community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Russia
Section: Grand Duchy of Moscow

Question: Why did Russia lose less population than other nations during plagues?

The most powerful successor state to Kievan Rus' was the Grand Duchy of Moscow ("Moscovy" in the Western chronicles), initially a part of Vladimir-Suzdal.
While still under the domain of the Mongol-Tatars and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the Central Rus' in the early 14th century, gradually becoming the main leading force in the process of the Rus' lands' reunification and expansion of Russia.
Those were hard times, with frequent Mongol-Tatar raids and agriculture suffering from the beginning of the Little Ice Age.
As in the rest of Europe, plagues hit Russia somewhere once every five or six years from 1350 to 1490.
However, because of the lower population density and better hygiene (widespread practicing of banya, the wet steam bath), the population loss caused by plagues was not so severe as in the Western Europe, and the pre-Plague populations were reached in Russia as early as 1500.
Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow and helped by the Russian Orthodox Church, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.
Moscow gradually absorbed the surrounding principalities, including the formerly strong rivals, such as Tver and Novgorod.
Ivan III ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde, consolidated the whole of Central and Northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first to take the title "Grand Duke of all the Russias".
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI, and made the Byzantine double-headed eagle his own, and eventually Russian, coat-of-arms.
Article: Salvador Dalí
Section: Dalí museums and permanent exhibitions

Question: Where is Dali's permanent exhibition?

Dalí Theatre and Museum – Figueres, Catalonia, Spain
Salvador Dalí House-Museum - Port Lligat, Catalonia, Spain
Gala Dalí House-Museum - Púbol, Catalonia, Spain
Salvador Dali Museum – St Petersburg, Florida, USA
Dalí Universe – Venice, Italy 
Espace Dalí – Paris, France
Dalí, permanent exhibition - Berlin, Germany
Article: Last Supper
Section: Artistic depictions

Question: How many themes are depicted in the last supper and what are they?

The Last Supper has been a popular subject in Christian art.
Depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art date back to early Christianity and can be seen in the Catacombs of Rome.
Byzantine artists frequently focused on the Apostles receiving Communion, rather than the reclining figures having a meal.
By the Renaissance, the Last Supper was a favorite topic in Italian art.
There are three major themes in the depictions of the last supper.
The first theme is the dramatic and dynamic depiction of Jesus' announcement of his betrayal.
The second theme is the moment of the institution of the tradition of the Eucharist.
The depictions here are generally solemn and mystical.
The third major theme is the farewell of Jesus to his disciples, in which Judas Iscariot is no longer present, having left the supper.
The depictions here are generally melancholy, as Jesus prepares his disciples for his departure.
There are also other, less frequently depicted scenes, such as the washing of the feet of the disciples.
Well known examples include Leonardo da Vinci's depiction, which is considered the first work of High Renaissance art due to its high level of harmony, Tintoretto's depiction which is unusual in that it includes secondary characters carrying or taking the dishes from the table and Salvadore Dali's depiction combines the typical Christian themes with modern approaches of Surrealism.
Article: French fries
Section: Frozen fries

Question: What year did McDonald's  stop using fresh-cut potatoes and change to frozen fries?

Spreading popularity.
Frozen fries.
The J. R. Simplot Company is credited with successfully commercializing French fries in frozen form during the 1940s.
Subsequently, in 1967, Ray Kroc of McDonald's contracted the Simplot company to supply them with frozen fries, replacing fresh-cut potatoes.
In 2004, 29% of the United States' potato crop were used to make frozen fries – 90% consumed by the food services sector and 10% by retail.
It is estimated that 80% of households in the UK buy frozen fries each year.
Canada's McCain Foods is the world's leading producer of frozen fries.
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: National parks

Question: What is next to the Victoria Falls National Park?

Natural environment.
National parks.
The two national parks at the falls are relatively small—Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park is and Victoria Falls National Park is .
However, next to the latter on the southern bank is the Zambezi National Park, extending west along the river.
Animals can move between the two Zimbabwean parks and can also reach Matetsi Safari Area, Kazuma Pan National Park and Hwange National Park to the south.
On the Zambian side, fences and the outskirts of Livingstone tend to confine most animals to the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park.
In addition fences put up by lodges in response to crime restrict animal movement.
In 2004 a separate group of police called the Tourism Police was started.
They are commonly seen around the main tourist areas, and can be identified by their uniforms with yellow reflective bibs.
Article: Brazil
Section: Culture

Question: Which empire does Brazil have strong colonial ties with

The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire.
Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles.
The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.
Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European as well Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil.
The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.
Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century) to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism.
Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.
Article: Radiation therapy
Section: Types

Question: What is particle therapy?

Historically, the three main divisions of radiation therapy are external beam radiation therapy (EBRT or XRT) or teletherapy, brachytherapy or sealed source radiation therapy, and systemic radioisotope therapy or unsealed source radiotherapy.
The differences relate to the position of the radiation source; external is outside the body, brachytherapy uses sealed radioactive sources placed precisely in the area under treatment, and systemic radioisotopes are given by infusion or oral ingestion.
Brachytherapy can use temporary or permanent placement of radioactive sources.
The temporary sources are usually placed by a technique called afterloading.
In afterloading a hollow tube or applicator is placed surgically in the organ to be treated, and the sources are loaded into the applicator after the applicator is implanted.
This minimizes radiation exposure to health care personnel.
Particle therapy is a special case of external beam radiation therapy where the particles are protons or heavier ions.
Intraoperative radiation therapy or IORT is a special type of radiation therapy that is delivered immediately after surgical removal of the cancer.
This method has been employed in breast cancer (TARGeted Introperative radiation therapy or TARGIT), brain tumors and rectal cancers.
Article: Starships (song)
Section: Reception and contest

Question: A video campaign for "Starships" was announced on what date?

MTV's John Mitchell criticized the video's postponed release, finding it strange that the video for the album's third single, "Beez in the Trap", was released before that of "Starships".
On May 28, 2012, a "Starships" video campaign was announced on Minaj's official website.
It asked fans to record a video of themselves performing "Starships" by singing, dancing or with a musical instrument.
Minaj will then select 5 winners.
The contest winners won tickets and passes to meet Minaj on her Pink Friday Tour.
The song won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video in September 2012.
Article: Bacteria
Section: Pathogens

Question: what are pathogens?

If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens.
Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis.
A pathogenic cause for a known medical disease may only be discovered many years after, as was the case with "Helicobacter pylori" and peptic ulcer disease.
Bacterial diseases are also important in agriculture, with bacteria causing leaf spot, fire blight and wilts in plants, as well as Johne's disease, mastitis, salmonella and anthrax in farm animals.
Each species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts.
Some organisms, such as "Staphylococcus" or "Streptococcus", can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and death.
Yet these organisms are also part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease at all.
Other organisms invariably cause disease in humans, such as the Rickettsia, which are obligate intracellular parasites able to grow and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms.
One species of Rickettsia causes typhus, while another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
"Chlamydia", another phylum of obligate intracellular parasites, contains species that can cause pneumonia, or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease.
Finally, some species such as "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "Burkholderia cenocepacia", and "Mycobacterium avium" are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people suffering from immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis.
Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth.
There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host.
An example of how antibiotics produce selective toxicity are chloramphenicol and puromycin, which inhibit the bacterial ribosome, but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome.
Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth, where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations.
Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters.
Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent contamination by bacteria.
Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection.
Article: Gymnastics
Section: TeamGym

Question: Where did the first official TeamGym competition take place?

The TeamGym competition is one of the latest new events within the UEG.
The first official competition was held in Finland in 1996 and it takes place every even-numbered year.
TeamGym is a team competition for clubs and consist of three sections: women, men and mixed teams.
TeamGym competitions exhibit gymnastic skills in three different disciplines; floor, tumbling and trampette.
In common for the performance is effective teamwork, good technique in the element and spectacular acrobatic elements.
The event is attractive for spectators and media as well as sponsors.
 Floor Programme: All members of the Team take part in the floor program, composed of a mixture of dance, flexibility and skill.
The routine has to be skillfully choreographed and the judges look out for changes in shape.
There needs to be at least two spins, two jumps/leaps, two acrobatic elements, two balance/power elements, two section elements and one combination of elements.
These section elements are bodywaves for women's teams, power elements for men's teams and lifts for mixed teams.
Floor routines are performed to music.
 Trampette: There are two components of this section of floor pregame.
Vault and trampette on its own.
One of the three total runs that the gymnasts make must be a vault run.
Generally the first round is chosen for each individual gymnast to perform the same move.
These are also performed to music.
 Tumbling: Again, here there are three runs (rounds) involved.
One of which has to include all six gymnasts doing a forwards series.
Another run also has to include the gymnasts completing the same move.
Each series must have at least three different acrobatic elements.
Article: Maple syrup
Section: Modern era

Question: When was the first evaporator patented?

Around the time of the American Civil War, syrup makers started using large, flat sheet metal pans as they were more efficient for boiling than heavy, rounded iron kettles, because of a greater surface area for evaporation.
Around this time, cane sugar replaced maple sugar as the dominant sweetener in the US; as a result, producers focused marketing efforts on maple syrup.
The first evaporator, used to heat and concentrate sap, was patented in 1858.
In 1872, an evaporator was developed that featured two pans and a metal arch or firebox, which greatly decreased boiling time.
Around 1900, producers bent the tin that formed the bottom of a pan into a series of flues, which increased the heated surface area of the pan and again decreased boiling time.
Some producers also added a finishing pan, a separate batch evaporator, as a final stage in the evaporation process.
Buckets began to be replaced with plastic bags, which allowed people to see at a distance how much sap had been collected.
Syrup producers also began using tractors to haul vats of sap from the trees being tapped (the sugarbush) to the evaporator.
Some producers adopted motor-powered tappers and metal tubing systems to convey sap from the tree to a central collection container, but these techniques were not widely used.
Heating methods also diversified: modern producers use wood, oil, natural gas, propane, or steam to evaporate sap.
Modern filtration methods were perfected to prevent contamination of the syrup.
A large number of technological changes took place during the 1970s.
Plastic tubing systems that had been experimental since the early part of the century were perfected, and the sap came directly from the tree to the evaporator house.
Vacuum pumps were added to the tubing systems, and preheaters were developed to recycle heat lost in the steam.
Producers developed reverse-osmosis machines to take a portion of water out of the sap before it was boiled, increasing processing efficiency.
Improvements in tubing and vacuum pumps, new filtering techniques, "supercharged" preheaters, and better storage containers have since been developed.
Research continues on pest control and improved woodlot management.
In 2009, researchers at the University of Vermont unveiled a new type of tap that prevents backflow of sap into the tree, reducing bacterial contamination and preventing the tree from attempting to heal the bore hole.
Experiments show that it may be possible to use saplings in a plantation instead of mature trees dramatically boosting productivity per acre.
Article: Zero Dark Thirty
Section: Objections over the unattributed use of recordings of 9/11 victims

Question: Were recordings used without attribution in Zero Dark Thirty?

According to the relatives of Betty Ong, a flight attendant on a hijacked American Airlines plane, a clip from her call to headquarters was used in the beginning of the film without attribution.
They demanded that, if the film won any awards, the filmmakers apologize at the Academy Awards ceremony for using the clip without getting her heirs' consent.
Her family also asked that the film's U.S. distributors make a charitable donation in Ong's name, and should go on record that the Ong family does not endorse the use of torture.
The end of the film already includes a statement paying tribute to the victims and the families of the 9/11 attacks, and the film producers have already contributed to the memorial and museum being built at Ground Zero.
Mary and Frank Fetchet, parents of Brad Fetchet, who worked on the 89th floor of the World Trade Center's south tower, criticized the filmmakers for using a recording of their son's voicemail without permission.
The recording has previously been heard in broadcast TV news reports and in testimony for the 9/11 Commission.
Article: Yogurt
Section: Nutritional value and health benefits

Question: How much fat does yogurt contain?

Yogurt is nutritionally rich in protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12.
It has nutritional benefits beyond those of milk.
Lactose-intolerant individuals can sometimes tolerate yogurt better than other dairy products, because the lactose in the milk is converted to glucose and galactose, and partially fermented to lactic acid, by the bacterial culture.
Yogurt containing live cultures has been found effective in a randomized trial at preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
Yogurt contains varying amounts of fat.
There is non-fat (0% fat), low-fat (usually 2% fat) and plain or whole milk yogurt (4% fat).
A study published in the "International Journal of Obesity" (11 January 2005) also found that the consumption of low-fat yogurt can promote weight loss, relative to a gelatin placebo.
Yogurt is a valuable health food for both infants and elderly persons.
For children, it is a balanced source of protein, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals.
For senior citizens, who usually have more sensitive colons or whose intestines have run out of lactase, yogurt is also a valuable food.
Elderly intestines showed declining levels of bifidus bacteria, which allow the growth of toxin-producing and, perhaps, cancer-causing bacteria.
Yogurt may help prevent osteoporosis, reduce the risk of high blood pressure.
Yogurt with active cultures helps the gut, may discourage vaginal infections, and may help one feel fuller.
The "yogurt defense" was made famous by the trial of Carol Downer, one of the developers of menstrual extraction.
She was arrested at her self-help group and charged with practicing medicine without a license, as she inserted yogurt into the vagina of another woman to treat a yeast condition.
Carol Downer was acquitted; the jury did not equate inserting yogurt with practicing medicine.
Article: Vietnam War
Section: North Korea

Question: What did Kim Il-sung tell his pilots to inspire them?

As a result of a decision of the Korean Workers' Party in October 1966, in early 1967 North Korea sent a fighter squadron to North Vietnam to back up the North Vietnamese 921st and 923rd fighter squadrons defending Hanoi.
They stayed through 1968, and 200 pilots were reported to have served.
In addition, at least two anti-aircraft artillery regiments were sent as well.
North Korea also sent weapons, ammunition and two million sets of uniforms to their comrades in North Vietnam.
Kim Il-sung is reported to have told his pilots to "fight in the war as if the Vietnamese sky were their own".
Article: Wide Awake (Katy Perry song)
Section: Background

Question: What was the director for the music video "Wide Awake"?

Music video.
In March 2012, during an interview with MTV, Perry stated: "I know exactly what that music video is.
I know exactly who is directing it.
I know the art direction, the people, the narrative, and I had that idea while I was writing the song".
Filming of the official 3D music video for "Wide Awake" began on April 30, 2012 and ended on May 2, 2012.
The music video was directed by Tony T. Datis and will be used as a tie-in promotion for her 2012 3D autobiographical documentary film, "", as part of her deal with Pepsi.
On June 12, 2012, an official trailer directed by Lance Drake, was released on Perry's VEVO channel.
It started with a girl flipping through a book which displays flashbacks of the "Teenage Dream" era, describing each of the singles as a 'chapter', with Wide Awake being 'the final chapter'.
It also unveiled that there will be a fairytale storyline, with 'a giant labyrinth, a poisoned strawberry, a curious cat, prince charming, and a little girl'.
A second preview aired on June 13, 2012 during the season finale of the program "Randy Jackson Presents: America's Best Dance Crew".
Article: Curling
Section: Abstract

Question: How do you play the game of curling?

Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric rings.
It is related to bowls, boules and shuffleboard.
Two teams, each of four players, take turns sliding heavy, polished granite stones, also called "rocks", across the ice "curling sheet" towards the "house", a circular target marked on the ice.
Each team has eight stones.
The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a "game"; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each "end", which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones.
A game may consist of ten or eight ends.
The curler can induce a curved path by causing the stone to slowly turn as it slides, and the path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms who accompany it as it slides down the sheet, using the brooms to alter the state of the ice in front of the stone.
A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation, and the skills of the curlers determine how close to the desired result the stone will achieve.
This gives curling its nickname of "chess on ice".