community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Physiology
Section: Human physiology

Question: Why are physiology and anatomy combined in medical school?

Human physiology seeks to understand the mechanisms that work to keep the human body alive and functioning, through scientific enquiry into the nature of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed.
The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems.
The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals.
Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals.
The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form.
It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.
Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation.
Physiology is the study of function and is closely related to anatomy which is the study of form.
Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.
Article: Henri Matisse
Section: Legacy

Question: On what date was Still Life with GEraniums shown?

The first painting of Matisse acquired by a public collection was "Still Life with Geraniums" (1910), exhibited in the Pinakothek der Moderne.
His "The Plum Blossoms" (1948) was purchased on 8 September 2005, for the Museum of Modern Art by Henry Kravis and the new president of the museum, Marie-Josée Drouin.
Estimated price was US$25 million.
Previously, it had not been seen by the public since 1970.
In 2002, a Matisse sculpture, "Reclining Nude I (Dawn)," sold for US$9.2 million, a record for a sculpture by the artist.
Matisse's daughter Marguerite often aided Matisse scholars with insights about his working methods and his works.
She died in 1982 while compiling a catalogue of her father's work.
Matisse's son, Pierre Matisse, (1900–1989) opened a modern art gallery in New York City during the 1930s.
The Pierre Matisse Gallery which was active from 1931 until 1989 represented and exhibited many European artists and a few Americans and Canadians in New York often for the first time.
He exhibited Joan Miró, Marc Chagall, Alberto Giacometti, Jean Dubuffet, André Derain, Yves Tanguy, Le Corbusier, Paul Delvaux, Wifredo Lam, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Balthus, Leonora Carrington, Zao Wou Ki, Sam Francis, sculptors Theodore Roszak, Raymond Mason and Reg Butler, and several other important artists, including the work of Henri Matisse.
Henri Matisse's grandson, Paul Matisse, is an artist and inventor living in Massachusetts.
Matisse's great-granddaughter Sophie Matisse is active as an artist.
Les Heritiers Matisse functions as his official Estate.
The US copyright representative for Les Heritiers Matisse is the Artists Rights Society.
Article: Pho
Section: History

Question: Where is pho from?

Pho originated in the early 20th century in northern Vietnam, apparently southeast of Hanoi in Nam Định Province, then a substantial textile market.
The traditional home of pho is reputed to be the villages of and (or ) in Đông Xuân commune, Nam Trực District, Nam Định Province.
According to villagers, pho was eaten in long before the French colonial period when it was popularized.
Pho was originally sold at dawn and dusk by roaming street vendors, who shouldered mobile kitchens on carrying poles (').
From the pole hung two wooden cabinets, one housing a cauldron over a wood fire, the other storing noodles, spices, cookware, and space to prepare a bowl of pho.
Pho vendors kept their heads warm with distinctive, disheveled felt hats called '.
Hanoi's first two fixed pho stands were a Vietnamese-owned Cát Tường on Cầu Gỗ Street and a Chinese-owned stand in front of Bờ Hồ tram stop.
They were joined in 1918 by two more on Quạt Row and Đồng Row.
Around 1925, a Vân Cù villager named Vạn opened the first "Nam Định style" pho stand in Hanoi. ""
declined in number around 1936–1946 in favor of stationary eateries.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Accolades

Question: For which Acadamy Awards was the movie "Toy Story 3" nominated for in the year 2011?

On January 25, 2011, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that "Toy Story 3" was not only nominated for Best Animated Feature, but also for Best Picture.
This makes "Toy Story 3" not only the first animated sequel in history to be nominated for Best Picture, but also the third animated film to be nominated for Best Picture (following "Beauty and the Beast" and "Up"), with "Toy Story 3" becoming the second Pixar film to be nominated for both awards.
"Toy Story 3" also became the first ever Pixar film - and the first animated feature film since "Shrek" - to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, though six of Pixar's previous films were nominated for the Best Original Screenplay: "Toy Story", "Finding Nemo", "The Incredibles", "Ratatouille", "WALL-E", and "Up".
In 2011, it was nominated for a Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie, but lost to "Despicable Me".
Article: Finland
Section: Parliament

Question: What year was the lowest total of MPs reached?

The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland exercises supreme legislative authority.
It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes.
Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's constitutional law committee.
The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within a number of multi-seat constituencies through open list multi-member districts.
Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation.
The speaker is currently Eero Heinäluoma (Social Democrats).
Since universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union), the National Coalition Party (conservatives), and the Social Democrats.
These parties have enjoyed approximately equal support, and their combined vote has totalled about 65–80% of all votes.
Their lowest common total of MPs, 121, was reached in the 2011 elections.
For a few decades after 1944, the Communists were a strong fourth party.
Due to the electoral system of proportional representation, and the relative reluctance of voters to switch their support between parties, the relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another.
However, there have been some long-term trends, such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War; the steady decline into insignificance of the Liberal party and its predecessors from 1906 to about 1980; and the rise of the Green party and its predecessor since 1983.
In the 2011 elections, the True Finns achieved exceptional success, increasing its representation from 5 to 39 seats, and thus surpassing the Centre Party.
The autonomous province of Åland, which forms a federacy with Finland, elects one member to the parliament, who traditionally joins the parliamentary group of the Swedish People's Party of Finland.
(The province also holds elections for its own permanent regional council, and in the 2011 elections, Åland Centre was the largest party.
)The Parliament can be dissolved by a recommendation of the Prime minister endorsed by the President.
This procedure has never been used, although the parliament was dissolved several times under the pre-2000 constitution, when this action was the sole prerogative of the president.
After the parliamentary elections on 17 April 2011, the seats were divided among eight parties as follows:
Article: England
Section: Visual arts

Question: Popular art in Winchester and Canterbury?

The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and cave art pieces, most prominent in North Yorkshire, Northumberland and Cumbria, but also feature further south, for example at Creswell Crags.
With the arrival of Roman culture in the 1st century, various forms of art utilising statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm.
There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at Lullingstone and Aldborough.
During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in the Staffordshire Hoard discovered in 2009.
Some of these blended Gaelic and Anglian styles, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and Vespasian Psalter.
Later Gothic art was popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such as Benedictional of St. Æthelwold and Luttrell Psalter.
The Tudor era saw prominent artists as part of their court, portrait painting which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by German Hans Holbein, natives such as Nicholas Hilliard built on this.
Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period include—Anthony van Dyck, Peter Lely, Godfrey Kneller and William Dobson.
The 18th century was a time of significance with the founding of the Royal Academy, a classicism based on the High Renaissance prevailed—Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds became two of England's most treasured artists.
The Norwich School continued the landscape tradition, while the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood with their vivid and detailed style revived the Early Renaissance style—Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais were leaders.
Prominent amongst 20th-century artists was Henry Moore, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.
Contemporary painters include Lucian Freud, whose work "Benefits Supervisor Sleeping" in 2008 set a world record for sale value of a painting by a living artist.
Article: Michelangelo
Section: Florence, 1499-1505

Question: When did Michaelangelo complete the Statue of David?

Michelangelo returned to Florence in 1499.
The republic was changing after the fall of anti-Renaissance Priest and leader of Florence, Girolamo Savonarola, (executed in 1498) and the rise of the "gonfaloniere" Piero Soderini.
He was asked by the consuls of the Guild of Wool to complete an unfinished project begun 40 years earlier by Agostino di Duccio: a colossal statue of Carrara marble portraying David as a symbol of Florentine freedom, to be placed on the gable of Florence Cathedral.
Michelangelo responded by completing his most famous work, the Statue of David, in 1504.
The masterwork definitively established his prominence as a sculptor of extraordinary technical skill and strength of symbolic imagination.
A team of consultants, including Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci, was called together to decide upon its placement, ultimately the Piazza della Signoria, in front of the Palazzo Vecchio.
It now stands in the Academia while a replica occupies its place in the square.
With the completion of the David came another commission.
In early 1504 Leonardo da Vinci had been commissioned in the council chamber of the Palazzo Vecchio depicting the "Battle of Angiari" between the forces of Florence and Milan in 1434.
Michelangelo was then commissioned to paint the "Battle of Cascina".
The two paintings are very different, Leonardo's depicting soldiers fighting on horseback, and Michelangelo's showing soldiers being ambushed as they bathe in the river.
Neither work was completed and both were lost when the chamber was refurbished.
Both works were much admired and copies remain of them, Leonardo's work having been copied by Rubens and Michelangelo's by Bastiano da Sangallo.
Also during this period, Michelangelo was commissioned by Angelo Doni to paint a "Holy Family" as a present for his wife, Maddalena Strozzi.
It is known as the "Doni Tondo" and hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in its original magnificent frame which Michelangelo may have designed.
He also may have painted the Madonna and Child with John the Baptist, known as the "Manchester Madonna" and now in the National Gallery, London, United Kingdom.
Article: I Want to Hold Your Hand
Section: In the studio

Question: Which Beatles songs were recorded in German?

The Beatles started recording "I Want to Hold Your Hand" at EMI Studios in Studio 2 on 17 October 1963.
This song, along with the single's flip side, "This Boy", was the first Beatles song to be recorded with four-track technology.
The two songs were recorded on the same day, and each needed seventeen takes to complete.
Also, the Beatles were experimenting with organ-sounding guitars, which was achieved by extreme compression on John Lennon's rhythm guitar.
Mono and stereo mixing was done by George Martin on 21 October 1963; further stereo mixes were done on 8 June 1965, for compilations released by EMI affiliates in Australia and the Netherlands, and on 7 November 1966.
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" was one of two Beatles songs (along with "She Loves You" as ""Sie liebt dich"") to be later recorded in German, entitled "Komm, gib mir deine Hand".
Both songs were translated by Luxembourger musician Camillo Felgen, under the pseudonym of "Jean Nicolas".
Odeon, the German arm of EMI (the parent company of the Beatles' record label, Parlophone) was convinced that the Beatles' records would not sell in Germany unless they were sung in German.
The Beatles detested the idea, and when they were due to record the German version on 27 January 1964 at EMI's Pathe Marconi Studios in Paris (where the Beatles were performing 18 days of concerts at the Olympia Theatre) they chose to boycott the session.
Their record producer, George Martin, having waited some hours for them to show up, was outraged and insisted that they give it a try.
Two days later, the Beatles recorded "Komm, gib mir deine Hand", one of the few times in their career that they recorded outside of London.
However, Martin later conceded: "They were right, actually, it wasn’t necessary for them to record in German, but they weren’t graceless, they did a good job".
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand" appeared in full stereo in the United States on the Capitol LP "Something New" and years later on the Capitol CD compilation called "The Capitol Albums, Volume 1".
The German-language track was a big hit in Germany at the time, but today, like all the other German-lyrics versions of English-language pop songs that were popular in that country during the 1950s and 1960s, it is generally considered as a cultural curiosity from a by-gone era at best.
The English versions are much better known in Germany today; the Beatles' Red and Blue albums of the 1970s already featured the English hits on the German pressings.
Article: Japan
Section: Languages

Question: What language is only spoken by a fe wpeople in Hokkaido?

More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language.
Japanese is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary indicating the relative status of speaker and listener.
Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals.
Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), also part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain.
Few children learn these languages, but in recent years the local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages.
The Okinawan Japanese dialect is also spoken in the region.
The Ainu language, which has no proven relationship to Japanese or any other language, is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido.
Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.
Article: Some Nights
Section: Background

Question: In what year was Fun signed?

Fun signed to Fueled by Ramen in late 2010.
Lead vocalist Nate Ruess, who had apprehensions about joining a major label in the past, recalled the switch being "very, very easy" for the group, stating that both parties approached it as if they "knew what were getting into with each other."
The transition was in the works with the label for almost nine months, when the head of the label reached out to the band.
Ruess was flattered that employed workers for the label would buy their own tickets to Fun.
shows and "talk about us with the passion you'd generally reserve for an artist you're working with."
After lengthy discussions within the band, the band decided to give the label a try.
Ruess recalls that he was listening to "so much hip-hop" during the production that it became a big influence for him.
The band felt inspired and gradually began working on new songs, each carrying an obvious hip-hop influence.
Consciously, the band began working in the hip-hop factor and realized they wanted a hip-hop producer.
After scanning the liner notes of his other hip-hop records, Ruess noticed that Jeff Bhasker was one of the most common names.
Bhasker was preoccupied at the time working with Beyoncé but Ruess was persistent in meeting with him.
Article: The Kid with a Bike
Section: Abstract

Question: What film festival was "The Kid with a Bike" premiered at?

The Kid with a Bike () is a 2011 drama film written and directed by the Belgian brothers Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne, starring Thomas Doret and Cécile de France.
Set in Seraing, it tells the story of a 12-year-old boy who turns to a woman for comfort after his father has abandoned him.
The film was produced through companies in Belgium, France and Italy.
While it does not deviate from the naturalistic style of the Dardenne brothers' earlier works, a brighter aesthetic than usual was employed, and the screenplay had a structure inspired by fairy tales.
Unusually for a film by the directors, it also uses music.
It premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and was co-winner of the festival's Grand Prix.
Article: Stone Mountain
Section: Geology

Question: Which county does Stone Mountain lead into, at its longest point?

Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion.
Primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains.
It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth's crust.
This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface.
Stone Mountain pluton continues underground at its longest point into Gwinnett County.
Numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as “the largest exposed piece of granite in the world".
This misnomer is most likely a result of advertisement by granite companies and early park administration.
Stone Mountain, though often called a pink granite dome, actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite to granite and granodiorite.
The minerals within the rock include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, microcline and muscovite, with smaller amounts of biotite and tourmaline.
The tourmaline is mostly black in color, and the majority of it exists as optically continuous skeletal crystals, but much larger, euhedral pegmatitic tourmaline crystals can also be found in the mountain's numerous, cross-cutting felsic dikes.
Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma.
The granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny, which was the time when North America and North Africa collided.
Over time, erosion eventually exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock.
This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain in DeKalb County, smaller outcroppings further east of Stone Mountain.
Article: Pike Place Market
Section: Housing and social services

Question: What is the average income of a Pike Market resident?

The Market is also a significant provider of low-income housing and social services.
The Market Foundation supports the Pike Market Medical Clinic, Pike Market Senior Center, Downtown Food Bank, and Pike Market Childcare and Preschool (all within the Market), as well as low-income housing in and near the Market.
They provide Market Fresh coupons to their low-income tenants, redeemable for Market produce, and implement the FoodLink program that distributes unsold Market produce to other Seattle food banks and meal programs.
The money placed in the Market's giant piggybank goes to this foundation, as do the funds raised by several annual or intermittent fundraisers, including Pigs on Parade.
About 500 people live in the market.
Approximately 90% are low-income seniors with subsidized rents.
Their average income is only $11,095 a year.
Among the low-income units in the Market are 41 in the LaSalle Hotel, 51 in Market House, 44 in the Stewart House and 96 in the Livingston-Baker.
The Pike Market Medical Clinic provides primary care and ancillary services to 3,600 patients.
Most of these are either elderly, HIV-positive, or working poor.
One third homeless, 30% are physically disabled, and 60% have severe mental illness and/or chemical addiction.
The clinic provides basic medical care, subsidized prescriptions, lab work, mental health counseling, drug and alcohol counseling, connections to other community services, and sometimes even assistance in finding housing.
Approximately 900 people use the Market's senior center.
Services include hot lunches for low-income seniors, help in finding housing and jobs, and a variety of classes ranging from physical fitness and health to language, geography, art, and computer training.
The Downtown Food Bank, located in the Public Market Parking Garage on Western Avenue provides groceries to approximately 1,000 people a week.
About 265 bags of groceries are delivered weekly to homebound downtown residents.
About 160 families receive infant milk, baby food and diapers.
The child care and preschool serves 90-100 families with children ages 2–5 each year.
84% of families with children attending are low-income and receive tuition assistance.
Besides its educational aspects, the school provides these children with breakfast, lunch, and afternoon snacks and has a full-time, onsite child and family support professional to identify resources children their families might need and to link them to those resources.
Article: Volleyball
Section: Pass

Question: Which techniques are specific to volleyball?

Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve, or any form of attack.
Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching the court, but also making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.
The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or bump, where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist line; and overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head.
Either are acceptable in professional and beach volleyball, however there are much tighter regulations on the overhand pass in beach volleyball.