community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Grand Canyon
Section: Plants

Question: How much sunlight do north-facing slopes receive compared to other slopes?

Biology and ecology.
There are approximately 1,737 known species of vascular plants, 167 species of fungi, 64 species of moss and 195 species of lichen found in Grand Canyon National Park.
This variety is largely due to the 8,000 foot elevation change from the Colorado River up to the highest point on the North Rim.
Grand Canyon boasts a dozen endemic plants (known only within the Park's boundaries) while only ten percent of the Park's flora is exotic.
Sixty-three plants found here have been given special status by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service.
The Mojave Desert influences the western sections of the canyon, Sonoran Desert vegetation covers the eastern sections, and ponderosa and pinyon pine forests grow on both rims.
Natural seeps and springs percolating out of the canyon walls are home to 11% of all the plant species found in the Grand Canyon.
The Canyon itself can act as a connection between the east and the west by providing corridors of appropriate habitat along its length.
The canyon can also be a genetic barrier to some species, like the Tassel-eared squirrel.
The aspect, or direction a slope faces, also plays a major role in adding diversity to the Grand Canyon.
North-facing slopes receive about one-third the normal amount of sunlight, so plants growing there are similar to plants found at higher elevations, or in more northern latitudes.
The south-facing slopes receive the full amount of sunlight and are covered in vegetation typical of the Sonoran Desert.
Article: Bedroom in Arles
Section: First version

Question: Where did Van Gogh live when he began the first version of 'Bedroom in Arles'?

Van Gogh started the first version during mid October 1888 while staying in Arles, and explained his aims and means to his brother Theo:
"This time it simply reproduces my bedroom; but colour must be abundant in this part, its simplification adding a rank of grandee to the style applied to the objects, getting to suggest a certain rest or dream.
Well, I have thought that on watching the composition we stop thinking and imagining.
I have painted the walls pale violet.
The ground with checked material.
The wooden bed and the chairs, yellow like fresh butter; the sheet and the pillows, lemon light green.
The bedspread, scarlet coloured.
The window, green.
The washbasin, orangey; the tank, blue.
The doors, lilac.
And, that is all.
There is not anything else in this room with closed shutters.
The square pieces of furniture must express unswerving rest; also the portraits on the wall, the mirror, the bottle, and some costumes.
The white colour has not been applied to the picture, so its frame will be white, aimed to get me even with the compulsory rest recommended for me.
I have depicted no type of shade or shadow; I have only applied simple plain colours, like those in crêpes.
"
Van Gogh included sketches of the composition in this letter as well as in a letter to Gauguin, written slightly later.
This version has on the wall to the right miniatures of Van Gogh's portraits of his friends Eugène Boch and Paul-Eugène Milliet.
The portrait of Eugène Boch is called "The Poet" and the portrait of Paul Eugène Milliet is called "The Lover."
Article: Ketchup
Section: Malay theory

Question: What is a word for fermented savory sauce in Indonesian cuisine?

Ketchup may have entered the English language from the Malay word "kicap" (pron.
"kichap", also spelled "kecap", "ketjap"), originally meaning "fish sauce", which itself may be a loan from Chinese terms above.
In Indonesian cuisine, which is similar to Malay, the term "kecap" or "ketjap" refers to fermented savory sauces.
Two main types are well known in their cuisine: "kecap asin" which translates to 'salty kecap' in Indonesian (a salty soy sauce) and "kecap manis" or literally 'sweet kecap' in Indonesian.
Kecap manis is a sweet soy sauce that is a mixture of soy sauce with brown sugar, molasses, garlic, ginger, anise, coriander and a bay leaf reduced over medium heat until rather syrupy.
A third type, "kecap ikan", meaning "fish kecap" is fish sauce similar to the Thai "Nam Pla" or the Philippine "Patis."
It is not, however, soy-based.
Article: Dissolution of the Monasteries
Section: Ireland

Question: At the point when did Henry expect the title of King of Ireland?

The dissolutions in Ireland followed a very different course from those in England and Wales.
There were around 400 religious houses in Ireland in 1530—many more, relative to population and material wealth than in England and Wales.
In marked distinction to the situation in England, in Ireland the houses of friars had flourished in the 15th century, attracting popular support and financial endowments, undertaking many ambitious building schemes, and maintaining a regular conventual and spiritual life.
They constituted around half of the total number of religious houses.
Irish monasteries, by contrast, had experienced a catastrophic decline in numbers, such that by the 16th century only a minority maintained the daily observance of the Divine Office.
Henry's direct authority, as Lord of Ireland and from 1541 as King of Ireland, only extended to the area of the Pale immediately around Dublin.
Outside this area, he could only proceed by tactical agreement with clan chiefs and local lords.
Nevertheless, Henry was determined to carry through a policy of dissolution in Ireland—and in 1537 introduced legislation into the Irish Parliament to legalise the closure of monasteries.
The process faced considerable opposition, and only sixteen houses were suppressed.
Henry remained resolute however, and from 1541 as part of the Tudor conquest of Ireland he continued to press for the area of successful dissolution to be extended.
For the most part, this involved making deals with local lords, under which monastic property was granted away in exchange for allegiance to the new Irish Crown; and consequently Henry acquired little if any of the wealth of the Irish houses.
By the time of Henry's death (1547) around half of the Irish houses had been suppressed; but many continued to resist dissolution until well into the reign of Elizabeth I, and some houses in the West of Ireland remained active until the early 17th century.
In 1649, Oliver Cromwell led a Parliamentary army seeking to subjugate Ireland, and systematically sought out and destroyed former monastic houses.
Subsequently, however, sympathetic landowners housed monks or friars close to several ruined religious houses, allowing them a continued covert existence during the 17th and 18th centuries, subject to the dangers of discovery and legal ejection or imprisonment.
Article: Juice
Section: Preparation

Question: How are fruit juices preserved?

Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing or macerating fruit or vegetable flesh without the application of heat or solvents.
For example, orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree, and tomato juice is the liquid that results from pressing the fruit of the tomato plant.
Juice may be prepared in the home from fresh fruit and vegetables using a variety of hand or electric juicers.
Juice is one of the most popular drinks to go with breakfast in the morning.
Many commercial juices are filtered to remove fiber or pulp, but high-pulp fresh orange juice is a popular beverage.
Common methods for preservation and processing of fruit juices include canning, pasteurization, concentrating, freezing, evaporation and spray drying.
Article: Looper (film)
Section: Toronto International Film Festival

Question: How did reviewer Todd McCarthy feel about Looper?

James Mottram of "Total Film" gave "Looper" 5 stars out of 5, concluding that it was "the best sci-fi movie since "Moon".
The best time-travel yarn since "12 Monkeys".
And one of the best films of 2012.
"Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, calling it "an engaging, neatly worked-out time-travel sci-fi thriller", but also criticizing the effects involved in making Gordon-Levitt resemble Willis: "At first, the effect is a bit odd, and you can't quite put your finger on what's off; then it feels downright weird to be looking at a version of Gordon-Levitt who is no longer the actor you've known for a few years now.
"Peter Debruge of "Variety" also gave the film a positive review, writing that writer-director Johnson's "grandly conceived, impressively mounted third feature shows a giddy, geeky interest in science-fiction, then forces it into the back seat and lets the multidimensional characters drive.
In a genre infamous for loose ends, this thinking man's thriller marshals action, romance and a dose of very dark comedy toward a stunning payoff."
Article: The Godfather
Section: Critical response

Question: Did Salvator Gravano have a nickname?

Since its release, "The Godfather" has received critical acclaim.
Rotten Tomatoes reports that all 77 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 9.1/10.
Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a perfect weighted average score of 100 (out of 100) based on 14 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "universal acclaim".
Both "The Godfather" and "The Godfather Part II" were selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1990 and 1993, respectively.
International critics routinely list these two among cinema's pinnacle achievements, sometimes considering them as one work.
In the decennial 2002 "Sight & Sound" poll of film directors, the pair was ranked as the second best film of all time.
The critics poll separately voted it fourth.
The American Film Institute has listed it second in U.S. film history behind "Citizen Kane".
Other polls and publications have it first, as well, among them "Entertainment Weekly", and "Empire" magazine (November 2008)The soundtrack's main theme by Nino Rota was also critically acclaimed; the main theme ("Speak Softly Love") is well-known and widely used (see Score Controversy for more information).
Director Stanley Kubrick believed that "The Godfather" was possibly the greatest movie ever made, and had without question the best cast.
Previous Mafia movies had looked at the gangs from the perspective of an outraged outsider.
In contrast, "The Godfather" presents the gangster's perspective of the Mafia as a response to corrupt society.
Although the Corleone family is presented as immensely rich and powerful, no scenes depict prostitution, gambling, loan sharking or other forms of racketeering.
Some critics argue that the setting of a criminal counterculture allows for unapologetic gender stereotyping, and is an important part of the film's appeal ("You can act like a man!
", Don Vito tells a weepy Johnny Fontane).
Real-life gangsters responded enthusiastically to the film, with many of them feeling it was a portrayal of how they were supposed to act.
Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano, the former underboss in the Gambino crime family, stated: "I left the movie stunned ...
I mean I floated out of the theater.
Maybe it was fiction, but for me, then, that was our life.
It was incredible.
I remember talking to a multitude of guys, made guys, who felt exactly the same way. "
According to Anthony Fiato after seeing the film, Patriarca crime family members Paulie Intiso and Nicky Giso altered their speech patterns closer to that of Vito Corleone's.
Intiso would frequently swear and use poor grammar; but after the movie came out, he started to articulate and philosophize more.
Remarking on the 40th anniversary of the film's release, film critic John Podhoretz praised "The Godfather" as "arguably "the" great American work of popular art" and "the summa of all great moviemaking before it".
Two years before, Roger Ebert wrote in his journal that it "comes closest to being a film everyone agrees... is unquestionably great."
Article: Thailand
Section: Military

Question: How long does a person have to serve full-time?

The Royal Thai Armed Forces ( constitute the military of the Kingdom of Thailand.
They consist of the Royal Thai Army (กองทัพบกไทย), the Royal Thai Navy (กองทัพเรือไทย), and the Royal Thai Air Force (กองทัพอากาศไทย).
It also incorporates various paramilitary forces.
Currently, the Royal Thai Armed Forces has a combined manpower of about 800,000 personnel.
The Head of the Thai Armed Forces (จอมทัพไทย, "Chom Thap Thai") is King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), although this position is only nominal.
The Armed Forces is managed by the Ministry of Defence of Thailand, which is headed by the Minister of Defence (a member of the Cabinet of Thailand) and commanded by the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters, which in turn is headed by the Chief of Defence Forces of Thailand.
In 2011, Thailand's known military expenditure totalled approximately US$5.1 billion.
According to the constitution, serving in the Armed Forces is a duty of all Thai citizens.
However, only males over the age of 21, who have not gone through reserve training of the Army Reserve Force Students, are given the option of whether they want to volunteer for the armed forces, or choose the random draft.
The candidates are subjected to varying lengths of training, from six months to two years of full-time service, depending on their education, whether they have partially completed the reserve training course, and whether they volunteered prior to the drafting date (usually 1 April every year).
Candidates with a recognized bachelor's degree will be subjected to one year of full-time service if they chose the random draft, or six months if they volunteer at their respective district office (สัสดี, "satsadi").
Likewise, the training length is also reduced for those who have partially completed the three-year reserve training course (ร.ด., "ro do").
A person who completed one year out of three will only have to serve full-time for one year.
Those who completed two years of reserve training will only have to do six months of full-time training, while those who complete three years or more of reserve training will be exempted entirely.
The Royal Thai Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 18 January, commemorating the victory of King Naresuan the Great in battle against the Crown Prince of Burma in 1593.
Article: Romania
Section: Independence and monarchy

Question: Romania become a kingdom in what year?

During the period of the Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania and Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians were considered second-class citizens or even non-citizens in a territory where they formed the majority of the population.
Following the Wallachian uprising of 1821, more insurrections followed in 1848 in Wallachia as well as Moldavia.
The flag adopted for Wallachia by the revolutionaries was a blue-yellow-red horizontal tricolour (with blue above, in line with the meaning "Liberty, Justice, Fraternity"), while Romanian students in Paris hailed the new government with the same flag "as a symbol of union between Moldavians and Muntenians".
The same flag, with the tricolour being mounted vertically, would later on be officially adopted as the national flag of Romania.
After the failed 1848 Revolution, the Great Powers did not support the Romanians' expressed desire to officially unite in a one single state, which forced them to proceed alone with their struggle against the Ottomans.
The electors in both Moldavia and Wallachia chose in 1859 the same leader –Alexandru Ioan Cuza– to be their Ruling Prince ("Domnitor" in Romanian).
Thus, Romania was created as a personal union, albeit without including Transylvania.
There, the upper class and the aristocracy chose to remain under Hungarian rule, even though the Romanians were by far the most numerous ethnic Transylvanian group and constituted the absolute majority.
In an 1866 "coup d'état", Cuza was exiled and replaced by Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, who became known as Prince Carol I of Romania.
During the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War Romania fought on the Russian side, and as a result of it in the Treaty of San Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin, Romania was recognized as an independent state both by the Ottoman Empire and the Great Powers.
In return, Romania ceded the district of Bessarabia to Russia and acquired Dobruja.
In 1881, the principality was raised to a kingdom and Prince Carol became King Carol I of Romania.
The 1878–1914 period was one of stability and progress for Romania.
During the Second Balkan War, Romania joined Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Turkey against Bulgaria, and in the peace Treaty of Bucharest (1913) Romania gained Southern Dobruja.
Article: Girl with a Pearl Earring
Section: Background

Question: Is the painting signed "IVMeer" dated?

The painting is signed "IVMeer" but not dated.
It is unclear whether this work was commissioned, and, if so, by whom.
In any case, it is probably not meant as a conventional portrait.
The image is a tronie, the Dutch 17th-century description of a ‘head’ that was not meant to be a portrait.
After the most recent restoration of the painting in 1994, the subtle color scheme and the intimacy of the girl’s gaze toward the viewer have been greatly enhanced.
During the restoration, it was discovered that the dark background, today somewhat mottled, was initially intended by the painter to be a deep enamel-like green.
This effect was produced by applying a thin transparent layer of paint, called a glaze, over the present-day black background.
However, the two organic pigments of the green glaze, indigo and weld, have faded.
On the advice of Victor de Stuers, who for years tried to prevent Vermeer's rare works from being sold to parties abroad, Arnoldus Andries des Tombe purchased the work at an auction in The Hague in 1881, for only two guilders and thirty cents.
At the time, it was in poor condition.
Des Tombe had no heirs and donated this and other paintings to the Mauritshuis in 1902.
In 1937, a very similar painting, "Smiling Girl", at the time also thought to be by Vermeer, was donated by collector Andrew W. Mellon to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. Now widely considered to be a fake, the painting was claimed by Vermeer expert Arthur Wheelock in a 1995 study to be by 20th-century artist and forger Theo van Wijngaarden, a friend of Han van Meegeren.
As part of a traveling exhibition while the Mauritshuis undertook construction, in 2012 the painting was exhibited in Japan at the National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, and in 2013-2014 the United States, where it was shown at the High Museum in Atlanta, the de Young Museum in San Francisco and in New York City at the Frick Collection.
Later in 2014 it was exhibited in Bologna, Italy.
Article: Curry
Section: Curries of Maharashtra

Question: Where in Maharashtra is peanut power added to the curries?

The curries of Maharashtra vary from mildly spicy to very spicy and include vegetarian, mutton, chicken and fish.
Coastal Maharashtrian – Konkani – curries use coconut extensively along with spices.
In western Maharashtra, curries are very spicy and groundnut (peanut) powder is often added to it.
Vidarbha's cuisine is usually spicier than that of the coastal and southern regions.
The ingredients commonly used are besan, or chickpea flour, and groundnut powder.
As a result of the long Islamic Moghul rule in the region, the cuisine of Aurangabad has been highly influenced by the North Indian method of cooking.
Khandeshi food is very spicy and the most famous dish is Shev bhaji.
Others include brinjal wange, che bharit, Udidachi dal, Bharleli wangi, thecha bhakari, and spicy mutton.
Most of the people are farmers so their traditional food is very simple.
Article: Sailing
Section: Hull trim

Question: What should be done to adjust a boat's landing in order to change it's fore-and-aft attitude while in the water?

Hull trim is the adjustment of a boat's loading so as to change its fore-and-aft attitude in the water.
In small boats, it is done by positioning the crew.
In larger boats the weight of a person has less effect on the hull trim, but it can be adjusted by shifting gear, fuel, water, or supplies.
Different hull trim efforts are required for different kinds of boats and different conditions.
Here are just a few examples: In a lightweight racing dinghy like a Thistle, the hull should be kept level, on its designed water line for best performance in all conditions.
In many small boats, weight too far aft can cause drag by submerging the transom, especially in light to moderate winds.
Weight too far forward can cause the bow to dig into the waves.
In heavy winds, a boat with its bow too low may capsize by pitching forward over its bow (pitch-pole) or dive under the waves (submarine).
On a run in heavy winds, the forces on the sails tend to drive a boat's bow down, so the crew weight is moved far aft.
Article: All I Want for Christmas Is You
Section: Live performances

Question: When did Mariah Carey perform "All I Want for Christmas Is You" for the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade?

Carey has performed the song during concerts as well as live televised performances.
It was part of the set-list during the Japanese shows of Carey's Daydream World Tour (1996), Butterfly World Tour (1998), Rainbow World Tour (2000), (2002–03) (also sung during the December leg of the tour) and The Adventures of Mimi Tour (2006).
Additionally, Carey performed the song at the 2004 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade, which aired on ABC.
Carey sang the So So Def remix version at the opening night of her Angels Advocate Tour on New Year's Eve.
On November 9, 2010, Carey taped a live Christmas Special featuring the song, which aired on December 13, 2010 on ABC.
Additionally, Carey performed the song alongside "Oh Santa!"
airing on ESPN and ABC throughout the day on Christmas Day of 2010.
On December 3, she performed both songs at the Walt Disney World Resort theme park, Magic Kingdom, in a performance that was taped and aired part of the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade on ABC.
She performed them again in a music video promoting the day's NBA games that aired on both networks.