community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Water polo
Section: Advancing the ball

Question: The ball gets turned over to the defense if the attacker goes where without the ball?

When the offense takes possession of the ball, the strategy is to advance the ball down the field of play and to score a goal.
Players can move the ball by throwing it to a teammate or swimming with the ball in front of them ("dribbling").
If an attacker uses his/her arm to push away a defending player and free up space for a pass or shot, the referee will rule a turnover and the defence will take possession of the ball.
If an attacker advances inside the 2-meter line without the ball or before the ball is inside the 2-meter area, (s)he is ruled offside and the ball is turned over to the defence.
This is often overlooked if the attacker is well to the side of the pool or when the ball is at the other side of the pool.
Article: Great Wall of China
Section: Visibility from low Earth orbit

Question: Who claimed to see the Great Wall from the space shuttle?

A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit (an altitude of as little as ).
NASA claims that it is barely visible, and only under nearly perfect conditions; it is no more conspicuous than many other man-made objects.
Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina, it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye, even from low orbit, and would require visual acuity of 20/3 (7.7 times better than normal).
Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing.
He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars, but said that "it wasn't visible to the unaided eye."
U.S.
Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s, but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts.
Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated: "At Earth orbit of to high, the Great Wall of China is, indeed, visible to the naked eye."
Ed Lu, Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station, adds that, "it's less visible than a lot of other objects.
And you have to know where to look.
"In 2001, Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11: "I do not believe that, at least with my eyes, there would be any man-made object that I could see.
I have not yet found somebody who has told me they've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit.
...I've asked various people, particularly Shuttle guys, that have been many orbits around China in the daytime, and the ones I've talked to didn't see it.
"In October 2003, Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China.
In response, the European Space Agency (ESA) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between , the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye.
In an attempt to further clarify things, the ESA published a picture of a part of the “Great Wall” photographed from Space.
However, in a press release a week later (no longer available in the ESA’s website), they acknowledged that the "Great Wall" in the picture was actually a river.
Leroy Chiao, a Chinese-American astronaut, took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall.
It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it.
Based on the photograph, the "China Daily" later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from space with the naked eye, under favorable viewing conditions, if one knows exactly where to look.
However, the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system, and the optics much better, rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye.
Article: Squash (sport)
Section: Types of shots played

Question: A trickle boast is defined by what event?

There are many types of shots played that lead to interesting games and strategy.
 Straight drive: The ball is hit parallel and close to a side wall to travel deep to the back of the court (the 'basic' squash shot).
Often referred to as a 'good length' shot.
 Boast: The ball is played off a side wall at an angle, or the back wall, before hitting the front wall.
 Volley: The ball is hit 'on the full' (before it touches the floor), usually directly to the front wall
 Drop shot: The ball is hit gently against the front wall, to fall softly to the floor in the front corner.
 Lob: The ball is hit softly and high on the front wall and with a high arc, so that it falls in a back corner of the court.
 Cross Court: The ball is hit to the front wall from the right side to the left (or vice versa).
 Kill: The ball is hit hard and low on the front wall so that it travels no farther than half court.
 Trickle boast: A 'short' boast where the ball is hit to the side wall at the front of the court (often disguised as a drive or drop shot).
 Squeeze boast: A more difficult shot which is hit from the front of the court when the ball is very close to the side wall.
Has the same effect as the trickle boast but is more deceptive because of its difficulty.
 Nick shot: the ball is 'volleyed' or hit off a bounce to strike the front wall then the junction of the side wall and floor (the 'nick') giving the ball little or no bounce.
 Rolling nick shot: When the nick shot is hit extremely well, the ball will roll along the floor (this is a more advanced shot that is a variation of the kill shot).
 Back wall boast: the ball is hit moderately hard and high off the back wall, so that it goes the length of the room and hits (usually low) off the front wall.
 Philadelphia (or corkscrew): A shot played diagonally upwards into the front corner hitting the front wall first and then the side wall.
The ball then lobs over the court with significant spin.
Ideally it hits the opposite side wall at the back and travels parallel to the rear wall making a return very difficult.
This shot is a favourite in exhibition squash but is susceptible to being volleyed.
 Skid boast: A shot played from the back corners of the court where the ball is hit high along the sidewall with a small angle so that it hits the sidewall first, then hits high in the middle of the front wall continuing to cross the court while high in the air ideally hitting the opposite sidewall and landing close to the backwall to go past the opponent.
As with the Philadelphia it is suceptible to being volleyed.
 Mizuki: This shot is hit as a volley.
Unlike a normal volley, the Mizuki shot is hit with the other side of the racquet by turning the wrist which deceives the direction of the ball.
 Reverse angle: a boast where the opposite sidewall is hit first.
Article: Every Breath You Take
Section: Music video

Question: Who was the director(s) for the music video "Every Breath You Take"?

The song had a music video (directed by duo Godley & Creme) that was praised for its black-and-white cinematography.
Both MTV (1999) and VH1 (2002) named it as one of the best music videos ever, placing it 16th and 33rd in their respective top 100 lists.
Daniel Pearl won the first MTV cinematography award for his work on the video.
Article: Sydney Opera House
Section: Opening

Question: Was the opening televised?

The Opera House was formally opened by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, on 20 October 1973.
A large crowd attended.
Utzon was not invited to the ceremony, nor was his name mentioned.
The opening was televised and included fireworks and a performance of Beethoven's Symphony No.
9.
Article: Biology
Section: Ecological and environmental

Question: Who was the first modern ethologist?

Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment.
The habitat of an organism can be described as the local abiotic factors such as climate and ecology, in addition to the other organisms and biotic factors that share its environment.
One reason that biological systems can be difficult to study is that so many different interactions with other organisms and the environment are possible, even on small scales.
A microscopic bacterium in a local sugar gradient is responding to its environment as much as a lion searching for food in the African savanna.
For any species, behaviors can be co-operative, competitive, parasitic, or symbiotic.
Matters become more complex when two or more species interact in an ecosystem.
Ecological systems are studied at several different levels, from individuals and populations to ecosystems and the biosphere.
The term population biology is often used interchangeably with population ecology, although "population biology" is more frequently used when studying diseases, viruses, and microbes, while population ecology is more commonly used when studying plants and animals.
Ecology draws on many subdisciplines.
Ethology studies animal behavior (particularly that of social animals such as primates and canids), and is sometimes considered a branch of zoology.
Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection.
In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals," influenced many ethologists to come.
Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the Earth, focusing on topics like plate tectonics, climate change, dispersal and migration, and cladistics.
Article: Disneyland
Section: Tickets

Question: In what year did Disney drop individual ride tickets and switch to a single admission price?

From Disneyland's opening day until 1982, the price of the attractions was in addition to the price of park admission.
Guests paid a small admission fee to get into the park, but admission to most of the rides and attractions required guests to purchase tickets, either individually or in a book, that consisted of several coupons, initially labeled "A" through "C".
"A" coupons allowed admission to the smaller rides and attractions such as the vehicles on Main Street, whereas "C" coupons were used for the most common attractions like the Peter Pan ride, or the Tea Cups.
As more thrilling rides were introduced, such as the Monorail or the Matterhorn bobsled, "D" and then eventually "E" coupons were introduced.
Coupons could be combined to equal the equivalent of another ticket (e.g.
two "A" tickets equal one "B" ticket).
From the thrill ride experience at Disneyland, the colloquial expression "an E ticket ride" is used to describe any exceptionally thrilling experience.
Disneyland later featured a "Keys to the Kingdom" booklet of tickets, which consisted of 10 unvalued coupons sold for a single flat rate.
These coupons could be used for any attraction regardless of its regular value.
In 1982, Disney dropped the idea for individual ride tickets to a single admission price with unlimited access to all attractions, "except shooting galleries".
While this idea was not original to Disney, its business advantages were obvious: in addition to guaranteeing that everyone paid a large sum even if they stayed for only a few hours and rode only a few rides, the park no longer had to print tickets or ticket books, staff ticket booths, or provide staff to collect tickets or monitor attractions for people sneaking on without tickets.
Later, Disney introduced other entry options such as multi-day passes, Annual Passes (which allow unlimited entry to the Park for an annual fee), and Southern California residents' discounts.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Old age, 1513–19

Question: Where did the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X take place?

From September 1513 to 1516, under Pope Leo X, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome, where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time.
In October 1515, Francis I of France recaptured Milan.
On December 19, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna.
Leonardo was commissioned to make for Francis a mechanical lion which could walk forward, then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.
In 1516, he entered François' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise.
It was here that he spent the last three years of his life, accompanied by his friend and apprentice, Count Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.
Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, on May 2, 1519.
Francis I had become a close friend.
Vasari records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story, beloved by the French and portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres, Ménageot and other French artists, as well as by Angelica Kauffman, may be legend rather than fact.
Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.
In accordance with his will, sixty beggars followed his casket.
Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects.
Leonardo also remembered his other long-time pupil and companion, Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received half of Leonardo's vineyards, his brothers who received land, and his serving woman who received a black cloak "of good stuff" with a fur edge.
Leonardo da Vinci was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in Château d'Amboise, in France.
Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benevenuto Cellini as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher."
Article: Union Station (Washington, D.C.)
Section: Restoration

Question: What year did the AMC movie theater close?

As a result of the Redevelopment Act of 1981, Union Station was closed for restoration and refurbishing.
Mold was growing in the leaking ceiling of the Main Hall, and the carpet laid out for an Inauguration Day celebration was full of cigarette-burned holes.
In 1988, Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole awarded $70 million to the restoration effort.
"The Pit" was transformed into a new basement level, and the Main Hall floor was refitted with marble.
While installing new HVAC systems, crews discovered antique items in shafts that had not been opened since the building's creation.
The station reopened in its present form on September 29, 1988.
The former “Pit” area was replaced with an AMC movie theater (later Phoenix Theatres), closed October 12, 2009, to be replaced with additional restaurants and a large food court in the former baggage-mail level.
The food court still retains the original arches under which the trains were parked as well as the track numbers on those arches.
A variety of shops opened along the Concourse and Main Hall, and a new Amtrak terminal at the back behind the original Concourse.
Trains no longer enter the original Concourse but the original, decorative gates were relocated to the new passenger concourse.
In 1994, this new passenger concourse was renamed to honor W. Graham Claytor, Jr., who served as Amtrak's president from 1982 to 1993.
The decorative elements of the station were also restored.
The skylights were preserved but sunlight no longer illuminates the Concourse because it is blocked by the newer roof structure built directly overhead to support the aging, original structure.
Article: The Invisible War
Section: Military personnel

Question: Rear Admiral Anthony Kurts is the director of what?

 Major General Mary Kay Hertog, Director, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office
 Dr. Kaye Whitley, Former Director, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office
 Rear Admiral Anthony Kurta, Director, Military Plans and Policy
 General Claudia Kennedy, US Army (Retired)
 Brigadier General Wilma L. Vaught, US Air Force (Retired)
 Brigadier General Loree Sutton, M.D., US Army (Retired)
 Major General Dennis Laich, US Army (Retired)
Article: Nebula
Section: Diffuse nebulae

Question: Define diffuse nebulae.

Most nebulae can be described as diffuse nebulae, which means that they are extended and contain no well-defined boundaries.
In visible light these nebulae may be divided into emission and reflection nebulae.
Emission nebulae emit spectral line radiation from ionized gas (mostly ionized hydrogen); they are often called HII regions (the term "HII" is used in professional astronomy to refer to ionized hydrogen).
Reflection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light, but are near stars and reflect light from them.
Similar nebulae not illuminated by stars do not exhibit visible radiation, but may be detected as opaque clouds blocking light from luminous objects behind them; they are called "dark nebulae".
Although these nebulae have different visibility at optical wavelengths, they are all bright sources of infrared emission, chiefly from dust within the nebulae.
Article: Popcorn
Section: Nutritional value

Question: When air-popped without butter or salt, how much sugar and sodium does popcorn contain?

Air-popped popcorn is naturally high in dietary fiber and antioxidants, low in calories and fat, and free of sugar and sodium.
This can make it an attractive snack to people with dietary restrictions on the intake of calories, fat, and/or sodium.
For the sake of flavor, however, large amounts of fat, sugar, and sodium are often added to prepared popcorn, which can quickly convert it to a very poor choice for those on restricted diets.
One particularly notorious example of this first came to public attention in the mid-1990s, when the Center for Science in the Public Interest produced a report about "Movie Popcorn", which became the subject of a widespread publicity campaign.
The movie theaters surveyed used coconut oil to pop the corn, and then topped it with butter or margarine.
"A medium-size buttered popcorn", the report said, "contains more fat than a breakfast of bacon and eggs, a Big Mac and fries, and a steak dinner combined."
The practice continues today.
For example, according to DietFacts.com, a small popcorn from Regal Cinema Group (the largest theater chain in the United States) still contains 29 g of saturated fat.
the equivalent of a full day-and-a-half's reference daily intake.
Article: National Air and Space Museum
Section: Abstract

Question: What year was the National Air and Space Museum established?

The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution holds the largest collection of historic aircraft and spacecraft in the world in of exhibition floor space.
It was established in 1946, as the National Air Museum and opened its main building in 1976.
Located in Washington, D.C., United States, it is a center for research into the history and science of aviation and spaceflight, as well as planetary science and terrestrial geology and geophysics.
Almost all space and aircraft on display are originals or backups to the originals.
It operates an annex, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, at Dulles International Airport, which opened in 2003 and itself encompasses .
The museum currently conducts restoration of its collection at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland.
Article: Telescope
Section: Abstract

Question: How does a telescope perform its task of viewing far-away objects?

A telescope is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light).
The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses.
They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy.
Within a few decades, the reflecting telescope was invented, which used mirrors.
In the 20th century many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.
The word "telescope" now refers to a wide range of instruments detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.
The word ""telescope"" (from the Greek τῆλε, "tele" "far" and σκοπεῖν, "skopein" "to look or see"; τηλεσκόπος, "teleskopos" "far-seeing") was coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei's instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei.
In the "Starry Messenger", Galileo had used the term "perspicillum".
Article: Peru
Section: Geography

Question: What fraction of the country is in the Selva?

Peru covers of western South America.
It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
The Andes Mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.
The "costa" (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers.
The "sierra" (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the "Altiplano" plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the Huascarán.
The third region is the "selva" (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east.
Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region.
Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins.
Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently.
Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the "sierra".
Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.
Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.
Peru does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current cause great climatic diversity within the country.
The "costa" has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.
In the "sierra", rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes.
The "selva" is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.
Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003; 5,855 of them endemic.