community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Thermodynamics
Section: States and processes

Question: The founders of thermodynamics preferred which approach to thermodynamic reasoning?

There are three fundamental kinds of entity in thermodynamics, states of a system, processes of a system, and thermodynamic operations.
This allows three fundamental approaches to thermodynamic reasoning, that in terms of states of thermodynamic equilibrium of a system, and that in terms of time-invariant processes of a system, and that in terms of cyclic processes of a system.
The approach through states of thermodynamic equilibrium of a system requires a full account of the state of the system as well as a notion of process from one state to another of a system, but may require only an idealized or partial account of the state of the surroundings of the system or of other systems.
The method of description in terms of states of thermodynamic equilibrium has limitations.
For example, processes in a region of turbulent flow, or in a burning gas mixture, or in a Knudsen gas may be beyond "the province of thermodynamics".
This problem can sometimes be circumvented through the method of description in terms of cyclic or of time-invariant flow processes.
This is part of the reason why the founders of thermodynamics often preferred the cyclic process description.
Approaches through processes of time-invariant flow of a system are used for some studies.
Some processes, for example Joule-Thomson expansion, are studied through steady-flow experiments, but can be accounted for by distinguishing the steady bulk flow kinetic energy from the internal energy, and thus can be regarded as within the scope of classical thermodynamics defined in terms of equilibrium states or of cyclic processes.
Other flow processes, for example thermoelectric effects, are essentially defined by the presence of differential flows or diffusion so that they cannot be adequately accounted for in terms of equilibrium states or classical cyclic processes.
The notion of a cyclic process does not require a full account of the state of the system, but does require a full account of how the process occasions transfers of matter and energy between the principal system (which is often called the "working body") and its surroundings, which must include at least two heat reservoirs at different known and fixed temperatures, one hotter than the principal system and the other colder than it, as well as a reservoir that can receive energy from the system as work and can do work on the system.
The reservoirs can alternatively be regarded as auxiliary idealized component systems, alongside the principal system.
Thus an account in terms of cyclic processes requires at least four contributory component systems.
The independent variables of this account are the amounts of energy that enter and leave the idealized auxiliary systems.
In this kind of account, the working body is often regarded as a "black box", and its own state is not specified.
In this approach, the notion of a properly numerical scale of empirical temperature is a presupposition of thermodynamics, not a notion constructed by or derived from it.
Article: Nurse Jackie
Section: Abstract

Question: Who does Jackie have to juggle daily?

Nurse Jackie is an American medical dark satirical comedy-drama series.
It premiered on Showtime, Movie Central, and The Movie Network, on June 8, 2009.
The show stars Edie Falco as the title character Jackie Peyton, an emergency department nurse at All Saints' Hospital in New York City.
For Jackie, "every day is a high wire act of juggling patients, doctors, fellow nurses, and her own indiscretions."
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Article: Anatomy
Section: Bird anatomy

Question: Are there teeth in the beak of a bird?

Birds are tetrapods but though their hind limbs are used for walking or hopping, their front limbs are wings covered with feathers and adapted for flight.
Birds are endothermic, have a high metabolic rate, a light skeletal system and powerful muscles.
The long bones are thin, hollow and very light.
Air sac extensions from the lungs occupy the centre of some bones.
The sternum is wide and usually has a keel and the caudal vertebrae are fused.
There are no teeth and the narrow jaws are adapted into a horn-covered beak.
The eyes are relatively large, particularly in nocturnal species such as owls.
They face forwards in predators and sideways in ducks.
The feathers are outgrowths of the epidermis and are found in localized bands from where they fan out over the skin.
Large flight feathers are found on the wings and tail, contour feathers cover the bird's surface and fine down occurs on young birds and under the contour feathers of water birds.
The only cutaneous gland is the single uropygial gland near the base of the tail.
This produces an oily secretion that waterproofs the feathers when the bird preens.
There are scales on the legs and feet and claws on the tips of the toes.
Article: Silver Linings Playbook
Section: Casting

Question: Which character was originally supposed to be a goth?

Russell initially intended to make the film with Vince Vaughn and Zooey Deschanel, but went on to make "The Fighter" instead.
Mark Wahlberg was set to work with Russell for the fourth time but had to drop out after delays in production created a scheduling conflict.
Russell had planned to work with Bradley Cooper on an adaptation of "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies", but that fell through.
Cooper's performance in "Wedding Crashers" impressed Russell, who noted his "good bad-guy energy", saying "You're not sure where he's coming from."
Cooper told Russell "he had been heavier and angrier and more fearful" at the time of that performance and had drawn on those feelings for it.
Russell was excited that Cooper would bring those qualities to Pat Solatano.
Anne Hathaway was cast as Tiffany Maxwell but due to scheduling conflicts with "The Dark Knight Rises" and creative differences with Russell, she dropped out.
Other actresses who were considered for the part included Elizabeth Banks, Kirsten Dunst, Angelina Jolie, Blake Lively, Rooney Mara, Rachel McAdams, Andrea Riseborough and Olivia Wilde.
Russell did not believe Lawrence was suitable for the role and her audition was only a formality.
He thought Lawrence (21 at the time of filming) was too young to play against Cooper (37), but her audition changed his mind.
"There's an expressiveness in her eyes and in her face, that many stars have to work for, that's ageless," he said.
Russell compares Lawrence to the character Tiffany, describing her as confident but one of the least neurotic people he knows, with the confidence and glimpses of vulnerability needed to play Tiffany.
Tiffany went through several iterations.
She was initially meant to be a goth.
Lawrence dyed her hair black and did test shoots in heavy goth makeup, but Harvey Weinstein balked at this.
The character remained messed-up yet confident, with small goth touches such as the dark hair and a cross.
To her surprise Russell asked Lawrence to put on weight for the role.
Russell also convinced her to speak in a lower register, despite Lawrence thinking her naturally low voice makes her sound like a "chain-smoking hermit.
"According to "Entertainment Weekly", Lawrence said she didn't have a handle on Tiffany at first, which was what excited her about the role.
"She was just a character I 100 percent did not understand at all... She's like, 'I'm messed up, I'm not like everybody else, I've got issues.
Take it or leave it because I like myself.
Lawrence and Cooper had no previous dance experience.
In less than a month, Mandy Moore, a choreographer for "So You Think You Can Dance", taught them the dance sequences.
Moore describes Cooper as having "some real natural dancing ability" and Lawrence joked that before training began, she was a bad dancer, "like I'm a dad at a prom."
Lawrence said of the climactic ballroom dance, "None of that was improvised, absolutely not.
I'm a terrible dancer, so I would never have been able to do any of that.
When it finally came together, that scene really was just as fun as it feels."
Article: Biochemistry
Section: Starting materials: the chemical elements of life

Question: How many elements make up 99% of the mass of a human body?

Around two dozen of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements are essential to various kinds of biological life.
Most rare elements on Earth are not needed by life (exceptions being selenium and iodine), while a few common ones (aluminum and titanium) are not used.
Most organisms share element needs, but there are a few differences between plants and animals.
For example ocean algae use bromine but land plants and animals seem to need none.
All animals require sodium, but some plants do not.
Plants need boron and silicon, but animals may not (or may need ultra-small amounts).
Just six elements—carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, and phosphorus—make up almost 99% of the mass of a human body (see composition of the human body for a complete list).
In addition to the six major elements that compose most of the human body, humans require smaller amounts of possibly 18 more.
Article: I Want to Hold Your Hand
Section: Background and composition

Question: Who taught the oboe in the "small, rather stuffy music room" in the basement where Lennon and McCartney sat at the piano and composed 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'?

Although it is said that Brian Epstein had encouraged Lennon and McCartney to write a song to appeal to American listeners this has been denied by George Martin.
McCartney had recently moved into 57 Wimpole Street, London, where he was living as a guest of Dr Richard and Margaret Asher, whose daughter, actress Jane Asher, had become McCartney’s girlfriend after meeting him earlier in the year.
This location briefly became Lennon and McCartney's new writing base, taking over from McCartney’s Forthlin Road home in Liverpool.
Margaret Asher taught the oboe in the "small, rather stuffy music room" in the basement where Lennon and McCartney sat at the piano and composed 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'.
In September 1980, Lennon told "Playboy" magazine:In 1994, McCartney agreed with Lennon's description of the circumstances surrounding the composition of "I Want to Hold Your Hand", saying:
Article: Pho
Section: From Cantonese

Question: Who originally ate Pho?

Hue and Eugèn Gouin (1957) both define ' by itself as an abbreviation of '.
Elucidating on the 1931 dictionary, Gouin and Lê Ngọc Trụ (1970) both give ' as a corruption of ' (), which was commonly sold by Chinese immigrants in Hanoi.
Some scholars argue that pho (the dish) evolved from ', a Vietnamese dish common in Hanoi at the turn of the century.
Originally eaten by commoners near the Red River, it consisted of stir fried strips of water buffalo meat served in broth atop rice vermicelli.
Around 1908–1909, the shipping industry brought an influx of laborers.
Vietnamese and Chinese cooks set up ' to serve them ' but later switched to inexpensive scraps of beef set aside by butchers who sold to the French.
Chinese vendors advertised this ' by crying out, "Beef and noodles!"
().
Eventually the street cry became "Meat and noodles!"
(), with the last syllable elongated.
The French author Jean Marquet spells it "!"
in his 1919 novel "Du village-à-la cité".
This is likely what the Vietnamese poet Tản Đà calls "" in "" ("Gambling"), written around 1915–1917.
Article: Disney California Adventure
Section: Buena Vista Street

Question: What is Buena Vista Street?

Buena Vista Street is the first "themed district" inside the main entrance of California Adventure Park, taking its name from the Burbank street on which the Walt Disney Studios are located.
Guests enter through the main entrance gate, which resembles the landmark Pan-Pacific Auditorium.
Buena Vista Street includes an immersive recreation of early 1920s Los Angeles when Walt Disney first arrived with Mission and Art Deco facades housing shops and restaurants.
A recreation of Carthay Circle Theater, which showcased the world premiere of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" in 1937 sits at the end of the street, serving as the visual anchor for the district.
The narrow gauge Red Car Trolley travels from the entry, up Buena Vista Street to Carthay Circle, then down Hollywood Boulevard towards the Tower of Terror.
Buena Vista Street was opened to the public on June 15, 2012.
Article: Ski jumping
Section: Female

Question: What is the first name of the female ski jumper whose last name was Hafele?

 Sarah Hendrickson
 Sara Takanashi
 Anette Sagen
 Eva Ganster
 Lindsey Van
 Jessica Jerome
 Daniela Iraschko
 Elena Runggaldier
 Evelyn Insam
 Lisa Demetz
 Coline Mattel
 Anna Hafele
 Magdalena Schnurr
 Ulrike Grässler
 Line Jahr
 Jacqueline Seifriedsberger
 Juliane Seyfarth
 Eva Logar
 Maja Vtič
 Anja Tepeš
 Špela Rogelj
 Katja Požun
 Urša Bogataj
Article: Austria
Section: Middle Ages

Question: How long was the rule of Albert V of Austria

In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria.
In 1438 Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund.
Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.
The Habsburgs began also to accumulate lands far from the hereditary lands.
In 1477 Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family.
His son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, and thus acquired Spain and its Italian, African and New World appendages for the Habsburgs.
In 1526 following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule.
Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the so-called Long War of 1593 to 1606.
The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly twenty times; burning, pillaging, and taking thousands ofslaves.
Article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Section: Reaction to the assassination

Question: How did the world react after John F Kennedy's assassination.

The assassination evoked stunned reactions worldwide.
Before the President's death was announced, the first hour after the shooting was a time of great confusion.
Taking place during the Cold War, it was at first unclear whether the shooting might be part of a larger attack upon the U.S., and whether Vice-President Lyndon Johnson, who had been riding two cars behind in the motorcade, was safe.
The news shocked the nation.
People wept openly and gathered in department stores to watch the television coverage, while others prayed.
Traffic in some areas came to a halt as the news spread from car to car.
Schools across the U.S. dismissed their students early.
Anger against Texas and Texans was reported from some individuals.
Various Cleveland Browns fans, for example, carried signs at the next Sunday's home game against the Dallas Cowboys decrying the city of Dallas as having "killed the President".
The event left a lasting impression on many Americans.
As with the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor before it and the September 11, 2001 attacks after it, asking "Where were you when you heard about President Kennedy's assassination" would become a common topic of discussion.
Article: Captain Phillips (film)
Section: Critical reception

Question: During which festival did Captain Phillips open?

"Captain Phillips" premiered on September 28, 2013, opening the 2013 New York Film Festival.
The film was praised for its direction, screenplay, production values, cinematography, and the performances of Tom Hanks and Barkhad Abdi.
"Captain Phillips" received widespread critical acclaim.
Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a 93% approval critic response based on 235 reviews, with a "Certified Fresh" and an average score of 8.3/10.
The site's consensus reads: "Smart, powerfully acted, and incredibly intense, "Captain Phillips" offers filmgoers a Hollywood biopic done right—and offers Tom Hanks a showcase for yet another brilliant performance."
Metacritic gives the film a score of 83/100 based on 48 reviews of a "Universal Acclaim".
The film was nominated for 4 Golden Globes, including Best Picture (Drama), Best Actor in a Drama (Hanks), Best Supporting Actor (Abdi) and Best Director (Greengrass).
It did not win in any of the categories.
The film was also nominated for 9 BAFTA Awards, including Best Film, Best Director (Greengrass), Best Actor (Hanks), Best Supporting Actor (Abdi) and Best Adapted Screenplay.
Abdi won the film's only BAFTA for Best Supporting Actor.
The film was also nominated for six Academy Awards; Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Abdi), Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing.
It did not win in any of the categories.
Article: Central Park
Section: 1900–1960

Question: Why was there a lack of interest in Tammany Hall political machine?

Following completion, the park quickly slipped into decline.
One of the main reasons for this was the lack of interest of the Tammany Hall political machine, which was the largest political force in New York at the time.
Around the turn of the 20th century, the park faced several new challenges.
Cars were becoming commonplace, bringing with them their burden of pollution, and people's attitudes were beginning to change.
No longer were parks to be used only for walks and picnics in an idyllic environment, but now also for sports, and similar recreation.
Following the dissolution of the Central Park Commission in 1870 and Andrew Green's departure from the project, and the death of Vaux in 1895, the maintenance effort gradually declined, and there were few, if any, attempts to replace dead trees, bushes and plants, or worn-out lawn.
For several decades, authorities did little or nothing to prevent vandalism and the littering of the park.
All of this changed in 1934, when Republican Fiorello La Guardia was elected mayor of New York City and unified the five park-related departments then in existence.
Robert Moses was given the task of cleaning up the park.
Moses, about to become one of the mightiest men in New York City, took over what was essentially a relic, a leftover from a bygone era.
According to historian Robert Caro in his 1974 book "The Power Broker":
"Lawns, unseeded, were expanses of bare earth, decorated with scraggly patches of grass and weeds, that became dust holes in dry weather and mud holes in wet….
The once beautiful Mall looked like a scene of a wild party the morning after.
Benches lay on their backs, their legs jabbing at the sky..."
In a single year, Moses managed to clean up Central Park and other parks in New York City.
Lawns and flowers were replanted, dead trees and bushes were replaced, walls were sandblasted, and bridges repaired.
Another dramatic change was Moses's removal of the "Hoover Valley" shantytown, whose site was transformed into the Great Lawn.
Major redesigning and construction also was carried out: for instance, the Croton Lower Reservoir was filled in so the Great Lawn could be created.
The Greensward Plan's purpose of creating an idyllic landscape was combined with Moses' vision of a park to be used for recreational purposes—19 playgrounds, 12 ball fields, and handball courts were constructed.
Moses also managed to secure funds from the New Deal program, as well as donations from the public.
Article: Party Rock Anthem
Section: Background

Question: Who was in the music video for "Party Rock Anthem"?

Music video.
The music video was released on March 8, 2011 and was produced by the two members of LMFAO, Redfoo and SkyBlu, with the assistance of Shinzu Ai.
It was choreographed by, and featured, Quest Crew members Hokuto Konishi, Victor Kim, Ryan Conferido, Steve Terada, Aris Paracuelles, Brian Hirano and Ryan Feng.
The video is a parody of the 2002 horror film "28 Days Later".
Lauren Bennett, featured in the song, also appeared in the music video.
Director Mickey Finnegan described the concept: "there's been an epidemic, the world has gone crazy, as soon as the song came out, everyone got possessed and all they want to do is to shuffle, everyone is a shuffler."
The video features the dancers performing the Melbourne Shuffle, which quickly gained popularity in the United States.
Article: Golden Gate Park
Section: Homeless camps

Question: Who sought to borrow Oakland's helicopters to search for homeless camps?

The City of San Francisco has sometimes grappled with what to do about camps of homeless people living in Golden Gate Park, which have been criticized as unsanitary, and "demoralizing" for park users and workers.
The camps have been described by journalists as full of garbage, broken glass, hypodermic needles, and human excrement, and the people in them are described as suffering from serious addictions and often behaving aggressively with police and park gardeners.
There have been occasional incidents of violence against homeless people in the park, including the 2010 park beating to death of a homeless man and an attack on park visitors by dogs owned by a park resident, also in 2010.
In the 1990s, then-Mayor Willie Brown sought unsuccessfully to borrow the Oakland Police Department's helicopters in order to find homeless people's camps.
Starting in 1988 under then-mayor Art Agnos, and continuing under the direction of subsequent mayors including Frank Jordan, Willie Brown, and Gavin Newsom, San Francisco police have conducted intermittent sweeps of the park aimed at eliminating the camps.
Tactics have included information campaigns designed to inform homeless residents about city services available to help them; waking sleeping homeless people and making them leave the park; issuing citations for infractions and misdemeanors such as camping, trespassing, or public intoxication, which carry penalties of $75 to $100; and the seizure and removal from the park of homeless people's possessions.
The crackdowns have been criticized by anti-poverty activists and civil liberties groups, who say they attack only the symptoms of homelessness while ignoring its root causes, and criminalize the poor for their poverty while ignoring their property rights and constitutional rights.
In 2006, the American Civil Liberties Union brought a lawsuit against the city government on behalf of 10 homeless people, alleging property violations by the city during sweeps in Golden Gate Park the year before.
Article: Shabu-shabu
Section: History

Question: What is the origin of the food, Shabu-shabu?

"Shabu-shabu" was introduced in Japan in the 20th century with the opening of the restaurant "Suehiro"[http://www.e-suehiro.com/history/] in Osaka, where the name was invented.
Its origins are traced back to the Chinese hot pot known as "shuan yang rou".
"Shabu-shabu" is most similar to the original Chinese version when compared to other Japanese dishes ("nabemono") such as "sukiyaki" .
Suehiro registered the name as a trademark in 1955.
Together with "sukiyaki", "shabu-shabu" is a common dish in tourist hot-spots, especially in Tokyo, but also in local Japanese neighborhoods (colloquially called "Little Tokyos") in countries such as the United States and Canada.