community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Pakistan
Section: Colonial period

Question: What led to the First Kashmir War?

The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century enabled Sikh rulers to control large areas until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia.
The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was the region's major armed struggle against the British.
The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian National Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s.
The All-India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics.
In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Muhammad Iqbal called for "the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State" consisting of Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, espoused the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.
In early 1947, Britain announced the decision to end its rule in India.
In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India—including Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad representing the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence.
The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar) in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India, where there was a Muslim majority.
It comprised the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh.
The partition of the Punjab and Bengal provinces led to communal riots across India and Pakistan; millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India.
Dispute over Jammu and Kashmir led to the First Kashmir War.
Article: Korean War
Section: UN forces cross partition line (September – October 1950)

Question: The X Corps landed at Wonsan and this town in northeast North Korea

UN forces cross partition line (September – October 1950).
On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily..." On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee.
On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: "We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel."
During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.
On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the U.S. that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the U.S. crossed the 38th parallel.
Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively.
Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.
By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea.
MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender.
Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards.
The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces.
The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950.
The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ("Rakkasans") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon.
The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war.
At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war.
Taking advantage of the UN Command's strategic momentum against the communists, General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort.
President Truman disagreed, and ordered caution at the Sino-Korean border.
Article: The Creation of Adam
Section: Composition

Question: In the painting of The Creation of Adam, what does God look like?

God is depicted as an elderly white-bearded man wrapped in a swirling cloak while Adam, on the lower left, is completely nude.
God's right arm is outstretched to impart the spark of life from his own finger into that of Adam, whose left arm is extended in a pose mirroring God's, a reminder that man is created in the image and likeness of God ().
Another point is that Adam's finger and God's finger are not touching.
It gives the impression that God, the giver of life, is reaching out to Adam who receives it; they are not on "the same level" as would be two humans shaking hands, for instance.
Many hypotheses have been formulated regarding the identity and meaning of the figures around God.
The person protected by God's left arm might be Eve due to the figure's feminine appearance and gaze towards Adam, but was also suggested to be Virgin Mary, Sophia, the personified human soul, or an angel of feminine build.
"The Creation of Adam" is generally thought to depict the excerpt "God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him" ().
The inspiration for Michelangelo's treatment of the subject may come from a medieval hymn called "Veni Creator Spiritus", which asks the 'finger of the paternal right hand' ("digitus paternae dexterae") to give the faithful speech.
Article: Lights (musician)
Section: 2008–09: "Lights" and "The Listening"

Question: What was Lights's second single?

Starting in early 2008, Lights toured cities in the Great Lakes region, in both Canada and the United States.
In late 2008, she toured the United States.
In August 2008, Lights signed a record deal with Toronto based label Underground Operations.
She also signed an American partnership deal with Warner Bros. along with Doghouse Records.
Around the same time, her song "Drive My Soul" got to No.18 in the Canadian Hot 100.
After signing with them, her EP was released in stores on September 16.
Her second single, "February Air," sold 12,000 copies.
In early 2008, "February Air" was in a commercial for Old Navy.
It was later released in December 2008.
In Ten Second Epic's song "Every Day" from their album Hometown, Lights contributed vocals and appeared in their music video.
The song appeared on the "Big Shiny Tunes 14" compilation album and the music video was nominated for Best Independent Music Video at the 2010 MuchMusic Video Awards.
She is also featured on the soundtrack (songs "Ben" and "Climbing") for the 2008 Canadian film "One Week", starring Joshua Jackson.
She was a guest vocalist on the album "A Shipwreck in the Sand", released in 2009 by post-hardcore band Silverstein from Burlington, Ontario.
In 2009, Lights released her third single to Canadian radio stations called "Ice" with a homemade video released on her MySpace.
She also released a second video for "Ice" in Canada on November 10, 2009.
It was released in the United States on November 11, 2009.
On August 10, 2009, her music video for "Saviour" was released.
In an interview for the musical website Hall-Musique, Lights announced she was hoping to release her debut album in Europe by early 2010.
In March, Lights was named on the American music website Shred News's 10 "Artists to Watch in 2010.
"While touring in the summer of 2009 on the 2009 Vans Warped Tour, Lights's single "Saviour" premiered on Canadian radio stations on July 6, 2009.
The song is from her first full-length album, "The Listening", which was released on September 22 in Canada.
It was released on October 6 in the United States after she left Underground Operations, for her own record label, Lights Music Inc.
The cover for the album was also released.
According to Lights, the entire artwork was inspired by "Watchmen", "28 Days Later", and "Sailor Moon".
In September 2009, Lights toured with the British band Keane on their Canadian/Pacific Northwest tour.
In late 2009, Lights toured all around the United States and Canada with Stars of Track and Field.
Article: Marathon
Section: Marathon races

Question: In what city does the world's oldest annual marathon take place?

 races.
Annually, more than 500 marathons are organized worldwide.
Some of these belong to the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races (AIMS) which has grown since its foundation in 1982 to embrace over 300 member events in 83 countries and territories.
The marathons of Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London, New York City and Tokyo form the World Marathon Majors series, awarding $500,000 annually to the best overall male and female performers in the series.
In 2006, the editors of Runner's World selected a "World's Top 10 Marathons", in which the Amsterdam, Honolulu, Paris, Rotterdam, and Stockholm marathons were featured along with the five mentioned above.
Other notable large marathons include United States Marine Corps Marathon, Los Angeles, and Rome.
The Boston Marathon is the world's oldest annual marathon, inspired by the success of the 1896 Olympic marathon and held since 1897.
The oldest annual marathon in Europe is the Košice Peace Marathon, held since 1924 in Košice, Slovakia.
The historic Polytechnic Marathon was discontinued in 1996.
The Athens Classic Marathon traces the route of the 1896 Olympic course, starting in Marathon on the eastern coast of Attica, site of the Battle of Marathon of 490 B.C.E., and ending at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens.
The Midnight Sun Marathon is held in Tromsø, Norway at 70 degrees north.
Using unofficial and temporary courses, measured by GPS, races of marathon distance are now held at the North Pole, in Antarctica and over desert terrain.
Other unusual marathons include the Great Wall Marathon on The Great Wall of China, the Big Five Marathon among the safari wildlife of South Africa, the Great Tibetan Marathon – a marathon in an atmosphere of Tibetan Buddhism at an altitude of , and the Polar Circle Marathon on the permanent ice cap of Greenland.
The Intercontinental Istanbul Eurasia Marathon is the only marathon where participants run over two continents (Europe and Asia) during the course of a single event.
In the Detroit Free Press Marathon, participants cross the US/Canadian border twice.
The Niagara Falls International Marathon includes one international border crossing, via the Peace Bridge from Buffalo, New York, United States to Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada.
Article: Sweden
Section: Language

Question: What is Sweden's official language?

The official language of Sweden is Swedish, a North Germanic language, related and very similar to Danish and Norwegian, but differing in pronunciation and orthography.
Norwegians have little difficulty understanding Swedish, and Danes can also understand it, with slightly more difficulty than the Norwegians.
The same goes for standard Swedish speakers, who find it far easier to understand Norwegian than Danish.
The dialects spoken in Scania, the southernmost part of the country, are influenced by Danish because the region traditionally was a part of Denmark and is nowadays situated closely to it.
Sweden Finns are Sweden's largest linguistic minority, comprising about 5% of Sweden's population, and Finnish is recognized as a minority language.
Along with Finnish, four other minority languages are also recognized: Meänkieli, Sami, Romani and Yiddish.
Swedish became Sweden's official language on 1 July 2009, when a new language law was implemented.
The issue of whether Swedish should be declared the official language has been raised in the past, and the Riksdag voted on the matter in 2005, but the proposal narrowly failed.
In varying degrees, depending largely on frequency of interaction with English, a majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, understand and speak English owing to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films, and the relative similarity of the two languages which makes learning English easier.
In a 2005 survey by Eurobarometer, 89% of Swedes reported the ability to speak English.
English became a compulsory subject for secondary school students studying natural sciences as early as 1849, and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since the late 1940s.
Depending on the local school authorities, English is currently a compulsory subject between first grade and ninth grade, with all students continuing in secondary school studying English for at least another year.
Most students also study one and sometimes two additional languages.
These include (but are not limited to) German, French and Spanish.
Some Danish and Norwegian is at times also taught as part of Swedish courses for native speakers.
Article: Radiation therapy
Section: Types

Question: After a cancer is surgically removed, what therapy is immediately applied?

Historically, the three main divisions of radiation therapy are external beam radiation therapy (EBRT or XRT) or teletherapy, brachytherapy or sealed source radiation therapy, and systemic radioisotope therapy or unsealed source radiotherapy.
The differences relate to the position of the radiation source; external is outside the body, brachytherapy uses sealed radioactive sources placed precisely in the area under treatment, and systemic radioisotopes are given by infusion or oral ingestion.
Brachytherapy can use temporary or permanent placement of radioactive sources.
The temporary sources are usually placed by a technique called afterloading.
In afterloading a hollow tube or applicator is placed surgically in the organ to be treated, and the sources are loaded into the applicator after the applicator is implanted.
This minimizes radiation exposure to health care personnel.
Particle therapy is a special case of external beam radiation therapy where the particles are protons or heavier ions.
Intraoperative radiation therapy or IORT is a special type of radiation therapy that is delivered immediately after surgical removal of the cancer.
This method has been employed in breast cancer (TARGeted Introperative radiation therapy or TARGIT), brain tumors and rectal cancers.
Article: September 11 attacks
Section: Health issues

Question: Why did people criticize Mayor Giuliani?

Health issues.
Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris containing more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens, were spread across Lower Manhattan due to the collapse of the Twin Towers.
Exposure to the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed to fatal or debilitating illnesses among people who were at ground zero.
The Bush administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002.
Health effects extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown.
Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the victims' names were included in the World Trade Center memorial.
Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust.
There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development.
A notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby.
A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30–40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack.
Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system.
On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city.
Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks.
Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.
Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area.
The United States Congress passed the James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act on December 22, 2010, and President Barack Obama signed the act into law on January 2, 2011.
It allocated $4.2 billion to create the World Trade Center Health Program, which provides testing and treatment for people suffering from long-term health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.
The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program.
Article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Section: Robert F. Kennedy speech

Question: What would Kennedy's speech cause according to his aides?

A speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. was given on April 4, 1968, by New York Senator Robert F. Kennedy (who was himself assassinated two months later).
Kennedy was campaigning for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination and had spoken at the University of Notre Dame and Ball State University earlier that day.
Before boarding a plane to fly to Indianapolis for one last campaign speech in a predominantly black neighborhood of the city he learned that Martin Luther King had been shot, leading Kennedy press secretary Frank Mankiewicz to suggest that he ask the audience to pray for the King family and ask them to follow King's deeply held belief in non-violence.
They did not learn that King was dead until they landed in Indianapolis.
Both Mankiewicz and speechwriter Adam Walinsky drafted notes immediately before the rally for Kennedy's use, but Kennedy refused Walinsky's notes, instead using some that he had likely written on the ride over; Mankiewicz arrived after Kennedy had already begun to speak.
Prior to arriving at the rally, the Chief of Police in Indianapolis told Kennedy that he could not provide protection and that giving the remarks would be too dangerous, but Kennedy decided to go ahead regardless.
Standing on a podium mounted on a flatbed truck, Kennedy spoke for just four minutes and fifty-seven seconds.
Robert F. Kennedy was the first to inform the audience of the death of Martin Luther King, causing some in the audience to scream and wail.
Several of Kennedy's aides were even worried that the delivery of this information would result in a riot.
Once the audience quieted down, Kennedy acknowledged that many in the audience would be filled with anger.
But then Kennedy went on: "For those of you who are black and are tempted to fill with -- be filled with hatred and mistrust of the injustice of such an act, against all white people, I would only say that I can also feel in my own heart the same kind of feeling.
I had a member of my family killed, but he was killed by a white man."
These remarks surprised Kennedy aides, who had never heard him speak publicly of John F. Kennedy's death.
Kennedy continued, saying that the country had to make an effort to "go beyond these rather difficult times," and then quoted a poem by the Greek playwright Aeschylus, on the theme of the wisdom that comes, against one's will, from pain.
To conclude, Kennedy said that the country needed and wanted unity between blacks and whites, asked the audience members to pray for the King family and the country, and once more quoted the ancient Greeks.
The speech was credited in part with preventing post-assassination rioting in Indianapolis where it was given, though there were riots in many other parts of the country.
It is widely considered one of the greatest speeches in American history.
Article: The Act of Killing
Section: Synopsis

Question: What does the film "The Act of Killing" focus on?

The film focuses on the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966, an anti-communist purge in which more than 500,000 people were killed.
When Suharto overthrew Sukarno, the President of Indonesia, following the failed coup of the 30 September Movement in 1965, the gangsters Anwar Congo and Adi Zulkadry in Medan (North Sumatra) were promoted from selling black market movie theatre tickets to leading the most notorious death squad in North Sumatra.
They also extorted ethnic Chinese locals, killing those who refused to pay.
Anwar personally killed approximately 1,000 people, usually by strangling with wire.
Today, Anwar is revered as a founding father of the right-wing paramilitary organization Pemuda Pancasila that grew out of the death squads.
The organization is so powerful that its leaders include government ministers, and they are happy to boast about everything from corruption and election rigging to clearing out peasants for land developers and genocide.
A regime was founded on crimes against humanity, yet has never been held accountable.
Invited by Oppenheimer, Anwar and his friends eagerly re-enact the killings for the cameras, and make dramatic scenes depicting their memories and feelings about the killings.
The scenes are produced in the style of their favorite film genres: gangster, western, and musical.
Various aspects of Anwar and his friends' filmmaking process are shown, but as they begin to dramatize Anwar's own nightmares, the fiction scenes begin to take over the film's form, leading the film to become increasingly surreal and nightmarish.
Oppenheimer has called the result "a documentary of the imagination".
While some of Anwar's friends realize that the killings were wrong, others worry about the consequences of the story on their public image.
Younger members of Pemuda Pancasila argue that they should boast about the horror of the massacres, because their terrifying and threatening force is the basis of their power today.
After Anwar plays a victim, he cannot continue.
He says that he feels what his victims have felt.
Oppenheimer, from behind the camera, points out that it was much worse for the victims, because they knew they were going to be killed, whereas Anwar was only acting.
Anwar then expresses doubts over whether he has sinned or not, tearfully saying he does not want the memories of what he did to come back to him.
He revisits the rooftop where he claims many of his killings took place, and gags repeatedly.
The dancers from the film's theatrical poster are seen before the credits begin to roll.