community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Thailand
Section: Military

Question: How much did Thailand spend on military in 2011?

The Royal Thai Armed Forces ( constitute the military of the Kingdom of Thailand.
They consist of the Royal Thai Army (กองทัพบกไทย), the Royal Thai Navy (กองทัพเรือไทย), and the Royal Thai Air Force (กองทัพอากาศไทย).
It also incorporates various paramilitary forces.
Currently, the Royal Thai Armed Forces has a combined manpower of about 800,000 personnel.
The Head of the Thai Armed Forces (จอมทัพไทย, "Chom Thap Thai") is King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), although this position is only nominal.
The Armed Forces is managed by the Ministry of Defence of Thailand, which is headed by the Minister of Defence (a member of the Cabinet of Thailand) and commanded by the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters, which in turn is headed by the Chief of Defence Forces of Thailand.
In 2011, Thailand's known military expenditure totalled approximately US$5.1 billion.
According to the constitution, serving in the Armed Forces is a duty of all Thai citizens.
However, only males over the age of 21, who have not gone through reserve training of the Army Reserve Force Students, are given the option of whether they want to volunteer for the armed forces, or choose the random draft.
The candidates are subjected to varying lengths of training, from six months to two years of full-time service, depending on their education, whether they have partially completed the reserve training course, and whether they volunteered prior to the drafting date (usually 1 April every year).
Candidates with a recognized bachelor's degree will be subjected to one year of full-time service if they chose the random draft, or six months if they volunteer at their respective district office (สัสดี, "satsadi").
Likewise, the training length is also reduced for those who have partially completed the three-year reserve training course (ร.ด., "ro do").
A person who completed one year out of three will only have to serve full-time for one year.
Those who completed two years of reserve training will only have to do six months of full-time training, while those who complete three years or more of reserve training will be exempted entirely.
The Royal Thai Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 18 January, commemorating the victory of King Naresuan the Great in battle against the Crown Prince of Burma in 1593.
Article: Cheese
Section: World production and consumption

Question: Which country produces the most cheese?

Worldwide, cheese is a major agricultural product.
According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, over 20 million metric tons of cheese were produced worldwide in 2011.
This is about three kilograms for each person on Earth.
The largest producer of cheese is the United States, accounting for 26% of world production, followed by Germany and France.
In the U.S., mozzarella and cheddar are by far the top cheese types.
Only Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Australia have a cheese production that is mainly export oriented: respectively 95%, 90%, 72%, and 65% of their cheese production is exported.
Only 35% of French production is exported.
The United States, the biggest world producer of cheese, is a marginal exporter, as most of its production is for the domestic market.
Emmental (used mainly as a cooking ingredient) and Camembert are the most common cheeses in France.
In Iceland, skyr is the most common cheese.
In Greece, feta accounts for three-quarters of this consumption.
In the U.S., the consumption of cheese is quickly increasing and has nearly tripled between 1970 and 2003.
The consumption per person has reached, in 2003, .
Mozzarella is United States's favorite cheese and accounts for nearly a third of its consumption, mainly because it is one of the main ingredients of pizza.
Article: Yogurt
Section: Other fermented dairy products

Question: How many other fermented dairy products are listed?

 Amasi
 Chal
 Curd
 Filmjölk
 Kefir
 Kumis
 Ryazhenka
 Shanklish
 Skyr
 Smetana
 Varenets
 Viili
Article: Indonesia
Section: Etymology

Question: Who was the first Indonesian scholkar to use the nane Indonesia?

The name "Indonesia" derives from the Greek words "Indós" and "nèsos", which means "island".
The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.
In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms "Indunesians" — and, his preference, "Malayunesians" — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".
In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used "Indonesia" as a synonym for "Indian Archipelago".
However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use "Indonesia".
Instead, they used the terms "Malay Archipelago" ("Maleische Archipel"); the "Netherlands East Indies" ("Nederlandsch Oost Indië"), popularly "Indië"; "the East" ("de Oost"); and "Insulinde".
After 1900, the name "Indonesia" became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.
Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book "Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894".
The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name "Indonesisch Pers-bureau" in 1913.
Article: American Revolution
Section: Patriots

Question: What was another name for the American Revolution?

At the time, revolutionaries were called "Patriots", "Whigs", "Congress-men", or "Americans".
They included a full range of social and economic classes, but were unanimous regarding the need to defend the rights of Americans and uphold the principles of republicanism in terms of rejecting monarchy and aristocracy, while emphasizing civic virtue on the part of the citizens.
Newspapers were strongholds of patriotism (although there were a few Loyalist papers), and printed many pamphlets, announcements, patriotic letters and pronouncements.
Mark Lender explores why ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered.
They held very strongly a sense of "rights" that they felt the British were violating – rights that stressed local autonomy, fair dealing, and government by consent.
They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny, which they saw manifested in the British response to the Boston Tea Party.
The arrival in Boston of the British Army heightened their sense of violated rights, leading to rage and demands for revenge.
They had faith that God was on their side.
Article: Golf
Section: Penalties

Question: What penalty will a golfer incur after hitting a golfer's ball during a putt?

Penalties are incurred in certain situations.
They are counted towards a player's score as if there were extra swing(s) at the ball.
Strokes are added for rule infractions or for hitting one's ball into an unplayable situation.
A lost ball or a ball hit out of bounds result in a penalty of one stroke and distance (Rule 27–1).
A one-stroke penalty is assessed if a player's equipment causes the ball to move or the removal of a loose impediment causes the ball to move (Rule 18–2).
If a golfer makes a stroke at the wrong ball (Rule 19–2) or hits a fellow golfer's ball with a putt (Rule 19–5), the player incurs a two-stroke penalty.
Most rule infractions lead to stroke penalties but also can lead to disqualification.
Disqualification could be from cheating, signing for a lower score, or from rule infractions that lead to improper play.
Article: Biology
Section: Cell theory

Question: How do cells duplicate?

Foundations of modern biology.
Cell theory.
Cell theory states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and that all living things are composed of one or more cells or the secreted products of those cells (e.g.
shells).
All cells arise from other cells through cell division.
In multicellular organisms, every cell in the organism's body derives ultimately from a single cell in a fertilized egg.
The cell is also considered to be the basic unit in many pathological processes.
In addition, the phenomenon of energy flow occurs in cells in processes that are part of the function known as metabolism.
Finally, cells contain hereditary information (DNA), which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
Article: The Act of Killing
Section: Top ten lists

Question: When was The Act of Killing released?

"The Act of Killing" has been named as one of the best films of 2013 by various critics:
 1st – "Sight & Sound"
 1st – The Guardian
 1st – LA Weekly
 1st – Nick Schager, "The A.V.
Club"
 2nd – Mark Kermode, "The Observer"
 3rd – David Edelstein, "New York"
 3rd – David Sexton, "London Evening Standard"
 4th – Eric Kohn, "Indiewire"
 4th – People Magazine
 7th – Bill Goodykoontz, "Arizona Republic"
 7th – A.
A. Dowd, "The A.V.
Club"
 7th – David Chen – slashfilm.com "[http://www.slashfilm.com/the-filmcasts-top-10-films-of-2013/]"
 8th – Sam Adams, "The A.V.
Club"
 8th – Ignatiy Vishnevetsky, "The A.V.
Club"
 8th – Richard Corliss, "Time"
 10th – "Time Out London"
 10th – Devindra Hardawar – slashfilm.com "[http://www.slashfilm.com/the-filmcasts-top-10-films-of-2013/]"
Article: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)
Section: Recurring cast

Question: What actor played John Baker in Last Man Standing?

 Jordan Masterson (recurring, season two–present) and Nick Jonas (season one, guest star) as Ryan Vogelson, Boyd's father.
Ryan holds staunchly liberal views both politically and philosophically.
He and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values, especially when it comes to child-rearing.
Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion and patriotism.
His vegan diet, political correctness, views on discipline, and general sensitivity are an affront to Mike's beliefs.
Their relationship and arguments mirror those of Archie Bunker and Mike "Meathead" Stivic on "All in the Family", with the difference that Ryan's liberal views are extreme and comparatively ill-founded, whereas liberal Meathead tended to be the voice of reason.
 Robert Forster as Bud Baxter, Mike's father who is in the construction business.
 Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee (season two–present), Mike and Vanessa's neighbor.
He is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War.
Chuck is an African-American, and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes.
 Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee (season two–present), Chuck's wife and Mike and Vanessa's neighbor.
 Carla Jimenez as Blanca (season two–present), the Baxters' housekeeper.
 Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker (season two–present), Kristin's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works.
 Richard Karn as Bill McKendree (season two), an architect who has had a long-running business relationship with Mike and Outdoor Man.
 Danielle Bisutti as Michelle (season one), Vanessa's friend and next-door neighbor; she is a meteorologist.
Article: World War I
Section: New states under war zone

Question: in what year where the Transcaucasian Federative Republic first created?

In the late spring of 1918, three new states were formed in the South Caucasus: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which declared their independence from the Russian Empire.
Two other minor entities were established, the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic (the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian-British task force in early 1919).
With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917–18, the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance, which commenced in the early months of 1918.
Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918, but this collapsed in May, when the Georgians asked and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance.
Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full-fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks.
Article: The Scream
Section: Sources of inspiration

Question: What was "The Scream"'s original German title?

The original German title given to the work by Munch is "Der Schrei der Natur" ("The Scream of Nature").
The Norwegian word "skrik" usually is translated as "scream", but is cognate with the English "shriek".
Occasionally, the painting also has been called "The Cry".
In his diary in an entry headed, "Nice 22 January 1892", Munch described his inspiration for the image:This memory was later rendered by Munch as a poem, which he hand-painted onto the frame of the 1895 pastel version of the work:Among theories advanced to account for the reddish sky in the background is the artist's memory of the effects of the powerful volcanic eruption of Krakatoa, which deeply tinted sunset skies red in parts of the Western hemisphere for months during 1883 and 1884, about a decade before Munch painted "The Scream".
This explanation has been disputed by scholars, who note that Munch was an expressive painter and was not primarily interested in literal renderings of what he had seen.
Alternatively, it has been suggested that the proximity of both a slaughterhouse and a lunatic asylum to the site depicted in the painting may have offered some inspiration.
The scene was identified as being the view from a road overlooking Oslo, the Oslofjord and Hovedøya, from the hill of Ekeberg.
At the time of painting the work, Munch's manic depressive sister Laura Catherine was a patient at the asylum at the foot of Ekeberg.
In 1978, the Munch scholar Robert Rosenblum suggested that the strange, sexless creature in the foreground of the painting was inspired by a Peruvian mummy, which Munch could have seen at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris.
This mummy, which was buried in a fetal position with its hands alongside its face, also struck the imagination of Munch's friend Paul Gauguin: it stood as a model for the central figure in his painting, "Human misery (Grape harvest at Arles)" and for the old woman at the left in his painting, "Where Do We Come From?
What Are We?
Where Are We Going?".
More recently, an Italian anthropologist speculated that Munch might have seen a mummy in Florence's Museum of Natural History, which bears an even more striking resemblance to the painting.
The imagery of "The Scream" has been compared to that which an individual suffering from depersonalization disorder experiences, a feeling of distortion of the environment and one's self, and also facial pain.
Article: Photoelectric effect
Section: Three-step model

Question: From whence do electrons escape?

In the X-ray regime, the photoelectric effect in crystalline material is often decomposed into three steps:
 Inner photoelectric effect (see photodiode below).
The hole left behind can give rise to auger effect, which is visible even when the electron does not leave the material.
In molecular solids phonons are excited in this step and may be visible as lines in the final electron energy.
The inner photoeffect has to be dipole allowed.
The transition rules for atoms translate via the tight-binding model onto the crystal.
They are similar in geometry to plasma oscillations in that they have to be transversal.
 Ballistic transport of half of the electrons to the surface.
Some electrons are scattered.
 Electrons escape from the material at the surface.
In the three-step model, an electron can take multiple paths through these three steps.
All paths can interfere in the sense of the path integral formulation.
For surface states and molecules the three-step model does still make some sense as even most atoms have multiple electrons which can scatter the one electron leaving.
Article: Hersheypark
Section: Regional competition

Question: Is there an amusement park in Lancaster, Pennsylvania?

Regional competition includes:
DelGrosso's Amusement Park, located in Tipton, Pennsylvania
Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, located near Allentown, Pennsylvania
Kennywood Park, located near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Knoebels Amusement Resort, located in Elysburg, Pennsylvania
Six Flags America, located near Baltimore, Maryland
Six Flags Great Adventure, located in Jackson, New Jersey
Dutch Wonderland, located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Sesame Place, located in Langhorne, Pennsylvania
Article: South Park
Section: Recognitions and awards

Question: How many times was "South Park" nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program

In 2004, Channel 4 voted "South Park" the third-greatest cartoon of all time.
In 2007, "Time" magazine included the show on its list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time", proclaiming it as "America's best source of rapid-fire satire for past decade".
The same year, "Rolling Stone" declared it to be the funniest show on television since its debut 10 years prior.
In 2008, "South Park" was named the 12th-greatest TV show of the past 25 years by "Entertainment Weekly", while AOL declared it as having the "most astute" characters of any show in history when naming it the 16th-best television comedy series of all time.
In 2011, "South Park" was voted number one in the "25 Greatest Animated TV Series" poll by "Entertainment Weekly".
The character of Cartman ranked 10th on TV Guide's 2002 list of the "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters", 198th on VH1's "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons", 19th on Bravo's "100 Greatest TV Characters" television special in 2004, and second on MSNBC's 2005 list of TV's scariest characters behind Mr. Burns from "The Simpsons".
In 2006, Comedy Central received a Peabody Award for "South Park"'s "stringent social commentary" and "undeniably fearless lampooning of all that is self-important and hypocritical in American life".
In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked "South Park" at number 63 among the "101 Best-Written Shows Ever".
Also in 2013, TV Guide listed the show at number 10 among the "60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time".
"South Park" won the CableACE Award for Best Animated Series in 1997, the last year the awards were given out.
In 1998, "South Park" was nominated for the Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program.
It was also nominated for the 1998 GLAAD Award for Outstanding TV – Individual Episode for "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride".
"South Park" has been nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ten times (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2013).
The show has won the award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour) four times, for the 2005 episode "Best Friends Forever", the 2006 episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft", the 2009 episode "Margaritaville", and the 2012 episode "Raising the Bar".
The Imaginationland trilogy of episodes won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour Or More) in 2008.
Article: Enough Said (film)
Section: Top 10 Lists

Question: What is the name of film Dana Stevens put in her Top 10?

Many top critics have listed the film among their 10 best of the year.
 Bill Goodykoontz, "Arizona Republic": 6th
 Chris Nashawaty, "Entertainment Weekly": 6th
 David Sexton, "Evening Standard" (London): 7th
 Brian Johnson, "Maclean's": 8th
 Connie Ogle, "Miami Herald": 5th
 A. O. Scott, "New York Times": 4th
 Steven Rea, "Philadelphia Inquirer": Top 10
 Moira MacDonald, "Seattle Times": Top 10
 Dana Stevens, "Slate": Top 10
 Anne Thompson, "Thompson on Hollywood": 8th
 Mara Reinstein, "Us Weekly": 4th
 Claudia Puig, "USA Today": Top 10
 Richard Lawson, "Vanity Fair": 8th
 Ann Hornday, "Washington Post": 4th
Article: Donatello
Section: In Padua

Question: When did Donatello create his reliefs of St. Anthony?

In 1443, Donatello was called to Padua by the heirs of the famous condottiero Erasmo da Narni, who had died that year.
Completed in 1450 and placed in the square facing the Basilica of St. Anthony, his equestrian statue of Erasmo (better known as the "Gattamelata", or "Honey-Cat") was the first example of such a monument since ancient times.
(Other equestrian statues, from the 14th century, had not been executed in bronze and had been placed over tombs rather than erected independently, in a public place.)
This work became the prototype for other equestrian monuments executed in Italy and Europe in the following centuries.
For the Basilica of St. Anthony, Donatello created, most famously, the bronze Crucifix of 1444–1447 and additional statues for the choir, including a "Madonna with Child" and six saints, constituting a Holy Conversation, which is no longer visible since the renovation by Camillo Boito in 1895.
The "Madonna with Child" portrays the Child being displayed to the faithful, on a throne flanked by two sphinxes, allegorical figures of knowledge.
On the throne's back is a relief of Adam and Eve.
During this period—1446–50—Donatello also executed four extremely important reliefs with scenes from the life of St. Anthony for the high altar.
Article: Chernobyl disaster
Section: Rivers, lakes and reservoirs

Question: The Kiev water supply was switched to the Desna River how many months after the Chernobyl disaster?

Residual radioactivity in the environment.
Rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located next to the Pripyat River, which feeds into the Dnieper reservoir system, one of the largest surface water systems in Europe, which at the time supplied water to Kiev's 2.4 million residents, and was still in spring flood when the accident occurred.
The radioactive contamination of aquatic systems therefore became a major problem in the immediate aftermath of the accident.
In the most affected areas of Ukraine, levels of radioactivity (particularly from radionuclides 131I, 137Cs and 90Sr) in drinking water caused concern during the weeks and months after the accident, though officially it was stated that all contaminants had settled to the bottom "in an insoluble phase" and would not dissolve for 800–1,000 years.
Guidelines for levels of radioiodine in drinking water were temporarily raised to 3,700 Bq/L, allowing most water to be reported as safe, and a year after the accident it was announced that even the water of the Chernobyl plant's cooling pond was within acceptable norms.
Despite this, two months after the disaster the Kiev water supply was abruptly switched from the Dnieper to the Desna River.
Meanwhile, massive silt traps were constructed, along with an enormous 30m-deep underground barrier to prevent groundwater from the destroyed reactor entering the Pripyat River.
Bio-accumulation of radioactivity in fish resulted in concentrations (both in western Europe and in the former Soviet Union) that in many cases were significantly above guideline maximum levels for consumption.
Guideline maximum levels for radiocaesium in fish vary from country to country but are approximately 1,000 Bq/kg in the European Union.
In the Kiev Reservoir in Ukraine, concentrations in fish were several thousand Bq/kg during the years after the accident.
In small "closed" lakes in Belarus and the Bryansk region of Russia, concentrations in a number of fish species varied from 100 to 60,000 Bq/kg during the period 1990–92.
The contamination of fish caused short-term concern in parts of the UK and Germany and in the long term (years rather than months) in the affected areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia as well as in parts of Scandinavia.