for studying the central object and determining if it might be a black hole.
If such a system emits signals that can be directly traced back to the compact object, it cannot be a black hole.
The absence of such a signal does, however, not exclude the possibility that the compact object is a neutron star.
By studying the companion star it is often possible to obtain the orbital parameters of the system and obtain an estimate for the mass of the compact object.
If this is much larger than the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (that is, the maximum mass a neutron star can have before collapsing) then the object cannot be a neutron star and is generally expected to be a black hole.
The first strong candidate for a black hole, Cygnus X-1, was discovered in this way by Charles Thomas Bolton, Louise Webster and Paul Murdin in 1972.
Some doubt, however, remained due to the uncertainties resultant from the companion star being much heavier than the candidate black hole.
Currently, better candidates for black holes are found in a class of X-ray binaries called soft X-ray transients.
In this class of system the companion star is relatively low mass allowing for more accurate estimates in the black hole mass.
Moreover, these systems are only active in X-ray for several months once every 10–50 years.
During the period of low X-ray emission (called quiescence), the accretion disc is extremely faint allowing for detailed observation of the companion star during this period.
One of the best such candidates is V404 Cyg.
Article: Taco
Section: Abstract

Question: What type of dish is a taco?

A taco () is a traditional Mexican dish composed of a corn or wheat tortilla folded or rolled around a filling.
A taco can be made with a variety of fillings, including beef, pork, chicken, seafood, vegetables and cheese, allowing for great versatility and variety.
A taco is generally eaten without utensils and is often accompanied by garnishes such as salsa, avocado or guacamole, cilantro, tomatoes, minced meat, onions and lettuce.
Article: Physics
Section: Difference between classical and modern physics

Question: What did Einstein say replaced absolute time and space?

While physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability.
Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light.
Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions.
Albert Einstein contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with spacetime and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light.
Max Planck, Erwin Schrödinger, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.
Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity.
General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved spacetime, with which highly massive systems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described.
General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.
Article: We Found Love
Section: Recognition and awards

Question: In what year did "We Found Love" win "Video of the Year" at the MTV Video Music Awards?

MTV chose "We Found Love" as the third best song of 2011, and "Video of the Year" at the MTV Video Music Awards 2012.
The writers of the website further commented, "The leadoff single from "Talk That Talk" is where Rihanna fully embraced EDM.
Produced by Calvin Harris, 'We Found Love' is a swirling party track about love and loss, the rare song that manages to be sad and joyous all at once.
And it is a pinnacle of the pop/dance crossover, a throwback to '90s raves that could make even the most stoic lover of pop want to break out a glow stick and just dance.
Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" put "We Found Love" at number eleven on his list of Top 25 Songs of 2011 commenting, "While her other hits tried to camouflage her spindly voice, here it just strains for that spindly melody."
It was named the third biggest love song of all time by "Billboard".
Article: Michelangelo
Section: Early life, 1475-88

Question: When was Michelangelo born?

Early life, 1475-88.
Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese near Arezzo, Tuscany.
(Today, Caprese is known as Caprese Michelangelo).
For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in Florence, the bank had failed and his father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, briefly took a government post in Caprese, where Michelangelo was born.
At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the Judicial administrator of the small town of Caprese and local administrator of Chiusi.
Michelangelo's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena.
The Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Mathilde of Canossa; this claim remains unproven, but Michelangelo himself believed it.
Several months after Michelangelo's birth, the family returned to Florence, where Michelangelo was raised.
At later times, during his mother's prolonged illness and after her death in 1481, when he was just six years old, Michelangelo lived with a stonecutter and his wife and family in the town of Settignano, where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm.
Giorgio Vasari quotes Michelangelo:
Article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Section: Assassination

Question: What type of gun was MLK Jr. shot by?

King was booked in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, owned by businessman Walter Bailey (and named after his wife).
King's close friend and colleague Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, who was King's roommate in the motel room the day of the assassination, told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that King and his entourage stayed in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel so often that it was known as the "King-Abernathy Suite.
"According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's last words were to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was going to attend: "Ben, make sure you play 'Take My Hand, Precious Lord' in the meeting tonight.
Play it real pretty.
"[[File:Lorraine Motel 04 15 Mar 2012.jpg|thumb|260px|The Lorraine Motel, where Dr. King was assassinated, is nowthe site of the National Civil Rights Museum.
The wreath marks the approximate place Dr. King was standing at the time.
]]At 6:01 p.m. on Thursday, April 4, 1968, while he was standing on the motel's second floor balcony, King was struck by a single .30-06 bullet fired from a Remington 760 Gamemaster.
The bullet entered through his right cheek, breaking his jaw, neck and several vertebrae as it traveled down his spinal cord, severing the jugular vein and major arteries in the process before lodging in his shoulder.
By the force of the blast, King's necktie was ripped completely off his shirt.
He fell violently backwards onto the balcony unconscious.
Shortly after the shot was fired, witnesses saw James Earl Ray fleeing from a rooming house across the street from the Lorraine Motel where he was renting a room.
A package was dumped close to the site that included a rifle and binoculars with Ray's fingerprints on them.
The rifle had been purchased by Ray under an alias six days before.
A worldwide manhunt was triggered that culminated in the arrest of Ray at London Heathrow Airport two months later.
Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor.
King was bleeding profusely from the wound in his cheek.
His SCLC colleague Andrew Young believed he was dead, though King still had a pulse.
King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where doctors opened his chest and performed Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
He never regained consciousness and was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m.
According to Taylor Branch, King's autopsy revealed that though he was only 39 years old, he had the heart of a 60-year-old man which Branch attributed to the stress of 13 years in the civil rights movement.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Abstract

Question: What year was the Dark Knight Rises the 3rd highest grossing film?

The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 British-American epic superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan, who co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Jonathan Nolan and the story with David S. Goyer.
Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the final installment in Nolan's "Batman" film trilogy, and it is the sequel to "Batman Begins" (2005) and "The Dark Knight" (2008).
Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, with a returning cast of his allies: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Gary Oldman as James Gordon, and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox.
The film introduces Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway), a sly, morally ambiguous cat burglar, and Bane (Tom Hardy), a mercenary bent on destroying Gotham City.
Drawn back into action by new threats facing the city, an older Bruce Wayne is forced to come out of retirement and become Batman once again.
Christopher Nolan was initially hesitant about returning to the series for a second time, but agreed to come back after developing a story with his brother and Goyer that he felt would conclude the series on a satisfactory note.
Nolan drew inspiration from Bane's comic book debut in the 1993 "" storyline, the 1986 series "The Dark Knight Returns", and the 1999 storyline "No Man's Land".
Filming took place in various locations, including Jodhpur, London, Nottingham, Glasgow, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, and Pittsburgh.
Nolan used IMAX cameras for much of the filming, including the first six minutes of the film, to optimize the quality of the picture.
A variation of the Batplane termed "The Bat", an underground prison set, and a new Batcave set were created specifically for the film.
As with "The Dark Knight", viral marketing campaigns began early during production to help promotion.
When filming concluded, Warner Bros. refocused its campaign: developing promotional websites, releasing the first six minutes of the film, screening theatrical trailers, and sending out information regarding the film's plot.
"The Dark Knight Rises" premiered in New York City on July 16, 2012.
The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on July 19, 2012, and in North America and the United Kingdom on July 20, 2012.
Upon release it received a favorable critical response and grossed over $1.081 billion worldwide.
It is currently the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time, the third-highest-grossing film of 2012, and the third-highest-grossing superhero film of all time.