community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Great Wall of China
Section: Early walls

Question: Did the Tang dynasty build walls or was it the Song Dynasty?

Early walls.
The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.
During this time and the subsequent Warring States period, the states of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Yan and Zhongshan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders.
Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames.
Qin Shi Huang conquered all opposing states and unified China in 221 BC, establishing the Qin Dynasty.
Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the wall sections that divided his empire along the former state borders.
To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north, he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's northern frontier.
Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources.
Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains.
There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin Dynasty walls.
Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today.
The human cost of the construction is unknown, but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands,if not up to a million, workers died building the Qin wall.
Later, the Han, Sui, and the Northern dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders.
The Tang and Song Dynasties did not build any walls in the region substantially.
The Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th–13th centuries, constructed defensive walls in the 12th century, but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it, within today's Inner and Outer Mongolia.
Article: American Dad!
Section: Farces

Question: What is Stan's threat?

Plot techniques.
"American Dad!"
has commonly made use of farces as most of the predicaments that befall the main characters have escalated into the extremes, to the point of getting outrageously out-of-hand.
For example, in the episode "Home Wrecker", Stan and Francine's marital harmony breaks down from a difference of opinion on remodeling the house.
It gets to the point where they divide the house in two, each decorating their half of the house in their desired fashion.
Not satisfied with this however, they both attempted to drive the other out of the home and eventually erected a colossal block wall, dividing the two halves of the house.
The rest of the family members were forced to spend one holiday after the next alternating between Fran's and Stan's place (the sides of the house treated as distinct homes).
As another example, in the episode "Stan's Food Restaurant", Stan asks for Roger's help in starting a restaurant.
As things progress, Roger makes heavy changes in the layout, eventually kicking Stan out of the project.
Stan retaliates by opening another restaurant next door, which becomes a smashing success.
Roger responds by blowing up Stan's restaurant but destroying his own in the process.
Stan threatens to kill Roger, but backs down after Roger pulls a gun on him and tells him to relax.
Article: Yellowstone National Park
Section: Legal jurisdiction

Question: Which professor said it was impossible to impanel a jury in alignment with the Vicinage Clause?

The entire park is within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming, making it the only federal court district that includes portions of more than one state (Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming).
Law professor Brian C. Kalt has argued that it may be impossible to impanel a jury in compliance with the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment for a crime committed solely in the unpopulated Idaho portion of the park (and that it would be difficult to do so for a crime committed solely in the lightly populated Montana portion).
One defendant accused of a wildlife-related crime in the Montana portion of the park attempted to raise this argument.
He eventually pleaded guilty.
Article: Aurora
Section: Forms and magnetism

Question: Does the aurora typically extend from east-west or north-south?

Typically the aurora appears either as a diffuse glow or as "curtains" that approximately extend in the east-west direction.
At some times, they form "quiet arcs"; at others ("active aurora"), they evolve and change constantly.
Each curtain consists of many parallel rays, each lined up with the local direction of the magnetic field lines, suggesting that auroras are shaped by Earth's magnetic field.
Indeed, satellites show that electrons are guided by magnetic field lines, spiraling around them while moving toward Earth.
The similarity to curtains is often enhanced by folds called "striations".
When the field line guiding a bright auroral patch leads to a point directly above the observer, the aurora may appear as a "corona" of diverging rays, an effect of perspective.
Although it was first mentioned by Ancient Greek explorer/geographer Pytheas, Hiorter and Celsius first described in 1741 evidence for magnetic control, namely, large magnetic fluctuations occurred whenever the aurora was observed overhead.
This indicates (it was later realized) that large electric currents were associated with the aurora, flowing in the region where auroral light originated.
Kristian Birkeland (1908) deduced that the currents flowed in the east-west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside toward (approximately) midnight were later named "auroral electrojets" (see also Birkeland currents).
Still more evidence for a magnetic connection are the statistics of auroral observations.
Elias Loomis (1860) and later in more detail Hermann Fritz (1881) and S. Tromholt (1882) established that the aurora appeared mainly in the "auroral zone", a ring-shaped region with a radius of approximately 2500 km around Earth's magnetic pole.
It was hardly ever seen near the geographic pole, which is about 2000 km away from the magnetic pole.
The instantaneous distribution of auroras ("auroral oval") is slightly different, centered about 3–5 degrees nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator about an hour before midnight.
The aurora can be seen best at this time, called magnetic midnight, which occurs when an observer, the magnetic pole in question and the Sun are in alignment.
In the 1970s, astrophysicist Joan Feynman deduced that auroras are a product of the interaction between the Earth's magnetosphere and the magnetic field of the solar wind.
Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft.
On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms.
Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.
Dr. Vassilis Angelopoulos of the University of California, Los Angeles, the principal investigator for the THEMIS mission, claimed, "Our data show clearly and for the first time that magnetic reconnection is the trigger."
Article: Shooting
Section: Practical uses

Question: We're duels held using guns?

Shooting is used for hunting upland game birds such as grouse or pheasant, rabbits, culling, deer hunting, or other wild game animals, or shooting pest animals.
Clay pigeon shooting is meant to simulate shooting live pigeons released from traps, after doing so was banned in the United Kingdom in 1921.
Sometimes "shooting" refers to the hunting activity itself.
Shooting is also used in warfare, self-defense, crime, and law enforcement.
Duels were sometimes held using guns.
Shooting without a target has applications such as celebratory gunfire, 21-gun salute, or firing starting pistols, incapable of releasing bullets.
Article: Disney's Hollywood Studios
Section: Annual events

Question: How many Christmas lights will be featured at the event?

Disney's Hollywood Studios hosts a number of events during the year that often draw thousands of fans to the park.
 ESPN The Weekend (late winter) features commentators from the Disney-owned cable sports channels as well as sports celebrities.
 Star Wars Weekends (May - June) brings "Star Wars" fans and celebrities together for special park events.
Running Fridays-Sundays throughout June, they feature the 501st Legion (a worldwide "Star Wars" costuming group) parading through the park in Stormtrooper costumes, several "Star Wars" actors appearing each weekend for photos and autographs, Jedi Training Academy classes for younger guests, and other activities.
 The Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights (November–January) take over the Streets of America during the Christmas season.
The display features over five million Christmas lights on more than of wire.
One former event of note was the ABC Super Soap Weekend.
Scheduled in November, the event paid tribute to the legions of fans of soap operas from ABC.
Guests could meet stars from "All My Children", "One Life to Live" and "General Hospital".
The event's final presentation was in November 2008, with ABC instead planning to schedule multiple, smaller regional events around the country for its fans.
Article: Juice
Section: Preparation

Question: What meal are juices most often enjoyed with?

Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing or macerating fruit or vegetable flesh without the application of heat or solvents.
For example, orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree, and tomato juice is the liquid that results from pressing the fruit of the tomato plant.
Juice may be prepared in the home from fresh fruit and vegetables using a variety of hand or electric juicers.
Juice is one of the most popular drinks to go with breakfast in the morning.
Many commercial juices are filtered to remove fiber or pulp, but high-pulp fresh orange juice is a popular beverage.
Common methods for preservation and processing of fruit juices include canning, pasteurization, concentrating, freezing, evaporation and spray drying.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Abstract

Question: Dark Knight Rises was the 3rd highest grossing film of what year?

The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 British-American epic superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan, who co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Jonathan Nolan and the story with David S. Goyer.
Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the final installment in Nolan's "Batman" film trilogy, and it is the sequel to "Batman Begins" (2005) and "The Dark Knight" (2008).
Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, with a returning cast of his allies: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Gary Oldman as James Gordon, and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox.
The film introduces Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway), a sly, morally ambiguous cat burglar, and Bane (Tom Hardy), a mercenary bent on destroying Gotham City.
Drawn back into action by new threats facing the city, an older Bruce Wayne is forced to come out of retirement and become Batman once again.
Christopher Nolan was initially hesitant about returning to the series for a second time, but agreed to come back after developing a story with his brother and Goyer that he felt would conclude the series on a satisfactory note.
Nolan drew inspiration from Bane's comic book debut in the 1993 "" storyline, the 1986 series "The Dark Knight Returns", and the 1999 storyline "No Man's Land".
Filming took place in various locations, including Jodhpur, London, Nottingham, Glasgow, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, and Pittsburgh.
Nolan used IMAX cameras for much of the filming, including the first six minutes of the film, to optimize the quality of the picture.
A variation of the Batplane termed "The Bat", an underground prison set, and a new Batcave set were created specifically for the film.
As with "The Dark Knight", viral marketing campaigns began early during production to help promotion.
When filming concluded, Warner Bros. refocused its campaign: developing promotional websites, releasing the first six minutes of the film, screening theatrical trailers, and sending out information regarding the film's plot.
"The Dark Knight Rises" premiered in New York City on July 16, 2012.
The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on July 19, 2012, and in North America and the United Kingdom on July 20, 2012.
Upon release it received a favorable critical response and grossed over $1.081 billion worldwide.
It is currently the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time, the third-highest-grossing film of 2012, and the third-highest-grossing superhero film of all time.
Article: Cloning
Section: Organism cloning

Question: Name some of the animals that scientists have sucessfully cloned?

Organism cloning (also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another.
In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place.
Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants (see vegetative reproduction) and some insects.
Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows.
There is a lot of ethical debate over whether or not cloning should be used.
However, cloning, or asexual propagation, has been common practice in the horticultural world for hundreds of years.
Article: What Makes You Beautiful
Section: Background and release

Question: What artist wrote "What Makes You Beautiful"?

After being formed and finishing third in the seventh series of "The X Factor" in 2010, One Direction were signed to Syco Music, a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment.
"What Makes You Beautiful" was written by Rami Yacoub, Carl Falk and Savan Kotecha, and was produced by Yacoub and Falk.
Instrumentation was completed by Falk and Yacoub.
Serban Ghenea handled the audio mixing, Tom Coyne the audio mastering, and John Hanes the mix engineering, for which Phil Seaford served as the assistant.
After recording the song at Cosmos Studios and Kinglet Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, the band felt relieved to have a song that they were happy to release as their debut single.
Band member Liam Payne called the song "perfect", and Harry Styles said, "When we were recording in the studio we knew instantly that we wanted this track to be our first single."
Styles spoke to MTV News, "I think for us we wanted to release something that wasn't cheesy but it was fun.
It kind of represented us, I think it took us a while to find it but I think we found the right song."
Payne added, "We always wanted single to be something that people didn't expect and then when we heard it, it wasn't what we expected either so it kind of fitted perfectly."
"What Makes You Beautiful" premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 10 August 2011, and was released by Syco Music in Europe, Australia and New Zealand via digital download on 11 September 2011.
A CD single was released in the United Kingdom on 12 September 2011, and followed in Australia and Germany on 25 November 2011 and 2 December 2011, respectively.
For the North American release of "Up All Night" on 13 March 2012, Columbia Records executives used social media to shape its marketing campaign.
Columbia Records co-chairman Steve Barnett and his team decided to reverse the usual pattern of releasing a single on radio.
Instead the label mounted a four-month marketing campaign aimed at building a fan base through social media before a single was ever released or played on the radio.
The social media campaign asked fans to sign petitions and to enter video competitions to win a concert in their town.
The campaign was a success as One Direction's Facebook followers in the United States rose from 40,000 to 400,000.
As a result, "What Makes You Beautiful" sold more than 131,000 copies in its first week, even though it had yet to be played on the radio.
Radio programmers were flooded with calls from fans.
Johnny Wright, who managed New Kids on the Block, Backstreet Boys and 'N Sync, said: "Now they are calling the radio station, and the radio station is scratching its head, saying, "We don't even have that record yet".
It's almost like the return of The Beatles.
I call it hype, but it's positive hype because it's all real.
It's not manufactured.
No one paid these kids."
The single was released in Canada via digital download on 31 January 2012.
"What Makes You Beautiful" was released 14 February 2012 in the United States and was sent by Columbia Records to US contemporary hit radio (CHR) playlists on 28 February 2012.
Article: Sausage
Section: China

Question: What does hong chang mean in Chinese?

A European-like-style smoked savory "hóng cháng" (红肠 "red sausage") is produced in Harbin, China's northernmost major city.
It is another notable product similar to Lithuanian and Polish sausages including kiełbasa and "podhalańska", in that they tend to be of a much more European flavours than other Chinese sausages.
This kind of sausage was first produced in a Russian-capitalized factory named Churin sausage factory in 1909, Since then Harbin style sausage become popular in China, especially in northern regions.
Lap cheong (also lap chong, lap chung, lop chong) are dried pork sausages that look and feel like pepperoni, but are much sweeter.
In southwestern China, sausages are flavored with salt, red pepper and wild pepper.
People often cure sausages by smoking and air drying.
Article: Rendang
Section: Types

Question: What is the difference between gulai and kalio?

In Minangkabau culinary tradition, there are three recognised stages in cooking meat in spicy coconut milk.
The dish which results is categorised according to the liquid content of the cooked coconut milk, which ranges from the most wet and soupy to the most dry: Gulai — Kalio — Rendang.
The ingredients of gulai, kalio and rendang are almost identical with the exceptions that gulai usually has less red chilli pepper and more turmeric, while rendang has richer spices.
If pieces of meat are cooked in spicy coconut milk and the process stopped right when the meat is done and the coconut milk has reached its boiling point, the dish is called gulai.
If the process continues until the coconut milk is partly evaporated and the meat has begun to brown, then you have kalio.
For a traditional dry rendang, the process continues hours beyond this, until the liquid has all but completely evaporated and the color turns to a dark brown, almost black color.
Thus not only liquid content but also colour indicate which type of rendang is involved: gulai is light yellow, kalio is brown, and rendang is very dark brown.
Today one mostly only finds two simpler categories of rendang: either dry or wet.
Article: Golf
Section: Penalties

Question: what incurs from rull infractions?

Penalties are incurred in certain situations.
They are counted towards a player's score as if there were extra swing(s) at the ball.
Strokes are added for rule infractions or for hitting one's ball into an unplayable situation.
A lost ball or a ball hit out of bounds result in a penalty of one stroke and distance (Rule 27–1).
A one-stroke penalty is assessed if a player's equipment causes the ball to move or the removal of a loose impediment causes the ball to move (Rule 18–2).
If a golfer makes a stroke at the wrong ball (Rule 19–2) or hits a fellow golfer's ball with a putt (Rule 19–5), the player incurs a two-stroke penalty.
Most rule infractions lead to stroke penalties but also can lead to disqualification.
Disqualification could be from cheating, signing for a lower score, or from rule infractions that lead to improper play.
Article: Volleyball
Section: Set

Question: Who do setters toss the ball to?

The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball.
The main goal of setting is to put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent's court.
The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately decides which player will actually attack the ball.
As with passing, one may distinguish between an overhand and a bump set.
Since the former allows for more control over the speed and direction of the ball, the bump is used only when the ball is so low it cannot be properly handled with fingertips, or in beach volleyball where rules regulating overhand setting are more stringent.
In the case of a set, one also speaks of a front or back set, meaning whether the ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing or behind the setter.
There is also a jump set that is used when the ball is too close to the net.
In this case the setter usually jumps off his or her right foot straight up to avoid going into the net.
The setter usually stands about ⅔ of the way from the left to the right of the net and faces the left (the larger portion of net that he or she can see).
Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the ball for a teammate to perform an attack and tries to play it directly onto the opponent's court.
This movement is called a "dump".
This can only be performed when the setter is in the front row, otherwise it constitutes an illegal back court attack.
The most common dumps are to 'throw' the ball behind the setter or in front of the setter to zones 2 and 4.
More experienced setters toss the ball into the deep corners or spike the ball on the second hit.
Article: Moves like Jagger
Section: Abstract

Question: Which band recorded the song Moves Like Jagger?

"Moves like Jagger" is a song by American band Maroon 5 featuring singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera released by A&M Octone Records on June 21, 2011, as the fourth and final single and the first only re-released single from their third studio album "Hands All Over" (2010).
The song was written by Adam Levine, Benjamin Levin, Ammar Malik and Shellback and produced by Shellback and Benny Blanco.
"Moves like Jagger" is a dance-pop and electropop song and is backed by synths and electronic drums, the lyrics refer to a male's ability to impress a female with his dance moves, which he compares to Mick Jagger, frontman of the English band The Rolling Stones.
"Moves like Jagger" was well received by music critics, who praised the song's chorus.
Praise also went to the vocals of Levine and Aguilera, with critics pointing out solid chemistry between the two.
Likewise, the song was a commercial success, going on to top the charts in over 18 countries.
In the United States, "Moves like Jagger" became the band's first top ten single since "Makes Me Wonder" (2007), as well as Christina Aguilera's first top-ten single since "Keeps Gettin' Better" (2008).
It is among the best-selling singles of all time.
Aguilera also became the fourth female to score no.
1 singles in three different decades, behind Madonna, Janet Jackson, and Britney Spears.
She scored a number one hit in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, being the second female artist to do so behind Britney Spears.
Worldwide, it was the ninth-best-selling digital single of 2011 with sales of 7 million copies.
As of 2014, the song ranks as one of the six best-selling digital singles of all time with sales of over 14 million copies.
The music video was directed by Jonas Åkerlund.
The video features an old video footage of Jagger and his iconic dance moves.
"Moves like Jagger" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 54th Grammy Awards but lost to "Body and Soul" by Tony Bennett and Amy Winehouse.
The song was first performed in June 2011 on an episode of "The Voice" (where Levine and Aguilera both served as judges/coaches).