community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Aurora
Section: On other planets

Question: On which planets have scientists seen auroras?

[[Image:Saturns Northern Aurora still.jpg|thumb|An aurora high above the northern part of Saturn; image taken by the Cassini spacecraft,a movie (click on image), shows images from 81 hours of observations of Saturn's aurora]]Both Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields much stronger than Earth's (Jupiter's equatorial field strength is 4.3 gauss, compared to 0.3 gauss for Earth), and both have large radiation belts.
Auroras have been observed on both, most clearly with the Hubble Space Telescope.
Uranus and Neptune have also been observed to have auroras.
The auroras on the gas giants seem, like Earth's, to be powered by the solar wind.
In addition, however, Jupiter's moons, especially Io, are powerful sources of auroras on Jupiter.
These arise from electric currents along field lines ("field aligned currents"), generated by a dynamo mechanism due to the relative motion between the rotating planet and the moving moon.
Io, which has active volcanism and an ionosphere, is a particularly strong source, and its currents also generate radio emissions, studied since 1955.
Auroras also have been observed on the surfaces of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, using the Hubble Space Telescope.
These auroras have also been observed on Venus and Mars.
Because Venus has no intrinsic (planetary) magnetic field, Venusian auroras appear as bright and diffuse patches of varying shape and intensity, sometimes distributed across the full planetary disc.
Venusian auroras are produced by the impact of electrons originating from the solar wind and precipitating in the night-side atmosphere.
An aurora was also detected on Mars, on 14 August 2004, by the SPICAM instrument aboard Mars Express.
The aurora was located at Terra Cimmeria, in the region of 177° East, 52° South.
The total size of the emission region was about 30 km across, and possibly about 8 km high.
By analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor, scientists observed that the region of the emissions corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized.
This correlation indicates that the origin of the light emission was a flux of electrons moving along the crust magnetic lines and exciting the upper atmosphere of Mars.
Article: Notre Dame de Paris
Section: Organ

Question: How many pipes doe the organ at Notre Dame de Paris have?

Though several organs were installed in the cathedral over time, the earliest ones were inadequate for the building.
The first noteworthy organ was finished in the 18th century by the noted builder François-Henri Clicquot.
Some of Clicquot's original pipework in the pedal division continues to sound from the organ today.
The organ was almost completely rebuilt and expanded in the 19th century by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll.
The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist) at Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of Saint Sulpice in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument.
The organ has 7,374 pipes, with ca 900 classified as historical.
It has 110 real stops, five 56-key manuals and a 32-key pedalboard.
In December 1992, a two-year restoration of the organ was completed that fully computerized the organ under three LANs (Local Area Networks).
The restoration also included a number of additions, notably two further horizontal reed stops "en chamade" in the Cavaille-Coll style.
The Notre-Dame organ is therefore unique in France in having five fully independent reed stops "en chamade".
Article: Virus
Section: Vaccines

Question: What is the number of viral infections that vaccines can prevent?

Vaccination is a cheap and effective way of preventing infections by viruses.
Vaccines were used to prevent viral infections long before the discovery of the actual viruses.
Their use has resulted in a dramatic decline in morbidity (illness) and mortality (death) associated with viral infections such as polio, measles, mumps and rubella.
Smallpox infections have been eradicated.
Vaccines are available to prevent over thirteen viral infections of humans, and more are used to prevent viral infections of animals.
Vaccines can consist of live-attenuated or killed viruses, or viral proteins (antigens).
Live vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus, which do not cause the disease but, nonetheless, confer immunity.
Such viruses are called attenuated.
Live vaccines can be dangerous when given to people with a weak immunity, (who are described as immunocompromised), because in these people, the weakened virus can cause the original disease.
Biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques are used to produce subunit vaccines.
These vaccines use only the capsid proteins of the virus.
Hepatitis B vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine.
Subunit vaccines are safe for immunocompromised patients because they cannot cause the disease.
The yellow fever virus vaccine, a live-attenuated strain called 17D, is probably the safest and most effective vaccine ever generated.
Article: Sydney Opera House
Section: Abstract

Question: Who are the four key resident companies of the Sydney Opera House?

The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Situated on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour, close to the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the facility is adjacent to the Sydney central business district and the Royal Botanic Gardens, between Sydney and Farm Coves.
Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the facility formally opened on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzon's 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition.
The NSW Government, led by Premier Joseph Cahill, authorised work to begin in 1958, with Utzon directing construction.
The government's decision to build Utzon's design is often overshadowed by circumstances that followed, including cost and scheduling overruns as well as the architect's ultimate resignation.
Though its name suggests a single venue, the project comprises multiple performance venues which together are among the busiest performing arts centres in the world — hosting over 1,500 performances each year attended by some 1.2 million people.
The venues produce and present a wide range of in-house productions and accommodate numerous performing arts companies, including four key resident companies: Opera Australia, The Australian Ballet, the Sydney Theatre Company and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
As one of the most popular visitor attractions in Australia, more than seven million people visit the site each year, with 300,000 people participating annually in a guided tour of the facility.
Identified as one of the 20th century's most distinctive buildings and one of the most famous performing arts centres in the world, the facility is managed by the Sydney Opera House Trust, under the auspices of the New South Wales Ministry of the Arts.
The Sydney Opera House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 28 June 2007.
Article: Poutine
Section: Similar dishes

Question: What kind of food is served in Coney Island restaurants near Detroit?

"Chips and Gravy" ("chips" being the British term for thicker French fries) is a staple of the cheaper bistro style menus, in such places as Royal Canadian Legion and Workers Clubs.
In Newfoundland and Labrador, most non-national chain restaurants serve a traditional dish called chips, dressing and gravy (a.k.a.
"Newfie fries").
"Dressing" is a mixture of mainly white bread crumbs and savoury and is often referred to as "stuffing" outside of Atlantic Canada.
Chips, dressing and gravy is served much like poutine, except for the dressing substituting for the cheese.
While loved by Newfoundlanders and Labradorians, the dish is not very widely known of outside the Canadian province, and within pockets of NL exiles.
In Prince Edward Island, a common dish is "Fries with the Works" which is fries with ground beef and onions, topped with thick beef gravy and fresh green peas.
"Disco Fries", also known as "Elvis Fries," served in New Jersey and select New York City diners, are made with brown gravy, mozzarella, and heavier steak fries.
Elsewhere in the greater New York City area and Long Island, diners serve "cheese fries," using either American (processed) cheese or mozzarella.
Diners in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut serve "gravy-cheese-fries" or even "french fries with cheese and gravy"; these are most commonly steak fries, brown gravy, and American cheese.
"Chili Cheese Fries" are served in Coney Island restaurants around Detroit, Michigan.
Shoestring French Fries are covered with the hot dog sauce ("chili" sauce) unique to the Detroit area, then covered with shredded cheddar cheese.
(See Coney Island (restaurant))In Southern California, the fast food chain Tommy's has a thick, brown gravy based meat chili, and the ingredients of their chili cheese fries are comparable to those of Poutine.
The chili is thicker, however, and the cheese is American cheese.
The American fast food diner chain Waffle House offers hashbrowns "Covered" in processed American cheese, "Topped" with chili, or "Country" with sausage gravy amongst other topping options.
The chain operates throughout the United States.
Cheese fries are also served in many diners in the American Southwest; in Texas, for example, they usually include at least one variety of grated Cheddar cheese, and are commonly served with ranch dressing and, sometimes, bacon, jalapenos and chives, whereas in New Mexico, the fries are typically served with green chili and cheese, creating a dish that combines two Southwest favorites, french fries and chile con queso.
The secret menu at In-N-Out Burger includes "animal fries," a dish consisting of cheese, grilled onions, and the chain's "secret sauce" over fries.
Around Chicago in Northern Illinois, up though Wisconsin and into Minnesota, cheese fries are often made using a natural cheddar spread such as Merkt's brand, which has an intense flavor and distinctive texture.
Chili cheese fries are a common variation.
Article: United Arab Emirates
Section: Health

Question: The ministry plans to add how many hospitals to the current 14?

The life expectancy at birth in the UAE is at 78.5 years.
Cardiovascular disease is the principal cause of death in the UAE, constituting 28% of total deaths; other major causes are accidents and injuries, malignancies, and congenital anomalies.
In February 2008, the Ministry of Health unveiled a five-year health strategy for the public health sector in the northern emirates, which fall under its purview and which, unlike Abu Dhabi and Dubai, do not have separate healthcare authorities.
The strategy focuses on unifyinghealthcare policy and improving access to healthcare services at reasonable cost, at the same time reducing dependence on overseas treatment.
The ministry plans to add three hospitals to the current 14, and 29 primary healthcare centres to the current 86.
Nine were scheduled to open in 2008.
The introduction of mandatory health insurance in Abu Dhabi for expatriates and their dependants was a major driver in reform of healthcare policy.
Abu Dhabi nationals were brought under the scheme from 1 June 2008 and Dubai followed for its government employees.
Eventually, under federal law, every Emirati and expatriate in the country will be covered by compulsory health insurance under a unified mandatory scheme.
Recently the country has been benefiting from medical tourists from all over the GCC.
The UAE currently attracts medical tourists seeking plastic surgery and advanced procedures, cardiac and spinal surgery, and dental treatment, as health services have higher standards than other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.
Article: Lebanon
Section: Demographics

Question: In total, what percent of the entire population has been affected in some way?

The population of Lebanon was estimated to be 4,125,247 in July 2010, however no official census has been conducted since 1932 due to the sensitive confessional political balance between Lebanon's various religious groups.
Identifying all Lebanese as ethnically Arab is a widely employed example of panethnicity since in reality, the Lebanese “are descended from many different peoples who have occupied, invaded, or settled this corner of the world,” making Lebanon, “a mosaic of closely interrelated cultures”.
While at first glance, this ethnic, linguistic, religious and denominational diversity might seem to cause civil and political unrest, “for much of Lebanon’s history this multitudinous diversity of religious communities has coexisted with little conflict”.
The fertility rate fell from 5.00 in 1971 to 1.75 in 2004.
Fertility rates vary considerably among the different religious groups: in 2004 it was 2.10 for Shiites, 1.76 Sunnis and 1.61 for Maronites.
Lebanon has witnessed a series of migration waves: over 1,500,000 people emigrated from the country in the 1975–2011 period.
Millions of people of Lebanese descent are spread throughout the world, mostly Christians, especially in Latin America.
Brazil has the largest expatriate population.
"(See Lebanese Brazilians)".
Large numbers of Lebanese migrated to West Africa, particularly to the Ivory Coast (home to over 100,000 Lebanese) and Senegal (roughly 30,000 Lebanese).
Australia is home to over 270,000 Lebanese (1999 est.
As of 2012, Lebanon was host to over 460,000 refugees and asylum seekers: 405,425 Palestinians, 50,000–60,000 from Iraq, over 80,000 from Syria, and 4,500 from Sudan.
Their primary sources of income are UNRWA aid and menial labor sought in competition with about 300,000 Syrian guest workers.
The latest estimates by the United Nations put the number of Syrian refugees at more than 850,000.
In the last three decades, lengthy and destructive armed conflicts have ravaged the country.
The majority of Lebanese have been affected by armed conflict; those with direct personal experience include 75% of the population, and most others report suffering a range of hardships.
In total, almost the entire population (96%) has been affected insome way – either personally or because of the wider consequences of armed conflict.
Article: Mona Lisa
Section: Abstract

Question: who painted the mona lisa?

The Mona Lisa (Monna Lisa or La Gioconda in Italian; La Joconde in French) is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been acclaimed as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world.
"The painting, thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel, and is believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506, although Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517.
It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic, on permanent display at The Louvre museum in Paris since 1797.
The ambiguity of the subject's expression, which is frequently described as enigmatic, the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modeling of forms and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work.
Article: SeaWorld
Section: History

Question: What is the amount of parks that were bought by Anheuser-Busch from HBJ in 1989?

SeaWorld was opened in 1964 by Milton C. Shedd, Ken Norris, David Demott, and George Millay.
The four graduates of UCLA originally set out to build an underwater restaurant and marine life show.
When the underwater restaurant concept was deemed unfeasible, they scrapped those plans and decided to build a park instead, and SeaWorld San Diego was opened on March 21, 1964.
With only a few dolphins, sea lions, 6 attractions and , the park proved to be a success and more than 400,000 guests visited in the first 12 months.
After considering other locations in the midwest, including the Lake Milton/Newton Falls area west of Youngstown, Ohio, it was decided that Aurora, Ohio would be the new home of a SeaWorld.
The Aurora site was approximately northwest of the Lake Milton site, and southeast of Cleveland.
By this time the founders of the company had captured a few more species of animals, including a killer whale that was brought to the new facility.
The harsh winter climate permitted the park to be open only from mid-May until mid-September.
The Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida opened near the end of the second operating season of SeaWorld of Ohio.
The success of Disney in Orlando provided a location that was already popular with tourists.
SeaWorld Orlando opened in 1973.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. (HBJ) purchased the company in 1976 and 12 years later they began a venture in Texas.
In 1988, SeaWorld San Antonio opened just a few miles outside of San Antonio.
Growth has pushed the city outwards, and now SeaWorld San Antonio lies in the Westover Hills community in West San Antonio.
The park was open year-round like its sister parks in California and Florida in 1988 and 1989, then went to a seasonal schedule.
The stress and financial resources it took to build and maintain a state-of-the-art marine mammal facility in the late '80s eventually took its toll on the company.
HBJ, whose primary focus was producing school books, needed to reduce its assets in order to avoid a bankruptcy.
The Anheuser-Busch Company made an offer to purchase the SeaWorld parks.
However, HBJ also owned and operated two other parks, Cypress Gardens and Boardwalk and Baseball, and out of fear of not being able to find a buyer for the two other parks, HBJ refused to sell the parks individually.
Despite a long negotiation, Anheuser-Busch bought all six parks in 1989: SeaWorld in San Diego, Aurora, Orlando and San Antonio as well as Cypress Gardens in Winter Haven and Boardwalk and Baseball in Haines City.
Soon after the sale was final, Busch sold Cypress Gardens to the park's management and closed Boardwalk and Baseball.
Anheuser-Busch put millions of dollars back into the parks to revive and to prolong their longevity.
Article: Cake
Section: Cake decorating

Question: What does a coupler attach to a bag?

 decorating.
A finished cake is often enhanced by covering it with icing, or frosting, and toppings such as sprinkles, which are also known as "jimmies" in certain parts of the United States and "hundreds and thousands" in the United Kingdom.
Frosting is usually made from powdered (icing) sugar, sometimes a fat of some sort, milk or cream, and often flavorings such as vanilla extract or cocoa powder.
Some decorators use a rolled fondant icing.
Commercial bakeries tend to use lard for the fat, and often whip the lard to introduce air bubbles.
This makes the icing light and spreadable.
Home bakers either use lard, butter, margarine or some combination thereof.
Sprinkles are small firm pieces of sugar and oils that are colored with food coloring.
In the late 20th century, new cake decorating products became available to the public.
These include several specialized sprinkles and even methods to print pictures and transfer the image onto a cake.
Special tools are needed for more complex cake decorating, such as piping bags or syringes, and various piping tips.
To use a piping bag or syringe, a piping tip is attached to the bag or syringe using a coupler.
The bag or syringe is partially filled with icing which is sometimes colored.
Using different piping tips and various techniques, a cake decorator can make many different designs.
Basic decorating tips include open star, closed star, basketweave, round, drop flower, leaf, multi, petal, and specialty tips.
Royal icing, marzipan (or a less sweet version, known as almond paste), fondant icing(also known as sugarpaste) and buttercream are used as covering icings and to create decorations.
Floral sugarcraft or wired sugar flowers are an important part of cake decoration.
Cakes for special occasions, such as wedding cakes, are traditionally rich fruit cakes or occasionally Madeira cakes, that are covered with marzipan and iced using royal icing or sugar-paste.
They are finished with piped borders (made with royal icing) and adorned with a piped message, wired sugar flowers, hand-formed fondant flowers, marzipan fruit, piped flowers, or crystallized fruits or flowers such as grapes or violets.
Article: High Renaissance
Section: Sculpture

Question: When was there development of small scale stauettes for private patrons?

High Renaissance sculpture, as exemplified by Michelangelo's "Pietà" and the iconic "David", is characterized by an "ideal" balance between stillness and movement.
High Renaissance sculpture was normally commissioned by the public and the state, this becoming more popular for sculpture is an expensive art form.
Sculpture was often used to decorate or embellish architecture, normally within courtyards where others were able to study and admire the commissioned art work.
Wealthy individuals like cardinals, rulers and bankers were the more likely private patrons along with very wealthy families; Pope Julius II also patronized many artists.
During the High Renaissance there was the development of small scale statuettes for private patrons, the creation of busts and tombs also developing.
The subject matter related to sculpture was mostly religious but also with a significant strand of classical individuals in the form of tomb sculpture and paintings as well as ceilings of cathedrals.
Article: Turn Me On (David Guetta song)
Section: Background

Question: What range does Nicki Minaj have in this song?

"Turn Me On" is an uptempo club song, with heavy beats and features Minaj on vocals.
It is the second track from ‘Nothing but the Beat’ that features Minaj, along with the single ‘Where Them Girls At.
Minaj sings, “Doctor doctor, need you back, call me babe / Doctor doctor, where you at, give me something / I need your love, I need your love, I need your loving / You got that kind of medicine to keep me comin.’” She raps for 10 seconds near the end of the track: “D-D-D-D-Don’t let me die young / I just want you to father my young / I just want you to be my doctor / We ‘gon get it crackin,’ chiropractor.” The song is written in the key of C minor, with a simple chord sequence of C minor-Bb major-Ab major.
It is written in common time with a moderate dance groove of 128 beats per minute.
Nicki Minaj's vocals span from G3 to E5 in the song.
Article: Brazil
Section: Military

Question: How many contested territorial disputes does Brazil have with its bordering countries?

The armed forces of Brazil are the second-largest in Latin America, consist of the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force with a total of 371,199 active personnel.
The Army has 235,978 active personnel.
The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by the constitution, but is under the control of each state's governor.
The Navy once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world with the two dreadnoughts, which sparked a South American dreadnought race between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.
Today, it is a green water force and one of the ten navies that possesses an aircraft carrier.
The Air Force has about 700 manned aircraft in service.
Brazil has not been invaded since 1865 during the Paraguayan War.
Additionally, Brazil has no contested territorial disputes with any of its neighbours and neither does it have rivalries, like Chile and Bolivia have with each other.
Since 1648 the Brazilian Armed Forces have been relied upon to fight in defense of Brazilian sovereignty and to suppress civil rebellions.
The Brazilian military has also three times intervened militarily to overthrow the Brazilian government.
It has built a tradition of participating in UN peacekeeping missions such as in Haiti and East Timor.