community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Evolution
Section: Genetic hitchhiking

Question: What is the rate of recombination?

Recombination allows alleles on the same strand of DNA to become separated.
However, the rate of recombination is low (approximately two events per chromosome per generation).
As a result, genes close together on a chromosome may not always be shuffled away from each other and genes that are close together tend to be inherited together, a phenomenon known as linkage.
This tendency is measured by finding how often two alleles occur together on a single chromosome compared to expectations, which is called their linkage disequilibrium.
A set of alleles that is usually inherited in a group is called a haplotype.
This can be important when one allele in a particular haplotype is strongly beneficial: natural selection can drive a selective sweep that will also cause the other alleles in the haplotype to become more common in the population; this effect is called genetic hitchhiking or genetic draft.
Genetic draft caused by the fact that some neutral genes are genetically linked to others that are under selection can be partially captured by an appropriate effective population size.
Article: Marshall Plan
Section: Loans and Grants

Question: Germany was supposed to repay how much of the Marshall plan aid?

The Marshall plan, just as GARIOA, consisted of aid both in the form of grants and in the form of loans.
Out of the total, 1.2 billion USD were loan-aid.
Ireland which received 146.2 million USD through the Marshall plan, received 128.2 million USD as loans, and the remaining 18 million USD as grants.
By 1969 the Irish Marshal plan debt, which was still being repaid, amounted to 31 million pounds, out of a total Irish foreign debt of 50 million pounds.
The UK received 385 million USD of its Marshall plan aid in the form of loans.
Unconnected to the Marshall plan the UK also received direct loans from the US amounting to 4.6 billion USD.
The proportion of Marshall plan loans versus Marshall plan grants was roughly 15% to 85% for both the UK and France.
Germany, which up until the 1953 Debt agreement had to work on the assumption that all the Marshall plan aid was to be repaid, spent its funds very carefully.
Payment for Marshall plan goods, "counterpart funds", were administered by the Reconstruction Credit Institute, which used the funds for loans inside Germany.
In the 1953 Debt agreement the amount of Marshall plan aid that Germany was to repay was reduced to less than 1 billion USD.
This made the proportion of loans versus grants to Germany similar to that of France and the UK.
The final German loan repayment was made in 1971.
Since Germany chose to repay the aid debt out of the German Federal budget, leaving the German ERP fund intact, the fund was able to continue its reconstruction work.
By 1996 it had accumulated a value of 23 billion Deutsche Mark.
Article: The Starry Night
Section: Subject matter

Question: Who is Van Gogh's brother?

The center part shows the village of Saint-Rémy under a swirling sky, in a view from the asylum towards north.
The Alpilles far to the right fit to this view, but there is little rapport of the actual scene with the intermediary hills which seem to be derived from a different part of the surroundings, south of the asylum.
The cypress tree to the left was added into the composition.
Of note is the fact Van Gogh had already, during his time in Arles, repositioned Ursa Major from the north to the south in his painting "Starry Night Over the Rhone".
In a letter to his brother Theo, Van Gogh wrote of it:
Article: September 11 attacks
Section: Health issues

Question: Who  said the area was environmentally safe when it wasn't?

Health issues.
Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris containing more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens, were spread across Lower Manhattan due to the collapse of the Twin Towers.
Exposure to the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed to fatal or debilitating illnesses among people who were at ground zero.
The Bush administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002.
Health effects extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown.
Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the victims' names were included in the World Trade Center memorial.
Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust.
There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development.
A notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby.
A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30–40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack.
Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system.
On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city.
Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks.
Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.
Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area.
The United States Congress passed the James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act on December 22, 2010, and President Barack Obama signed the act into law on January 2, 2011.
It allocated $4.2 billion to create the World Trade Center Health Program, which provides testing and treatment for people suffering from long-term health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.
The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program.
Article: Free Bird
Section: Reception

Question: How long does the triple guitar solo that closes out "Free Bird" last?

"Free Bird" is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll, and at number 193 in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
In 2009 it was named the 26th best hard rock song of all time by VH1.
The song—half ballad, half up-tempo guitar solo—quickly became a staple for Lynyrd Skynyrd at their live performances.
Many recognize its 5:12 triple guitar solo section that closes it out.
It often turned into an extended jam session at concerts.
The band would consistently play it as the last song of every show, as it was their biggest crowd pleaser.
Overall the song proved to be a huge hit for Lynyrd Skynyrd and it remains a fan favorite to this day.
It is also a classic rock radio staple.
Following the plane crash in 1977 in which several band members were killed, all of the songs played by surviving members were performed as instrumentals beginning with the Charlie Daniels Volunteer Jam V in 1979.
When "Free Bird" came up, a solitary microphone with a single spotlight would be at center stage while the band played the instrumental version.
This tradition lasted until 1989, when an almost-rioting audience coerced Rossington to urge Johnny Van Zant to sing the song for the first time – something he had vowed never to do on stage during the Tribute Tour.
The current version has a shortened solo similar to the original studio version.
Article: Human swimming
Section: Abstract

Question: What is human swimming?

Human swimming is the self propulsion of a person through water or other liquid, for survival, recreation, sport, exercise or other reason.
Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs, the body, or both.
Humans are able to hold their breath underwater and undertake rudimentary locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as an evolutionary response.
Swimming is consistently found to be among the top recreational activities undertaken by the public, and in some countries, swimming lessons are a compulsory part of the educational curriculum.
As a formalized sport, swimming features in a range of local, national and international competitions, including featuring in every modern summer Olympics.
Article: Jingle Bell Rock
Section: Chart performance

Question: In what 1996 motion picture's soundtrack did the song "Jingle Bell Rock" appear?

Helms's original version charted at No.
13 on "Billboard"'s Most Played C&W by Jockeys chart, a predecessor to the Hot Country Songs chart.
After it was featured on the soundtrack to the 1996 film "Jingle All the Way", the original version returned to the country charts in late 1996-early 1997, reaching a peak of No.
It also crossed to the pop charts, reaching #11 in the Cashbox Top 60, week ending January 11, 1958.
Article: Leaning Tower of Pisa
Section: Alternative candidates

Question: What is the slopes degree for the capital gate tower?

Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lop-sided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen.
"Guinness World Records" measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees.
In June 2010, "Guinness World Records" certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower".
The Capital Gate tower has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant.
The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Release

Question: Where is El Capital Theater in California?

"Toy Story 3" had its world-wide premiere on June 12, 2010, opening at Taormina Film Fest in Italy.
In the United States, it premiered on June 13, 2010 at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California.
El Capitan also hosted on June 17, 2010 a "Toy Story" marathon, showing for the first time all three "Toy Story" films together.
The film went into its wide release on June 18, 2010, along with a release to IMAX 3D theaters.
The film was theatrically accompanied with the Pixar short film "Day & Night", which focuses on what happens when an animated personification of Day meets his opposite, Night, and the resulting growth for both.
Article: Space Needle
Section: In culture

Question: Which professional Seattle sports team features the Space Need in their logo?

Being a major symbol of the Pacific Northwest, the Space Needle has made numerous appearances in films, TV shows and other works of fiction.
A few examples of films include "It Happened at the World's Fair" (1962), where it was used as a filming location, and "Sleepless in Seattle" (1993).
In the 1974 film "The Parallax View", the inside and outside platforms of the observation deck are the setting for a political assassination, and there's a brief chase on the roof above it.
In the 1999 film "", it served as a base of operations for the villain Doctor Evil with the word Starbucks written across its saucer after his henchman Number 2 shifted the organization's resources toward the coffee company.
It is also featured prominently in "Chronicle" (2012), and is a key element in the film's climax.
In TV shows, one of the most prominent showings is in the series "Frasier" where an outline of it appears in the opening credits and the base of it is visible from the high-rise condo although the view is really a composite image as there are no high rise condos in the right area of that height.
It also appears in nearly every episode of the Seattle-set series "Grey's Anatomy", often in helicopter fly-by shots.
The Space Needle also makes appearances in Nickelodeon TV show "iCarly" where it can be seen with other surrounding buildings in the Seattle area.
Other TV appearances include The History Channel's "Life After People" where it collapses after 200 years because of corrosion.
It was also destroyed in the TV miniseries "10.5" when a 7.9 earthquake hits Seattle.
The movie mistakenly portrays the Needle as crumbling concrete, though the structure is actually made of iron and it would have survived a 7.9 earthquake in real life.
The needle is also featured in some episodes of "Bill Nye the Science Guy", such as the episode "Storms" where Bill Nye uses the lightning rod on top of it as an example of conducting lightning strikes.
It also appears many times as a refuge for the hero of "Dark Angel".
In video games, it has been used to represent Seattle in "Pilotwings 64" and "Rock Band" and it appears in the Seattle Circuit reverse of "Gran Turismo 4".
The Space Needle and the area around it also appear in the last campaign mission of "World in Conflict" as the site of the Soviet invasion force's last stand.
The Space Needle is in the map "Seattle" of Godzilla: Saves the Earth, for the original Xbox.
The Space Needle has been used for some other purposes as well, including a large 57 piece Lego construction set of it that has been released as part of Lego Architecture's structures.
The Needle is also featured on the logo of the Major League Soccer team Seattle Sounders FC.
The Space Needle is featured in "."
Article: Evolution
Section: Evolution of life

Question: How long have amphibians existed?

 of life.
Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3–4 billion years ago.
*</ref> No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years.
The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 – 2.7 billion years ago.
The next major change in cell structure came when bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells, in a cooperative association called endosymbiosis.
The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent co-evolution, with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes.
Another engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.
*</ref>The history of life was that of the unicellular eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the Ediacaran period.
The evolution of multicellularity occurred in multiple independent events, in organisms as diverse as sponges, brown algae, cyanobacteria, slime moulds and myxobacteria.
Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms, a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over approximately 10 million years, in an event called the Cambrian explosion.
Here, the majority of types of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct.
Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.
*</ref>About 500 million years ago, plants and fungi colonised the land and were soon followed by arthropods and other animals.
Insects were particularly successful and even today make up the majority of animal species.
Amphibians first appeared around 364 million years ago, followed by early amniotes and birds around 155 million years ago (both from "reptile"-like lineages), mammals around 129 million years ago, homininae around 10 million years ago and modern humans around 250,000 years ago.
However, despite the evolution of these large animals, smaller organisms similar to the types that evolved early in this process continue to be highly successful and dominate the Earth, with the majority of both biomass and species being prokaryotes.
Article: Glee (TV series)
Section: Merchandise

Question: In total, how many episodes did the first season of Glee have?

Three soundtrack albums were released to accompany "Glee" first season: ', ' and '.
Two extended plays (EP) accompanied the episodes "The Power of Madonna" and "Journey to Regionals": ' and ' respectively.
"Glee: The Music, The Complete Season One", a compilation album featuring all 100 studio recordings from the first season, was released exclusively to the iTunes Store.
Five soundtrack albums were released to accompany "Glee" second season: ', featuring Christmas-themed songs, and ', were both released in November 2010; ', ', and ' were 2011 releases, in March, April, and May, respectively.
An EP entitled "" was released to accompany the Halloween episode, "The Rocky Horror Glee Show".
Two EPs were released exclusively at the Target discount chain: "Glee: The Music, Love Songs" in the last week of 2010, and "Glee: The Music, Dance Party" in early September 2011.
"Glee" has been released on several DVD and Blu-ray box-sets.
"Glee – Pilot Episode: Director's Cut" features the pilot episode and a preview of the second episode, "Showmance".
"Glee – Volume 1: Road to Sectionals" contains the first thirteen episodes of season one, and "Glee – Volume 2: Road to Regionals" contains the final nine episodes of the first season.
"Glee – The Complete First Season" was released on September 13, 2010.
Three boxed sets were released for the second season: "Glee Season 2: Volume 1" containing the first ten episodes on January 25, 2011, and both "Glee Season 2: Volume 2" with the final twelve episode and "Glee: The Complete Second Season" with all twenty-two on September 13, 2011.
All three were released on DVD; only the complete season is available on Blu-ray.
Little, Brown Books is in the process of publishing five "Glee"–related young adult novels, which are being developed in collaboration with the show's producers and writers.
The first three novels have been written by Sophia Lowell; the first, "Glee: The Beginning", was released in August 2010 and serves as a prequel to the events of the television series.
Subsequent novels include "Glee: Foreign Exchange", released in February 2011, and "Glee: Summer Break", released in July 2011.
Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products have plans for a line of "Glee"–related merchandise including games, electrical products, greeting cards, apparel and stationery.
Macy's carry a line of "Glee"–related clothing, and Claire's stock accessories.
Article: Cereal
Section: Abstract

Question: What family is cereal part of?

A cereal is a grass, a member of the monocot family Poaceae, cultivated for the edible components of its grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis), composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.
Cereal grains are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop; they are therefore staple crops.
In their natural form (as in "whole grain"), they are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils, and protein.
However, when refined by the removal of the bran and germ, the remaining endosperm is mostly carbohydrate and lacks the majority of the other nutrients.
In some developing nations, grain in the form of rice, wheat, millet, or maize constitutes a majority of daily sustenance.
In developed nations, cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial.
The word "cereal" derives from "Ceres", the name of the Roman goddess of harvest and agriculture.
Article: September 11 attacks
Section: Health issues

Question: What was Mayor Giuliani criticized for?

Health issues.
Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris containing more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens, were spread across Lower Manhattan due to the collapse of the Twin Towers.
Exposure to the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed to fatal or debilitating illnesses among people who were at ground zero.
The Bush administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002.
Health effects extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown.
Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the victims' names were included in the World Trade Center memorial.
Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust.
There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development.
A notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby.
A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30–40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack.
Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system.
On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city.
Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks.
Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.
Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area.
The United States Congress passed the James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act on December 22, 2010, and President Barack Obama signed the act into law on January 2, 2011.
It allocated $4.2 billion to create the World Trade Center Health Program, which provides testing and treatment for people suffering from long-term health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.
The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program.
Article: Battle of Hastings
Section: Harold moves south

Question: Where did Harold briefly stop before moving on Hastings?

After defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, Harold left much of his forces in the north, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion.
It is unclear when Harold learned of William's landing, but it was probably while he was travelling south.
Harold stopped in London, and was there for about a week before Hastings, so it is likely that he spent about a week on his march south, averaging about per day, for the approximately .
Harold camped at Caldbec Hill on the night of 13 October, near what was described as a "hoar-apple tree".
This location was about from William's castle at Hastings.
Some of the early contemporary French accounts mention an emissary or emissaries sent by Harold to William, which is likely.
Nothing came of these efforts.
Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke.
The exact events preceding the battle are obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy.
Harold had taken a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present-day Battle, East Sussex), about from William's castle at Hastings.