community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Atomic number
Section: The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons

Question: Who was the scientist that generated Hydrogen nuclei from reactions between nitrogen gas and alpha particles?

In 1915 the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood.
An old idea called Prout's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues (or "protyles") of the lightest element hydrogen, which in the Bohr-Rutherford model had a single electron and a nuclear charge of one.
However, as early as 1907 Rutherford and Thomas Royds had shown that alpha particles, which had a charge of +2, were the nuclei of helium atoms, which had a mass four times that of hydrogen, not two times.
If Prout's hypothesis were true, something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms.
In 1917 Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas, and believed he had proven Prout's law.
He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 (alternate names being proutons and protyles).
It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei, and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei.
A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two "nuclear electrons" (electrons bound inside the nucleus) to cancel two of the charges.
At the other end of the periodic table, a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen, was thought to contain 118 nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of + 79, consistent with its atomic number.
Article: Sexy and I Know It
Section: Track listing

Question: How long was the original "Sexy and I Know It?"

;CD single
"Sexy and I Know It" (album version) – 3:19
"Sexy and I Know It" (Mord Fustang) – 5:21
;Digital download
"Sexy and I Know It" (Audiobot Remix) – 5:55
"Sexy and I Know It" (Mord Fustang) – 5:19
"Sexy and I Know It" (Tomba and Borgore Remix) – 3:41
"Sexy and I Know It" (LA Riots Remix) – 5:40
"Sexy and I Know It" (DallasK Remix) – 5:42
"Sexy and I Know It" (Fuego's Moombahton Remix) – 3:51
"Sexy and I Know It" (MADEin82 Remix) – 6:01
Article: Modern Family
Section: Conception

Question: Why did the creators of Modern Family not pitch the show to Fox?

As creators Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan retold stories about their families, they realized that the stories could be the basis for a show.
They started working on the idea of a family being observed in a mockumentary-style show.
They later decided that it could be a show about three families and their experiences.
It was originally called "My American Family".
The creators pitched it to the Big Three television networks (they did not pitch it to Fox because of issues Lloyd had with the network over "Back to You").
CBS, which was not ready to use the single-camera style of filming nor ready to make another large commitment, rejected the series.
The network had recently aired "Welcome to The Captain" and "Worst Week", two single-camera sitcoms that lasted only one season (CBS would not attempt another single-camera series until 2013, when it picked up both "We Are Men" and "The Crazy Ones" for its fall lineup; "We Are Men" was cancelled after two episodes).
NBC, already broadcasting "The Office" and "Parks and Recreation", decided against taking on a third mockumentary-style show.
ABC accepted the series and picked it up for a full season.
Article: Biochemistry
Section: Abstract

Question: Chemical processes and living organisms are studied in what section of biology?

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.
Over the last 40 years, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine are engaged in biochemical research.
Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.
Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life.
Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.
Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life.
The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions.
These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins.
The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism.
The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture.
In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease.
In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies.
In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Early works

Question: Which work of art was Leonardo da Vinci's first?

Leonardo's early works begin with the "Baptism of Christ" painted in conjunction with Verrocchio.
Two other paintings appear to date from his time at the workshop, both of which are Annunciations.
One is small, long and high.
It is a "predella" to go at the base of a larger composition, in this case a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated.
The other is a much larger work, long.
In both these Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, such as in Fra Angelico's two well-known pictures of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily.
Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.
In the smaller picture Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will.
In the larger picture, however, Mary is not submissive.
The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.
This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence.
In this painting the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.
Article: The Office
Section: Abstract

Question: Who was the main character in The Office (UK)?

The Office is a popular mockumentary/cringe comedy sitcom that was first made in the United Kingdom and has now been remade in many other countries, with overall viewership in the hundreds of millions worldwide.
The original UK version was created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant.
It starred Gervais as the boss and main character.
First broadcast on BBC Two on 9 July 2001, the show ran for 14 episodes – two series of six episodes and a two-part Christmas special.
The longest running version is the U.S. version which ran for 9 seasons from 2005 to 2013.
The German version is also still in production and has seen 46 episodes over five seasons.
At least the UK and US versions share the same fictional universe.
In 2010, Gervais announced that work was starting on a Chinese version of "The Office".
Article: Fencing
Section: History

Question: In what century were the mechanicas of modern fencing originated?

The ancestor of modern fencing originated in Spain, where several books on fencing were written.
"Treatise on Arms" was written by Diego de Valera between 1458 and 1471 and is one of the oldest surviving manuals on western fencing shortly before dueling came under official ban by the Catholic Monarchs.
In conquest, the Spanish forces carried fencing around the world, particularly southern Italy, one of the major areas of strife between both nations.
The mechanics of modern fencing originated in the 18th century in an Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and, under their influence, was improved by the French school of fencing.
The Spanish school of fencing stagnated and was replaced by the Italian and French schools.
Nowadays, these two schools are the most influential around the world.
Dueling went into sharp decline after World War I.
After World War II, dueling went out of use in Europe except for very rare exceptions.
Training for duels, once fashionable for males of aristocratic backgrounds (although fencing masters such as Hope suggest that many people considered themselves trained from taking only one or two lessons), all but disappeared, along with the classes themselves.
Fencing continued as a sport, with tournaments and championships.
However, the need to actually prepare for a duel with "sharps" vanished, changing both training and technique.
Starting with épée in 1936, side-judges were replaced by an electrical scoring apparatus, with an audible tone and a red or green light indicating when a touch landed.
Foil first embraced electronic scoring in 1956, sabre in 1988.
The scoring box reduced the bias in judging, and permitted more accurate scoring of faster actions, lighter touches, and more touches to the back and flank than before.
Article: Marshall Plan
Section: Initial reactions

Question: What conditions were placed on the offer?

While the Soviet ambassador in Washington suspected that the Marshall Plan could lead to the creation of an anti-Soviet bloc, Stalin was open to the offer.
He directed that—in negotiations to be held in Paris regarding the aid—countries in the Eastern Bloc should not reject economic conditions being placed upon them.
Stalin only changed his outlook when he learned that (a) credit would only be extended under conditions of economic cooperation and,(b) aid would also be extended to Germany in total, an eventuality which Stalin thought would hamper the Soviets' ability to exercise influence in western Germany.
Initially, Stalin maneuvered to kill the Plan, or at least hamper it by means of destructive participation in the Paris talks regarding conditions.
He quickly realized, however, that this would be impossible after Molotov reported—following his arrival in Paris in July 1947—that conditions for the credit were non-negotiable.
Looming as just as large a concern was the Czechoslovak eagerness to accept the aid, as well as indications of a similar Polish attitude.
Stalin suspected a possibility that these Eastern Bloc countries might defy Soviet directives not to accept the aid, potentially causing a loss of control of the Eastern Bloc.
In addition, the most important condition was that every country choosing to take advantage of the plan would need to have its economic situation independently assessed—a level of scrutiny to which the Soviets could not agree.
Bevin and Bidault also insisted that any aid be accompanied by the creation of a unified European economy, something incompatible with the strict Soviet command economy.
Article: American Hustle
Section: Critical response

Question: What rating did the American hustle get on rotten tomatoes?

"American Hustle" received critical acclaim upon its release.
The cast received praise for their performances, notably Adams and Lawrence.
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 93% rating, based on reviews from 240 critics with an average score of 8.2/10.
The site's consensus reads, "Riotously funny and impeccably cast, "American Hustle" compensates for its flaws with unbridled energy and some of David O. Russell's most irrepressibly vibrant direction."
Metacritic gives a score of 90/100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on reviews from 47 critics.
Christy Lemire awarded the film four out of four stars, praising David O. Russell's directing and the relationship between Irving and Sydney, as well as Jennifer Lawrence's portrayal of Rosalyn.
She writes: "For all its brashness and big personality, "American Hustle" is a character study at its core—an exploration of dissatisfaction and drive, and the lengths to which we're willing to go for that elusive thing known as a better life."
Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film an A+, especially complimenting Bradley Cooper's performance and stating that "American Hustle" was "the best time I've had at the movies all year."
He later named it the year's best film.
"Time" magazine's Richard Corliss wrote, ""American Hustle" is an urban eruption of flat-out fun — the sharpest, most exhilarating comedy in years.
Anyone who says otherwise must be conning you.
"Peter Debruge of "Variety" was critical of the film, calling it "a sloppy sprawl of a movie" and complaining that the improvisational performances overwhelm instead of adding to a coherent plot."
He also went on to write that it "makes your brain hurt — and worse, overwhelms the already overcomplicated Abscam retelling at the center of the film."
Article: Dexter (TV series)
Section: U.S. broadcast

Question: On what date did Dexter premiere?

Criticism.U.S.
When U.S. network CBS publicly announced in December 2007 that it was considering "Dexter" for broadcast reruns, the Parents Television Council (PTC) protested the decision.
When the network began posting promotional videos of the rebroadcast on YouTube on January 29, 2008, PTC president Timothy F. Winter, in a formal press release, again called for CBS to not broadcast the show on broadcast television, saying that it "should remain on a premium subscription cable network" because "the series compels viewers to empathize with a serial killer, to root for him to prevail, to hope he doesn't get discovered."
Winter called on the public to demand that local affiliates preempt "Dexter", and warned advertisers that the PTC would take action against any affiliates that sponsored the show.
Following Winter's press release, CBS added parental advisory notices to its broadcast promotions and ultimately rated "Dexter" TV-14 for broadcast.
The show premiered on February 17, 2008, edited primarily for language and scenes containing sex or the dismemberment of live victims.
The PTC later objected to CBS' broadcasting of the final two episodes of the first season in a two-hour block, in addition to objections over the starting times of the episodes, which was as early as 8 p.m. in some time zones.
Article: Seafood
Section: Sustainability

Question: When was the scientific study regarding the collapse of the ecosystem published?

Research into population trends of various species of seafood is pointing to a global collapse of seafood species by 2048.
Such a collapse would occur due to pollution and overfishing, threatening oceanic ecosystems, according to some researchers.
A major international scientific study released in November 2006 in the journal "Science" found that about one-third of all fishing stocks worldwide have collapsed (with a collapse being defined as a decline to less than 10% of their maximum observed abundance), and that if current trends continue all fish stocks worldwide will collapse within fifty years.
In July 2009, Boris Worm of Dalhousie University, the author of the November 2006 study in "Science," co-authored an update on the state of the world's fisheries with one of the original study's critics, Ray Hilborn of the University of Washington at Seattle.
The new study found that through good fisheries management techniques even depleted fish stocks can be revived and made commercially viable again.
The FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 report estimates that in 2003, of the main fish stocks or groups of resources for which assessment information is available, "approximately one-quarter were overexploited, depleted or recovering from depletion (16%, 7% and 1% respectively) and needed rebuilding.
"The National Fisheries Institute, a trade advocacy group representing the United States seafood industry, disagree.
They claim that currently observed declines in fish population are due to natural fluctuations and that enhanced technologies will eventually alleviate whatever impact humanity is having on oceanic life.
Article: Luge
Section: Risks

Question: How many athletes have died in preparation of a Winter Olympics competition?

As with many extreme sports, luging has risks.
Though most injuries involve bumps, bruises, broken bones and concussions, fatalities do occasionally occur.
Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili suffered a fatal crash during his final practice run for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada.
Hours later, the International Luge Federation concluded that the accident was caused by a steering error and not a track error; nevertheless, changes to the track were made before the re-opening.
Kumaritashvili was the fourth athlete to die while in preparation for a Winter Olympics competition, following speed skier Nicolas Bochatay, 27, who died while preparing for the Albertville 1992 games, British luger Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski and skier Ross Milne, 19, who both died in the run-up to the Innsbruck 1964 games.
Article: Napoleonic Wars
Section: Abstract

Question: When did the Napoleonic Wars happen?

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of wars between Napoleon's French Empire and opposing coalitions led by Great Britain.
As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly owing to the application of modern mass conscription.
French power rose quickly as Napoleon's armies conquered much of Europe but collapsed rapidly after France's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812.
Napoleon was defeated in 1814; he returned and was finally defeated in 1815 at Waterloo, and all France's gains were taken away by the victors.
Before a final victory against Napoleon, five of seven coalitions saw defeat at the hands of France.
France defeated the first and second coalitions during the French Revolutionary Wars, the third (notably at Austerlitz), the fourth (notably at Jena, Eylau, and Friedland) and the fifth coalition (notably at Wagram) under the leadership of Napoleon.
These great victories gave the French Army a sense of invulnerability, especially when it approached Moscow.
But after the retreat from Russia, in spite of incomplete victories, France was defeated by the sixth coalition at Leipzig, in the Peninsular War at Vitoria and at the hands of the seventh coalition at Waterloo.
The wars resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and sowed the seeds of nascent nationalism in Germany and Italy that would lead to the two nations' respective consolidations later in the century.
Meanwhile, the global Spanish Empire began to unravel as French occupation of Spain weakened Spain's hold over its colonies, providing an opening for nationalist revolutions in Spanish America.
As a direct result of the Napoleonic wars, the British Empire became the foremost world power for the next century, thus beginning "Pax Britannica".
No consensus exists about when the French Revolutionary Wars ended and the Napoleonic Wars began.
An early candidate is 9 November 1799, the date of Bonaparte's coup seizing power in France.
However, the most common date is 18 May 1803, when renewed war broke out between Britain and France, ending the one-year-old Peace of Amiens, the only period of general peace in Europe between 1792 and 1814.
Most actual fighting ceased following Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815, although skirmishing continued as late as 3 July 1815 at the Battle of Issy.
The Second Treaty of Paris officially ended the wars on 20 November 1815.
Article: Steak
Section: Skirt steak

Question: How are Skirt steaks prepared?

A skirt steak is a part of the plate (situated at the cow's abdomen), the steak is long, thick and tender and it is usually priced by its flavour rather than the tenderness because its flavour is better than its tenderness.
Skirt steaks are not to be confused with flank steaks because they are near the sirloin and shank.
Skirt steaks are used in many international cuisines: Mexican cuisine use this steak for fajitas and arrachera.
In the United Kingdom it is often used as filling for Cornish pasties as well as vegetables such as carrot and potato.
In Chinese cuisine it is used for stir-fries, in Spanish cuisine the steak is made for churrasco and Italian cuisine use skirt steak for making bolognese sauce as well as with tomatoes.
Article: Amélie
Section: Critical response

Question: How many stars did Alan Morrison give the film?

Alan Morrison from "Empire" Online gave "Amélie" five stars and called it "one of the year’s best, with crossover potential along the lines of "Cyrano De Bergerac" and "Il Postino".
Given its quirky heart, it might well surpass them all.
"Paul Tatara from CNN Reviewer praised "Amélie"s playful nature.
In his review, he wrote, "Its whimsical, free-ranging nature is often enchanting; the first hour, in particular, is brimming with amiable, sardonic laughs.
"The film was attacked by critic Serge Kaganski of "Les Inrockuptibles" for an unrealistic and picturesque vision of a bygone French society with few ethnic minorities.
Jeunet dismissed the criticism by pointing out that the photo collection contains pictures of people from numerous ethnic backgrounds, and that Jamel Debbouze, who plays Lucien, is of Moroccan descent.