community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Pakistan
Section: Colonial period

Question: In what year did Britain end it's ruling over India?

The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century enabled Sikh rulers to control large areas until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia.
The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was the region's major armed struggle against the British.
The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian National Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s.
The All-India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics.
In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Muhammad Iqbal called for "the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State" consisting of Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, espoused the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.
In early 1947, Britain announced the decision to end its rule in India.
In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India—including Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad representing the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence.
The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar) in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India, where there was a Muslim majority.
It comprised the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh.
The partition of the Punjab and Bengal provinces led to communal riots across India and Pakistan; millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India.
Dispute over Jammu and Kashmir led to the First Kashmir War.
Article: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)
Section: The "Repetitions", January 1889

Question: What addition was made to the version in Amsterdam?

Both "repetitions" of the 4th version are no longer in their original state.
In the Amsterdam version a strip of wood was added at the top—probably by Van Gogh himself.
The Tokyo version, however, was enlarged on all sides with strips of canvas, which were added at a later time—presumably by the first owner, Emile Schuffenecker.
The series is perhaps his best known and most widely reproduced.
In recent years, there has been debate regarding the authenticity of one of the paintings, and it has been suggested that this version may have been the work of Émile Schuffenecker or of Paul Gauguin.
Most experts, however, conclude that the work is genuine.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Paintings of the 1500s

Question: Why is the Mona Lisa famous?

Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the "Mona Lisa" or "la Gioconda", the laughing one.
In the present era it is arguably the most famous painting in the world.
Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality brought about perhaps by the fact that the artist has subtly shadowed the corners of the mouth and eyes so that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined.
The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called "sfumato" or Leonardo's smoke.
Vasari, who is generally thought to have known the painting only by repute, said that "the smile was so pleasing that it seemed divine rather than human; and those who saw it were amazed to find that it was as alive as the original".
Other characteristics found in this work are the unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands have no competition from other details, the dramatic landscape background in which the world seems to be in a state of flux, the subdued colouring and the extremely smooth nature of the painterly technique, employing oils, but laid on much like tempera and blended on the surface so that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable.
Vasari expressed the opinion that the manner of painting would make even "the most confident master ... despair and lose heart."
The perfect state of preservation and the fact that there is no sign of repair or overpainting is rare in a panel painting of this date.
In the painting "Virgin and Child with St. Anne" the composition again picks up the theme of figures in a landscape which Wasserman describes as "breathtakingly beautiful" and harkens back to the St Jerome picture with the figure set at an oblique angle.
What makes this painting unusual is that there are two obliquely set figures superimposed.
Mary is seated on the knee of her mother, St Anne.
She leans forward to restrain the Christ Child as he plays roughly with a lamb, the sign of his own impending sacrifice.
This painting, which was copied many times, influenced Michelangelo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto, and through them Pontormo and Correggio.
The trends in composition were adopted in particular by the Venetian painters Tintoretto and Veronese.
Article: Yellowstone National Park
Section: Geysers and the hydrothermal system

Question: What four geyers are located in the Upper Geyer Basic of Yellowstone National Park?

The most famous geyser in the park, and perhaps the world, is Old Faithful Geyser, located in Upper Geyser Basin.
Castle Geyser, Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin.
The park contains the largest active geyser in the world—Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin.
A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone.
Of these, an average of 465 are active in a given year.
Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether.
Half the geothermal features and two-thirds of the world's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone.
In May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, Yellowstone National Park, and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), a partnership for long-term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region.
In 2003, changes at the Norris Geyser Basin resulted in the temporary closure of some trails in the basin.
New fumaroles were observed, and several geysers showed enhanced activity and increasing water temperatures.
Several geysers became so hot that they were transformed into purely steaming features; the water had become superheated and they could no longer erupt normally.
This coincided with the release of reports of a multiple year United States Geological Survey research project which mapped the bottom of Yellowstone Lake and identified a structural dome that had uplifted at some time in the past.
Research indicated that these uplifts posed no immediate threat of a volcanic eruption, since they may have developed long ago, and there had been no temperature increase found near the uplifts.
On March 10, 2004, a biologist discovered 5 dead bison which apparently had inhaled toxic geothermal gases trapped in the Norris Geyser Basin by a seasonal atmospheric inversion.
This was closely followed by an upsurge of earthquake activity in April 2004.
In 2006, it was reported that the Mallard Lake Dome and the Sour Creek Dome— areas that have long been known to show significant changes in their ground movement— had risen at a rate of per year from mid–2004 through 2006.
As of late 2007, the uplift has continued at a reduced rate.
These events inspired a great deal of media attention and speculation about the geologic future of the region.
Experts responded to the conjecture by informing the public that there was no increased risk of a volcanic eruption in the near future.
However, these changes demonstrate the dynamic nature of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system.
Article: Magnetic resonance imaging
Section: How MRI works

Question: With MRI magnets, what measurements are used to define the field strength?

To perform a study the patient is positioned within an MRI scanner which forms a strong magnetic field around the area to be imaged.
Most medical applications rely on detecting a radio frequency signal emitted by excited hydrogen atoms in the body (present in any tissue containing water molecules) using energy from an oscillating magnetic field applied at the appropriate resonant frequency.
The orientation of the image is controlled by varying the main magnetic field using gradient coils.
As these coils are rapidly switched on and off they create the characteristic repetitive noises of an MRI scan.
The contrast between different tissues is determined by the rate at which excited atoms return to the equilibrium state.
Exogenous contrast agents may be given intravenously, orally or intra-articularly.MRI requires a magnetic field that is both strong and uniform.
The field strength of the magnet is measured in tesla – and while the majority of systems operate at 1.5T commercial systems are available between 0.2T–7T.
Most clinical magnets are superconducting which requires liquid helium.
The lower field strengths can be achieved with permanent magnets, which are often used in "open" MRI scanners for claustrophobic patients.
Article: Rugby union
Section: Statistics and records

Question: What is the largest winning margin of points in Rugby?

According to a 2011 report by the Centre for the International Business of Sport at Coventry University, there are now over four and a half million people playing rugby union or one of its variants organised by the IRB.
This is an increase of 19 percent since the previous report in 2007.
The report also claimed that since 2007 participation has grown by 33 percent in Africa, 22 percent in South America and 18 percent in Asia and North America.
In 2014 the IRB published a breakdown of the total number of players worldwide by national unions.
It recorded a total of 6.6 million players globally, of those, 2.36 million were registered members playing for a club affiliated to their country's union.
Rugby union's premier event, the Rugby World Cup, has continued to grow since its inception in 1987.
The first tournament, in which 16 teams competed for the title, was broadcast to 17 countries with an accumulated total of 230 million television viewers.
Ticket sales during the pool stages and finals of the same tournament was less than a million.
The 2007 World Cup was contested by 94 countries with ticket sales of 3,850,000 over the pool and final stage.
The accumulated television audience for the event, then broadcast to 200 countries, was 4.2 billion.
The most capped international player from the tier 1 nations is Irish and British Lions centre Brian O'Driscoll who has played in 141 internationals.
While the top scoring tier 1 international player is New Zealand's Dan Carter, who has amassed 1442 points during his career.
In April 2010 Lithuania broke the record of consecutive international wins previously held by New Zealand and South Africa, which was 17 consecutive wins against tier 1 nations, with their 18th win in tier 2 in a match against Serbia.
The highest scoring international match between two recognised unions was Hong Kong's 164–13 victory over Singapore on 27 October 1994 While the largest winning margin of 152 points is held by two countries, Japan (a 155–3 win over Chinese Taipei) and Argentina (152–0 over Paraguay) both in 2002.
Article: Argentina
Section: Independence and civil wars

Question: When did Buenos Aires enact a centralist constitution?

Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty, the 1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta, a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.
In the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist counter-revolution in Córdoba, but failed to overcome those of the Banda Oriental, Upper Peru and Paraguay, which later became independent states.
Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the Centralists and the Federalists—a move that would define Argentina's first decades of independence.
The Assembly of the Year XIII appointed Gervasio Antonio de Posadas as Argentina's first Supreme Director.
In 1816 the Congress of Tucumán formalized the Declaration of Independence.
One year later General Martín Miguel de Güemes stopped royalists on the North, and General José de San Martín took an army across the Andes and secured the independence of Chile; then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru.
In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a centralist constitution that was soon abrogated by federalists.
The 1820 Battle of Cepeda, fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the end of the Supreme Director rule.
In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another centralist constitution, with Bernardino Rivadavia being appointed as the first president of the country.
However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.
Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the Argentine Confederation in 1831, led by Juan Manuel de Rosas.
During his regime he faced a French blockade (1838–1840), the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), and a combined Anglo-French blockade (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory.
His trade restriction policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 Justo José de Urquiza, another powerful caudillo, beat him out of power.
As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the liberal and federal 1853 Constitution.
Buenos Aires seceded but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 Battle of Cepeda.
Article: Virus
Section: Weapons

Question: How many centers in the world are authorized by the WHO to keep stocks of smallpox virus?

The ability of viruses to cause devastating epidemics in human societies has led to the concern that viruses could be weaponised for biological warfare.
Further concern was raised by the successful recreation of the infamous 1918 influenza virus in a laboratory.
The smallpox virus devastated numerous societies throughout history before its eradication.
There are only two centers in the world that are authorized by the WHO to keep stocks of smallpox virus: the Vector Institute in Russia and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States.
However fears that it may be used as a weapon may not be totally unfounded.
As the vaccine for smallpox sometimes had severe side-effects, it is no longer used routinely in any country.
Thus, much of the modern human population has almost no established resistance to smallpox, and would be vulnerable to the virus.
Article: Cheese
Section: World production and consumption

Question: Where does most of the world's cheese come from?

Worldwide, cheese is a major agricultural product.
According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, over 20 million metric tons of cheese were produced worldwide in 2011.
This is about three kilograms for each person on Earth.
The largest producer of cheese is the United States, accounting for 26% of world production, followed by Germany and France.
In the U.S., mozzarella and cheddar are by far the top cheese types.
Only Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Australia have a cheese production that is mainly export oriented: respectively 95%, 90%, 72%, and 65% of their cheese production is exported.
Only 35% of French production is exported.
The United States, the biggest world producer of cheese, is a marginal exporter, as most of its production is for the domestic market.
Emmental (used mainly as a cooking ingredient) and Camembert are the most common cheeses in France.
In Iceland, skyr is the most common cheese.
In Greece, feta accounts for three-quarters of this consumption.
In the U.S., the consumption of cheese is quickly increasing and has nearly tripled between 1970 and 2003.
The consumption per person has reached, in 2003, .
Mozzarella is United States's favorite cheese and accounts for nearly a third of its consumption, mainly because it is one of the main ingredients of pizza.
Article: The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)
Section: Restoration

Question: Does this illustration reflect the actual painting?

The fresco was restored along with the Sistine vault between 1980 and 1994 under the supervision of curator of the Vatican Museums Frabrizio Mancinelli.
The illustration reflects the restoration.
During the course of the restoration about half of the censorship of the "Fig-Leaf Campaign" was removed.
Numerous pieces of buried details, caught under the smoke and grime of scores of years were revealed after the restoration.
It was discovered that the fresco of Biagio de Cesena as Minos with donkey ears was being bitten in the genitalia by a coiled snake.
Another discovery is of the figure condemned to Hell directly below and to the right of St. Bartholomew with flayed skin.
It was, for centuries, considered to be male until removal of the "fig leaf" showed that it was female.
Article: Yosemite National Park
Section: Abstract

Question: The Yosemite Grant was signed by which president in 1964?

Yosemite National Park ( ) is a United States National Park spanning eastern portions of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in the central eastern portion of the U.S. state of California.
The park, which is managed by the National Park Service, covers an area of and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain chain.
Over 3.7 million people visit Yosemite each year: most spend their time in the seven square miles (18 km2) of Yosemite Valley.
Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its spectacular granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, Giant Sequoia groves, and biological diversity.
Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness.
Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea.
First, Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development, ultimately leading to President Abraham Lincoln's signing the Yosemite Grant in 1864.
Later, John Muir led a successful movement to establish a larger national park encompassing not just the valley, but surrounding mountains and forests as well - paving the way for the United States national park system.
Yosemite is one of the largest and least fragmented habitat blocks in the Sierra Nevada, and the park supports a diversity of plants and animals.
The park has an elevation range from and contains five major vegetation zones: chaparral/oak woodland, lower montane forest, upper montane forest, subalpine zone, and alpine.
Of California's 7,000 plant species, about 50% occur in the Sierra Nevada and more than 20% within Yosemite.
There is suitable habitat or documentation for more than 160 rare plants in the park, with rare local geologic formations and unique soils characterizing the restricted ranges many of these plants occupy.
The geology of the Yosemite area is characterized by granitic rocks and remnants of older rock.
About 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and then tilted to form its relatively gentle western slopes and the more dramatic eastern slopes.
The uplift increased the steepness of stream and river beds, resulting in formation of deep, narrow canyons.
About 1 million years ago, snow and ice accumulated, forming glaciers at the higher alpine meadows that moved down the river valleys.
Ice thickness in Yosemite Valley may have reached during the early glacial episode.
The downslope movement of the ice masses cut and sculpted the U-shaped valley that attracts so many visitors to its scenic vistas today.
Article: How I Met Your Mother
Section: Season 8

Question: How does season 8 of "How I Met Your Mother" conclude?

Ted visits Robin on the day of her wedding to Barney, causing him to remember how he and Victoria ran away from her wedding to be together.
The summer is spent with Ted, Barney and Robin enjoying their current relationships however all subsequently break up with their partners.
Victoria splits up with Ted over his friendship with Robin, Barney and Quinn break up due to their inability to trust each other and Robin breaks up with Nick realizing his immaturity.
Robin and Barney kiss but decide not to get together, despite Barney's wishes.
Barney then begins dating Robin's hated co-worker Patrice (Ellen D. Williams), a relationship later exposed as a ruse to make Robin realize her true feelings for him.
In a culminating scene Barney proposes to Robin, who says yes.
Marshall and Lily attempt to get used to being parents, which causes a brief estrangement from the gang as Baby Marvin takes up the majority of their time.
Lily's father Mickey becomes Marvin's nanny, freeing the two up to spend more time with their friends.
The Captain, ex-husband of Ted's old girlfriend Zoey, offers Lily a job as an art consultant due to her identifying a painting that made a huge profit for him.
Lily accepts, happy to finally achieve her dream of having a job in the art industry while Marshall decides to apply to become a judge.
The Captain offers Lilly a year's work in Rome, which she accepts with Marshall's blessing.
However, just before Barney and Robin's wedding, Marshall is informed that his application to become a judge has been granted, a development that would require them to stay in the US.
Ted briefly dates Jeanette (Abby Elliott), a girl who stalked him after he appeared on the cover of "New York Magazine" due to his design of GNB headquarters.
He quickly realizes he's made a mistake and breaks up with her.
Ted's feelings of loneliness grow, especially as he is now the only single member of the group, and he decides he is truly ready to settle down.
He argues with Lily over hiring a DJ or a band for Barney and Robin's wedding, but is forced to provide a band at short notice when Lily concedes the argument.
During a chance meeting on the subway, Cindy offers the services of her roommate's wedding band; said roommate is Ted's future wife.
As the week of the wedding approaches, Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted.
Guilty, Ted realizes he can't be around Barney and Robin after they're married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding.
The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin's wedding, including the mother of Ted's children (revealed on screen for the first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti), who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella.
Article: Bacon
Section: Nutrients

Question: How many mg of sodium can four pieces of bacon contain?

One rasher of cooked streaky bacon contains of fat, and of protein.
Four pieces of bacon can also contain up to 800 mg of sodium, which is roughly equivalent to 1.92 grams of salt.
The fat and protein content varies depending on the cut and cooking method.68% of bacon's calories come from fat, almost half of which are saturated.
Each ounce of bacon contains 30 milligrams of cholesterol.
Article: Forrest Gump
Section: Author controversy

Question: What was Winston Groom paid for the film?

Winston Groom was paid $350,000 for the screenplay rights to his novel "Forrest Gump" and was contracted for a 3 percent share of the film's net profits.
However, Paramount and the film's producers did not pay him, using Hollywood accounting to posit that the blockbuster film lost money.
Tom Hanks, by contrast, contracted for the film's gross receipts instead of a salary, and he and director Zemeckis each received $40 million.
Additionally, Groom was not mentioned once in any of the film's six Oscar-winner speeches.
The dispute was later resolved.