community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Batman Begins
Section: Tumbler

Question: What was the development process of the tumbler?

Crowley started the process of designing the Tumbler for the film by model bashing.
Crowley used the nose cone of a P-38 Lightning model to serve as the chassis for the Tumbler's turbine engine.
Six models of the Tumbler were built to 1:12 scale in the course of four months.
Following the scale model creation, a crew of over 30 people, including Crowley and engineers Chris Culvert and Annie Smith, carved a full-size replica of the Tumbler out of a large block of Styrofoam in two months.
The Styrofoam model was used to create a steel "test frame", which had to stand up to several standards: have a speed of over , go from 0 to in 5 seconds, possess a steering system to make sharp turns at city corners, and withstand a self-propelled launch of up to .
On the first jump test, the Tumbler's front end collapsed and had to be completely rebuilt.
The basic configuration of the newly designed Tumbler included a 5.7-liter Chevy V8 engine, a truck axle for the rear axle, front tires by Hoosier (which are actually dirt racing tires used on the right rear of open wheel sprint cars), 4 rear 44/18.5-16.5 Interco Super Swamper TSL tires (44" tall, 18.5" wide, mounted on a 16.5" wheel) and the suspension system of Baja racing trucks.
The design and development process took nine months and cost several million dollars.
With the design process complete, four street-ready race cars were constructed, with each vehicle possessing 65 panels and costing $250,000 to build.
Two of the four cars were specialized versions.
One version was the flap version, which had hydraulics and flaps to detail the close-up shots where the vehicle propelled itself through the air.
The other version was the jet version, in which an actual jet engine was mounted onto the vehicle, fueled by six propane tanks.
The visibility inside the vehicle was poor, so monitors were connected to cameras on the vehicle body.
The professional drivers for the Tumblers practiced driving the vehicles for six months before they drove on the streets of Chicago for the film's scenes.
The interior of the Tumbler was an immobile studio set and not actually the interior of a street-capable Tumbler.
The cockpit was over-sized to fit cameras for scenes filmed in the Tumbler interior.
In addition, another version of the Tumbler was a miniature model that was 1:6 scale of the actual Tumbler.
This miniature model had an electric motor and was used to show the Tumbler flying across ravines and between buildings.
However, the actual Tumbler was used for the waterfall sequence.
Article: Statue of Liberty
Section: Closures and reopening (2001–present)

Question: Who was the Statue of Liberty's superintended?

Closures and reopening (2001–present).
Following the September 11 attacks, the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public.
The island reopened at the end of 2001, while the pedestal and statue remained off-limits.
The pedestal reopened in August 2004, but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency.
The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration.
New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue's reopening a personal crusade.
On May 17, 2009, President Barack Obama's Secretary of the Interior, Ken Salazar, announced that as a "special gift" to America, the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4, but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day.
The statue, including the pedestal and base, closed on October 29, 2011 (the day after celebrations to mark the statue's 125th anniversary), for installation of new elevators and staircases, and to bring other facilities, such as restrooms, up to code.
The statue was closed to the public until October 28, 2012.
A day after the reopening, the statue closed again due to the effects of Hurricane Sandy.
Although the storm did not harm the statue, it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island, severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue.
On November 8, 2012, a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done.
Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island, a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night.
The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument, David Luchsinger, whose home on the island was severely damaged, stated that it would be "optimistically ... months" before the island was reopened to the public.
The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013, though Ellis Island remains closed.
For part of October 2013, Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013, along with other publicly funded museums, parks, monuments, construction projects and buildings.
Article: Machu Picchu
Section: Layout

Question: Where was the residential district most likely located?

The site is roughly divided into an urban sector and an agricultural sector, as well as the upper town and the lower town.
The temples are part of the upper town, the warehouses the lower.
The architecture is adapted to the natural form of the mountains.
Approximately 200 buildings are arranged on wide parallel terraces around a vast central square that is oriented east-west.
The various "kanchas" or compounds are long and narrow in order to exploit the terrain.
Extensive terraces were used for agriculture and sophisticated channeling systems provided irrigation for the fields.
Numerous stone stairways set in the walls allowed access to the different levels across the site.
The eastern section of the city was probably residential.
The western, separated by the square, was for religious and ceremonial purposes.
This section contains the Torreón, the massive tower which may have been used as an observatory.
Located in the first zone are the primary archaeological treasures: the "Intihuatana", the "Temple of the Sun" and the "Room of the Three Windows".
These were dedicated to "Inti", their sun god and greatest deity.
The Popular District, or Residential District, is the place where the lower-class people lived.
It includes storage buildings and simple houses.
The royalty area, a sector for the nobility, is a group of houses located in rows over a slope; the residence of the Amautas (wise persons) was characterized by its reddish walls, and the zone of the "Ñustas" (princesses) had trapezoid-shaped rooms.
The Monumental Mausoleum is a carved statue with a vaulted interior and carved drawings.
It was used for rites or sacrifices.
The Guardhouse is a three-sided building, with one of its long sides opening onto the Terrace of the Ceremonial Rock.
The three-sided style of Inca architecture is known as the "wayrona" style.
Article: Attack on Pearl Harbor
Section: Japanese declaration of war

Question: Describe in great length, how the message was transmitted.

The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto's intention.
He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end.
The Japanese tried to uphold the conventions of war while still achieving surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered.
Tokyo transmitted the 5,000-word notification (commonly called the "14-Part Message") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington, but transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it in time.
(In fact, U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it.)
The final part of the "14 Part Message" is sometimes described as a declaration of war.
While it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator that negotiations were likely to be terminated and that war might break out at any moment.
A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8, but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack.
For decades, conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without any official warning of a break in relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington.
In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo, discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how, and indeed whether, to notify Washington of Japan's intention to break off negotiations and start a war, including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying, "our deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success."
Of this, Iguchi said, "The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war, or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed."
Article: Pudding
Section: Terminology

Question: What is pudding in UK countries?

In the United Kingdom and most Commonwealth countries, "pudding" can be used to describe both sweet and savory dishes.
However, unless qualified, the term in everyday usage typically denotes a dessert; in the UK, "pudding" is used as synonym for a dessert course.
Dessert puddings are rich, fairly homogeneous starch- or dairy-based desserts such as rice pudding, steamed cake mixtures such as Treacle sponge pudding with or without the addition of ingredients such as dried fruits such as Christmas pudding.
Savory dishes include things such as Yorkshire pudding, black pudding, suet pudding and steak and kidney pudding.
In the United States and Canada, "pudding" characteristically denotes a sweet milk-based dessert similar in consistency to egg-based custards, instant custards or a mousse, often commercially set using gelatin or similar collagen agent such as the Jello brand line of products.
In Commonwealth countries these puddings are called custards (often shortened to curd) if they are egg-thickened, blancmange if starch-thickened, and jelly if gelatin based.
Pudding may also refer to other dishes such as bread and rice pudding, although typically these names derive from the origin as British dishes.
Article: Marshall Plan
Section: Wartime destruction

Question: What was Europe's condition at the end of WWII?

By the end of World War II, much of Europe was devastated.
Sustained aerial bombardment during the war had badly damaged most major cities, and industrial facilities were especially hard-hit.
The region's trade flows had been thoroughly disrupted; millions were in refugee camps living on aid from United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and other agencies.
Food shortages were severe, especially in the harsh winter of 1946–1947.
Especially damaged was transportation infrastructure, as railways, bridges, and docks had been specifically targeted by air strikes, while much merchant shipping had been sunk.
Although most small towns and villages had not suffered as much damage, the destruction of transportation left them economically isolated.
None of these problems could be easily remedied, as most nations engaged in the war had exhausted their treasuries in its execution.
The only major powers whose infrastructure had not been significantly harmed in World War II were the United States and Canada.
They were much more prosperous than before the war but exports were a small factor in their economy.
Much of the Marshall Plan aid would be used by the Europeans to buy manufactured goods and raw materials from the United States and Canada.
Article: Boxing
Section: Swarmer/in-fighter

Question: What boxer is known for being hard to hit?

In-fighters/swarmers (sometimes called "pressure fighters") attempt to stay close to an opponent, throwing intense flurries and combinations of hooks and uppercuts.
A successful in-fighter often needs a good "chin" because swarming usually involves being hit with many jabs before they can maneuver inside where they are more effective.
In-fighters operate best at close range because they are generally shorter and have less reach than their opponents and thus are more effective at a short distance where the longer arms of their opponents make punching awkward.
However, several fighters tall for their division have been relatively adept at in-fighting as well as out-fighting.
The essence of a swarmer is non-stop aggression.
Many short in-fighters utilize their stature to their advantage, employing a bob-and-weave defense by bending at the waist to slip underneath or to the sides of incoming punches.
Unlike blocking, causing an opponent to miss a punch disrupts his balance, permits forward movement past the opponent's extended arm and keeps the hands free to counter.
A distinct advantage that in-fighters have is when throwing uppercuts where they can channel their entire bodyweight behind the punch; Mike Tyson was famous for throwing devastating uppercuts.
Marvin Hagler was known for his hard "chin", punching power, body attack and the stalking of his opponents.
Some in-fighters, like Mike Tyson, have been known for being notoriously hard to hit.
The key to a swarmer is aggression, endurance, chin, and bobbing-and-weaving.
Notable in-fighters include Julio César Chávez, Miguel Cotto, Joe Frazier, Danny García, Mike Tyson, Manny Pacquiao, Saúl Álvarez, Rocky Marciano, Jack Dempsey, Wayne McCullough, Harry Greb, David Tua and Ricky Hatton.
Article: Germany
Section: Health

Question: Who has the world oldest universal health care system?

Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating back to Bismarck's social legislation in 1883.
He stressed the importance of three key principles; solidarity, the government is responsible to ensure access by those who are in need, subsidiarity, policies are implemented with smallest no political and administrative influence, and corporatism, the government representative bodies in health care professions deems feasible procedures.
Since then there have been many reforms and provisions to ensure a balanced health care system.
Currently the population is covered by a fairly comprehensive health insurance plan provided by statute.
Certain groups of people (lifetime officials, self-employed persons, employees with high income) can opt out of the plan and switch to a private insurance contract.
Previously, these groups could also choose to do without insurance, but this option was dropped in 2009.
According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded .
In 2005, Germany spent 11% of its GDP on health care.
Germany ranked 20th in the world in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births)., the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 41%, followed by malignant tumours, at 26%., about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).
This article may incorporate text from this source, which is in the public domain.</ref>According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers.
Article: Biology
Section: Homeostasis

Question: What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain stable conditions by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms.
All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis.
To maintain dynamic equilibrium and effectively carry out certain functions, a system must detect and respond to perturbations.
After the detection of a perturbation, a biological system normally responds through negative feedback.
This means stabilizing conditions by either reducing or increasing the activity of an organ or system.
One example is the release of glucagon when sugar levels are too low.
Article: Marathon
Section: After a marathon

Question: How does one treat pain caused by DOMS

Marathon participation may result in various medical, musculoskeletal, and dermatological complaints.
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common condition affecting runners during the first week following a marathon.
Various types of mild exercise or massage have been recommended to alleviate pain secondary to DOMS.
Dermatological issues frequently include "jogger's nipple", "jogger's toe", and blisters.
The immune system is reportedly suppressed for a short time.
Changes to the blood chemistry may lead physicians to mistakenly diagnose heart malfunction.
After long training runs and the marathon itself, consuming carbohydrates to replace glycogen stores and protein to aid muscle recovery is commonly recommended.
In addition, soaking the lower half of the body for approximately 20 minutes in cold or ice water may force blood through the leg muscles to speed recovery.
Article: Pakistan
Section: Administrative divisions

Question: Where does the Pakistani Government excercise "de facto" jurisdiction.

Pakistan is a federation of four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, as well as the Islamabad Capital Territory and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas in the northwest, which include the Frontier Regions.
The government of Pakistan exercises "de facto" jurisdiction over the western parts of the disputed Kashmir region, organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas).
The "Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order" of 2009 assigned a province-like status to the latter, giving it self-government.
Local government follows a three-tier system of districts, tehsils and union councils, with an elected body at each tier.
There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten and Gilgit–Baltistan seven.
The Tribal Areas comprise seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouring districts.
Law enforcement in Pakistan is carried out by federal and provincial police agencies.
The four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction limited to the relevant province or territory.
At the federal level, there are a number of civilian agencies with nationwide jurisdictions; including the Federal Investigation Agency, the National Highways and Motorway Police, and several paramilitary forces such as the Pakistan Rangers and the Frontier Corps.
The court system of Pakistan is organised as a hierarchy, with the Supreme Court at the apex, below which are High Courts, Federal Shariat Courts (one in each province and one in the federal capital), District Courts (one in each district), Judicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Executive Magistrate Courts and Civil Courts.
Pakistan's penal code has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is largely derived from tribal customs.
Article: Popcorn
Section: Popping mechanism

Question: What happens when the foam cools?

Each kernel of popcorn contains a certain amount of moisture and oil.
Unlike most other grains, the outer hull of the popcorn kernel is both strong and impervious to moisture and the starch inside consists almost entirely of a hard, dense type.
As the oil and the water around the kernel are heated, they turn the moisture in the kernel, which has a moisture-proof hull, into a superheated pressurized steam.
Under these conditions, the starch inside the kernel gelatinizes, softens, and becomes pliable.
The pressure continues to increase until the breaking point of the hull is reached: a pressure of about and a temperature of .
The hull ruptures rapidly, causing a sudden drop in pressure inside the kernel and a corresponding rapid expansion of the steam, which expands the starch and proteins of the endosperm into airy foam.
As the foam rapidly cools, the starch and protein polymers set into the familiar crispy puff.
Special varieties are grown to give improved popping yield.
Some wild types will pop, but the cultivated strain is "Zea mays everta", which is a special kind of flint corn.
Article: Louisiana Purchase
Section: Nature of sale

Question: How did James Loewen say the US acquired lands?

The historian James Loewen is among those who assert that the United States purchased only France's claim to the Louisiana Territory, as the land belonged to the tribes who inhabited the area.
In his view, the US acquired the lands slowly throughout the nineteenth century by purchases from individual Native American tribes and by wars against them.
The question is discussed at length in the article on Aboriginal title in the United States, as well as in articles on the American Indian Wars and the U.S. Supreme Court case "Johnson v. M'Intosh".
Article: Malaysia
Section: Fine arts

Question: In what year did the government take the step of defining the literature of different languages

Traditional Malaysian art was mainly centred around the areas of carving, weaving, and silversmithing.
Traditional art ranges from handwoven baskets from rural areas to the silverwork of the Malay courts.
Common artworks included ornamental kris, beetle nut sets, and woven batik and songket fabrics.
Indigenous East Malaysians are known for their wooden masks.
Each ethnic group have distinct performing arts, with little overlap between them.
However, Malay art does show some North Indian influence due to the historical influence of India.
Traditional Malay music and performing arts appear to have originated in the Kelantan-Pattani region with influences from India, China, Thailand and Indonesia.
The music is based around percussion instruments, the most important of which is the gendang (drum).
There are at least 14 types of traditional drums.
Drums and other traditional percussion instruments and are often made from natural materials.
Music is traditionally used for storytelling, celebrating life-cycle events, and occasions such as a harvest.
It was once used as a form of long-distance communication.
In East Malaysia, gong-based musical ensembles such as agung and kulintang are commonly used in ceremonies such as funerals and weddings.
These ensembles are also common in neighbouring regions such as in Mindanao in the Philippines, Kalimantan in Indonesia, and Brunei.
Malaysia has a strong oral tradition that has existed since before the arrival of writing, and continues today.
Each of the Malay Sultanates created their own literary tradition, influenced by pre-existing oral stories and by the stories that came with Islam.
The first Malay literature was in the Arabic script.
The earliest known Malay writing is on the Terengganu stone, made in 1303.
Chinese and Indian literature became common as the numbers of speakers increased in Malaysia, and locally produced works based in languages from those areas began to be produced in the 19th century.
English has also become a common literary language.
In 1971, the government took the step of defining the literature of different languages.
Literature written in Malay was called "the national literature of Malaysia", literature in other "bumiputera" languages was called "regional literature", while literature in other languages was called "sectional literature".
Malay poetry is highly developed, and uses many forms.
The "Hikayat" form is popular, and the "pantun" has spread from Malay to other languages.