community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: American Hustle
Section: Abstract

Question: When did the film American Hustle come out?

American Hustle is a 2013 American crime comedy-drama film directed by David O. Russell, from a screenplay written by Eric Warren Singer and Russell, loosely based on the FBI ABSCAM operation of the late 1970s and early 1980s.
It stars Christian Bale and Amy Adams as two con artists who are forced by an FBI agent (Bradley Cooper) to set up an elaborate sting operation on corrupt politicians, including the mayor of Camden, New Jersey, (Jeremy Renner).
Jennifer Lawrence plays the unpredictable wife of Bale's character.
Principal photography on "American Hustle" began on March 8, 2013 in Boston and Worcester, Massachusetts, and New York City.
The film had its nationwide release in the United States on December 20, 2013, and has since grossed more than a quarter of a billion dollars worldwide.
As well as being a box office success, the film received widespread critical acclaim.
It received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Writing (Original Screenplay), but did not win in any category.
It became the second film since 1981, and the 15th overall, to be nominated in the four acting categories, the first being "Silver Linings Playbook", also directed by Russell and also starring Cooper and Lawrence.
"American Hustle" won three Golden Globe Awards, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture and three BAFTA Awards, among other achievements.
Article: England
Section: Major conurbations

Question: What are England's largest urban areas?

The Greater London Urban Area is by far the largest urban area in England and one of the busiest cities in the world.
It is considered a global city and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself.
Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in northern England or the English Midlands.
There are fifty settlements which have been designated city status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has sixty-six.
While many cities in England are quite large in size, such as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Bradford, Nottingham and others, a large population is not necessarily a prerequisite for a settlement to be afforded city status.
Traditionally the status was afforded to towns with diocesan cathedrals and so there are smaller cities like Wells, Ely, Ripon, Truro and Chichester.
According to the Office for National Statistics the ten largest, continuous built-up urban areas are:
Article: Squash (sport)
Section: Playing equipment

Question: What is the average weight of squash balls?

Standard racquets are governed by the rules of the game.
Traditionally they were made of laminated wood (typically ash), with a small strung area using natural gut strings.
After a rule change in the mid-1980s, they are now almost always made of composite materials or metals (graphite, Kevlar, titanium, boron) with synthetic strings.
Modern racquets have maximum dimensions of 686 mm (27.0 in) long and 215 mm (8.5 in) wide, with a maximum strung area of 500 square centimetres (90 sq in), the permitted maximum weight is , but most have a weight between 90 and 150 grams (3–5.3 oz.
Squash balls are between 39.5 and 40.5 mm in diameter, and have a weight of 23 to 25 grams.
They are made with two pieces of rubber compound, glued together to form a hollow sphere and buffed to a matte finish.
Different balls are provided for varying temperature and atmospheric conditions and standards of play: more experienced players use slow balls that have less bounce than those used by less experienced players (slower balls tend to "die" in court corners, rather than "standing up" to allow easier shots).
Depending on its specific rubber composition, a squash ball has the property that it bounces more at higher temperatures.
Squash balls must be hit dozens of times to warm them up at the beginning of a session; cold squash balls have very little bounce.
Small colored dots on the ball indicate its dynamic level (bounciness), and thus the standard of play for which it is suited.
The recognized speed colors indicating the degree of dynamism are:
:::::
Some ball manufacturers such as Dunlop use a different method of grading balls based on experience.
They still have the equivalent dot rating, but are named to help choose a ball that is appropriate for one's skill level.
The four different ball types are Intro (Blue dot), Progress (Red dot), Competition (single yellow dot) and Pro (double yellow dot).
The "double-yellow dot" ball, introduced in 2000, is the competition standard, replacing the earlier "yellow-dot" ball.
There is also an "orange dot" ball.
Players wear comfortable sports clothing.
In competition, men usually wear shorts and a t-shirt, tank top or a polo shirt.
Women normally wear a skirt or skort and a t-shirt or a tank top, or a sports dress.
The National Institutes of Health recommends wearing goggles with polycarbonate lenses.
Many squash venues mandate the use of eye protection and some association rules require that all juniors and doubles players must wear eye protection.
Article: Handball
Section: Abstract

Question: When was the modern set of handball rules published?

Handball (also known as team handball, Olympic handball, European team handball, European handball, or Borden ball) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outfield players and a goalkeeper on each team) pass a ball to throw it into the goal of the other team.
A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins.
Modern handball is played on a court 40 by 20 meters (131 by 66 ft), with a goal in the center of each end.
The goals are surrounded by a 6-meter zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed; the goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while "diving" into it.
The sport is usually played indoors, but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball and Czech handball (which were more common in the past) and beach handball (also called sandball).
The game is quite fast and includes body contact, as the defenders try to stop the attackers from approaching the goal.
Goals are scored quite frequently; usually both teams score at least 20 goals each, and it is not uncommon for both teams to score more than 30 goals.
The game was codified at the end of the 19th century in northern Europe, chiefly in Scandinavia and Germany.
The modern set of rules was published in 1917 in Germany, and had several revisions since.
The first international games were played under these rules for men in 1925 and for women in 1930.
Men's field handball was first played at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, and the next time at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, and has been an Olympics sport since.
Women's team handball was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
The International Handball Federation was formed in 1946, and has 174 member federations.
The sport is most popular in continental Europe, whose countries have won every single medal in men's world championships since 1938, and all women's titles until 2013, when Brazil broke the series.
The game also enjoys popularity in Far East, north Africa and Brazil.
Article: Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)
Section: Salvador Dalí and the Spanish Civil War

Question: Salvador and Gala were married in what city?

Dalí and his wife, Gala, were trapped in the middle of a general strike and an armed uprising by Catalan separatists in 1934, in Catalonia, and this may have influenced his Spanish Civil War motif.
Salvador and Gala had to run away to Paris, where they got married.
Dalí and Gala had hired an escort to take them safely to Paris, but the escort died on his return because of the stresses of the Spanish Civil War.
When Dalí had finally returned home, his house in Port Lligat was destroyed by the war.
He was also greatly affected because his friend was executed in the war and his sister Ana Maria was imprisoned and tortured.
Article: Chemistry
Section: Bonding

Question: Are bonded atoms "stuck" together?

Atoms sticking together in molecules or crystals are said to be bonded with one another.
A chemical bond may be visualized as the multipole balance between the positive charges in the nuclei and the negative charges oscillating about them.
More than simple attraction and repulsion, the energies and distributions characterize the availability of an electron to bond to another atom.
A chemical bond can be a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond or just because of Van der Waals force.
Each of these kinds of bonds is ascribed to some potential.
These potentials create the interactions which hold atoms together in molecules or crystals.
In many simple compounds, Valence Bond Theory, the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model (VSEPR), and the concept of oxidation number can be used to explain molecular structure and composition.
An ionic bond is formed when a metal loses one or more of its electrons, becoming a positively charged cation, and the electrons are then gained by the non-metal atom, becoming a negatively charged anion.
The two oppositely charged ions attract one another, and the ionic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between them.
For example, sodium (Na), a metal, loses one electron to become an Na+ cation while chlorine (Cl), a non-metal, gains this electron to become Cl-.
The ions are held together due to electrostatic attraction, and that compound sodium chloride (NaCl), or common table salt, is formed.
In a covalent bond, one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two atoms: the resulting electrically neutral group of bonded atoms is termed a molecule.
Atoms will share valence electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas electron configuration (eight electrons in their outermost shell) for each atom.
Atoms that tend to combine in such a way that they each have eight electrons in their valence shell are said to follow the octet rule.
However, some elements like hydrogen and lithium need only two electrons in their outermost shell to attain this stable configuration; these atoms are said to follow the "duet rule", and in this way they are reaching the electron configuration of the noble gas helium, which has two electrons in its outer shell.
Similarly, theories from classical physics can be used to predict many ionic structures.
With more complicated compounds, such as metal complexes, valence bond theory is less applicable and alternative approaches, such as the molecular orbital theory, are generally used.
See diagram on electronic orbitals.
Article: Chernobyl disaster
Section: Thyroid cancer

Question: Which cancer was reported as one of the main health impacts of Chernobyl?

The 2005 Chernobyl Forum report revealed thyroid cancer among children to be one of the main health impacts from the Chernobyl accident.
In that publication more than 4000 cases were reported, and that there was no evidence of an increase in solid cancers or leukemia.
It said that there was an increase in psychological problems among the affected population.
Dr Michael Repacholi, manager of WHO's Radiation Program reported that the 4000 cases of thyroid cancer resulted in nine deaths.
According to UNSCEAR, up to the year 2005, an excess of over 6000 cases of thyroid cancer have been reported.
That is, over the estimated pre-accident baseline thyroid cancer rate, more than 6000 casual cases of thyroid cancer have been reported in children and adolescents exposed at the time of the accident, a number that is expected to increase.
They concluded that there is no other evidence of major health impacts from the radiation exposure.
Well-differentiated thyroid cancers are generally treatable, and when treated the five-year survival rate of thyroid cancer is 96%, and 92% after 30 years.
UNSCEAR had reported 15 deaths from thyroid cancer in 2011.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) also states that there has been no increase in the rate of birth defects or abnormalities, or solid cancers (such as lung cancer) corroborating UNSCEAR's assessments.
UNSCEAR does raise the possibility of long term genetic defects, pointing to a doubling of radiation-induced minisatellite mutations among children born in 1994.
However, the risk of thyroid cancer associated with the Chernobyl accident is still high according to published studies.
The German affiliate of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) argued that more than 10,000 people are today affected by thyroid cancer and 50,000 cases are expected in the future.
Article: Claude Monet
Section: First "Impressionist" exhibition

Question: When was the first Impressionist exhibition?

Monet and Impressionism.
First "Impressionist" exhibition.
From the late 1860s, Monet and other like-minded artists met with rejection from the conservative Académie des Beaux-Arts which held its annual exhibition at the Salon de Paris.
During the latter part of 1873, Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Alfred Sisley organized the Société anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs (Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers) to exhibit their artworks independently.
At their first exhibition, held in April 1874, Monet exhibited the work that was to give the group its lasting name.
"Impression, Sunrise" was painted in 1872, depicting a Le Havre port landscape.
From the painting's title the art critic Louis Leroy, in his review, "L'Exposition des Impressionnistes," which appeared in Le Charivari, coined the term "Impressionism".
It was intended as disparagement but the Impressionists appropriated the term for themselves.
Article: Botany
Section: Evolution

Question: What are some modern examples of gymnosperms?

The chloroplasts of plants have a number of biochemical, structural and genetic similarities to cyanobacteria, (commonly but incorrectly known as "blue-green algae") and are thought to be derived from an ancient endosymbiotic relationship between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and a cyanobacterial resident.
The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others.
There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves.
The algal division Charophyta, sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta, is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants.
The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina.
Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem.
They include mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian.
Representatives of the lycopods have survived to the present day.
By the end of the Devonian period, several groups, including the lycopods, sphenophylls and progymnosperms, had independently evolved "megaspory" – their spores were of two distinct sizes, larger megaspores and smaller microspores.
Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the spore-producing organs (megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory.
Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers (integuments).
The young sporophyte develops within the seed, which on germination splits to release it.
The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian Famennian stage.
Following the evolution of the seed habit, seed plants diversified, giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups, including seed ferns, as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Gymnosperms produce "naked seeds" not fully enclosed in an ovary; modern representatives include conifers, cycads, "Ginkgo", and Gnetales.
Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in a structure such as a carpel or an ovary.
Ongoing research on the molecular phylogenetics of living plants appears to show that the angiosperms are a sister clade to the gymnosperms.
Article: Lebanon
Section: Civil war and occupation

Question: When did they accept the peace plan?

In 1975, following increasing sectarian tensions, a full-scale civil war broke out in Lebanon.
The Lebanese Civil War pitted a coalition of Christian groups against the joint forces of the PLO, left-wing Druze and Muslim militias.
In June 1976 Syria sent in its own troops, ostensibly to restore peace.
In October 1976 the Arab League agreed to establish a predominantly Syrian Arab Deterrent Force, which was charged with restoring calm.
In 1982, the PLO presence in Lebanon led to an Israeli invasion.
A multinational force of American, French and Italian contingents (joined in 1983 by a British contingent) were deployed in Beirut after the Israeli siege of the city, to supervise the evacuation of the PLO.
It returned in September 1982 after the assassination of Bashir Gemayel and subsequent fighting, during which a number of massacres were committed, such as in Damour, in Sabra and Shatila, and in several refugee camps.
The multinational force was withdrawn in the spring of 1984, following a devastating bombing attack during the previous year.
According to a videotape released by Osama Bin Laden in 2004, images of the bombing of Lebanon were what made him conceive the attack on the United States on the 11th of September 2001, in order to deter further attacks resulting in the deaths of women and children.
In September 1988, the Parliament failed to elect a successor to President Gemayel as a result of differences between the Christians and the Muslims and Syrians.
The Arab League Summit of May 1989 led to the formation of a Saudi-Moroccan-Algerian committee to solve the crisis.
On 16 September 1989 the committee issued a peace plan which was accepted by all.
A ceasefire was established, the ports and airports were re-opened and refugees began to return.
In the same month, the Lebanese Parliament agreed to the Taif Agreement, which included an outline timetable for Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon and a formula for the de-confessionalisation of the Lebanese political system.
The war ended at the end of 1990 after sixteen years, resulting in massive loss of human life and property, while devastating the country's economy.
It is estimated that 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 wounded.
Some 900,000 people, representing one-fifth of the pre-war population, were displaced from their homes.
Parts of Lebanon were left in ruins.
The Taif Agreement has still not been implemented in full and Lebanon's political system continues to be divided along sectarian lines.
Article: Czech Republic
Section: Transportation infrastructure

Question: What is the name of Prague's biggest airport?

Václav Havel Airport in Prague is the main international airport in the country.
In 2010, it handled 11.6 million passengers, which makes it the busiest airport in Central and Eastern Europe.
In total, Czech Republic has 46 airports with paved runways, six of which provide international air services in Brno, Karlovy Vary, Mošnov (near Ostrava), Pardubice, Prague and Kunovice (near Uherské Hradiště).České dráhy (the Czech railways) is the main railway operator in the Czech Republic, with about 180 million passengers carried yearly.
Its cargo division, ČD Cargo, is the fifth largest railway cargo operator in the European Union.
With of tracks, the Czech Republic has one of the densest railway networks in Europe.
Of that number, is electrified, are single-line tracks and are double and multiple-line tracks.
In 2006 the new Italian tilting trains Pendolino ČD Class 680 entered service.
They have reached a speed of 237 km/h setting a new Czech railway speed record.
Russia, via pipelines through Ukraine and to a lesser extent, Norway, via pipelines through Germany, supply the Czech Republic with liquid and natural gas.
The road network in the Czech Republic is long.
and 738,4 km of motorways and 439,1 km of expressways.
The speed limit is 50 km/h within towns, 90 km/h outside of towns and 130 km/h on expressways.
Article: Inside Llewyn Davis
Section: Abstract

Question: Who was the executive music producer?

Inside Llewyn Davis is a 2013 American comedy-drama film written, directed and edited by Joel and Ethan Coen.
The film stars Oscar Isaac, Carey Mulligan, and John Goodman, and was produced by Scott Rudin, Ethan and Joel Coen.
T Bone Burnett was the executive music producer.
The film is about one week in the life of a singer who is active in New York's folk music scene in 1961.
Although Llewyn Davis is a fictional character, the story was partly inspired by the autobiography of folk singer Dave Van Ronk.
Most of the folk songs performed in the film are sung in full and recorded live.
The film won the Grand Prix at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, where it screened on May 19, 2013.
It received a limited release in the United States on December 6, 2013, and was given a wide release on January 10, 2014.
It received critical acclaim and was nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Cinematography and Best Sound Mixing, the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical, and two other nominations.
Article: The Starry Night
Section: Recent commentaries

Question: What painting is very similar to Van Gogh's "Starry Night"?

Simon Singh, in his book "Big Bang", says that "Starry Night" has striking similarities to a sketch of the "Whirlpool Galaxy", drawn by Lord Rosse 44 years before Van Gogh's work.
The painting has been compared to an astronomical photograph of a star named V838 Monocerotis, taken by the Hubble in 2004.
The clouds of gas surrounding the star resemble the swirling patterns Van Gogh used in this painting.
Art historian Joachim Pissarro cites "Starry Night" as an exemplar of the artist's fascination with the nocturnal.
Article: Wadjda
Section: Reception

Question: What % of critics gave positive review of "Wadjda"?

"Wadjda" received critical acclaim.
The film-critics aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reported 99% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 68 reviews, with an average score of 8.2/10.
The critical consensus is: "Transgressive in the best possible way, Wadjda presents a startlingly assured new voice from a corner of the globe where cinema has been all but silenced."
Metacritic, which assigns a standardized score out of 100, rated the film 81 based on 23 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".
Article: Rolling in the Deep
Section: Music video

Question: What year did the music video, "Rolling in the Deep" win the Gramy Award?

The music video for "Rolling in the Deep," directed by Sam Brown, premiered on Channel 4 on 3 December 2010.
The video begins in an abandoned house, where Adele is sitting in a chair singing.
During the video, the scenes show hundreds of glasses filled with water that vibrate to the beat of a drum, a mysterious person (played by Jennifer White, who also choreographed the sequence) dancing in a room with white flour and dust, the drummer playing the drums behind the stairs, china being thrown and breaking on the wall in front of the staircase, and a white model of a city which is set on fire by five bursting light bulbs at the end of the song.
On 20 July 2011, the music video was nominated for seven MTV Video Music Awards, including Video of the Year, Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Best Direction, and won three for Best Editing, Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction.
The video won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video on 12 February 2012.