community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Taekwondo
Section: Abstract

Question: How many main styles of taekwondo are there?

Taekwondo or (Korean 태권도 (hangul) / 跆拳道 (hanja), ) is a Korean martial art.
It combines combat and self-defense techniques with sport and exercise.
"Gyeorugi" (), a type of sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000.
Taekwondo was developed by a variety of Korean masters during the 1940s as partial combination of taekkyeon, Okinawan karate, and other traditions.
The name "taekwondo" was coined by Choi Hong Hi (of the Oh Do Kwan).
The World Taekwondo Federation claims that taekwondo development was a collaborative effort by a council consisting of members from the nine original kwans, while the International Taekwon-Do Federation credits Choi Hong Hi solely.
"Traditional taekwondo" typically refers to the martial art as it was established in the 1950s and 1960s in the South Korean military and in various civilian organizations, including schools and universities.
In particular, the names and symbolism of the both the traditional patterns and the newer poomsae often refer to elements of Korean history, culture and religious philosophy.
This symbolism is replicated in the Korean flag.
"Sport taekwondo" was developed in the 1950s and may have a somewhat different focus, especially in terms of its emphasis on speed and competition (as in Olympic sparring).
Sport taekwondo is in turn subdivided into two main styles.
One style is practiced by International Taekwon-Do adherents and was created in 1955 by Choi Hong Hi.
The other style derives from Kukkiwon, the source of the sparring system "sihap gyeorugi".
This style is now an event at the summer Olympic Games and is governed by the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF).
Kukkiwon (World Taekwondo Headquarters) is the traditional center for WTF taekwondo and was founded in 1973 by Dr. Kim Un Yong.
Although there are doctrinal and technical differences between sparring in the two main styles and among the various organizations, the art in general emphasizes kicks and punches thrown from a mobile stance.
Taekwondo training generally includes a system of blocks, kicks, punches, and open-handed strikes and may also include various take-downs or sweeps, throws, and joint locks.
Pressure points, known as "jiapsul", are used, as well as grabbing self-defense techniques borrowed from other martial arts such as Japanese judo, Korean hapkido, and Korean wrestling or ssireum.
In Korean, "tae" (태, ) means "to strike or break with the foot"; "kwon" (권, ) means "to strike or break with the fist"; and "do" (도, ) means "way of life".
Thus, "taekwondo" may be loosely translated as "the way of the foot and the hand."
The name "taekwondo" is also written as "taekwon-do", "tae kwon-do", or "tae kwon do" by various organizations.
Article: The Invisible War
Section: Synopsis

Question: What is the name of the Coast Guard veteran highlighted in The Invisible War?

"The Invisible War" features interviews with veterans from multiple branches of the United States Armed Forces who recount the events surrounding their assaults.
Their stories show many common themes, such as the lack of recourse to an impartial justice system, reprisals against survivors instead of against perpetrators, the absence of adequate emotional and physical care for survivors, the unhindered advancement of perpetrators' careers, and the forced expulsion of survivors from service.
Interspersed with these first person testimonies are interviews with advocates, journalists, mental health professionals, active duty and retired generals, Department of Defense officials, and members of the military justice system.
The film also includes footage, often shot by the veterans themselves, which documents their lives and continuing struggles in the aftermath of their assaults.
In the film's most prominent narrative, Coast Guard veteran Seaman Kori Cioca struggles to earn benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs to pay for the many medical difficulties that have resulted from her rape.
With the help of attorney Susan L. Burke, Cioca, along with other survivors featured in the film, brings a civil suit against the Department of Defense alleging a failure to adequately address sexual assault within the military.
Other past incidents of sexual abuse recounted in the film include the 1991 Navy Tailhook scandal, the 1996 Army Aberdeen scandal, and the 2003 Air Force Academy scandal.
"The Invisible War" uses these examples to argue that the military has consistently made empty promises to address its high rate of sexual assault.
These stories culminate with an examination of the previously unreported culture of sexual harassment and sexual assault at the prestigious Marine Barracks Washington.
The survivors and advocates featured in the film call for changes to the way the military handles sexual assault, such as shifting prosecution away from unit commanders, who often are either friends with assailants or are assailants themselves.
Article: Man at the Crossroads
Section: Destruction

Question: What was the publication date of the article in the New York World-Telegram that charged the Crossroads mural with anti-capitalism?

On 24 April 1933 the "New York World-Telegram" newspaper published an article attacking the mural as anti-capitalist propaganda.
A few days later Rivera added the portrait of Lenin to the work.
This precipitated a major controversy by May.
The bad publicity greatly upset Rockefeller.
Rivera was asked to remove the picture of Lenin, but refused, instead offering to add Abraham Lincoln to the work as way of a compromise.
Rockefeller then left the decision about the future of the mural to Todd-Robertson-Todd.
Rivera was fully paid the promised amount for his work, but the mural was covered in drapery and left incomplete.
Despite protests from art lovers and attempts to get it to moved to the Museum of Modern Art, it remained covered until the early weeks of 1934, when it was destroyed by workmen.
The destruction caused widespread controversy.
Ralph Stackpole and Bernard Zakheim (who headed a group of artists commissioned by the WPA to paint murals at the Coit Tower in San Francisco) protested, and also included references to the incident in the form of headlines in newspapers held by figures in their paintings.
The Rockefeller Center commissioned a mural by Jose Maria Sert entitled "American Progress" to replace Rivera's work.
It used Abraham Lincoln as its focal point.
Article: Six Flags
Section: Licensing with other brands and companies

Question: When did they annocune they had Papa Johns exclusivly?

Six Flags has licensed its name and its theme park creations to other companies, who have used these assets to create licensed products.
One such example is the theme park simulation game Roller Coaster Tycoon 2, which featured recreations of Six Flags parks and rides that could be expanded and operated at the player's discretion.
Six Flags has also partnered with Brash Entertainment to create a video game called Six Flags Fun Park.
It allows the player to explore the themed areas and mini-games representative of a visit to a Six Flags park.
In the game, players are tasked with quests that encourage them to explore the park's universe.
After creating a unique custom character, Six Flags Fun Park patrons can win prizes, and compete with other players in 40 mini-games.
Although the video game is called "Six Flags Fun Park", it lacks any major reference of Six Flags.
This caused some to speculate that the video game was created then the rights to the name of the game were sold as a way to pay for the game's development.
In recent years, Six Flags has created strategic partnerships with other companies who would feature their products inside the parks.
On March 30, 2006, Six Flags announced that it will sell no other pizza besides Papa John's at its parks.
In turn, Six Flags will receive an annual sponsorship and promotional opportunities from Papa John's, though financial details of the deal have not been disclosed.
However, in the 2011 season, it was replaced by another pizza brand.
Other recent partners have included Cold Stone Creamery, Johnny Rockets, Tyson Foods (chicken), Chrysler, and Nintendo, which added testing stations in several parks to show off its Wii console.
In late 2010, Six Flags began the process of removing licensed theming from attractions.
They terminated licenses with Thomas the Tank Engine, The Wiggles, Tony Hawk, Evel Knievel, and Terminator.
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: Geology

Question: When was the Wisconsin glaciation?

The features that became Niagara Falls were created by the Wisconsin glaciation about 10,000 years ago.
The same forces also created the North American Great Lakes and the Niagara River.
All were dug by a continental ice sheet that drove through the area, deepening some river channels to form lakes, and damming others with debris.
Scientists argue that there is an old valley, buried by glacial drift, at the approximate location of the present Welland Canal.
When the ice melted, the upper Great Lakes emptied into the Niagara river, which followed the rearranged topography across the Niagara Escarpment.
In time, the river cut a gorge through the north facing cliff, or cuesta.
Because of the interactions of three major rock formations, the rocky bed did not erode evenly.
The top rock formation was composed of erosion-resistant limestone and Lockport dolostone.
That hard layer of stone eroded more slowly than the underlying materials.
The aerial photo on the right clearly shows the hard caprock, the Lockport Formation (Middle Silurian), which underlies the rapids above the falls, and approximately the upper third of the high gorge wall.
Immediately below the hard-rock formation, comprising about two thirds of the cliff, lay the weaker, softer, sloping Rochester Formation (Lower Silurian).
This formation was composed mainly of shale, though it has some thin limestone layers.
It also contains ancient fossils.
In time, the river eroded the soft layer that supported the hard layers, undercutting the hard caprock, which gave way in great chunks.
This process repeated countless times, eventually carving out the falls.
Submerged in the river in the lower valley, hidden from view, is the Queenston Formation (Upper Ordovician), which is composed of shales and fine sandstones.
All three formations were laid down in an ancient sea, their differences of character deriving from changing conditions within that sea.
About 10,900 years ago, the Niagara Falls was located between present-day Queenston, Ontario, and Lewiston, New York, but erosion of their crest has caused the waterfalls to retreat approximately southward.
The Horseshoe Falls, which are approximately wide, have also changed their shape through the process of erosion; evolving from a small arch, to a horseshoe bend, to the present day gigantic inverted V. Just upstream from the falls' current location, Goat Island splits the course of the Niagara River, resulting in the separation of the Canadian Horseshoe Falls to the west from the American and Bridal Veil Falls to the east.
Engineering has slowed erosion and recession.
Article: Croissant
Section: Variants

Question: Pain Au chocolat is what?

Uncooked croissant can also be wrapped around any praline, almond paste or chocolate before it is baked (in the last case, it becomes like "pain au chocolat", which has a different, non-crescent, shape), or sliced to admit sweet or savoury fillings.
Indeed, it may be flavoured with dried fruit such as sultanas or raisins, or other fruits such as apples.
In France and Spain, croissants are generally sold without filling and eaten without added butter, but sometimes with almond filling.
In the United States, sweet fillings or toppings are common, and warm croissants may be filled with ham and cheese or feta cheese and spinach.
In the Levant, croissants are sold plain or filled with chocolate, cheese, almonds, or zaatar.
In Germany, croissants are sometimes filled with Nutella or persipan; in Southern Germany there also is a popular variety of a croissant glazed with lye ("Laugencroissant").
In the German-speaking part of Switzerland, the croissant is typically called a "Gipfeli" [g̥ɪp͡fəli], which typically has a crisper crust and is less buttery than the French style croissant.
Article: Lebanon
Section: Geography

Question: How is Lebanon divided into regions?

Lebanon is located in Western Asia between latitudes 33° and 35° N and longitudes 35° and 37° E. The country's surface area is of which is land.
Lebanon has a coastline and border of on the Mediterranean sea to the west, a border shared with Syria to the north and east and a long border with Israel to the south.
The border with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights is disputed by Lebanon in a small area called Shebaa Farms.
Lebanon is divided into four distinct physiographic regions: the coastal plain, the Lebanon mountain range, the Beqaa valley and the Anti-Lebanon mountains.
The narrow and discontinuous coastal plain stretches from the Syrian border in the north where it widens to form the Akkar plain to Ras al-Naqoura at the border with Israel in the south.
The fertile coastal plain is formed of marine sediments and river deposited alluvium alternating with sandy bays and rocky beaches.
The Lebanon mountains rise steeply parallel to the Mediterranean coast and form a ridge of limestone and sandstone that runs for most of the country's length.
The mountain range varies in width between and ; it is carved by narrow and deep gorges.
The Lebanon mountains peak at above sea level in Qurnat as Sawda' in North Lebanon and gradually slope to the south before rising again to a height of in Mount Sannine.
The Beqaa valley sits between the Lebanon mountains in the west and the Anti-Lebanon range in the east; it's a part of the Great Rift Valley system.
The valley is long and wide, its fertile soil is formed by alluvial deposits.
The Anti-Lebanon range runs parallel to the Lebanon mountains, its highest peak is in Mount Hermon at .
The mountains of Lebanon are drained by seasonal torrents and rivers foremost of which is the long Leontes that rises in the Beqaa Valley to the west of Baalbek and empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Scientific accuracy

Question: Why did Walt have to change his method of manufacturing around the seventh episode of season 1?

Donna Nelson, a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Oklahoma, checked scripts and provided dialogue.
She also drew chemical structures and wrote chemical equations which were used as props.
According to creator Vince Gilligan, "Dr. Donna Nelson from the University of Oklahoma approached us several seasons back and said, 'I really like this show, and if you ever need help with the chemistry, I'd love to lend a hand.'
She's been a wonderful advisor.
We get help wherever we need it, whether it's chemistry, electrical engineering, or physics.
We try to get everything correct.
There's no full-time on set, but we run certain scenes by these experts first."
"[Because Walter White was talking to his students, I was able to dumb down certain moments of description and dialogue in the early episodes which held me until we had some help from some honest-to-God chemists," says Gilligan.
According to Gilligan, Nelson "vets our scripts to make sure our chemistry dialogue is accurate and up to date.
We also have a chemist with the Drug Enforcement Administration based out of Dallas who has just been hugely helpful to us."
Nelson spoke of Gilligan's interest in having the science right: " said it made a difference to him.
"In 2013, two scenes from the first season of "Breaking Bad" were put under scrutiny in a "Mythbusters" "Breaking Bad" Special.
Despite several modifications to what was seen in the show, both myths were busted.
Jason Wallach of Vice magazine commended the accuracy of the cooking methods presented in the series.
In early episodes, a once common clandestine route, the Nagai red phosphorus/iodine method, is depicted, which uses pseudoephedrine as a precursor to d-(+)-methamphetamine.
By the seventh episode of season 1 "A No Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" Walt chooses to use a different synthetic route based on the difficulty of acquiring enough pseudoephedrine to produce on the larger scale required.
The new method Walt chooses is a reductive amination reaction, relying on phenyl-2-propanone and methylamine.
On the show the phenyl-2-propane, otherwise known as phenylacetone or P2P is produced from phenylacetic acid and acetic acid using a tube furnace and thorium dioxide or ThO2 as a catalyst as mentioned in episodes "A No Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" and "Más".
P2P and methylamine form an imine intermediate, reduction of this P2P-methylamine imine intermediate is performed using mercury aluminum amalgam as shown in several episodes including "Hazard Pay".
Article: Friends
Section: Season 9

Question: what is the opening to season nine of Friends?

Season nine begins with Ross and Rachel living together as roommates with baby Emma.
Monica and Chandler try to conceive a baby of their own but find out that they are unable to, due to health restrictions.
Phoebe begins dating Mike Hannigan (Paul Rudd), and chooses to be with him over her ex-boyfriend David (Hank Azaria).
Rachel and Emma move in with Joey in the middle of the season, and Rachel develops romantic feelings for him, while the rest of the "friends" try hard to get Ross and Rachel back together.
The group travels to Barbados in the finale to hear Ross give a keynote speech at a palaeontology conference.
Joey and his girlfriend Charlie (Aisha Tyler) break up, and she begins a relationship with Ross.
Joey and Rachel's feelings for each other return, and the finale ends with them kissing.
Article: Human swimming
Section: Sport

Question: What is the common length (in yards) of a pool used for competitive swimming in the USA?

Swimming as a sport predominantly involves competition among participants to be the fastest over a given distance under self propulsion.
Different distances are swum in different levels of competition.
For example, swimming has been part of Olympic Swimming since 1896, and the current program contains events from 50m to 1500m in length, across all four main strokes and medley.
The sport is governed internationally by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), and competition pools for FINA events are 25 or 50 metres in length.
In the United States of America, USA Swimming is the governing body and a pool 25 yards in length is commonly used for competition.
There are other swimming and water related sporting disciplines including diving, synchronised swimming and water polo, as well as sports which include a swimming element, such as triathlon and modern pentathlon.
Article: Nurse Jackie
Section: Abstract

Question: How long ago was the show "Nurse Jackie" first aired?

Nurse Jackie is an American medical dark satirical comedy-drama series.
It premiered on Showtime, Movie Central, and The Movie Network, on June 8, 2009.
The show stars Edie Falco as the title character Jackie Peyton, an emergency department nurse at All Saints' Hospital in New York City.
For Jackie, "every day is a high wire act of juggling patients, doctors, fellow nurses, and her own indiscretions."
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Article: Donatello
Section: Main works

Question: In 1455, Donatello released what famous work of art?

 "St. Mark" (1411–1413), Orsanmichele, Florence
 St. George Tabernacle (c. 1415–1417) — Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence
 "Prophet Habacuc" (1423–1425) — Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence
 "The Feast of Herod" (c. 1425) — Baptismal font, Baptistry of San Giovanni, Siena
 "David" (c. 1425–1430) — Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence
 "Madonna of the Clouds" (c. 1425–35) marble relief, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 "Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata" (1445–1450) — Piazza del Santo, Padua
 "Magdalene Penitent" (c. 1455) — Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence
 "Judith and Holofernes" (1455–1460) — Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
 "Virgin and Child with Four Angels" or "Chellini Madonna" (1456), Victoria and Albert Museum
Article: Somebody That I Used to Know
Section: Track listing

Question: How long is the radio mix of "Somebody That I Used to Know"?

Digital download
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:04
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" (Radio Mix) – 3:33
Digital download – Remix
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:33
7" Vinyl single
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:04
 "Bronte" – 3:13
CD single
 "Somebody That I Used to Know" – 4:04
 "Easy Way Out" – 1:57
Article: How to Survive a Plague
Section: Abstract

Question: What type of movie is How to Survive a Plague?

How to Survive a Plague is a 2012 American documentary film about the early years of the AIDS epidemic, and the efforts of ACT UP and TAG.
It was directed by David France, a journalist who covered AIDS from its beginnings.
For France it was his first film.
He dedicated it to his partner whom he lost to AIDS-related pneumonia in 1992.
The documentary was produced using more than 700 hours of archived footage which included news coverage, interviews as well as film of demonstrations, meetings and conferences taken by ACT UP members themselves.
France says they knew what they were doing was historic, and that many of them would die.
The film, which opened in select theatres across the United States on September 21, 2012, also includes footage of a demonstration during mass at St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1989.
Article: Olympic weightlifting
Section: Equipment

Question: How does the raised heel help?

Olympic weightlifting uses a steel bar with rotating sleeves (also known as a barbell) which hold rubber-coated discs of different weights.
The weight plates, typically referred to as "bumper plates" because of their rubber design, weigh between 0.5kg and 25kg.
These plates are secured to the bar using collars on each sleeve that weigh exactly 2.5kg each.
Lifters typically wear a one-piece, close-fitting leotard often called a singlet.
The wearing of a t-shirt underneath the singlet is optional.
A weightlifting belt of 120mm maximum width may also be worn to provide lower back support.
Perhaps the piece of equipment most peculiar to Olympic weightlifting are the shoes worn by lifters.
Weightlifting shoes are typically designed with a raised heel of 0.5" to 1.5" and one or two metatarsal straps that tighten across the instep of the shoe.
The shoes are designed for maximum stability while remaining flexible in the toebox.
This allows the lifter to come up on their toes and catch the weight on the ball of their back foot during the "jerk" movement of their lift.
The raised heel helps the lifter maintain an upright torso while catching the bar and also allows for a deeper squat under the bar.
Article: Periodic table
Section: Further periodic table extensions

Question: Which scientist theorized that the eighth period of the period table of elements would conform with prior periods?

It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8, or require further adaptations or adjustments.
Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly, so that it would include a two-element s-block for elements 119 and 120, a new g-block for the next 18 elements, and 30 additional elements continuing the current f-, d-, and p-blocks.
More recently, physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule, which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table.