community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: British Museum
Section: Collecting from the wider world (1850–75)

Question: Under whose supervision was the library four times growth in size?

Collecting from the wider world (1850–75).
The opening of the forecourt in 1852 marked the completion of Robert Smirke's 1823 plan, but already adjustments were having to be made to cope with the unforeseen growth of the collections.
Infill galleries were constructed for Assyrian sculptures and Sydney Smirke's Round Reading Room, with space for a million books, opened in 1857.
Because of continued pressure on space the decision was taken to move natural history to a new building in South Kensington, which would later become the British Museum of Natural History.
Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian Anthony Panizzi.
Under his supervision, the British Museum Library (now the British Library) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library, the largest library in the world after the National Library of Paris.
The quadrangle at the centre of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular Reading Room of cast iron, designed by Smirke's brother, Sydney Smirke.
Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.
Overseas excavations continued and John Turtle Wood discovered the remains of the 4th century BC Temple of Artemis at Ephesos, another Wonder of the Ancient World.
Article: Nordic combined
Section: Cross-country skiing equipment

Question: Ski poles are often long enough to reach what body part of the competitor?

 Bindings
 Bindings secure only the toe of the boot to the ski.
 Boots
 The skating shoe is fixed to the ski with a binding, holding the toe firm.
The rear of the boot is built up to shore up the ankle, which is constantly under pressure in skating technique.
 Poles
 Long and straight, often reaching up as high as a competitor's nose, with a specially shaped basket designed to allow skiers to push hard and evacuate snow.
 Skis
 Narrower and lighter than those used in Alpine skiing.
They have long, curved ends and rise up slightly in the middle.
They can be up to 2 meters long.
 Suit
 Uses stretch fabric hugging the body, similar to a runner’s training clothing.
 Wax
 Glide wax is crucial, and determined by snow and weather conditions.
Article: Peking duck
Section: Raising the duck

Question: For how many days and how often are the ducks force fed?

Raising the duck.
The ducks used to prepare Peking Duck originated in Nanjing.
They were small, had black feathers, and lived in the canals around the city linking major waterways.
With the relocation of the Chinese capital to Beijing, supply barge traffic increased in the area.
Often these barges would spill grain into the canals, providing food for the ducks.
By the Five Dynasties, the new species of duck had been domesticated by Chinese farmers.
Nowadays, Peking Duck is prepared from the Pekin duck ("Anas platyrhynchos domestica").
Newborn ducks are raised in a free range environment for the first 45 days of their lives, and force fed 4 times a day for the next 15–20 days, resulting in ducks that weigh 5–7 kg (11–15 lbs).
The force feeding of the ducks led to an alternate name for the dish, Peking Stuffed Duck ().
Article: Battle of Hastings
Section: Dispositions of forces and tactics

Question: The right division was commanded by who?

Most recent historians conclude that Harold's forces deployed in a small, dense formation around the top of Caldbec Hill, with their flanks protected by woods and a stream and marshy ground in front of them.
Lawson points out the possibility that the English line was a bit longer and extended enough to anchor on one of the streams nearby.
The English formed a shield wall, with the front ranks holding their shields close together or even overlapping to provide protection from attack.
More is known about the Norman deployment.
Duke William appears to have arranged his forces in three groups, or "battles", which roughly corresponded to their origins.
The left units were the Bretons, along with those from Anjou, Poitou and Maine.
This division was led by Alan the Red, a relative of the Breton count.
The centre was held by the Normans, under the direct command of the duke and with many of his relatives and kinsmen grouped around the ducal party.
The final division on the right consisted of the Frenchmen, along with some men from Picardy, Boulogne, and Flanders.
The right was commanded by William fitzOsbern and Count Eustace II of Boulogne.
The front lines were archers with a line of foot soldiers armed with spears behind.
There were probably a few crossbowmen and slingers in with the archers.
The cavalry was held in reserve, and a small group of clergymen and servants situated at the base of Telham Hill was not expected to take part in the fighting.
William's disposition of his forces implies that he planned to open the battle with archers in the front rank weakening the enemy with arrows, followed by infantry who would engage in close combat.
The infantry would create openings in the English lines that could be exploited by a cavalry charge to break through the English forces and pursue the fleeing soldiers.
Article: The Godfather
Section: Critical response

Question: What was Salvator Gravano's nickname?

Since its release, "The Godfather" has received critical acclaim.
Rotten Tomatoes reports that all 77 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 9.1/10.
Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a perfect weighted average score of 100 (out of 100) based on 14 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "universal acclaim".
Both "The Godfather" and "The Godfather Part II" were selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1990 and 1993, respectively.
International critics routinely list these two among cinema's pinnacle achievements, sometimes considering them as one work.
In the decennial 2002 "Sight & Sound" poll of film directors, the pair was ranked as the second best film of all time.
The critics poll separately voted it fourth.
The American Film Institute has listed it second in U.S. film history behind "Citizen Kane".
Other polls and publications have it first, as well, among them "Entertainment Weekly", and "Empire" magazine (November 2008)The soundtrack's main theme by Nino Rota was also critically acclaimed; the main theme ("Speak Softly Love") is well-known and widely used (see Score Controversy for more information).
Director Stanley Kubrick believed that "The Godfather" was possibly the greatest movie ever made, and had without question the best cast.
Previous Mafia movies had looked at the gangs from the perspective of an outraged outsider.
In contrast, "The Godfather" presents the gangster's perspective of the Mafia as a response to corrupt society.
Although the Corleone family is presented as immensely rich and powerful, no scenes depict prostitution, gambling, loan sharking or other forms of racketeering.
Some critics argue that the setting of a criminal counterculture allows for unapologetic gender stereotyping, and is an important part of the film's appeal ("You can act like a man!
", Don Vito tells a weepy Johnny Fontane).
Real-life gangsters responded enthusiastically to the film, with many of them feeling it was a portrayal of how they were supposed to act.
Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano, the former underboss in the Gambino crime family, stated: "I left the movie stunned ...
I mean I floated out of the theater.
Maybe it was fiction, but for me, then, that was our life.
It was incredible.
I remember talking to a multitude of guys, made guys, who felt exactly the same way. "
According to Anthony Fiato after seeing the film, Patriarca crime family members Paulie Intiso and Nicky Giso altered their speech patterns closer to that of Vito Corleone's.
Intiso would frequently swear and use poor grammar; but after the movie came out, he started to articulate and philosophize more.
Remarking on the 40th anniversary of the film's release, film critic John Podhoretz praised "The Godfather" as "arguably "the" great American work of popular art" and "the summa of all great moviemaking before it".
Two years before, Roger Ebert wrote in his journal that it "comes closest to being a film everyone agrees... is unquestionably great."
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Modern quantum theory

Question: How old was Einstein when he died?

Einstein was displeased with quantum theory and mechanics (the very theory he helped create), despite its acceptance by other physicists, stating that God "is not playing at dice."
Einstein continued to maintain his disbelief in the theory, and attempted unsuccessfully to disprove it until he died at the age of 76.
In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in "Physikalische Zeitschrift" that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser.
This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode.
This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.
Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie's work, and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first.
In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave a wave equation for de Broglie waves, which Einstein suggested was the Hamilton–Jacobi equation of mechanics.
This paper would inspire Schrödinger's work of 1926.
Article: Lebanon
Section: Demographics

Question: Which country has the largest expatriate Lebanese population?

The population of Lebanon was estimated to be 4,125,247 in July 2010, however no official census has been conducted since 1932 due to the sensitive confessional political balance between Lebanon's various religious groups.
Identifying all Lebanese as ethnically Arab is a widely employed example of panethnicity since in reality, the Lebanese “are descended from many different peoples who have occupied, invaded, or settled this corner of the world,” making Lebanon, “a mosaic of closely interrelated cultures”.
While at first glance, this ethnic, linguistic, religious and denominational diversity might seem to cause civil and political unrest, “for much of Lebanon’s history this multitudinous diversity of religious communities has coexisted with little conflict”.
The fertility rate fell from 5.00 in 1971 to 1.75 in 2004.
Fertility rates vary considerably among the different religious groups: in 2004 it was 2.10 for Shiites, 1.76 Sunnis and 1.61 for Maronites.
Lebanon has witnessed a series of migration waves: over 1,500,000 people emigrated from the country in the 1975–2011 period.
Millions of people of Lebanese descent are spread throughout the world, mostly Christians, especially in Latin America.
Brazil has the largest expatriate population.
"(See Lebanese Brazilians)".
Large numbers of Lebanese migrated to West Africa, particularly to the Ivory Coast (home to over 100,000 Lebanese) and Senegal (roughly 30,000 Lebanese).
Australia is home to over 270,000 Lebanese (1999 est.
As of 2012, Lebanon was host to over 460,000 refugees and asylum seekers: 405,425 Palestinians, 50,000–60,000 from Iraq, over 80,000 from Syria, and 4,500 from Sudan.
Their primary sources of income are UNRWA aid and menial labor sought in competition with about 300,000 Syrian guest workers.
The latest estimates by the United Nations put the number of Syrian refugees at more than 850,000.
In the last three decades, lengthy and destructive armed conflicts have ravaged the country.
The majority of Lebanese have been affected by armed conflict; those with direct personal experience include 75% of the population, and most others report suffering a range of hardships.
In total, almost the entire population (96%) has been affected insome way – either personally or because of the wider consequences of armed conflict.
Article: Taekwondo
Section: Abstract

Question: What country is Taekwondo baised out of?

Taekwondo or (Korean 태권도 (hangul) / 跆拳道 (hanja), ) is a Korean martial art.
It combines combat and self-defense techniques with sport and exercise.
"Gyeorugi" (), a type of sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000.
Taekwondo was developed by a variety of Korean masters during the 1940s as partial combination of taekkyeon, Okinawan karate, and other traditions.
The name "taekwondo" was coined by Choi Hong Hi (of the Oh Do Kwan).
The World Taekwondo Federation claims that taekwondo development was a collaborative effort by a council consisting of members from the nine original kwans, while the International Taekwon-Do Federation credits Choi Hong Hi solely.
"Traditional taekwondo" typically refers to the martial art as it was established in the 1950s and 1960s in the South Korean military and in various civilian organizations, including schools and universities.
In particular, the names and symbolism of the both the traditional patterns and the newer poomsae often refer to elements of Korean history, culture and religious philosophy.
This symbolism is replicated in the Korean flag.
"Sport taekwondo" was developed in the 1950s and may have a somewhat different focus, especially in terms of its emphasis on speed and competition (as in Olympic sparring).
Sport taekwondo is in turn subdivided into two main styles.
One style is practiced by International Taekwon-Do adherents and was created in 1955 by Choi Hong Hi.
The other style derives from Kukkiwon, the source of the sparring system "sihap gyeorugi".
This style is now an event at the summer Olympic Games and is governed by the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF).
Kukkiwon (World Taekwondo Headquarters) is the traditional center for WTF taekwondo and was founded in 1973 by Dr. Kim Un Yong.
Although there are doctrinal and technical differences between sparring in the two main styles and among the various organizations, the art in general emphasizes kicks and punches thrown from a mobile stance.
Taekwondo training generally includes a system of blocks, kicks, punches, and open-handed strikes and may also include various take-downs or sweeps, throws, and joint locks.
Pressure points, known as "jiapsul", are used, as well as grabbing self-defense techniques borrowed from other martial arts such as Japanese judo, Korean hapkido, and Korean wrestling or ssireum.
In Korean, "tae" (태, ) means "to strike or break with the foot"; "kwon" (권, ) means "to strike or break with the fist"; and "do" (도, ) means "way of life".
Thus, "taekwondo" may be loosely translated as "the way of the foot and the hand."
The name "taekwondo" is also written as "taekwon-do", "tae kwon-do", or "tae kwon do" by various organizations.
Article: Thailand
Section: Abstract

Question: What percentage of people are Tai?

Thailand ( or ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (, ; ), formerly known as Siam (; ), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia.
It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma.
Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history.
The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Adherent of Buddhism, and Upholder of religions.
Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country in terms of total area, with an area of approximately , and is the 20th-most-populous country, with around 64 million people.
The capital and largest city is Bangkok, which is Thailand's political, commercial, industrial and cultural hub.
About 75–85% of the population is ethnically Tai, which includes the four major regional groups, consisting of Central Thai (Khon Pak Klang): 30%; Northeastern Thai (Khon Isan): 22%, Northern Thai (Khon Lanna): 9%; and Southern Thai (Khon Tai): 7%.
Thai Chinese, those of significant Chinese heritage, are 14% of the population and up to 40% possess part-Chinese ancestry.
Thai Malays represent 3% of the population and the rest belong to minority groups, including Mons, Khmers and various "hill tribes".
The country's official language is Thai and the primary religion is Buddhism, which is practised by around 95% of the population.
Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1996, and is presently a newly industrialized country and a major exporter.
Tourism also contributes significantly to the Thai economy.
The country was ranked second in the 2014 United Nations Human Development Index (HDI), which measures quality of life according to areas such as life expectancy and income.
There are approximately 2.2 million legal and illegal migrants in Thailand, and the country attracts a significant number of expatriates from developed countries.
Article: Egypt
Section: Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt

Question: Where was Ptolemaic Kingdom's location?

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia.
Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade.
To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs.
The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.
The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled.
The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome.
Nevertheless Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.
Christianity was brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the 1st century.
Diocletian's reign marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted.
The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian.
After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established.
Article: South Korea
Section: Architecture

Question: When did Japan annex Korea?

Because of South Korea's tumultuous history, construction and destruction has been repeated endlessly, resulting in an interesting melange of architectural styles and designs.
Korean traditional architecture is characterized by its harmony with nature.
Ancient architects adopted the bracket system characterized by thatched roofs and heated floors called "ondol".
People of the upper classes built bigger houses with elegantly curved tiled roofs with lifting eaves.
Traditional architecture can be seen in the palaces and temples, preserved old houses called "hanok", and special sites like Hahoe Folk Village, Yangdong Village of Gyeongju and Korean Folk Village.
Traditional architecture may also be seen at the nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Korea.
Western architecture was first introduced to Korea at the end of the 19th century.
Churches, offices for foreign legislation, schools and university buildings were built in new styles.
With the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea's architectural heritage, and Japanese-style modern architecture was imposed.
The anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Korean War, led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time.
Korean architecture entered a new phase of development during the post-Korean War reconstruction, incorporating modern architectural trends and styles.
Stimulated by the economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s, active redevelopment saw new horizons in architectural design.
In the aftermath of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, South Korea has witnessed a wide variation of styles in its architectural landscape due, in large part, to the opening up of the market to foreign architects.
Contemporary architectural efforts have been constantly trying to balance the traditional philosophy of "harmony with nature" and the fast-paced urbanization that the country has been going through in recent years.
Article: Last Supper
Section: Location

Question: Where did the last supper take place?

According to later tradition, the Last Supper took place in what is called today The Room of the Last Supper on Mount Zion, just outside of the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, and is traditionally known as "The Upper Room".
This is based on the account in the Synoptic Gospels that states that Jesus had instructed a pair of unnamed disciples to go to "the city" to meet "a man carrying a jar of water", who would lead them to a house, where they would find "a large upper room furnished and ready".
In this upper room they "prepare the Passover".
No more specific indication of the location is given in the New Testament, and the "city" referred to may be a suburb of Jerusalem, such as Bethany, rather than Jerusalem itself.
The traditional location is in an area that, according to archaeology, had a large Essene community, a point made by scholars who suspect a link between Jesus and the group (Kilgallen 265).
Saint Mark's Syrian Orthodox Church in Jerusalem is another possible site for the room in which the Last Supper was held, and contains a Christian stone inscription testifying to early reverence for that spot.
Certainly the room they have is older than that of the current coenaculum (crusader - 12th century) and as the room is now underground the relative altitude is correct (the streets of 1st century Jerusalem were at least twelve feet (3.6 metres) lower than those of today, so any true building of that time would have even its upper storey currently under the earth).
They also have a revered Icon of the Virgin Mary, reputedly painted from life by St Luke.
Bargil Pixner claims the original site is located beneath the current structure of the Cenacle on Mount Zion.