community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: The Lord of the Rings
Section: Publication history

Question: Why did Tolkien dislike the title of his book "The Return of the King"

A dispute with his publisher, George Allen & Unwin, led to the book being offered to Collins in 1950.
Tolkien intended "The Silmarillion" (itself largely unrevised at this point) to be published along with "The Lord of the Rings," but A&U were unwilling to do this.
After Milton Waldman, his contact at Collins, expressed the belief that "The Lord of the Rings" itself "urgently wanted cutting", Tolkien eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952.
Collins did not; and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin, saying, "I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff.
"For publication, the book was divided into three volumes: "The Fellowship of the Ring" (Books I, "The Ring Sets Out", and II, "The Ring Goes South"), "The Two Towers" (Books III, "The Treason of Isengard", and IV, "The Ring Goes East"), and "The Return of the King" (Books V, "The War of the Ring", and VI, "The End of the Third Age", plus six appendices).
This was due largely to post-war paper shortages, as well as being a way to keep down the price of the book.
Delays in producing appendices, maps and especially indices led to the volumes being published later than originally hoped — on 21 July 1954, on 11 November 1954 and on 20 October 1955 respectively in the United Kingdom, and slightly later in the United States.
"The Return of the King" was especially delayed.
Tolkien, moreover, did not especially like the title "The Return of the King", believing it gave away too much of the storyline.
He had originally suggested "The War of the Ring", which was dismissed by his publishers.
The books were published under a profit-sharing arrangement, whereby Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even, after which he would take a large share of the profits.
It has ultimately become the second best-selling novel ever written, with over 150 million copies sold.
Only "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens has sold more copies worldwide (over 200 million) while the fourth best-selling novel is Tolkien's "The Hobbit".
Article: Marshall Plan
Section: Loans and Grants

Question: How much of the Marshall plan aid was Germany supposed to repay?

The Marshall plan, just as GARIOA, consisted of aid both in the form of grants and in the form of loans.
Out of the total, 1.2 billion USD were loan-aid.
Ireland which received 146.2 million USD through the Marshall plan, received 128.2 million USD as loans, and the remaining 18 million USD as grants.
By 1969 the Irish Marshal plan debt, which was still being repaid, amounted to 31 million pounds, out of a total Irish foreign debt of 50 million pounds.
The UK received 385 million USD of its Marshall plan aid in the form of loans.
Unconnected to the Marshall plan the UK also received direct loans from the US amounting to 4.6 billion USD.
The proportion of Marshall plan loans versus Marshall plan grants was roughly 15% to 85% for both the UK and France.
Germany, which up until the 1953 Debt agreement had to work on the assumption that all the Marshall plan aid was to be repaid, spent its funds very carefully.
Payment for Marshall plan goods, "counterpart funds", were administered by the Reconstruction Credit Institute, which used the funds for loans inside Germany.
In the 1953 Debt agreement the amount of Marshall plan aid that Germany was to repay was reduced to less than 1 billion USD.
This made the proportion of loans versus grants to Germany similar to that of France and the UK.
The final German loan repayment was made in 1971.
Since Germany chose to repay the aid debt out of the German Federal budget, leaving the German ERP fund intact, the fund was able to continue its reconstruction work.
By 1996 it had accumulated a value of 23 billion Deutsche Mark.
Article: Lights (musician)
Section: Personal life

Question: When did Lights get engaged?

While at a Taking Back Sunday concert, Beau Bokan, the lead vocalist of metalcore band Blessthefall, asked a mutual friend of Lights if they would introduce the two.
The couple started dating soon after.
On August 30, 2011, Lights became engaged to Bokan.
As his proposal, Bokan made fortune cookies for Lights, with one containing the fortune of "Will You Marry Me?"
They were married on May 12, 2012.
On November 4, 2013, the couple announced that Lights was pregnant with their first child via Twitter and Facebook.
Lights and her sister were pregnant at the same time.
On February 15, 2014, Lights gave birth to their daughter, Rocket Wild Bokan.
Article: Chasing Cars
Section: Music video

Question: Who did that scene where a guy goes into the water, and then at the end of the video he gets out and looks at the camera overhead?

There are two music videos: one for UK, one for the US.
In the music video for UK, Gary Lightbody lies on open ground as cameras film him from different angles.
It starts raining, splashing his face and hands.
Gary enters a pool of water next to him and in the end of the video, he gets out of the water, rises on his feet and looks up at the camera as it zooms out overhead.
In the US music video, Lightbody is shown lying down in busy places while singing.
People ignore him and step over him.
Among the places he lies are a diner, an intersection, at the top of an escalator, in a subway car, at the top of a hill overlooking a highway, and at the end on a bed.
Article: Gilmore Girls
Section: Additional main cast

Question: Who removed the book from kirk?

The following characters have been promoted to main character status since season 2.
All additional main cast are only credited in episodes in which they appear.
"*" In the second episode of Season One ('The Lorelais' First Day at Chilton'), Sean Gunn played a character named "Mick", who worked for a telephone company as a DSL installer.
Gunn did not return as Mick, but was given a part as Kirk.
Also in the beginning of season one "Mick" or "Kirk" was new to Stars Hollow, not knowing who Miss Patty was, but later is known to have grown up in Stars Hollow, like when he talks about having books knocked out of his hands at as a seventh grader by Luke.
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Article: Switzerland
Section: Literature

Question: What year did Spyri die?

As the Confederation, from its foundation in 1291, was almost exclusively composed of German-speaking regions, the earliest forms of literature are in German.
In the 18th century, French became the fashionable language in Bern and elsewhere, while the influence of the French-speaking allies and subject lands was more marked than before.
Among the classics of Swiss German literature are Jeremias Gotthelf (1797–1854) and Gottfried Keller (1819–1890).
The undisputed giants of 20th century Swiss literature are Max Frisch (1911–91) and Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–90), whose repertoire includes "Die Physiker" (The Physicists) and "Das Versprechen" (), released in 2001 as a Hollywood film.
Prominent French-speaking writers were Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and Germaine de Staël (1766–1817).
More recent authors include Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947), whose novels describe the lives of peasants and mountain dwellers, set in a harsh environment and Blaise Cendrars (born Frédéric Sauser, 1887–1961).
Also Italian and Romansh-speaking authors contributed but in more modest way given their small number.
Probably the most famous Swiss literary creation, "Heidi", the story of an orphan girl who lives with her grandfather in the Alps, is one of the most popular children's books ever and has come to be a symbol of Switzerland.
Her creator, Johanna Spyri (1827–1901), wrote a number of other books around similar themes.
Article: Global warming
Section: Solar activity

Question: According to the readings from the satellites that measure the output of the Sun, is global warming due to the Sun's output?

Since 1978, output from the Sun has been precisely measured by satellites.
These measurements indicate that the Sun's output has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be attributed to an increase in solar energy reaching the Earth.
Climate models have been used to examine the role of the sun in recent climate change.
Models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in solar output and volcanic activity.
Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.
Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.
Models and observations show that greenhouse warming results in warming of the lower atmosphere (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).
Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants has also resulted in a strong cooling effect in the stratosphere.
If the sun were responsible for observed warming, warming of both the troposphere and stratosphere would be expected.
Article: Andy Warhol
Section: Collections

Question: Where is it rumored that Andy Warhol bought a mummified human foot from Ancient Egypt?

Warhol was an avid collector.
His friends referred to his numerous collections, which filled not only his four-story townhouse, but also a nearby storage unit, as "Andy's Stuff."
The true extent of his collections was not discovered until after his death, when the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh took in 641 boxes of his "Stuff.
"Warhol's collections included airplane menus, unpaid invoices, pizza dough, pornographic pulp novels, newspapers, stamps, supermarket flyers, and cookie jars, among other eccentricities.
One of his main collections was his wigs.
Warhol owned over forty and felt very protective of his hairpieces which were sewn by a New York wig-maker from hair imported from Italy.
In 1985 a girl snatched Warhol's wig off his head.
It was later discovered in Warhol's diary entry for that day that he wrote "I don't know what held me back from pushing her over the balcony.
"Another item found in Warhol's boxes at the museum in Pittsburgh was a mummified human foot from Ancient Egypt.
The curator of anthropology at Carnegie Museum of Natural History felt that Warhol most likely found it at a flea market.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Paintings of the 1490s

Question: What medium was The Last Supper painted in?

Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is "The Last Supper", painted for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan.
The painting represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death.
It shows specifically the moment when Jesus has just said "one of you will betray me".
Leonardo tells the story of the consternation that this statement caused to the twelve followers of Jesus.
The novelist Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.
This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene.
Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the Duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.
When finished, the painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterisation, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined".
Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface which was subject to mold and to flaking.
Despite this, the painting has remained one of the most reproduced works of art, countless copies being made in every medium from carpets to cameos.
Article: Forrest Gump
Section: Home media

Question: When did Forest Gump get released on tape?

"Forrest Gump" was first released on VHS tape on April 27, 1995, as a two-disc Laserdisc set on April 28, 1995, (including the "Through the Eyes of Forrest" special feature), before being released in a two-disc DVD set on August 28, 2001.
Special features included director and producer commentaries, production featurettes, and screen tests.
The film was released on Blu-ray disc in November 2009.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Pink teddy bear

Question: Where in Jane's bedroom can the damaged teddy bear be seen?

A motif within the second season is the image of a damaged teddy bear and its missing eye.
The teddy bear first appears at the end of the music video "Fallacies" for Jesse's band "TwaüghtHammër", which was released as a webisode in February 2009 leading to the second season.
The teddy bear can also be spotted on the mural on Jane's bedroom wall during the final episode of the second season, further connecting the crash to Jane.
It is seen in flashforwards during four episodes, the titles of which, when put together in order, form the sentence "Seven Thirty-Seven down over ABQ".
The flashforwards are shot in black and white, with the sole exception of the pink teddy bear, which is an homage to the film "Schindler's List", in which the color red is used to distinguish a little girl in a coat.
At the end of the season, Walter indirectly helps cause the midair collision of two airplanes; the pink teddy bear is then revealed to have fallen out of one of the planes and into the White family's pool.
Vince Gilligan called the plane accident an attempt to visualize "all the terrible grief that Walt has wrought upon his loved ones" and "the judgment of God.
"In the first episode of the third season, the NTSB fishes the teddy bear out of his pool and Walt later finds the missing eye in the pool filter.
Television critic Myles McNutt has called it "a symbol of the damage feels responsible for," and "The A.V.
Club" commented that "the pink teddy bear continues to accuse."
Fans and critics have compared the appearance of the teddy bear's face to an image of Gus Fring's face in the fourth season finale.
The teddy bear was auctioned off, among other memorabilia, on September 29, 2013, the air date of the show finale.
On October 29 of the same year, Aaron Paul posted production pictures of Cranston posing with the teddy bear on Instagram.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Films

Question: Which season features the most snowboarding films releases?

Snowboarding films have become a main part of progression in the sport.
Each season, many films are released, usually in Autumn.
These are made by many snowboard specific video production companies as well as manufacturing companies that use these films as a form of advertisement.
Snowboarding videos usually contain video footage of professional riders sponsored by companies.
An example of commercial use of snowboarding films would be "The White Album", a film by snowboarding legend and filmmaker Dave Seoane about Shaun White, that includes cameos by Tony Hawk and was sponsored by PlayStation, Mountain Dew and Burton Snowboards.
Snowboarding films are also used as documentation of snowboarding and showcasing of current trends and styles of the sport.
However, sometimes the snowboarding industry is not supportive of all snowboarding-themed films.
In 2013, "The Crash Reel", a feature-length documentary by filmmaker Lucy Walker about former Shaun White rival Kevin Pearce, premiered on the film festival circuit to critical acclaim and was subsequently broadcast on HBO.
Using Pearce's career-ending traumatic brain injury and subsequent recovery as a backdrop, the film examines the physical dangers inherent to pro snowboarders and other extreme sports professional athletes under pressure by sponsors and the media to perform increasingly spectacular feats.
Although there are significant references to various brands in the film, Walker is "adamant" that the snowboarding industry did not sponsor the film in any way and in fact has been unsupportive, despite the film's mainstream media success.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Conservation

Question: What agency oversees the conversation of Mount Rushmore?

The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the US National Park Service.
Physical efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally by Gutzon Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance (components include linseed oil, granite dust and white lead).
A modern silicone replacement was used, disguised with granite dust.
In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of 3 mm.
The site has been subsequently digitally recorded using a terrestrial laser scanning methodology in 2009 as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a record of unprecedented resolution and accuracy to inform the conservation of the site.
This data was made accessible online to be freely used by the wider community to aid further interpretation and public access.
Article: Telescope
Section: Abstract

Question: Which country were the first known practical telescopes invented?

A telescope is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light).
The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses.
They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy.
Within a few decades, the reflecting telescope was invented, which used mirrors.
In the 20th century many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.
The word "telescope" now refers to a wide range of instruments detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.
The word ""telescope"" (from the Greek τῆλε, "tele" "far" and σκοπεῖν, "skopein" "to look or see"; τηλεσκόπος, "teleskopos" "far-seeing") was coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei's instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei.
In the "Starry Messenger", Galileo had used the term "perspicillum".
Article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Section: Russian military attaché's office

Question: Where did Artamonov say he went on vacation?

Apis's confession to ordering the assassination of Franz Ferdinand states that Russian Military Attaché Artamonov promised Russia's protection from Austria-Hungary if Serbia's intelligence operations became exposed and that Russia had funded the assassination.
Artamonov denied the involvement of his office in an interview with Albertini.
Artamonov stated that he went on vacation to Italy leaving Assistant Military Attaché Alexander Werchovsky in charge and though he was in daily contact with Apis he did not learn of Apis's role until after the war had ended.
Albertini writes that he “remained unconvinced by the behavior of this officer.” Werchovsky admitted the involvement of his office and then fell silent on the subject.
There is evidence that Russia was at least aware of the plot before 14 June.
De Schelking writes:
Article: Grand Canyon
Section: Geography

Question: Is the Grand Canyon the deepest canyon in the world?

The Grand Canyon is a big fissure in the Colorado Plateau that exposes uplifted Proterozoic and Paleozoic strata, and is also one of the 19 distinct physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau province.
It is not the deepest canyon in the world (Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal is far deeper), however, the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape.
Geologically it is significant because of the thick sequence of ancient rocks that is beautifully preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon.
These rock layers record much of the early geologic history of the North American continent.
Uplift associated with mountain formation later moved these sediments thousands of feet upward and created the Colorado Plateau.
The higher elevation has also resulted in greater precipitation in the Colorado River drainage area, but not enough to change the Grand Canyon area from being semi-arid.
The uplift of the Colorado Plateau is uneven, and the Kaibab Plateau that Grand Canyon bisects is over a thousand feet higher at the North Rim (about ) than at the South Rim.
Almost all runoff from the North Rim (which also gets more rain and snow) flows toward the Grand Canyon, while much of the runoff on the plateau behind the South Rim flows away from the canyon (following the general tilt).
The result is deeper and longer tributary washes and canyons on the north side and shorter and steeper side canyons on the south side.
Temperatures on the North Rim are generally lower than those on the South Rim because of the greater elevation (averaging 8,000 ft/2,438 m above sea level).
Heavy rains are common on both rims during the summer months.
Access to the North Rim via the primary route leading to the canyon (State Route 67) is limited during the winter season due to road closures.
Article: Modern pentathlon
Section: Abstract

Question: What Olympic sport has been a staple since 1912?

The modern pentathlon is an Olympic sport that comprises five events: fencing, 200 m freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a final combined event of pistol shooting, and a 3200 m cross-country run.
The sport has been a core sport of the Olympic Games since 1912, and since 1949 an annual World Championship has been held.
Originally the competition took place over four or five days; however in 1996 a one-day format was adopted in an effort to be more audience-friendly.
However, modern pentathlon, despite its long Olympic history, has had to justify its inclusion in the modern Olympic Games on frequent occasions.
On February 11, 2013 in Lausanne, the IOC confirmed modern pentathlon once again as one of the 25 core sports of the Olympic program through until 2020.
The governing body, UIPM, administers the international sport in more than 90 countries in all the continents of the world.
Article: Spain
Section: Music and dance

Question: How man professional orchestras does Spain have?

Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with flamenco, a West Andalusian musical genre, which, contrary to popular belief, is not widespread outside that region.
Various regional styles of folk music abound in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Castile, the Basque Country, Galicia and Asturias.
Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.
In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as Isaac Albéniz, Manuel de Falla and Enrique Granados and singers and performers such as Plácido Domingo, José Carreras, Montserrat Caballé, Alicia de Larrocha, Alfredo Kraus, Pablo Casals, Ricardo Viñes, José Iturbi, Pablo de Sarasate, Jordi Savall and Teresa Berganza.
In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona, Orquesta Nacional de España and the Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid.
Major opera houses include the Teatro Real,the Gran Teatre del Liceu, Teatro Arriaga and the El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía.
Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognised summer music festivals Sónar which often features the top up and coming pop and techno acts, and Benicàssim which tends to feature alternative rock and dance acts.
Both festivals mark Spain as an international music presence and reflect the tastes of young people in the country.
The most popular traditional musical instrument, the guitar, originated in Spain.
Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or "gaiteros", mainly in Asturias and Galicia.