community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Telescope
Section: History

Question: What year brought the first recorded use of a telescope?

The earliest recorded working telescopes were the refracting telescopes that appeared in the Netherlands in 1608.
Their development is credited to three individuals: Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, who were spectacle makers in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar.
Galileo heard about the Dutch telescope in June 1609, built his own within a month, and greatly improved upon the design in the following year.
The idea that the objective, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope.
The potential advantages of using parabolic mirrors—reduction of spherical aberration and no chromatic aberration—led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build reflecting telescopes.
In 1668, Isaac Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the Newtonian reflector.
The invention of the achromatic lens in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes.
Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing speculum metal mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857, and aluminized mirrors in 1932.
The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40 inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors.
The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10 m (33 feet).
The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of wavelengths from radio to gamma-rays.
The first purpose built radio telescope went into operation in 1937.
Since then, a tremendous variety of complex astronomical instruments have been developed.
Article: Epcot
Section: Future World

Question: What is Future World's iconic landmark?

Future World consists of a variety of pavilions that explore innovative aspects and applications including technology and science.
Future World also serves as the park's main entrance and features the park's iconic landmark, Spaceship Earth, a large geodesic sphere structure which houses a themed attraction inside.
Originally, each pavilion of Future World featured a unique circular logo which was featured on park signage and the attractions themselves.
The logos, including that of Epcot itself, have been phased out over recent years, but some remnants still remain scattered throughout the park, the pavilions are now instead identified by name and recognized by the main attraction(s) housed inside.
The various pavilions located in Future World include the following:
Spaceship Earth
Innoventions East
Innoventions West
Universe of Energy
Test Track
The Seas with Nemo and Friends
The Land
Imagination!
Wonders of Life/Festival Center (Seasonal Operation)
Article: Wakeboarding
Section: Fins and placement

Question: What happens when you place the fins closer to the centre of the wakeboard?

The closer the fins are placed towards the centre of the wakeboard, the quicker and better the wakeboard releases from the wake.
The farther out towards the tip and tail they are placed, the longer the wakeboard will stay hooked into the wake and it won’t release as well.
Long based finsTheir effect is almost the same as a short fin with a long base because they have a similar amount of surface area.
Long-based fins release better, give the wakeboard a loose, snowboard-like feel when riding flat through the water, and they hold up better on rails and ramps.
Moulded finsThese are just big channels in the board that act like fins and hold up on rails and ramps.
Moulded fins are slippery, but most boards have a removable centre fin.
Multi-finned set-upsThese capture the maximum edge hold and aggressiveness into the wake and through the wake.
Canted side finsThese are fins that lean out on an angle.
These fins are not as active when the wakeboard is riding flat through the water, but the more the rider leans on edge, the more the wakeboard hooks up.
The inside fin digs while the outside lifts, creating leverage to help the wakeboard edge hard.
Great for 50-50 grinds, nose presses and tail presses.
Cupped side finsThey have the same effect as canted fins but add more of a push-pull effect.
The cupped fin allows for the use of a smaller fin but still gets the hold of a bigger fin due to the increased surface area of the cupped side of the fin.
These fins are very deceiving – they look small and loose but really aren’t.
No FinsSome riders prefer to ride finless, as some boards are specifically designed for cable parks or other uses, some uses of which can benefit from a finless design.
Article: Prison Break
Section: Home media

Question: Which television show was first to be released on Blu-ray by Fox?

The DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets of each season were released after their television broadcast in various regions.
At the 2006 International Consumer Electronics Show, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced that the complete first season of "Prison Break" was to be released on Blu-ray in early 2007.
The release date was later announced to be November 13, 2007 and "Prison Break" became the first television show to be released on Blu-ray Disc by Fox.
The Blu-ray box set contains six discs and includes all the DVD box set's special features.
A DVD set containing the first three seasons was released on May 19, 2008 in Region 2.
The television movie, "", was included in the Season 4 set in Regions 2 and 4, but was released separately in Region 1.
"The Final Break" was later released separately in Regions 2 and 4.
In France, Germany and the United Kingdom, a Blu-ray package of all four seasons including "The Final Break" has been released.
Over a year after its initial release, Season 4 was later re-issued in Region 4 without "The Final Break" included.
Article: Peking duck
Section: Reheating

Question: What material is used for the last rinse of the duck?

Whole Peking Ducks can be ordered as takeaways.
The ducks can be reheated at home with an oven, grill or boiling oil.
When an oven is used, the duck is heated at a temperature of 150 °C (300 °F) for 20 minutes, and then at 160 °C (325 °F) for another 10 minutes.
The grilling method involves filling the duck with boiling water before placing it on a griddle, 70 cm (28 in) above the cooking fire.
The boiling water is replaced every 3–4 minutes until the duck's skin is piping hot.
To reheat the Peking Duck with oil, the duck is sliced into thin pieces and placed in a strainer held over a wok of boiling oil.
The duck is then rinsed several times with the oil.
Article: Marshall Plan
Section: The Speech

Question: Who did Marshall address?

After the adjournment of the Moscow conference following six weeks of failed discussions with the Soviets regarding a potential German reconstruction, the United States concluded that a solution could not wait any longer.
To clarify the US's position, a major address by Secretary of State George Marshall was planned.
Marshall gave the address to the graduating class of Harvard University on June 5, 1947.
Standing on the steps of Memorial Church in Harvard Yard, he offered American aid to promote European recovery and reconstruction.
The speech described the dysfunction of the European economy and presented a rationale for US aid.
The modern system of the division of labor upon which the exchange of products is based is in danger of breaking down.
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Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all.
It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health to the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace.
Our policy is not directed against any country, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.
Any government that is willing to assist in recovery will find full co-operation on the part of the USA.
Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.
Marshall was convinced that economic stability would provide political stability in Europe.
He offered aid, but the European countries had to organize the program themselves.
The speech, written by Charles Bohlen, contained virtually no details and no numbers.
More a proposal than a plan, it was presented vaguely and made little impact in America.
Eight weeks after the Harvard speech, the State Department wrote in a confidential memorandum that "The Marshall Plan has been compared to a flying saucer — nobody knows what it looks like, how big it is, in what direction it is moving, or whether it really exists."
The most important element of the speech was the call for the Europeans to meet and create their own plan for rebuilding Europe, and that the United States would then fund this plan.
The administration felt that the plan would likely be unpopular among many Americans, and the speech was mainly directed at a European audience.
In an attempt to keep the speech out of American papers journalists were not contacted, and on the same day Truman called a press conference to take away headlines.
In contrast, Dean Acheson, an Under Secretary of State, was dispatched to contact the European media, especially the British media, and the speech was read in its entirety on the BBC.
Article: Gravity (film)
Section: Cast

Question: Who played Lieutenant Matt Kowalski?

 Sandra Bullock as Dr. Ryan Stone, a medical engineer and mission specialist who is on her first space mission.
 George Clooney as Lieutenant Matt Kowalski; the commander of the team.
Kowalski is a veteran astronaut planning to retire after the "Explorer" expedition.
He enjoys telling stories about himself and joking with his team, and is determined to protect the lives of his fellow astronauts.
 Ed Harris (voice) as Mission Control in Houston, Texas.
 Orto Ignatiussen (voice) as Aningaaq, a Greenlandic Inuit fisherman who intercepts one of Stone's transmissions.
Aningaaq also appears in a self-titled short written and directed by "Gravity" co-writer Jonás Cuarón, which depicts the conversation between him and Stone from his perspective.
 Phaldut Sharma (voice) as Shariff Dasari, the flight engineer on board the "Explorer".
 Amy Warren (voice) as the captain of "Explorer".
 Basher Savage (voice) as the captain of the International Space Station.
Article: Sistine Chapel ceiling
Section: In popular culture

Question: How long did it take the Sistine chapel to fall?

In many works, the painting of God and Adam are parodied.
See The Creation of Adam for more.
In the film "2012", the entire College of Cardinals are seen praying silently under the ceiling.
The ceiling then starts to crack, commencing at the point where God's and Adam's fingers nearly touch, dividing the two.
In "", the Sistine chapel is seen falling after 500 years.
In Pastafarianism, a parody of the painting is shown as the Flying Spaghetti Monster reaching a noodly appendage out to Adam.
Playwright Neil Simon's quote about the Sistine floor-"If no one took any risks, Michaelangelo would have painted the Sistine floor.
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The 1965 film "The Agony and the Ecstasy" features the story of Michelangelo and his travails in painting the Sistine Chapel.
He is portrayed in the film by Charlton Heston.
In the 2009 film "Angels & Demons" and also in the 2000 book on which the film is based, the chapel is featured throughout the story.
Article: Stone Mountain
Section: Places of interest

Question: Number of historic sites at  Antebellum Plantation and Farmyard museum?

Confederate Hall, operated directly by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association or SMMA, is a museum that educates students and park guests on the geology and ecology of Stone Mountain as well as historical aspects of the area.
A small theater shows a historical documentary about the Civil War in Georgia called "The Battle for Georgia".
The education department is host to thousands of students each school year teaching the subjects of geology, ecology, and history.
Classes are designed to meet the Georgia Performance Standards and the North American Association for Environmental Education guidelines.
The Antebellum Plantation and Farmyard is an open air museum composed of 19 historic buildings, built between 1790 and 1875, which have been re-erected to the site to represent a pre-Civil War Georgia plantation.
The historic houses have been furnished with an extensive collection of period furniture and decorations.
The farm features live animals that guests can pet.
A 732-bell carillon that originated at the 1964 New York World's Fair, provides a daily concert.
A covered bridge, dating from 1892, which originally spanned the Oconee River in Athens, Georgia.
A grist mill, dating from 1869 and moved to the park in 1965.
Article: Yeast
Section: Wine

Question: For what reason is pure yeast cultures added to the must?

Yeast is used in winemaking, where it converts the sugars present in grape juice (must) into ethanol.
Yeast is normally already present on grape skins.
Fermentation can be done with this endogenous "wild yeast," but this procedure gives unpredictable results, which depend upon the exact types of yeast species present.
For this reason, a pure yeast culture is usually added to the must; this yeast quickly dominates the fermentation.
The wild yeasts are repressed, which ensures a reliable and predictable fermentation.
Most added wine yeasts are strains of "S. cerevisiae", though not all strains of the species are suitable.
Different "S. cerevisiae" yeast strains have differing physiological and fermentative properties, therefore the actual strain of yeast selected can have a direct impact on the finished wine.
Significant research has been undertaken into the development of novel wine yeast strains that produce atypical flavour profiles or increased complexity in wines.
The growth of some yeasts, such as "Zygosaccharomyces" and "Brettanomyces", in wine can result in wine faults and subsequent spoilage.
"Brettanomyces" produces an array of metabolites when growing in wine, some of which are volatile phenolic compounds.
Together, these compounds are often referred to as ""Brettanomyces" character", and are often described as "antiseptic" or "barnyard" type aromas.
"Brettanomyces" is a significant contributor to wine faults within the wine industry.
Researchers from University of British Columbia, Canada, have found a new strain of yeast that has reduced amines.
The amines in red wine and Chardonnay produce off-flavors and cause headaches and hypertension in some people.
About 30% of people are sensitive to biogenic amines, such as histamines.
Article: I Won't Give Up
Section: Critical reception

Question: Did the Jason Mraz song "I won't give up" get good or bad reviews?

The song received generally favorable reviews.
David Greenwald of MTV wrote, "The fresh track's wispy acoustic guitars and patient melody remind us of Irish crooner Damien Rice's 'Delicate,' though when Mraz soars into the chorus, it's with his own signature full-blast hook."
Loh Chuan Junn of MSN Music wrote that "The string-drenched, acoustic-guitar-based sound makes for easy listening, and gets into the listener's head after just the first listen.
With such an honest revelation of emotions in his lyrics, it's hard to imagine the tune does not stir hearts."
According to Katherine St Asaph of PopDust, the song was probably the closest to his and Colbie Caillat collaboration “Lucky.” She added that it was "a gentle acoustic ballad with a hint of speak-singing a ways in but otherwise straightforward and straight-faced soft-rocks its way through sentiments like “when I look into your eyes, it’s like watching the night sky or a beautiful sunrise–there’s just so much they hold”–still earnest, but joke-free."
Amy Dawson of Metro UK called it "a delicate, countrified guitar ballad that drives into a power-chorus singalong conclusion."
Colin McGuire of PopMatters was mixed in his review, writing that "'I Won’t Give Up', for instance, is acoustic guitar-laden folky pop that falls at least a little bit flat with its predictably bland approach.
While the song’s hook proves itself memorable enough, the track never graduates into anything other than the ballad-like tediousness the singer has a tendency to revert into."
Article: Bacon
Section: Bacon mania

Question: What was the rate of sales increase for bacon in 2013?

 mania.
The United States and Canada have seen an increase in the popularity of bacon and bacon related recipes, dubbed "bacon mania".
The sale of bacon in the U.S. has increased significantly since 2011.
Sales climbed 9.5% in 2013, making it an all-time high of nearly $4 billion in U.S.
In a survey conducted by Smithfield, 65% of Americans would support bacon as their "national food."
Dishes such as bacon explosion, chicken fried bacon, and chocolate-covered bacon have been popularised over the internet, as has using candied bacon.
Recipes spread quickly through both countries' national media, culinary blogs, and YouTube.
Restaurants have organized and are organizing bacon and beer tasting nights, "The New York Times" reported on bacon infused with Irish whiskey used for Saint Patrick's Day cocktails, and celebrity chef Bobby Flay has endorsed a "Bacon of the Month" club online, in print, and on national television.
Commentators explain this surging interest in bacon by reference to what they deem American cultural characteristics.
Sarah Hepola, in a 2008 article in Salon.com, suggests a number of reasons, one of them being that eating bacon in the modern, health-conscious world is an act of rebellion: "Loving bacon is like shoving a middle finger in the face of all that is healthy and holy while an unfiltered cigarette smoulders between your lips."
She also suggests bacon is sexy (with a reference to Sarah Katherine Lewis' book "Sex and Bacon"), kitsch, and funny.
Hepola concludes by saying that "Bacon is American".
Alison Cook, writing in the "Houston Chronicle", argues the case of bacon's American citizenship by referring to historical and geographical uses of bacon.
Early American literature echoes the sentiment—in Ebenezer Cooke's 1708 poem "The Sot-Weed Factor", a satire of life in early colonial America, the narrator already complains that practically all the food in America was bacon-infused.
Article: Attack on Pearl Harbor
Section: Alternate history

Question: In the episode "Days of Infamy", what nation carries out an attack in the morning?

"Days of Infamy" is a novel by Harry Turtledove in which the Japanese attack on Hawaii is not limited to a strike on Pearl Harbor, but is instead a full-scale invasion and eventual occupation after U.S. forces are driven off the islands (something one of the key planners of the attack, Commander Minoru Genda, wanted but the senior officers realized was impossible).
The many viewpoint characters (a Turtledove trademark) are drawn from Hawaiian civilians (both white and Japanese) as well as soldiers and sailors from both Japan and the USA.
Turtledove has to date written one sequel, "The End of the Beginning".
 The airstrike and Hawaii-invasion premise of "Days of Infamy" was earlier used in the first episode of the anime OVA series "Konpeki no Kantai".
In the episode, Japan carries out the attack in the early hours of the morning, having perfected night carrier operations.
The raid begins with a flare drop by pathfinders.
The entire base (including the repair facilities) and a number of supply ships in the harbor are destroyed by daybreak.
As for the main body of the Pacific Fleet, the Combined Fleet regroups and annihilates them while they return to Pearl Harbor.
The episode, which is divided into three stages in the series' game version, ends with Japanese troops landing at all islands in Hawaii.
Article: Man at the Crossroads
Section: Commission

Question: Who were the artists that were originally desired to paint the floor wall of Rockerfeller Center?

The Rockefellers wanted to have a mural put on the ground-floor wall of Rockefeller Center.
Nelson Rockefeller wanted Henri Matisse or Pablo Picasso to do it because he favored their modern style, but neither was available.
Diego Rivera was one of Nelson Rockefeller's mother's favorite artists and therefore was commissioned to create the huge mural.
He was given a theme: "Man at the Crossroads Looking with Hope and High Vision to the Choosing of a New and Better Future."
Rockefeller wanted the painting to make people pause and think.
Rivera was to be paid $21,000 for the work.
He was officially commissioned by Todd-Robertson-Todd Engineering, the development agents for the building.
The full commission envisaged three murals.
"Man at the Crossroads" would be in the center.
It would be flanked by "The Frontier of Ethical Evolution" and "The Frontier of Material Development".
The central composition was intended to contrast Capitalism and Socialism.
This basic compositional idea was approved by Rockefeller.