community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Bibimbap
Section: History

Question: What do some scholars believe is the origin of bibimbap?

"Bibimbap" is first mentioned in the "Siuijeonseo", an anonymous cookbook from the late 19th century.
There its name is given as 부븸밥 ("bubuimbap").
Some scholars assert that bibimbap originates from the traditional practice of mixing all the food offerings made at an ancestral rite ("jesa") in a bowl before partaking in it.
In Korean households, "bibimbap" is frequently prepared from steamed rice, vegetables, and meat.
Since the late 20th century, "bibimbap" has become widespread in different countries, due to its convenience of preparation.
It is also served on many airlines connecting to South Korea.
Article: Wakeboarding
Section: Riding

Question: What kind of tricks are there?

Using edging techniques, the rider can move outside of the wake or cut rapidly in toward the wake.
Jumps are performed by riding towards and up the wake and launching into the air.
This can also be done by riding up a kicker (a jump).
There is also the slider (a rail bar) in which a rider approaches and rides along keeping his balance.
Once a rider improves in the sport, he or she can progress to tricks high in the air.
As the rider edges towards the wake against the pull of the rope, the rider builds pressure against the water on the bottom of the board and gains speed and momentum toward the wake.
When the rider rides up the wake, the energy of the wake launches him airborne.
While in the air, the rider attempts to do tricks.
Tricks vary from beginner to advanced.
Article: Indonesia
Section: Foreign relations and military

Question: How many personnel does the Indonesian Army have?

In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to western powers and tensions with Malaysia, Indonesia's foreign relations since the Suharto "New Order" have been based on economic and political cooperation with Western nations.
Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbors in Asia, and is a founding member of ASEAN and the East Asia Summit.
The nation restored relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.
Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, and was a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation).
Indonesia is signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the Cairns Group, and the WTO, and has historically been a member of OPEC, although it withdrew in 2008 as it was no longer a net exporter of oil.
Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.
The Indonesian Government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant Islamism and Al-Qaeda.
The deadliest bombing killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002.
The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.
Indonesia's armed forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes marines), and Air Force (TNI–AU).
The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel.
Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.
One of the reforms following the 1998 resignation of Suharto was the removal of formal TNI representation in parliament; nevertheless, its political influence remains extensive.
Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.
Following a sporadic thirty-year guerrilla war between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.
In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Article: The Vampire Diaries
Section: Series overview

Question: Why are brother's showing affection to the same girl, Elana?

The series follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev), a teenage girl who falls deeply in love with a 163-year-old vampire named Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley).
Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan's vicious and malevolent older brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) returns with a plan to wreak havoc on the town, seeking revenge against his younger brother for turning him into a vampire against his will.
Both brothers begin to show affection towards Elena, mainly because of her resemblance to their past love Katherine Pierce.
It is revealed that Elena is a descendant of Katherine, who eventually returns with plans against the trio.
Elena undergoes many hardships and deaths of close family members and loved ones through her high school experience.
The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, a town charged with supernatural history since its settlement of migrants from New England in the late 19th century.
Additional story lines revolve around the other inhabitants of the town, most notably Elena's younger brother Jeremy Gilbert (Steven R. McQueen), her best friends Bonnie Bennett (Katerina Graham) and Caroline Forbes (Candice Accola), and their mutual friends Tyler Lockwood (Michael Trevino) and Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig).
The town's politics are orchestrated by descendants of the original founding families, all comprising a "Founders' Council".
Some of the founding families of Mystic Falls include the Salvatores, the Gilberts, the Fells, the Forbes, and the Lockwoods.
They guard the town mainly from vampires, although there are many more supernatural threats such as werewolves, witches, ghosts, Originals and hybrids.
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: Geology

Question: Over the past eleven centuries, in what direction has Niagara falls shifted?

The features that became Niagara Falls were created by the Wisconsin glaciation about 10,000 years ago.
The same forces also created the North American Great Lakes and the Niagara River.
All were dug by a continental ice sheet that drove through the area, deepening some river channels to form lakes, and damming others with debris.
Scientists argue that there is an old valley, buried by glacial drift, at the approximate location of the present Welland Canal.
When the ice melted, the upper Great Lakes emptied into the Niagara river, which followed the rearranged topography across the Niagara Escarpment.
In time, the river cut a gorge through the north facing cliff, or cuesta.
Because of the interactions of three major rock formations, the rocky bed did not erode evenly.
The top rock formation was composed of erosion-resistant limestone and Lockport dolostone.
That hard layer of stone eroded more slowly than the underlying materials.
The aerial photo on the right clearly shows the hard caprock, the Lockport Formation (Middle Silurian), which underlies the rapids above the falls, and approximately the upper third of the high gorge wall.
Immediately below the hard-rock formation, comprising about two thirds of the cliff, lay the weaker, softer, sloping Rochester Formation (Lower Silurian).
This formation was composed mainly of shale, though it has some thin limestone layers.
It also contains ancient fossils.
In time, the river eroded the soft layer that supported the hard layers, undercutting the hard caprock, which gave way in great chunks.
This process repeated countless times, eventually carving out the falls.
Submerged in the river in the lower valley, hidden from view, is the Queenston Formation (Upper Ordovician), which is composed of shales and fine sandstones.
All three formations were laid down in an ancient sea, their differences of character deriving from changing conditions within that sea.
About 10,900 years ago, the Niagara Falls was located between present-day Queenston, Ontario, and Lewiston, New York, but erosion of their crest has caused the waterfalls to retreat approximately southward.
The Horseshoe Falls, which are approximately wide, have also changed their shape through the process of erosion; evolving from a small arch, to a horseshoe bend, to the present day gigantic inverted V. Just upstream from the falls' current location, Goat Island splits the course of the Niagara River, resulting in the separation of the Canadian Horseshoe Falls to the west from the American and Bridal Veil Falls to the east.
Engineering has slowed erosion and recession.
Article: The Amazing Race 21
Section: Prizes

Question: Who is the Season 21 sponsor for the trip prizes on the Amazing Race?

The prize for each leg is awarded to the first place team for that leg.
Trips are sponsored by Travelocity.
 Leg 1 – The "Double Your Money" prize – if the team that wins the first leg of the race also wins the final leg, the prize for winning the race will be doubled from its standard amount to .
 Leg 2 – The "Express Pass" – an item that can be used on the race to skip any one task of the team's choosing.
 Leg 3 – A trip for two to Fiji
 Leg 4 – A trip for two to Antigua
 Leg 5 – A trip for two to Malaysia
 Leg 6 – A trip for two to Australia
 Leg 7 – A trip for two to Maui, Hawaii
 Leg 8 – A trip for two to Costa Rica
 Leg 9 – each
 Leg 10 – A trip for two to the Riviera Maya
 Leg 11 – A 2013 Ford Escape for each racer
 Leg 12 –
Article: The Avengers (2012 film)
Section: Video game

Question: What is the four-chapter mobile game?

A video game based on the film was planned for concurrent release.
The game was to be a first-person shooter/brawler for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and Microsoft Windows and published by THQ, with THQ Studio Australia developing the console versions and Blue Tongue Entertainment the PC version.
After THQ closed both studios, the game was cancelled.
Intellectual property rights for an Avengers video game reverted to Marvel, which said it was exploring potential publishing and licensing opportunities.
In May 2012, Ubisoft and Marvel Entertainment announced that they are partnering to develop a motion-controlled game titled "" for the Wii U and Xbox 360 Kinect.
The game was inspired by the "Secret Invasion" storyline and features 20 different characters.
Marvel also announced a four-chapter mobile game titled "Avengers Initiative", with one chapter focusing on each of Hulk, Captain America, Thor and Iron Man.
Article: DNA
Section: Sense and antisense

Question: On a single strand of DNA, can both sense and antisense sequences exist?

A DNA sequence is called "sense" if its sequence is the same as that of a messenger RNA copy that is translated into protein.
The sequence on the opposite strand is called the "antisense" sequence.
Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e.
both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences).
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear.
One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing.
A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in plasmids and viruses, blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having overlapping genes.
In these cases, some DNA sequences do double duty, encoding one protein when read along one strand, and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand.
In bacteria, this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription, while in viruses, overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome.
Article: Payphone (song)
Section: Abstract

Question: Which author did write Payphone?

Payphone (song)"Payphone" is a song performed by the American pop rock band Maroon 5 featuring American rapper Wiz Khalifa.
The song was released on April 17, 2012, as the lead single from their fourth studio album, "Overexposed" (2012).
The song was written by Adam Levine, Benny Blanco, Ammar Malik, Robopop, Shellback and Khalifa and produced by Blanco and Shellback.
The song is a pop ballad and it talks about a romance that is no more.
The song has received favorable reviews from music critics, who praised the catchy melody and named it "a radio success", but some others dismissed Khalifa's appearance and its title.
The official music video, directed by Samuel Bayer, finds Levine taking down some bank robbers and attempting to become the "hero" in a hail of bullets as he makes his escape, steals a gun from a robber and then gets mistaken for one.
Because of this, he must escape from a fleet of policemen, which he does with ease.
The video was positively received from critics, who considered it an enjoyable mini-action movie.
The video was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video, but lost out to "What Makes You Beautiful" by One Direction.
On the "Billboard" Hot 100, the song debuted at the number three spot before peaking at number two.
The song sold 493,000 copies in its first week, becoming the best sales week for a digital song by a group and also the eleventh-best sales week overall.
It also reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and stayed at the top for eight consecutive weeks.
It also topped the UK Singles Chart, making it the band's first ever single to do so.
"Payphone" was the world's fifth best-selling single of 2012 with 9.5 million copies sold.
Article: Photoelectric effect
Section: Three-step model

Question: The crystalline material's photoelectric effect consists of how many steps?

In the X-ray regime, the photoelectric effect in crystalline material is often decomposed into three steps:
 Inner photoelectric effect (see photodiode below).
The hole left behind can give rise to auger effect, which is visible even when the electron does not leave the material.
In molecular solids phonons are excited in this step and may be visible as lines in the final electron energy.
The inner photoeffect has to be dipole allowed.
The transition rules for atoms translate via the tight-binding model onto the crystal.
They are similar in geometry to plasma oscillations in that they have to be transversal.
 Ballistic transport of half of the electrons to the surface.
Some electrons are scattered.
 Electrons escape from the material at the surface.
In the three-step model, an electron can take multiple paths through these three steps.
All paths can interfere in the sense of the path integral formulation.
For surface states and molecules the three-step model does still make some sense as even most atoms have multiple electrons which can scatter the one electron leaving.
Article: 2003 invasion of Iraq
Section: Military intervention vs diplomatic solution

Question: When was a boycott on French wine called for?

Criticisms about the evidence used to justify the war notwithstanding, many opponents of military intervention objected, saying that a diplomatic solution would be preferable, and that war should be reserved as a truly last resort.
This position was exemplified by French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin, who responded to U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell's 5 February 2003 presentation to the U.N Security Council by saying that: "Given the choice between military intervention and an inspections regime that is inadequate because of a failure to cooperate on Iraq's part, we must choose the decisive reinforcement of the means of inspections.
"In response to Donald Rumsfeld's reference to European countries that did not support the invasion of Iraq as 'Old Europe', Dominique de Villepin ended his speech with words that would later come to embody the French-German political, economic, and military alliance throughout the beginning of the 21st Century: "This message comes to you today from an old country, France, from a continent like mine, Europe, that has known wars, occupation and barbarity.
(…) Faithful to its values, it wishes resolutely to act with all the members of the international community.
It believes in our ability to build together a better world.
"The direct opposition between diplomatic solution and military intervention involving France and the United States which was personified by Chirac versus Bush and later Powell versus de Villepin, became a milestone in the Franco-American relations.
Anti-French propangada exploiting the classic Francophobic clichés immediately ensued in the United States and the United Kingdom.
A call for a boycott on French wine was launched in the United States and the "New York Post" covered on the 1944 "Sacrifice" of the GIs France would had forgotten.
It was followed a week later, on 20 February, by the British newspaper "The Sun" publishing a special issue entitled "Chirac is a worm" and including "ad hominem" attacks such as "Jacques Chirac has become the shame of Europe".
Actually both newspapers expressed the opinion of their owner, U.S. billionaire Rupert Murdoch, a military intervention supporter and a George W. Bush partisan as argued by Roy Greenslade in "The Guardian" published on 17 February.
Article: Climate change
Section: Plate tectonics

Question: Why are the locations of the sea important?

Over the course of millions of years, the motion of tectonic plates reconfigures global land and ocean areas and generates topography.
This can affect both global and local patterns of climate and atmosphere-ocean circulation.
The position of the continents determines the geometry of the oceans and therefore influences patterns of ocean circulation.
The locations of the seas are important in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across the globe, and therefore, in determining global climate.
A recent example of tectonic control on ocean circulation is the formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 5 million years ago, which shut off direct mixing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
This strongly affected the ocean dynamics of what is now the Gulf Stream and may have led to Northern Hemisphere ice cover.
During the Carboniferous period, about 300 to 360 million years ago, plate tectonics may have triggered large-scale storage of carbon and increased glaciation.
Geologic evidence points to a "megamonsoonal" circulation pattern during the time of the supercontinent Pangaea, and climate modeling suggests that the existence of the supercontinent was conducive to the establishment of monsoons.
The size of continents is also important.
Because of the stabilizing effect of the oceans on temperature, yearly temperature variations are generally lower in coastal areas than they are inland.
A larger supercontinent will therefore have more area in which climate is strongly seasonal than will several smaller continents or islands.
Article: David (Michelangelo)
Section: Commission

Question: What years was Michelangelo working on David?

The history of the statue begins before Michelangelo's work on it from 1501 to 1504.
Prior to Michelangelo's involvement, the Overseers of the Office of Works of Florence Cathedral, consisting mostly of members of the influential woolen cloth guild, the Arte della Lana, had plans to commission a series of twelve large Old Testament sculptures for the buttresses of the cathedral of Santa Maria Del Fiore.
In 1410 Donatello made the first of the statues, a figure of Joshua in terracotta.
A figure of Hercules, also in terracotta, was commissioned from the Florentine sculptor Agostino di Duccio in 1463 and was made perhaps under Donatello's direction.
Eager to continue their project, in 1464, the "Operai" contracted Agostino to create a sculpture of David.
A block of marble was provided, from a quarry in Carrara, a town in the Apuan Alps in northern Tuscany.
Agostino only got as far as beginning to shape the legs, feet and the torso, roughing out some drapery and probably gouging a hole between the legs.
His association with the project ceased, for reasons unknown, with the death of Donatello in 1466, and ten years later Antonio Rossellino was commissioned to take up where Agostino had left off.
Rossellino's contract was terminated soon thereafter, and the block of marble remained neglected for twenty-five years, all the while exposed to the elements in the yard of the cathedral workshop.
This was of great concern to the "Opera" authorities, as such a large piece of marble not only was costly but also represented a large amount of labour and difficulty in its transportation to Florence.
In 1500, an inventory of the cathedral workshops described the piece as "a certain figure of marble called David, badly blocked out and supine."
A year later, documents showed that the "Operai" were determined to find an artist who could take this large piece of marble and turn it into a finished work of art.
They ordered the block of stone, which they called "The Giant", "raised on its feet" so that a master experienced in this kind of work might examine it and express an opinion.
Though Leonardo da Vinci and others were consulted, it was Michelangelo, only twenty-six years old, who convinced the "Operai" that he deserved the commission.
On 16 August 1501, Michelangelo was given the official contract to undertake this challenging new task.
He began carving the statue early in the morning on 13 September, a month after he was awarded the contract.
He would work on the massive statue for more than two years.
Article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Section: Russian military attaché's office

Question: Who implicated the Russian Military Attaché Artamonov involvement in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

Apis's confession to ordering the assassination of Franz Ferdinand states that Russian Military Attaché Artamonov promised Russia's protection from Austria-Hungary if Serbia's intelligence operations became exposed and that Russia had funded the assassination.
Artamonov denied the involvement of his office in an interview with Albertini.
Artamonov stated that he went on vacation to Italy leaving Assistant Military Attaché Alexander Werchovsky in charge and though he was in daily contact with Apis he did not learn of Apis's role until after the war had ended.
Albertini writes that he “remained unconvinced by the behavior of this officer.” Werchovsky admitted the involvement of his office and then fell silent on the subject.
There is evidence that Russia was at least aware of the plot before 14 June.
De Schelking writes: