community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Boxing
Section: Medical concerns

Question: Can a boxer tell the difference between throwing a punch that knocks someone out and a punch that kills someone?

Knocking a person unconscious or even causing concussion may cause permanent brain damage.
There is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out and the force likely to kill a person.
Since 1980, more than 200 amateur boxers, professional boxers and Toughman fighters have died due to ring or training injuries.
In 1983, the "Journal of the American Medical Association" called for a ban on boxing.
The editor, Dr. George Lundberg, called boxing an "obscenity" that "should not be sanctioned by any civilized society."
Since then, the British, Canadian and Australian Medical Associations also have called for bans on boxing.
Supporters of the ban state that boxing is the only sport where hurting the other athlete is the goal.
Dr. Bill O'Neill, boxing spokesman for the British Medical Association, has supported the BMA's proposed ban on boxing: "It is the only sport where the intention is to inflict serious injury on your opponent, and we feel that we must have a total ban on boxing."
Opponents respond that such a position is misguided opinion, stating that amateur boxing is scored solely according to total connecting blows with no award for "injury".
They observe that many skilled professional boxers have had rewarding careers without inflicting injury on opponents by accumulating scoring blows and avoiding punches winning rounds scored 10-9 by the 10-point must system, and they note that there are many other sports where concussions are much more prevalent.
In 2007, one study of amateur boxers showed that protective headgear did not prevent brain damage, and another found that amateur boxers faced a high risk of brain damage.
The Gothenburg study analyzed temporary levels of neurofiliment light in cerebral spinal fluid which they conclude is evidence of damage, even though the levels soon subside.
More comprehensive studies of neurologiocal function on larger samples performed by Johns Hopkins University and accident rates analyzed by National Safety Council show amateur boxing is a comparatively safe sport.
In 1997, the American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians was established to create medical protocols through research and education to prevent injuries in boxing.
Professional boxing is forbidden in Norway, Iceland, Iran and North Korea.
It was banned in Sweden until 2007 when the ban was lifted but strict restrictions, including four three-minute rounds for fights, were imposed.
It was banned in Albania from 1965 till the fall of Communism in 1991; it is now legal.
Article: Dissolution of the Monasteries
Section: Arts and culture

Question: How many of the Worcester Priory books are knock to still exist?

Along with the destruction of the monasteries, some of them many hundreds of years old, the related destruction of the monastic libraries was perhaps the greatest cultural loss caused by the English Reformation.
Worcester Priory (now Worcester Cathedral) had 600 books at the time of the dissolution.
Only six of them are known to have survived intact to the present day.
At the abbey of the Augustinian Friars at York, a library of 646 volumes was destroyed, leaving only three known survivors.
Some books were destroyed for their precious bindings, others were sold off by the cartload.
The antiquarian John Leland was commissioned by the King to rescue items of particular interest (especially manuscript sources of Old English history), and other collections were made by private individuals; notably Matthew Parker.
Nevertheless much was lost, especially manuscript books of English church music, none of which had then been printed.
Article: Every Breath You Take
Section: Abstract

Question: What song did sting when song of the year for?

"Every Breath You Take" is a song by The Police on the band's 1983 album "Synchronicity", written by Sting.
The single entered the charts at position 36 on 4 June 1983.
The single was one of the biggest hits of 1983, topping the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for eight weeks and the UK Singles Chart for four weeks.
It also topped the "Billboard" Top Tracks chart for nine weeks.
At the 26th Annual Grammy Awards the song was nominated for three Grammy Awards including Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.
Sting won Song of the Year while The Police won Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals; however, it did not win Record of the Year.
The song ranked No.
84 on the "Rolling Stone" list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time the highest position of any new wave rock song.
It also ranked No.
25 on "Billboard"'s Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs.
The song is considered to be The Police's signature song, and in 2010 was estimated to generate between a quarter and a third of Sting's music publishing income.
In the USA, Every Breath You Take was the best-selling single of 1983 and fifth best-selling single of the decade.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Properties

Question: What regulates stem cell function?

The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possess two properties:
"Self-renewal": the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state.
"Potency": the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types.
In the strictest sense, this requires stem cells to be either totipotent or pluripotent—to be able to give rise to any mature cell type, although multipotent or unipotent progenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells.
Apart from this it is said that stem cell function is regulated in a feed back mechanism.
Article: Seafood
Section: Health benefits

Question: Iodine is essential for what gland that controls growth and metabolism?

Research over the past few decades has shown that the nutrients and minerals in seafood can make improvements in brain development and reproduction and has highlighted the role for seafood in the functions of the human body.
Doctors have known of strong links between fish and healthy hearts ever since they noticed that fish-eating Inuit populations in the Arctic had low levels of heart disease.
One study has suggested that adding one portion of fish a week to your diet can cut your chances of suffering a heart attack by half.
Fish is thought to protect the heart because eating less saturated fat and more Omega-3 can help to lower the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood – two fats that, in excess, increase the risk of heart disease.
Omega-3 fats also have natural built-in anti-oxidants, which are thought to stop the thickening and damaging of artery walls.
Regularly eating fish oils is also thought to reduce the risk of arrhythmia – irregular electrical activity in the heart which increases the risk of sudden heart attacks.10-12% of the human brain is composed of lipids, including the Omega-3 fat DHA.
Recent studies suggest that older people can boost their brain power by eating more oily fish, what with regular consumers being able to remember better and think faster than those who don't consume at all.
Other research has also suggested that adding more DHA to the diet of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder can reduce their behavioural problems and improve their reading skills, while there have also been links suggested between DHA and better concentration.
Separate studies have suggested that older people who eat fish at least once a week could also have a lower chance of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Including fish as a regular part of a balanced diet has been shown to help the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis – a painful condition that causes joints to swell up, reducing strength and mobility.
Studies also show that sufferers feel less stiff and sore in the morning if they keep their fish oil intake topped up.
Recent research has also found a link between Omega-3 fats and a slowing down in the wearing of cartilage that leads to osteoarthritis, opening the door for more research into whether eating more fish could help prevent the disease.
Fish is high in minerals such as zinc, iodine and selenium, which keep the body running smoothly.
Iodine is essential for the thyroid gland, which controls growth and metabolism, while selenium is used to make enzymes that protect cell walls from cancer-causing free radicals, and helps prevent DNA damage caused by radiation and some chemicals.
Fish is also a source of vitamin A, which is needed for healthy skin and eyes, and vitamin D, which is needed to help the body absorb calcium to strengthen teeth and bones.
Article: The Motto
Section: Abstract

Question: Who wrote "The Motto?"

"The Motto" is a song by Canadian recording artist Drake.
The song features Lil Wayne and is a digital iTunes Store bonus track from Drake's second studio album, "Take Care".
"The Motto" premiered on Los Angeles' Power 106 on October 31, 2011.
Drake released the song on his OVO blog a day later.
It was first played on rhythmic top 40 radio stations on November 29, 2011, as the album's fourth single.
The track was a commercial success in the U.S., selling over 3,000,000 copies.
denoting 3× Platinum status.
The track peaked atop both the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and US Rap Songs charts, and was ranked 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 Year-end Chart.
"The Motto" was nominated for Best Rap Song at the 55th Grammy Awards.
The song is one of the few songs to rank within the top 20 in the year-end chart, but to never crack the top ten, due to peaking at number 14.
Article: Starships (song)
Section: Abstract

Question: What video games was the song "Starships" by Nicki Minaj featured in?

Starships (song)"Starships" is a song by Trinidadian-American singer-songwriter and rapper Nicki Minaj, taken from her second studio album "".
It was released on February 14, 2012 by Young Money, Cash Money, Universal Republic as the lead single from the album.
The song was written by Minaj, Nadir Khayat, Carl Falk, Rami Yacoub and Wayne Hector, and was produced by RedOne, Yacoub, and Falk.
"Starships" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who complimented its production, though found it generic and criticized Minaj's transition towards pop music.
The song is Minaj's most successful single to date, peaking inside the top five in over fifteen countries.
It remains her most certified single to date, and has become one of the best-selling singles of all time.
The song also made US "Billboard" history, debuting in the US top ten and then spending a total of 21 consecutive weeks in the top ten.
Minaj has performed the song live in a number of appearances, and was the encore performance on the .
The corresponding music video was shot Oahu Island, Hawaii.
Directed by Anthony Mandler, the song features Nicki on a beach in a bikini, and near the end of the video, it shows her and a "party-esque" dancing to the song and performing.
The music video was critically acclaimed from music critics, many praising the kaleidoscope effects in the video and the fun, carefree style.
However, some critics noticed its postponed release, because the video for her single "Beez in the Trap" was released before "Starships" was.
With all the success, the song has also sparked controversy surrounding a pulled live performance.
The song was included in the 2012 videogame "Dance Central 3" and is included in the best-selling videogame "Just Dance 2014".
It is also one of the select few songs available on "Just Dance 2014"'s demo version.
In September 2013 electronic artist Clive Tanaka filed suit against Nicki Minaj and the writers of the song, claiming it infringed on his own composition and recording, "Neu Chicago".
Article: Cake
Section: Cake decorating

Question: What is attached to the bag using a coupler?

 decorating.
A finished cake is often enhanced by covering it with icing, or frosting, and toppings such as sprinkles, which are also known as "jimmies" in certain parts of the United States and "hundreds and thousands" in the United Kingdom.
Frosting is usually made from powdered (icing) sugar, sometimes a fat of some sort, milk or cream, and often flavorings such as vanilla extract or cocoa powder.
Some decorators use a rolled fondant icing.
Commercial bakeries tend to use lard for the fat, and often whip the lard to introduce air bubbles.
This makes the icing light and spreadable.
Home bakers either use lard, butter, margarine or some combination thereof.
Sprinkles are small firm pieces of sugar and oils that are colored with food coloring.
In the late 20th century, new cake decorating products became available to the public.
These include several specialized sprinkles and even methods to print pictures and transfer the image onto a cake.
Special tools are needed for more complex cake decorating, such as piping bags or syringes, and various piping tips.
To use a piping bag or syringe, a piping tip is attached to the bag or syringe using a coupler.
The bag or syringe is partially filled with icing which is sometimes colored.
Using different piping tips and various techniques, a cake decorator can make many different designs.
Basic decorating tips include open star, closed star, basketweave, round, drop flower, leaf, multi, petal, and specialty tips.
Royal icing, marzipan (or a less sweet version, known as almond paste), fondant icing(also known as sugarpaste) and buttercream are used as covering icings and to create decorations.
Floral sugarcraft or wired sugar flowers are an important part of cake decoration.
Cakes for special occasions, such as wedding cakes, are traditionally rich fruit cakes or occasionally Madeira cakes, that are covered with marzipan and iced using royal icing or sugar-paste.
They are finished with piped borders (made with royal icing) and adorned with a piped message, wired sugar flowers, hand-formed fondant flowers, marzipan fruit, piped flowers, or crystallized fruits or flowers such as grapes or violets.
Article: Fajita
Section: Abstract

Question: What type of cuisine do fajitas originate from?

A fajita (; ) is a term found in Tex-Mex cuisine, commonly referring to any grilled meat usually served as a taco on a flour or corn tortilla.
The term originally referred to the cut of beef used in the dish which is known as skirt steak.
Popular meats today also include chicken, pork, shrimp, and all cuts of beef.
In restaurants, the meat is often cooked with onions and bell peppers.
Popular condiments are shredded lettuce, sour cream, guacamole, salsa, pico de gallo, cheese, and tomato.
The northern Mexican variant of the dish name is Arrachera.
Article: Physics
Section: Difference between classical and modern physics

Question: What replace notions of absolute time and space with spacetime?

While physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability.
Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light.
Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions.
Albert Einstein contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with spacetime and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light.
Max Planck, Erwin Schrödinger, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.
Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity.
General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved spacetime, with which highly massive systems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described.
General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.
Article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Section: Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation

Question: When did the Emporer inform the family he was surrendering?

Until August 9, Japan's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender.
On that day Hirohito ordered Kōichi Kido to "quickly control the situation ... because the Soviet Union has declared war against us."
He then held an Imperial conference during which he authorized minister Shigenori Tōgō to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition, that the declaration "does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler.
"On August 12, the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender.
One of his uncles, Prince Asaka, then asked whether the war would be continued if the "kokutai" could not be preserved.
Hirohito simply replied "Of course."
As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne, Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender.
In his declaration, Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings:In his "Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors" delivered on August 17, he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion and his decision to surrender, omitting any mention of the bombs.
Hirohito met with General MacArthur on September 27, saying to him that "he peace party did not prevail until the bombing of Hiroshima created a situation which could be dramatized."
Furthermore, the "Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors" speech he told MacArthur about was just personal, not political, and never stated that the Soviet intervention in Manchuria was the main reason for surrender.
In fact, a day after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, Hirohito ordered his advisers, primarily Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu, Kawada Mizuho, and Masahiro Yasuoka, to write up a surrender speech.
In Hirohito's speech, days before announcing it on radio on August 15, he gave three major reasons for surrender: Tokyo's defenses would not be complete before the American invasion of Japan, Ise Shrine would be lost to the Americans, and atomic weapons deployed by the Americans would lead to the death of the entire Japanese race.
Despite the Soviet intervention, Hirohito did not mention the Soviets as the main factor for surrender.
Article: United States
Section: Foreign relations

Question: Does the united states participate in the g8 and g20?

The United States has an established structure of foreign relations.
It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters.
It is a member of the G8, G20, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have consulates around the country.
Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions.
However, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Bhutan, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States (although the U.S. still supplies Taiwan with military equipment).
The United States has a "special relationship" with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Israel, and several European countries, including France and Germany.
It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico.
In 2008, the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance, the most in the world.
As a share of America's large gross national income (GNI), however, the U.S. contribution of 0.18% ranked last among 22 donor states.
By contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous.
The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau, all of which are Pacific island nations which were part of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands beginning after World War II, and gained independence in subsequent years.
Article: Cheese
Section: Origins

Question: Where were the earliest evidence of cheesemaking found?

Cheese is an ancient food whose origins predate recorded history.
There is no conclusive evidence indicating where cheesemaking originated, either in Europe, Central Asia or the Middle East, but the practice had spread within Europe prior to Roman times and, according to Pliny the Elder, had become a sophisticated enterprise by the time the Roman Empire came into being.
The earliest evidence of cheese-making in the archaeological record dates back to 5,500 BCE, in what is now Kujawy, Poland, where strainers with milk fats molecules have been found.
Earliest proposed dates for the origin of cheesemaking range from around 8000 BCE, when sheep were first domesticated.
Since animal skins and inflated internal organs have, since ancient times, provided storage vessels for a range of foodstuffs, it is probable that the process of cheese making was discovered accidentally by storing milk in a container made from the stomach of an animal, resulting in the milk being turned to curd and whey by the rennet from the stomach.
There is a legend – with variations – about the discovery of cheese by an Arab trader who used this method of storing milk.
Cheesemaking may have begun independently of this by the pressing and salting of curdled milk to preserve it.
Observation that the effect of making milk in an animal stomach gave more solid and better-textured curds may have led to the deliberate addition of rennet.
Early archeological evidence of Egyptian cheese has been found in Egyptian tomb murals, dating to about 2000 BCE.
The earliest cheeses were likely to have been quite sour and salty, similar in texture to rustic cottage cheese or feta, a crumbly, flavorful Greek cheese.
Cheese produced in Europe, where climates are cooler than the Middle East, required less salt for preservation.
With less salt and acidity, the cheese became a suitable environment for useful microbes and molds, giving aged cheeses their respective flavors.