community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Gravitational wave
Section: Introduction

Question: Can you detect very low frequency waves?

In Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is treated as a phenomenon resulting from the curvature of spacetime.
This curvature is caused by the presence of mass.
Generally, the more mass that is contained within a given volume of space, the greater the curvature of spacetime will be at the boundary of this volume.
As objects with mass move around in spacetime, the curvature changes to reflect the changed locations of those objects.
In certain circumstances, accelerating objects generate changes in this curvature, which propagate outwards at the speed of light in a wave-like manner.
These propagating phenomena are known as gravitational waves.
As a gravitational wave passes a distant observer, that observer will find spacetime distorted by the effects of strain.
Distances between free objects increase and decrease rhythmically as the wave passes, at a frequency corresponding to that of the wave.
This occurs despite such free objects never being subjected to an unbalanced force.
The magnitude of this effect decreases inversely with distance from the source.
Inspiralling binary neutron stars are predicted to be a powerful source of gravitational waves as they coalesce, due to the very large acceleration of their masses as they orbit close to one another.
However, due to the astronomical distances to these sources the effects when measured on Earth are predicted to be very small, having strains of less than 1 part in 1020.
Scientists are attempting to demonstrate the existence of these waves with ever more sensitive detectors.
The current most sensitive measurement is about one part in (as of 2012) provided by the LIGO and VIRGO observatories.
The lack of detection in these observatories provides an upper limit on the frequency of such powerful sources.
A space based observatory, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, is currently under development by ESA.
Gravitational waves should penetrate regions of space that electromagnetic waves cannot.
It is hypothesized that they will be able to provide observers on Earth with information about black holes and other exotic objects in the distant Universe.
Such systems cannot be observed with more traditional means such as optical telescopes and radio telescopes.
In particular, gravitational waves could be of interest to cosmologists as they offer a possible way of observing the very early universe.
This is not possible with conventional astronomy, since before recombination the universe was opaque to electromagnetic radiation.
Precise measurements of gravitational waves will also allow scientists to test the general theory of relativity more thoroughly.
In principle, gravitational waves could exist at any frequency.
However, very low frequency waves would be impossible to detect and there is no credible source for detectable waves of very high frequency.
Stephen W. Hawking and Werner Israel list different frequency bands for gravitational waves that could be plausibly detected, ranging from 10−7 Hz up to 1011 Hz.
Article: Gilmore Girls
Section: DVD releases

Question: Which regions can the complete Gilmore Girls  dvds be found in?

"Warner Bros. Home Entertainment" has released all seven seasons of "Gilmore Girls" on DVD in region 1, 2, 4.
All seasons are available for digital download on the iTunes Store, Amazon.com and other digital sales websites.
Seasons 4 through 7 are also available in HD on iTunes Store.
Article: Sydney Opera House
Section: Abstract

Question: How many people per year participate in a guided tour of the Sydney Opera House?

The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Situated on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour, close to the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the facility is adjacent to the Sydney central business district and the Royal Botanic Gardens, between Sydney and Farm Coves.
Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the facility formally opened on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzon's 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition.
The NSW Government, led by Premier Joseph Cahill, authorised work to begin in 1958, with Utzon directing construction.
The government's decision to build Utzon's design is often overshadowed by circumstances that followed, including cost and scheduling overruns as well as the architect's ultimate resignation.
Though its name suggests a single venue, the project comprises multiple performance venues which together are among the busiest performing arts centres in the world — hosting over 1,500 performances each year attended by some 1.2 million people.
The venues produce and present a wide range of in-house productions and accommodate numerous performing arts companies, including four key resident companies: Opera Australia, The Australian Ballet, the Sydney Theatre Company and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
As one of the most popular visitor attractions in Australia, more than seven million people visit the site each year, with 300,000 people participating annually in a guided tour of the facility.
Identified as one of the 20th century's most distinctive buildings and one of the most famous performing arts centres in the world, the facility is managed by the Sydney Opera House Trust, under the auspices of the New South Wales Ministry of the Arts.
The Sydney Opera House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 28 June 2007.
Article: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Section: Public view and title

Question: How much was the artist offered for the painting "Les Demoiselles"?

From 16 to 31 July 1916 "Les Demoiselles" was exhibited to the public for the first time at the Salon d'Antin, an exhibition organized by André Salmon titled "L'Art moderne en France".
The exhibition space at 26 rue d'Antin was lent by the famous couturier and art collector Paul Poiret.
The larger Salon d'Automne and Salon des Indépendants had been closed due to World War I, making this the only Cubists exhibition in France since 1914.
A review was published in "Le Cri de Paris": The Cubists are not waiting for the war to end to recommence hostilities against good sense.
They are exhibiting at the Galerie Poiret naked women whose scattered parts are represented in all four corners of the canvas: here an eye, there an ear, over there a hand, a foot on top, a mouth below.
M. Picasso, their leader, is possibly the least disheveled of the lot.
He has painted, or rather daubed, five women who are, if the truth be told, all hacked up, and yet their limbs somehow manage to hold together.
They have, moreover, piggish faces with eyes wandering negligently above their ears.
An enthusiastic art-lover offered the artist 20,000 francs for this masterpiece.
M. Picasso wanted more.
The art-lover did not insist.
Picasso referred to his only entry at the Salon d'Antin as his Brothel painting calling it "Le Bordel d'Avignon" but André Salmon retitled it "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" so as to lessen its scandalous impact on the public.
Picasso never liked the title, however, preferring "las chicas de Avignon," but Salmon's title stuck.
The only other time the painting might have been exhibited to the public prior to a 1937 showing in New York was in 1918, in an exhibition dedicated to Picasso and Matisse at Galerie Paul Guillaume in Paris, though very little information exists about this exhibition or the presence (if at all) of "Les Demoiselles".
Afterwards, the painting was rolled up and remained with Picasso until 1924 when, with urging and help from Breton and Louis Aragon (1897–1982), he sold it to designer Jacques Doucet (1853–1929), for 25,000 francs.
Article: Private Practice (TV series)
Section: Broadcast history

Question: What network did the "Private Practice" pilot air?

On , the backdoor pilot of "Private Practice" aired on ABC, the pilot was in the double episode of "Grey's Anatomy" entitled "The Other Side of This Life", and gave a brief description of the characters in "Private Practice".
The cast included Amy Brenneman, Paul Adelstein, Tim Daly, Taye Diggs, Chris Lowell, and Merrin Dungey.
The 2-hour episode averaged 21 million viewers, 1.9 million more viewers than "Grey's Anatomy's" third season 19.1 million viewers-per-episode average at the time of its airing.
The episode was also No.
1 in the 9:00 pm and 10:00 pm timeslots.
On , it was announced, on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", that "Private Practice" was part of ABC's 2007 fall line-up.
The first TV promo for the series aired during the season finale of "Grey's Anatomy", on .
The series premiere aired on , averaging 14.41 million viewers being the most watched show in its time slot.
The series premiered on British television on , on LIVING.
It was later moved to Thursday at 10:00 pm after "Grey's Anatomy" during mid-season 2009, to make room for the return of "Lost".
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: Coating

Question: The region under the coat adjacent to the scratch acts as what?

Metals can be coated with paint or other less conductive metals ("passivation").
This prevents the metal surface from being exposed to electrolytes.
Scratches exposing the metal substrate will result in corrosion.
The region under the coating adjacent to the scratch acts as the anode of the reaction.
See Anodizing
Article: Virus
Section: Vaccines

Question: Who is most endangered by live vaccines?

Vaccination is a cheap and effective way of preventing infections by viruses.
Vaccines were used to prevent viral infections long before the discovery of the actual viruses.
Their use has resulted in a dramatic decline in morbidity (illness) and mortality (death) associated with viral infections such as polio, measles, mumps and rubella.
Smallpox infections have been eradicated.
Vaccines are available to prevent over thirteen viral infections of humans, and more are used to prevent viral infections of animals.
Vaccines can consist of live-attenuated or killed viruses, or viral proteins (antigens).
Live vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus, which do not cause the disease but, nonetheless, confer immunity.
Such viruses are called attenuated.
Live vaccines can be dangerous when given to people with a weak immunity, (who are described as immunocompromised), because in these people, the weakened virus can cause the original disease.
Biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques are used to produce subunit vaccines.
These vaccines use only the capsid proteins of the virus.
Hepatitis B vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine.
Subunit vaccines are safe for immunocompromised patients because they cannot cause the disease.
The yellow fever virus vaccine, a live-attenuated strain called 17D, is probably the safest and most effective vaccine ever generated.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Costume design

Question: What kind of panels were put inside the sections on the legs, chest, and abdomen?

Costume design.
Costume designer Lindy Hemming explained that Bane uses a mask to inhale an analgesic gas, which, in director Christopher Nolan's words, "keeps his pain just below the threshold so he can function."
In designing Bane's costume, Hemming needed it to look "like an amalgam of all sorts of bits and pieces he cobbled together, as he passed through some very remote places.
We made parts of his vest, for example, from fragments of an old military tent.
His clothes are militaristic, but are not in any way a uniform."
Hemming also designed Bane's mask to look "animalistic".
Costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard created a three-dimensional model of actor Tom Hardy's face and skull to design the mask, allowing the mask to perfectly conform to the contours of Hardy's face.
Hemming personally designed Bane's coat, which she admitted took two years to complete.
Taking inspiration from a Swedish army jacket and a frock coat from the French Revolution, it was designed to make Bane look like equal parts dictatorial and revolutionary.
The design was difficult as Hemming struggled to find a tailor in Los Angeles who could work with shearling.
The Batsuit consisted of 110 separate pieces, each of which had to be replicated dozens of times over the course of the production.
The base layer was made of a polyester mesh that is utilized by the military and high-tech sports manufacturers because of its breathability and moisture-wicking properties.
Molded pieces of flexible urethane were then attached to the mesh, to form the overall body armor plating.
Carbon fiber panels were placed inside the sections on the legs, chest and abdomen.
The cowl was sculpted from a cast of Bale's face and head to become a perfect fit for Christian Bale.
The suit remained unchanged for the film since "The Dark Knight".
In creating Selina Kyle's catsuit, two layers of material were used, with the outer layer being polyurethane coated spandex, embossed with a hexagonal pattern.
The catsuit also consisted of elbow-length gloves, a utility belt, and thigh-high boots with spike heels.
Article: Gravity (film)
Section: Cast

Question: What actress played Dr. Ryan Stone?

 Sandra Bullock as Dr. Ryan Stone, a medical engineer and mission specialist who is on her first space mission.
 George Clooney as Lieutenant Matt Kowalski; the commander of the team.
Kowalski is a veteran astronaut planning to retire after the "Explorer" expedition.
He enjoys telling stories about himself and joking with his team, and is determined to protect the lives of his fellow astronauts.
 Ed Harris (voice) as Mission Control in Houston, Texas.
 Orto Ignatiussen (voice) as Aningaaq, a Greenlandic Inuit fisherman who intercepts one of Stone's transmissions.
Aningaaq also appears in a self-titled short written and directed by "Gravity" co-writer Jonás Cuarón, which depicts the conversation between him and Stone from his perspective.
 Phaldut Sharma (voice) as Shariff Dasari, the flight engineer on board the "Explorer".
 Amy Warren (voice) as the captain of "Explorer".
 Basher Savage (voice) as the captain of the International Space Station.
Article: The New Normal (TV series)
Section: Premise

Question: Why did Goldie Clemmons from The New Normal move?

Bryan (Andrew Rannells) and David (Justin Bartha) are a happy gay couple living in Los Angeles, with successful careers.
The only thing missing in their relationship is a baby.
They meet Goldie Clemmons, (Georgia King), a single mother and waitress from Ohio.
Goldie left her adulterous husband and moved to L.A. with her 9-year-old daughter Shania (Bebe Wood) to escape their former life and start over.
Jane (Ellen Barkin), Goldie's conservative grandmother, follows them to the city against Goldie's wishes, thus causing havoc for her granddaughter and the couple.
Goldie decides to become Bryan and David's gestational surrogate, and naturally, her family gets involved.
Article: Lights (musician)
Section: 2006–07: Musical beginnings

Question: What series did Lights compose for?

Music career.2006–07: Musical beginnings.
Lights was signed at the age of 15.
In high school, Lights played guitar and sang in the metal band Shovel Face.
Lights started her career being a writer for Sony/ATV Music Publishing.
Lights was among the songwriters who composed music for the television series "Instant Star".
She and Luke McMaster are credited with composing "Perfect," sung in the role of Jude Harrison on the show by Alexz Johnson.
In late 2006, she worked with Canadian photographer Marc Lostracco to film her very first music video, "February Air," for a Sony promotion.
However, Sony never confirmed with the deal, and it never happened.
In 2007, she was discovered by Jian Ghomeshi.
He is still her manager.
Article: Grey's Anatomy
Section: U.S. television ratings

Question: How many people on average watched the first four seasons of Grey's Anatomy?

"Greys Anatomy" has received high viewership and ratings since its debut.
The first four seasons of the program each ranked in the top ten among all viewers, reaching its peak Nielsen ratings in the second season, attracting an average of 19.44 million viewers per episode, and ranking at fifth place overall.
Following the show's time-slot being relocated, overall rankings steadily declined, dropping below the top ten in its fifth season.
"Grey's Anatomy" made its greatest fall from its sixth to seventh season, slipping from seventeenth place to thirty-first.
The series is on a steady decline in terms of overall viewership and rankings, yet "Grey's Anatomy" still holds value in charts when numbers are pulled from the digital video recorder (DVR).
It was the most recorded show between 2007 and 2011, based on cumulative totals, and has been for several years in a row.
The most-watched episode of the series is "It's the End of the World", with 37.88 million viewers, aided by a lead-in from Super Bowl XL.
In contrast, the least-watched episode is "The Lion Sleeps Tonight", which garnered 8.19 million viewers—a 30% decrease from "It's the End of the World".
In 2011, "Grey's Anatomy" was named the fourth-highest revenue earning show of the year, with US$2.67 million per half hour, behind "Desperate Housewives", "Two and a Half Men", and "American Idol" at the top.
In 2012, the show was the fifth-highest revenue earning show of the year, with US$2.75 million per half hour, behind "Glee", "Two and a Half Men", "The X Factor (U.S.)" and "American Idol".
While "Grey's Anatomy" is no longer ranked in the top numbers for overall ratings, the show's ranking in the key 18–49 demographic has remained high.
As of season eight, the series is the highest-rated drama on television in the target demographic.
Below is a table of "Grey's Anatomy"s seasonal rankings in the U.S. television market, based on average total viewers per episode.
Each U.S. network television season starts in September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps.
Article: Magnetic resonance imaging
Section: Magnetic resonance angiography

Question: What is used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, amonth others?

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) generates pictures of the arteries to evaluate them for stenosis (abnormal narrowing) or aneurysms (vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture).
MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (called a "run-off").
A variety of techniques can be used to generate the pictures, such as administration of a paramagnetic contrast agent (gadolinium) or using a technique known as "flow-related enhancement" (e.g., 2D and 3D time-of-flight sequences), where most of the signal on an image is due to blood that recently moved into that plane, see also FLASH MRI.
Techniques involving phase accumulation (known as phase contrast angiography) can also be used to generate flow velocity maps easily and accurately.
Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is a similar procedure that is used to image veins.
In this method, the tissue is now excited inferiorly, while the signal is gathered in the plane immediately superior to the excitation plane—thus imaging the venous blood that recently moved from the excited plane.
Article: Iran
Section: Religion

Question: What is Iran's main religion?

Religion in Iran is dominated by the Twelver Shia branch of Islam, which is the official state religion and to which about 90% to 95% of Iranians belong.
About 4% to 8% of Iranians belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, mainly Kurds and Iran's Balochi Sunni.
The remaining 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities, including Bahá'ís, Mandeans, Hindus, Yezidis, Yarsanis, Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians.
The latter three minority religions are officially recognized and protected, and have reserved seats in the Parliament ("Majlis") .
However the Bahá'í Faith, Iran's largest religious minority, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century.
Since the 1979 revolution the persecution of Bahá'ís has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.
The government has not released statistics regarding the irreligious.
Article: Yogurt
Section: Strained yogurt

Question: What do you use to strain yogurt?

Strained yogurt is yogurt which has been strained through a paper or cloth filter, traditionally made of muslin., to remove the whey, giving a much thicker consistency and a distinctive, slightly tangy taste.
Strained yogurt is becoming more popular with those who make yogurt at home, especially if using skim milk which results in a thinner consistency.
Once yogurt is made and refrigerated overnight, it is poured in a muslin or cheesecloth bag and hung in the coolest place in the house, with a tub placed underneath to collect the dripping whey.
In cold weather a single day (or night) of straining is sufficient.
In higher ambient temperatures yogurt will spoil rapidly, therefore it had best be actively squeezed or strained until about a third or more of its initial weight has run off.
The remainder is now strained and is refrigerated again.
Labneh is a strained yogurt used for sandwiches popular in Arab countries.
Olive oil, cucumber slices, olives, and various green herbs may be added.
It can be thickened further and rolled into balls, preserved in olive oil, and fermented for a few more weeks.
It is sometimes used with onions, meat, and nuts as a stuffing for a variety of pies or kebbeh (كبة) balls.
Some types of strained yogurts are boiled in open vats first, so that the liquid content is reduced.
The popular East Indian dessert, a variation of traditional dahi called mishti dahi, offers a thicker, more custard-like consistency, and is usually sweeter than western yogurts.
Strained yogurt is also enjoyed in Greece and is the main component of "tzatziki" (from Turkish "cacık"), a well-known accompaniment to gyros and souvlaki pita sandwiches: it is a yogurt sauce or dip made with the addition of grated cucumber, olive oil, salt and, optionally, mashed garlic.
Srikhand, a popular dessert in India, is made from strained yogurt, saffron, cardamom, nutmeg and sugar and sometimes fruits such as mango or pineapple.
In North America and Britain, strained yogurt is commonly called "Greek yogurt".
Article: Malaysia
Section: Culture

Question: What language is promoted above all others in Malaysia?

Malaysia has a multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multilingual society.
The original culture of the area stemmed from indigenous tribes that inhabited it, along with the Malays who later moved there.
Substantial influence exists from Chinese and Indian culture, dating back to when foreign trade began.
Other cultural influences include the Persian, Arabic, and British cultures.
Due to the structure of the government, coupled with the social contract theory, there has been minimal cultural assimilation of ethnic minorities.
In 1971, the government created a "National Cultural Policy", defining Malaysian culture.
It stated that Malaysian culture must be based on the culture of the indigenous peoples of Malaysia, that it may incorporate suitable elements from other cultures, and that Islam must play a part in it.
It also promoted the Malay language above others.
This government intervention into culture has caused resentment among non-Malays who feel their cultural freedom was lessened.
Both Chinese and Indian associations have submitted memorandums to the government, accusing it of formulating an undemocratic culture policy.
Some cultural disputes exist between Malaysia and neighbouring countries, notably Indonesia.
The two countries have a similar cultural heritage, sharing many traditions and items.
However, disputes have arisen over things ranging from culinary dishes to Malaysia's national anthem.
Strong feelings exist in Indonesia about protecting their national heritage.
The Malaysian government and the Indonesian government have met to defuse some of the tensions resulting from the overlaps in culture.
Feelings are not as strong in Malaysia, where most recognise that many cultural values are shared.