community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Watergate scandal
Section: Abstract

Question: Which administration was in control during Watergate?

The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement.
The term "Watergate" has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration.
Those activities included "dirty tricks" such as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious.
Nixon and his close aides ordered harassment of activist groups and political figures, using the FBI, CIA, and the Internal Revenue Service.
The scandal led to the discovery of multiple abuses of power by the Nixon administration, articles of impeachment, and the resignation of Republican Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, on August 9, 1974—the only resignation of a U.S. president to date.
The scandal also resulted in the indictment, trial, conviction, and incarceration of 43 people, dozens of whom were Nixon's top administration officials.
The affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate complex on June 17, 1972.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) connected cash found on the burglars to a slush fund used by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, the official organization of Nixon's campaign.
In July 1973, as evidence mounted against the president's staff, including testimony provided by former staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee, it was revealed that President Nixon had a tape-recording system in his offices and he had recorded many conversations.
After a protracted series of bitter court battles, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president had to hand over the tapes to government investigators; he ultimately complied.
Recordings from these tapes implicated the president, revealing he had attempted to cover up the questionable goings-on that had taken place after the break-in.
Facing near-certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974.
His successor, Gerald Ford, then issued a pardon to him on September 8, 1974.
The name "Watergate" and the suffix "-gate" have since become synonymous with political scandals in the United States and in other English- and non-English-speaking nations as well.
Article: Hamburger
Section: Mexico

Question: What comes on a Hawaiian burger?

In Mexico, burgers (called "hamburguesas") are served with ham and slices of American cheese (locally called "queso americano") fried on top of the meat patty.
The toppings include avocado, jalapeño slices, shredded lettuce, onion and tomato.
The bun has mayonnaise, ketchup and mustard.
In certain parts are served with bacon, which can be fried or grilled along with the meat patty.
A slice of pineapple is also a usual option, and the variation is known as a "Hawaiian hamburger".
Some restaurants' burgers also have barbecue sauce, and others also replace the ground patty with sirloin, Al pastor meat, barbacoa or a fried chicken breast.
Many burger chains from the United States can be found all over Mexico, including Carl's Jr., Sonic, as well as global chains such as McDonald's and Burger King.
Article: The Vampire Diaries
Section: U.S. Nielsen ratings

Question: When was the series premiere of the show "The Vampire Diaries"?

The series premiere on September 10, 2009 gave The CW its biggest series premiere scoring 4.91 million viewers.
Adding in DVR numbers, the ratings for the premiere swelled to an official 5.7 million viewers.
The following is a table for the seasonal rankings, based on average total estimated viewers per episode of "The Vampire Diaries".
"Rank" refers to how "The Vampire Diaries" rated compared to the other television series which aired during prime time hours.
Article: Claude Monet
Section: Impressionism

Question: In what year was the first Impressionist art exhibition held?

The first Impressionist exhibition was held in 1874 at 35 boulevard des Capucines, Paris, from 15 April to 15 May.
The primary purpose of the participants was not so much to promote a new style, but to free themselves from the constraints of the Salon de Paris.
The exhibition, open to anyone prepared to pay 60 francs, gave artists the opportunity to show their work without the interference of a jury.
Renoir chaired the hanging committee and did most of the work himself, as others members failed to present themselves.
In addition to "" (pictured above) Monet presented four oil paintings and seven pastels.
Among the paintings he displayed was "The Luncheon" (1868), which features Camille Doncieux and Jean Monet, and which had been rejected by the Paris Salon of 1870.
Also in this exhibition was a painting titled "Boulevard des Capucines", a painting of the boulevard done from the photographer Nadar's apartment at no.
35.
Monet painted the subject twice and it is uncertain which of the two pictures, that now in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, or that in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City was the painting that appeared in the groundbreaking 1874 exhibition, though more recently the Moscow picture has been favoured.
Altogether, 165 works were exhibited in the exhibition, including 4 oils, 2 pastels and 3 watercolors by Morisot; 6 oils and 1 pastel by Renoir; 10 works by Degas; 5 by Pissarro; 3 by Cézanne; and 3 by Guillaumin.
Several works were on loan, including Cézanne's "Modern Olympia", Morisot's "Hide and Seek" (owned by Manet) and 2 landscapes by Sisley that had been purchased by Durand-Ruel.
The total attendance is estimated at 3500 and some works did sell, though some exhibitors had placed their prices too high.
Pissarro was asking 1000 francs for "The Orchard" and Monet the same for "Impression: Sunrise", neither of which sold.
Renoir failed to obtain the 500 francs he was asking for "La Loge", but later sold it for 450 francs to Père Martin, dealer and supporter of the group.
Article: Microscope
Section: Electron microscopy

Question: Who started the development of the transmission electron microscope, the first electron microscope, in 1931?

In the early 1900s a significant alternative to light microscopy was developed, using electrons rather than light to generate the image.
Ernst Ruska started development of the first electron microscope in 1931 which was the transmission electron microscope (TEM).
The transmission electron microscope works on the same principle as an optical microscope but uses electrons in the place of light and electromagnets in the place of glass lenses.
Use of electrons instead of light allows a much higher resolution.
Development of the transmission electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the scanning electron microscope by Max Knoll.
Electron microscopes quickly became popular following the Second World War.
Ernst Ruska, working at Siemens developed the first commercial transmission electron microscope and major scientific conferences on electron microscopy started being held in the 1950s.
In 1965 the first commercial scanning electron microscope was developed by Professor Sir Charles Oatley and his postgraduate student Gary Stewart and marketed by the Cambridge Instrument Company as the "Stereoscan".
Article: Physics
Section: Abstract

Question: What areas of interdisciplinary areas of research does physics intersect with?

Physics (from , from "phúsis" "nature") is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force.
More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.
Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.
Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right.
Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined.
New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.
Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs.
For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
Article: Cold War
Section: East Europe breaks away

Question: In 1989, the Communist governments from what countries became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections?

By 1989, the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse, and, deprived of Soviet military support, the Communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power.
Grassroots organizations, such as Poland's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases.
In 1989, the Communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections.
In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched Communist leaders.
The Communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising.
Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed.
The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which symbolized the collapse of European Communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe.
The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe peacefully overthrew all the Soviet-style communist states: East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria, Romania was the only Eastern-bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state.
Article: Sound City (film)
Section: Critical response

Question: What are some qualities that led to Sound City receiving a positive critical reaction?

Critical response.
"Sound City" received overwhelmingly positive reviews.
Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 100% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 41 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.7/10.
The site's consensus states: "Smart, affectionate, and unabashedly sincere, "Sound City" pairs a great soundtrack with a well-argued ode to one of rock 'n' roll's most fondly remembered bygone eras."
It was one of the highest rated limited release and documentary movies of the year on the website.
On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 76 based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Kenneth Turan from "Los Angeles Times" gave the film a positive review, saying "High-spirited, emotional and funny, "Sound City" is, of all things, a mash note to a machine.
Not just any machine, however, but one that helped change the face of rock 'n' roll."
In a review for "The Daily Telegraph", Sebastian Doggart awarded the documentary five out of five stars and proclaimed it as "an exhilarating exploration of the creative process."
Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" admits "In his directing debut, Dave Grohl shows the instincts of a real filmmaker.
"Sound City" hits you like a shot in the heart."
Bill Goodykoontz of "The Arizona Republic" remarks ""Sound City" is a music geek's dream, a rollicking look at a dumpy California studio where a lot of musicians found magic.
It's also a bit of a mess, like all good rock and roll ought to be.
", while Elizabeth Weitzman of "New York Daily News" praised that "Grohl's aim is to explore the aura of a place, but what he winds up proving is that people make the magic.
"Nevertheless in his review for About.com, Tim Grierson wrote that it "is just a fun collection of unlikely musical pairings that zips by in little less than an hour", and Phil Gallo from "Billboard" stated "Grohl's inexperience as a filmmaker only shows when the film makes a sharp turn out of history and into the more recent past: There's a sense that instead of celebrating great rock 'n' roll moments, a product is about to be pitched at the viewer.
"The film received a Satellite Award for Best Documentary Film nomination in the 18th edition and the Cinema Eye Honor 2014 Audience Choice Prize.
Article: Teen Wolf
Section: Sequels

Question: When was the first episode of Teen Wolf aired?

The film was followed by a cartoon spin-off in 1986, and a sequel in 1987 titled "Teen Wolf Too", with Jason Bateman starring as Todd Howard, Scott's cousin.
A second sequel starring Alyssa Milano was planned, but never filmed.
Another female version of "Teen Wolf" was in the works that later developed into 1989's "Teen Witch".
A Canadian television series similar in theme ran from 1999 to 2002 entitled "Big Wolf on Campus".
In June 2009, MTV announced that they would be adapting "Teen Wolf" into a television series "with a greater emphasis on romance, horror and werewolf mythology".
Australian director Russell Mulcahy directed the pilot film of the television series.
The first episode for the new MTV series aired on June 5, 2011.
Article: Wrestling
Section: Greco-Roman

Question: What is one way to win a Greco-Roman wrestling match?

Greco-Roman is an international discipline and an Olympic sport.
In Greco-Roman style, it is forbidden to hold the opponent below the belt, to make trips, and to actively use the legs in the execution of any action.
Recent rule changes in Greco-Roman increase opportunities for and place greater emphasis on explosive, 'high amplitude' throws.
Pinning one's opponent to the mat is one way of winning.
One of the most well known Greco-Roman wrestlers is Alexander Karelin from Russia.
Article: Jingle Bell Rock
Section: Chart performance

Question: What 1996 film was the song featured in?

Helms's original version charted at No.
13 on "Billboard"'s Most Played C&W by Jockeys chart, a predecessor to the Hot Country Songs chart.
After it was featured on the soundtrack to the 1996 film "Jingle All the Way", the original version returned to the country charts in late 1996-early 1997, reaching a peak of No.
It also crossed to the pop charts, reaching #11 in the Cashbox Top 60, week ending January 11, 1958.
Article: Gangnam Style
Section: South Korea

Question: Korea's services account recorded a surplus of how much in the first nine months of this year?

In 2012, the South Korean government announced that "Gangnam Style" had brought in $13.4 million to the country’s audio sector, and it subsequently launched a campaign to further expand the K-Pop music industry overseas.
According to the Bank of Korea, the country's services account recorded a surplus of USD 2.3 billion in the first nine months of this year, compared to a deficit of USD 4.5 billion last year.
This was mainly due to the growing influence and popularity of K-pop songs such as "Gangnam Style".
However, the American journalist John Seabrook noted that by "satirizing standard K-pop tropes in Gangnam Style", Psy may have subverted the music genre's chances of making it big in the West.
Article: Man at the Crossroads
Section: Destruction

Question: Who did the controversial mural "Man at the Crossroads"?

On 24 April 1933 the "New York World-Telegram" newspaper published an article attacking the mural as anti-capitalist propaganda.
A few days later Rivera added the portrait of Lenin to the work.
This precipitated a major controversy by May.
The bad publicity greatly upset Rockefeller.
Rivera was asked to remove the picture of Lenin, but refused, instead offering to add Abraham Lincoln to the work as way of a compromise.
Rockefeller then left the decision about the future of the mural to Todd-Robertson-Todd.
Rivera was fully paid the promised amount for his work, but the mural was covered in drapery and left incomplete.
Despite protests from art lovers and attempts to get it to moved to the Museum of Modern Art, it remained covered until the early weeks of 1934, when it was destroyed by workmen.
The destruction caused widespread controversy.
Ralph Stackpole and Bernard Zakheim (who headed a group of artists commissioned by the WPA to paint murals at the Coit Tower in San Francisco) protested, and also included references to the incident in the form of headlines in newspapers held by figures in their paintings.
The Rockefeller Center commissioned a mural by Jose Maria Sert entitled "American Progress" to replace Rivera's work.
It used Abraham Lincoln as its focal point.
Article: The Amazing Race 21
Section: Prizes

Question: Who sponsors the prizes for Amazing Race Season 21?

The prize for each leg is awarded to the first place team for that leg.
Trips are sponsored by Travelocity.
 Leg 1 – The "Double Your Money" prize – if the team that wins the first leg of the race also wins the final leg, the prize for winning the race will be doubled from its standard amount to .
 Leg 2 – The "Express Pass" – an item that can be used on the race to skip any one task of the team's choosing.
 Leg 3 – A trip for two to Fiji
 Leg 4 – A trip for two to Antigua
 Leg 5 – A trip for two to Malaysia
 Leg 6 – A trip for two to Australia
 Leg 7 – A trip for two to Maui, Hawaii
 Leg 8 – A trip for two to Costa Rica
 Leg 9 – each
 Leg 10 – A trip for two to the Riviera Maya
 Leg 11 – A 2013 Ford Escape for each racer
 Leg 12 –
Article: Gossip Girl
Section: Season 2: 2008–2009

Question: What character was Desmond Harrington on Gossip Girl?

The second season mainly explores the senior year of the characters with the premiere at the Hamptons and primarily focused on the relationship between Blair and Chuck, who were labeled "the heart of "GG"" by "People" magazine.
At first, both characters negate their feelings for one another, and go through random schemes and manipulations.
The first half of the season deals with Serena's growing prominence as a socialite which draws the attention of Blair as their friendship is tested when the character of Poppy Lifton (Tamara Feldman) arrives, a socialite who inadvertently drives a wedge between Serena and Blair after inspiring Serena to take her place in the spotlight during the early episodes of the season.
Nate faces the aftermath of his father's criminal past and pursues a relationship with Vanessa, who becomes further entangled into the world of the Upper East Side.
Jenny reignites her rebellious nature by pursuing a career as a fashion designer, thereby challenging Rufus' skills as a parent while Dan's friendship with Nate and relationship with Serena slowly transforms him from a social outcast to an insider.
The show finished its first half during the first week of December, with the shocking death of Bart Bass.
The second half of the season reveals the impact of Bart's death, causing a significant change of character direction for Chuck that subsequently leads to the growth of Rufus and Lily's relationship, the revelation of the two having a son together, and contributing to the decline of Dan and Serena's relationship.
John Shea reprised his role as Harold Waldorf during a Thanksgiving episode and becomes entangled in Blair's striving ambition of attending Yale.
Desmond Harrington entered the series as Chuck's manipulative uncle, Jack Bass.
Feldman returned to the season with Armie Hammer as Serena's new love interest, Gabriel Edwards.
Michelle Trachtenberg returned to the role of Georgina Sparks and filmed her scenes during February, also adjoining her character's return to the second season mystery.
A backdoor pilot for a spin-off premiered in May, but was not picked up by The CW to the limited number of spots available on their fall line-up.
As the storylines progressed, the role of "Gossip Girl" is slightly decreased.
She continues to run her blog, but she keeps the ultimate information for herself, sending it in the final episode as the last blast, where Serena decides to find out who "Gossip Girl" really is, but ultimately fails.
The season finale ended with a well-received kiss between Blair and Chuck.
Article: Leaning Tower of Pisa
Section: Abstract

Question: What caused the tower to tilt?

The Leaning Tower of Pisa () or simply the Tower of Pisa ("Torre di Pisa") is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt to one side.
It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in Pisa's Cathedral Square ("Piazza del Duomo") after the Cathedral and the Baptistry.
The tower's tilt began during construction, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight.
The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed, and gradually increased until the structure was stabilized (and the tilt partially corrected) by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
The height of the tower is from the ground on the low side and on the high side.
The width of the walls at the base is .
Its weight is estimated at .
The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.
Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001, the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees, but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees.
This means that the top of the tower is displaced horizontally from where it would be if the structure were perfectly vertical.
Article: Snorkeling
Section: The snorkel

Question: What shape is a swimmer's snorkel usually in?

A swimmer's snorkel is a tube typically about long and with an inside diameter of between , usually L- or J-shaped and fitted with a mouthpiece at the lower end, and constructed of rubber or plastic.
It is used for breathing air from above the water surface when the wearer's mouth and nose are submerged.
The snorkel usually has a piece of rubber that attaches the snorkel to the outside of the strap of the diving mask.
An older technique is pushing the snorkel between the mask-strap and the head, but this practice increases the chances the mask will leak.
The optimum design length of the snorkel tube is at most 40 centimeters (about 16 inches).
A longer tube would not allow breathing when snorkelling deeper, since it would place the lungs in deeper water where the surrounding water pressure is higher.
The lungs would then be unable to inflate when the snorkeler inhales, because the muscles that expand the lungs are not strong enough to operate against the higher pressure.
Snorkels also constitute respiratory dead space.
When the user takes in a fresh breath, some of the previously exhaled air which remains in the snorkel is recycled into the lungs, reducing breathing efficiency and causing a build up of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can result in hypercapnia.
The greater the volume of the tube, and the smaller the tidal volume of breathing, the more this problem is exacerbated.
A smaller diameter tube reduces the dead volume, but also increases resistance to airflow and so increases the work of breathing.
Occasional exhalation through the nose while snorkeling will reduce the build up of carbon dioxide, and help in keeping the mask clear of water.