community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Manhattan Project
Section: Soviet spies

Question: Who was a spy for the Solviet Union and was involved with the Manhattan Project?

The prospect of sabotage was always present, and sometimes suspected when there were equipment failures.
While there were some problems believed to be the result of careless or disgruntled employees, there were no confirmed instances of Axis-instigated sabotage.
However, on 10 March 1945, a Japanese fire balloon struck a power line, and the resulting power surge caused the three reactors at Hanford to be temporarily shut down.
With so many people involved, security was a difficult task.
A special Counter Intelligence Corps detachment was formed to handle the project's security issues.
By 1943, it was clear that the Soviet Union was attempting to penetrate the project.
Lieutenant Colonel Boris T. Pash, the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command, investigated suspected Soviet espionage at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley.
Oppenheimer informed Pash that he had been approached by a fellow professor at Berkeley, Haakon Chevalier, about passing information to the Soviet Union.
The most successful Soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs, a member of the British Mission who played an important part at Los Alamos.
The 1950 revelation of Fuchs' espionage activities damaged the United States' nuclear cooperation with Britain and Canada.
Subsequently, other instances of espionage were uncovered, leading to the arrest of Harry Gold, David Greenglass and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
Other spies like George Koval and Theodore Hall remained unknown for decades.
The value of the espionage is difficult to quantify, as the principal constraint on the Soviet atomic bomb project was a shortage of uranium ore.
The consensus is that espionage saved the Soviets one or two years of effort.
Article: Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Section: Background

Question: Give that year that Van Gogh wrote to his brother about the Portrait of Dr. Gachet.

In 1890, Van Gogh's brother Theo was searching for a home for the artist upon his release from an asylum at Saint-Rémy.
Upon the recommendation of Camille Pissarro, a former patient of the doctor who told Theo of Gachet's interests in working with artists, Theo sent Vincent to Gachet's second home in Auvers.
Vincent van Gogh's first impression of Gachet was unfavorable.
Writing to Theo he remarked:"I think that we must not count on Dr. Gachet at all.
First of all, he is sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much, so that's that.
Now when one blind man leads another blind man, don't they both fall into the ditch?
"However, in a letter dated two days later to their sister Wilhelmina, he relayed, "I have found a true friend in Dr. Gachet, something like another brother, so much do we resemble each other physically and also mentally."
Van Gogh's thoughts returned several times to the painting by Eugène Delacroix of Torquato Tasso in the madhouse.
After a visit with Paul Gauguin to Montpellier to see Alfred Bruyas's collection in the Musée Fabre, Van Gogh wrote to Theo, asking if he could find a copy of the lithograph after the painting.
Three and a half months earlier, he had been thinking of the painting as an example of the sort of portraits he wanted to paint: "But it would be more in harmony with what Eugène Delacroix attempted and brought off in his "Tasso in Prison", and many other pictures, representing a real man.
Ah!
portraiture, portraiture with the thought, the soul of the model in it, that is what I think must come.
"Van Gogh wrote to his brother in 1890 about the painting:
Article: The Selfish Giant (2013 film)
Section: Awards and reception

Question: How many stars did Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian rate The Selfish Giant?

It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Europa Cinemas award.
It was also nominated for the 2013 Lux Prize.
The film was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.
It won Best Film at the 24th Stockholm International Film Festival in November 2013.
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars.
The film was nominated for the 2014 Bafta for Best British Film.
Article: Coffee
Section: Health benefits

Question: What does evidence suggest about the strength of roasted coffee's antioxidant effects?

According to Cancer Research UK, the results of the large-scale study published in 2012 clarified the evidence of the effect of coffee drinking on cancer, and that evidence beforehand had been conflicting.
They say the study showed that drinking coffee "had no effect on the risk of dying from cancer.
"Other studies suggest coffee consumption reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and gout.
The fact that decaffeinated coffee also exhibits preventative effects against diseases such as prostate cancer and type 2 diabetes suggests that coffee's health benefits are not solely a product of its caffeine content.
Specifically, the antidiabetic effect of caffeine has been attributed to caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid.
The presence of antioxidants in coffee has been shown to prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.
Evidence suggests that roasted coffee has a stronger antioxidant effect than green coffee.
Coffee is no longer thought to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate of heart failure, with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day.
Moreover, habitual coffee consumption is associated with improved vascular function.
In a ten year study among 50,739 US women (mean age, 63 years) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (in 1996), coffee consumption was negatively correlated with risk of developing depression.
A review published in 2004 indicated a negative correlation between suicide rates and coffee consumption.
It was suggested that the action of caffeine in blocking the inhibitory effects of adenosine on dopamine nerves in the brain reduced feelings of depression.
Coffee consumption is also associated with improved endothelial function.
Coffee extracts have been shown to inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, enzyme which converts cortisone to cortisol and is a current pharmaceutical target for the treatment of diabetes type 2 and the metabolic syndrome.
Article: Payphone (song)
Section: Background

Question: Who sings Payphone?

The song was written by Maroon 5's lead singer Adam Levine, along with Ammar Malik, Robopop, Benny Blanco, Shellback, and Wiz Khalifa, while production was helmed by Blanco and Shellback.
Levine, Blanco, Shellback, and Malik also wrote the band's previous single "Moves Like Jagger".
The writing process started when Blanco, Robopop, and Malik convened together in the studio; Malik and Robopop constructed a piano line and demo track that Blanco compiled into a proper melody.
Then, it was given to Levine who wrote the lyrics.
Meanwhile, Blanco recalled rapper Wiz Khalifa with an idea to throw a wrench into the Maroon 5 works by adding hip-hop flavor to the its sound, "I love when things don't make sense, like, 'Holy fuck!'
You don't hear him on the song at all.
I like when bands dip into a whole different genre."
Wiz Khalifa wrote and rapped his verse on "Payphone".
In an interview with "Rolling Stone", Blanco told that five minutes before Khalifa arrived at the studio, he prepared "the sound beds for the finger snap-driven portion of the jam".
However, producer Max Martin, who was the executive producer of "Overexposed", adjusted the chorus, because he felt it should be a "little different".
"Payphone" was recorded at Conway Studios in Los Angeles by Noah "Mailbox" Pasovoy and Shellback, while Eric Eylands served as the assistant engineer.
John Hanes mixed the song at Mixstar Studios in Virginia Beach and Phil Seaford was the mixing assistant.
The programming, additional bass, keys, acoustic guitars and the background vocals were provided by Shellback and Blanco.
Jeremy "Jbogs" Levin and David "D Silb" Silberstein served as production coordinators.
Khalifa appears as courtesy of Rostrum Records.
"Payphone" was released as a lead single from "Overexposed".
On April 17, 2012, it was digitally released in most territories.
A&M/Octone Records serviced the song to contemporary hit radio in the United States on April 24.
A CD single containing the album version of the song together with a Thomas Penton/Barry Huffine remix was released on June 8 in Germany.
Article: Yeast
Section: Ecology

Question: How can yeast make flowers more attractive to pollinators?

Yeasts are very common in the environment, and are often isolated from sugar-rich materials.
Examples include naturally occurring yeasts on the skins of fruits and berries (such as grapes, apples, or peaches), and exudates from plants (such as plant saps or cacti).
Some yeasts are found in association with soil and insects.
The ecological function and biodiversity of yeasts are relatively unknown compared to those of other microorganisms.
Yeasts, including "Candida albicans", "Rhodotorula rubra", "Torulopsis" and "Trichosporon cutaneum", have been found living in between people's toes as part of their skin flora.
Yeasts are also present in the gut flora of mammals and some insects and even deep-sea environments host an array of yeasts.
An Indian study of seven bee species and 9 plant species found 45 species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees.
Most were members of the "Candida" genus; the most common species in honey stomachs was "Dekkera intermedia" and in flower nectaries, "Candida blankii".
Yeast colonising nectaries of the stinking hellebore have been found to raise the temperature of the flower, which may aid in attracting pollinators by increasing the evaporation of volatile organic compounds.
A black yeast has been recorded as a partner in a complex relationship between ants, their mutualistic fungus, a fungal parasite of the fungus and a bacterium that kills the parasite.
The yeast has a negative effect on the bacteria that normally produce antibiotics to kill the parasite, so may affect the ants' health by allowing the parasite to spread.
Article: Archery
Section: Release aids

Question: Is it finger or foot operated?

A release aid is a mechanical device designed to give a crisp and precise loose of arrows from a compound bow.
In the most commonly used, the string is released by a finger-operated trigger mechanism, held in the archer's hand or attached to their wrist.
In another type, known as a back-tension release, the string is automatically released when drawn to a pre-determined tension.
Article: Industrial Revolution
Section: Continental Europe

Question: Which countries governments provided state funding to new industries?

Industrialisation beyond Great Britain.
Continental Europe.
The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain.
In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places.
Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities.
By 1809 part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England.
The German, Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries.
In some cases (such as iron), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted.
Article: Hersheypark
Section: The Hollow

Question: What year wwas the parks first water ride installed?

This section was named after the oldest operating coaster in the park, Comet, and lies along Spring Creek.
This is one of the oldest areas part of Hersheypark; many rides have come and gone in this area.
The park's first water ride, the Mill Chute installed in 1929, was alongside the creek where Great Bear runs today.
The original location for the bumper cars, then called the Auto Skooters, is now the SooperDooperLooper Sandwich Stop.
There were giant slides on the hill where the Hersheypark Amphitheater is located.
A turnpike ride was located underneath the high bridge that crossed Spring Creek to Minetown.
The park's carousel, before being moved to Carrousel Circle in 1972, was located along the creek adjacent to the station of Comet.
Before SooperDooperLooper came to Comet Hollow in 1977, a Himalaya ride was in that location, and before that, twin Eli Bridge Ferris wheels.
A whip, and a station for the Electric Railroad were also located in Comet Hollow at one time.
One of Hersheypark's most significant floods occurred in 1972 as a result of Hurricane Agnes.
A number of rides were heavily damaged or destroyed as a result.
These rides include the turnpike ride, the Mill Chute and the giant slides.
They were eventually replaced (the Coal Cracker (1973) and Twin Turnpike (1975) were put on higher ground in Minetown, and the Merry Derry Dip Fun Slide was put in Midway America twenty five years later in 1997).
Today, Comet Hollow features three roller coasters, Comet (Hersheypark), Skyrush, and the first looping roller coaster on the East Coast, SooperDooperLooper.
It also houses the Wave Swinger.
Almost all of Great Bear's track courses through Comet Hollow.
Beginning with the 2012 season and renovations being done to this area, the park changed the name of the once 'Comet Hollow' to the now present name of 'The Hollow'.
Article: Hey Jude
Section: Cover versions

Question: In what year was a version of the song "Hey Jude" performed on the TV show Glee?

"Weird Al" Yankovic included the song in his first polka medley "Polkas on 45" from his 1984 album ""Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D".
Katy Perry performed a cover of the song as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honoring McCartney, and in her 2012 film "".
The song was performed by the members of glee club in the 2013 "Glee" episode "Tina in the Sky with Diamonds" and the soundtrack "Glee Sings the Beatles", in which the song is shortened to four minutes and fifty-one seconds.
In the late 1960s, famous singer Sinn Sisamouth recorded a Cambodian version of "Hey Jude".
South African band Dr Victor and the Rasta Rebels included a version on their greatest hits album.
Wilson Pickett covered the song in 1968 with pre-Allman Brothers Band session musician Duane Allman on guitar.
In the 2011 "Top Gear" the song was covered by the "Top Gear band" - consisting of presenters Jeremy Clarkson (drums), Richard Hammond (double bass) and James May (keyboard) as well as executive producer Andy Wilman (vocals) - during a trade fair in Delhi.
For rights reasons, in the DVD version of the episode it is replaced by "Sowing the Seeds of Love" by Tears for Fears.
Article: Venezuela
Section: Languages

Question: Is Spainish the only language spoken in Venezuela?

Although the country is mostly monolingual Spanish, many languages are spoken in Venezuela.
In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes more than thirty indigenous languages, including Wayuu, Warao, Pemón, and many others for the official use of the indigenous peoples, mostly with few speakers – less than 1% of the total population.
Immigrants, in addition to Spanish, speak their own languages.
Arabic is spoken by Lebanese and Syrian colonies on Isla de Margarita, Maracaibo, Punto Fijo, Puerto la Cruz, El Tigre, Maracay, and Caracas.
Portuguese is spoken not only by the Portuguese community in Santa Elena de Uairén but also by much of the population due to its proximity to Brazil.
The German community speaks their native language, while the Colonia Tovar speaks mostly an Alemannic dialect of German called "coloniero".
English is the most widely used foreign language in demand and is spoken by many professionals, academics, and members of the upper and middle classes as a result of oil exploration by foreign companies, in addition to its acceptance as a lingua franca.
Culturally, English is common in southern towns like El Callao, for the English-speaking native influence evident in folk songs and calypso Venezuelan and French with English voices.
Italian instruction is guaranteed by the presence of a constant number of schools and private institutions because the Italian government considered mandatory language teaching at school level.
Other languages spoken by large communities in the country are Chinese and Galician, among others.
Article: The Good Wife
Section: Season 1

Question: How old is Zach and Grace?

Season synopses.
Season 1.
As a junior associate at a prestigious Chicago law firm, Alicia Florrick joins her longtime friend, former law school classmate and firm partner Will Gardner, who is interested in rekindling their former relationship.
The firm's top litigator and other partner, Diane Lockhart, likes Alicia's work and her connections so she and Will award her with a full-time associate position following a trial period.
Alicia beat out Cary Agos, a clever young attorney who takes a job in the state's attorney's office, now bitter and vengeful.
Alicia finds an ally and a friend in Kalinda, the firm's tough and mysterious in-house investigator.
Gaining confidence every day, Alicia transforms herself from embarrassed politician's scorned wife to resilient career woman, especially for the sake of providing a stable home for her children, 14-year-old Zach and 13-year-old Grace.
Now that Peter is back home and planning to run for office again with help from Eli Gold, his cunning image consultant, Alicia continues to redefine herself and her role in her family's life.
Article: Chile
Section: 21st century

Question: Who was the first female president of Chile?

Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist Ricardo Lagos, who won the presidency in an unprecedented runoff election against Joaquín Lavín of the rightist Alliance for Chile.
In January 2006, Chileans elected their first female president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party, defeating Sebastián Piñera, of the National Renewal party, extending the "Concertación" governance for another four years.
In January 2010, Chileans elected Sebastián Piñera as the first rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle of the "Concertación", for a four-year term succeeding Bachelet.
On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 MW earthquake, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time.
More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing tsunami) and over a million people lost their homes.
The earthquake was also followed by multiple aftershocks.
Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15–30 billion, around 10 to 15 percent of Chile's real gross domestic product.
Chile achieved global recognition for the successful rescue of 33 trapped miners in 2010.
On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San Jose copper and gold mine in the Atacama Desert near Copiapó in northern Chile, trapping 33 men below ground.
A rescue effort organized by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later.
All 33 men were brought to the surface on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the world.
Article: Tunisia
Section: Language

Question: What is the official language of Tunisia?

Arabic is the official language, and Tunisian Arabic, known as Derja, is the local, vernacular variety of Arabic and is used by the public.
There is also a small minority of speakers of Shelha, a Berber language.
French also plays a major role in Tunisian society, despite having no official status.
It is widely used in education (e.g., as the language of instruction in the sciences in secondary school), the press, and in business.
In 2010, there were 6,639,000 French-speakers in Tunisia, or about 64% of the population.
Italian is understood and spoken by a small part of the Tunisian population.
Shop signs, menus and road signs in Tunisia are generally written in both Arabic and French.
There are also thousands of English or 20% of the population can speak or at least make a conversation with the language specifically those who are in 20s of their ages do speak the language fluently.
Article: Impression, Sunrise
Section: History

Question: Give the explanation that Monet gave for the title.

Dated 1872, its subject is the harbour of Le Havre in France, using very loose brush strokes that suggest rather than delineate it.
Monet explained the title later:Landscape is nothing but an impression, and an instantaneous one, hence this label that was given us, by the way because of me.
I had sent a thing done in Le Havre, from my window, sun in the mist and a few masts of boats sticking up in the foreground.
...
They asked me for a title for the catalogue, it couldn't really be taken for a view of Le Havre, and I said: 'Put "Impression".'
It was first displayed in 1874 during the first independent art show of the Impressionists (who were not yet known by that name).
Critic Louis Leroy, inspired by the painting's name, titled his hostile review of the show in "Le Charivari" newspaper, "The Exhibition of the Impressionists", thus inadvertently naming the new art movement.
He wrote:Impression—I was certain of it.
I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it … and what freedom, what ease of workmanship!
Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape.
The painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan Monet in 1985 by Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun but recovered in 1990.
Since 1991 it has been back on display in the museum.