community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Lebanon
Section: Geography

Question: Where is Lebanon located?

Lebanon is located in Western Asia between latitudes 33° and 35° N and longitudes 35° and 37° E. The country's surface area is of which is land.
Lebanon has a coastline and border of on the Mediterranean sea to the west, a border shared with Syria to the north and east and a long border with Israel to the south.
The border with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights is disputed by Lebanon in a small area called Shebaa Farms.
Lebanon is divided into four distinct physiographic regions: the coastal plain, the Lebanon mountain range, the Beqaa valley and the Anti-Lebanon mountains.
The narrow and discontinuous coastal plain stretches from the Syrian border in the north where it widens to form the Akkar plain to Ras al-Naqoura at the border with Israel in the south.
The fertile coastal plain is formed of marine sediments and river deposited alluvium alternating with sandy bays and rocky beaches.
The Lebanon mountains rise steeply parallel to the Mediterranean coast and form a ridge of limestone and sandstone that runs for most of the country's length.
The mountain range varies in width between and ; it is carved by narrow and deep gorges.
The Lebanon mountains peak at above sea level in Qurnat as Sawda' in North Lebanon and gradually slope to the south before rising again to a height of in Mount Sannine.
The Beqaa valley sits between the Lebanon mountains in the west and the Anti-Lebanon range in the east; it's a part of the Great Rift Valley system.
The valley is long and wide, its fertile soil is formed by alluvial deposits.
The Anti-Lebanon range runs parallel to the Lebanon mountains, its highest peak is in Mount Hermon at .
The mountains of Lebanon are drained by seasonal torrents and rivers foremost of which is the long Leontes that rises in the Beqaa Valley to the west of Baalbek and empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre.
Article: Yellowstone National Park
Section: Climate

Question: How is Yellowstone's climate influenced?

Yellowstone climate is greatly influenced by altitude, with lower elevations generally found to be warmer year round.
The record high temperature was in 2002, while the coldest temperature recorded is in 1933.
During the summer months of June through early September, daytime highs are normally in the range, while nighttime lows can go to below freezing (0 °C)—especially at higher altitudes.
Summer afternoons are frequently accompanied by thunderstorms.
Spring and fall temperatures range between with cold nights in the teens to single digits (−5 to −20 °C).
Winter in Yellowstone is very cold with high temperatures usually between zero to 20 °F (−20 to −5 °C) and nighttime temperatures below zero °F (−20 °C) for most of the winter.
Precipitation in Yellowstone is highly variable and ranges from annually near Mammoth Hot Springs, to in the southwestern sections of the park.
The precipitation of Yellowstone is greatly influenced by the moisture channel formed by the Snake River Plain to the west that was, in turn, formed by Yellowstone itself.
Snow is possible in any month of the year, with averages of annually around Yellowstone Lake, to twice that amount at higher elevations.
Tornadoes in Yellowstone are rare; however, on July 21, 1987, the most powerful tornado recorded in Wyoming touched down in the Teton Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest and hit Yellowstone National Park.
Called the Teton–Yellowstone tornado, it was classified as an F4, with wind speeds estimated at between .
The tornado left a path of destruction wide, and long, and leveled of mature pine forest.
Both high elevation areas are classified as humid continental (Dfb), according to Köppen-Geiger climate classification.
Article: Snorkeling
Section: The snorkel

Question: How come the optimum snorkel length is no longer than 40 centimeters?

A swimmer's snorkel is a tube typically about long and with an inside diameter of between , usually L- or J-shaped and fitted with a mouthpiece at the lower end, and constructed of rubber or plastic.
It is used for breathing air from above the water surface when the wearer's mouth and nose are submerged.
The snorkel usually has a piece of rubber that attaches the snorkel to the outside of the strap of the diving mask.
An older technique is pushing the snorkel between the mask-strap and the head, but this practice increases the chances the mask will leak.
The optimum design length of the snorkel tube is at most 40 centimeters (about 16 inches).
A longer tube would not allow breathing when snorkelling deeper, since it would place the lungs in deeper water where the surrounding water pressure is higher.
The lungs would then be unable to inflate when the snorkeler inhales, because the muscles that expand the lungs are not strong enough to operate against the higher pressure.
Snorkels also constitute respiratory dead space.
When the user takes in a fresh breath, some of the previously exhaled air which remains in the snorkel is recycled into the lungs, reducing breathing efficiency and causing a build up of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can result in hypercapnia.
The greater the volume of the tube, and the smaller the tidal volume of breathing, the more this problem is exacerbated.
A smaller diameter tube reduces the dead volume, but also increases resistance to airflow and so increases the work of breathing.
Occasional exhalation through the nose while snorkeling will reduce the build up of carbon dioxide, and help in keeping the mask clear of water.
Article: Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Section: History

Question: Why were farms and timbering operations abolished?

Before the arrival of European settlers, the region was part of the homeland of the Cherokees.
Frontierspeople began settling the land in the 18th and early 19th century.
In 1830 President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, beginning the process that eventually resulted in the forced removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River to what is now Oklahoma.
Many of the Cherokee left, but some, led by renegade warrior Tsali, hid out in the area that is now the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Some of their descendants now live in the Qualla Boundary to the south of the park.
As white settlers arrived, logging grew as a major industry in the mountains, and a rail line, the Little River Railroad, was constructed in the late-19th Century to haul timber out of the remote regions of the area.
Cut-and-run-style clearcutting was destroying the natural beauty of the area, so visitors and locals banded together to raise money for preservation of the land.
The U.S. National Park Service wanted a park in the eastern United States, but did not have much money to establish one.
Though Congress had authorized the park in 1926, there was no nucleus of federally owned land around which to build a park.
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., contributed $5 million, the U.S. government added $2 million, and private citizens from Tennessee and North Carolina pitched in to assemble the land for the park, piece by piece.
Slowly, mountain homesteaders, miners, and loggers were evicted from the land.
Farms and timbering operations were abolished to establish the protected areas of the park.
Travel writer Horace Kephart, for whom Mount Kephart was named, and photographer George Masa were instrumental in fostering the development of the park.
Former Governor Ben W. Hooper of Tennessee was the principal land purchasing agent for the park, which was officially established on June 15, 1934.
During the Great Depression, the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and other federal organizations made trails, fire watchtowers, and other infrastructure improvements to the park and Smoky Mountains.
It was also a site for filming of parts of Disney's hit 1950s TV series, "Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier".
This park was designated an International Biosphere Reserve in 1976, was certified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983, and became a part of the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve in 1988.
A 75th anniversary re-dedication ceremony was held on September 2, 2009.
Among those in attendance were all four US Senators, the three US Representatives whose districts include the park, the governors of both states, and Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar.
Tennessee native, singer, and actress Dolly Parton also attended and performed.
Article: High Renaissance
Section: Overview

Question: How long was the High Renaissance according to experts?

Since the late eighteenth century, the High Renaissance has been taken to refer to a short (c. 30-year) period of exceptional artistic production in the Italian states, principally Rome, capital of the Papal States, under Pope Julius II.
Assertions about where and when the period begins and ends vary, but in general the best-known exponents of painting of the High Renaissance, include Leonardo da Vinci, early Michelangelo and Raphael.
Extending the general rubric of Renaissance culture, the visual arts of the High Renaissance were marked by a renewed emphasis upon the classical tradition, the expansion of networks of patronage, and a gradual attenuation of figural forms into the style later termed Mannerism.
The paintings in the Vatican by Michelangelo and Raphael are said by some scholars such as Stephen Freedberg to represent the culmination of High Renaissance style in painting, because of the ambitious scale of these works, coupled with the complexity of their composition, closely observed human figures, and pointed iconographic and decorative references to classical antiquity, can be viewed as emblematic of the High Renaissance.
In more recent years, art historians have characterised the High Renaissance as a movement as opposed to a period, one amongst several different experimental attitudes towards art in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century.
This movement is variously characterised as conservative; as reflecting new attitudes towards beauty; a deliberate process of synthesising eclectic models, linked to fashions in literary culture; and reflecting new preoccupations with interpretation and meaning .
Article: Poutine
Section: Recipe

Question: What is added to maintain the texture of the fries?

In the basic recipe for poutine, French fries are covered with fresh cheese curds, and topped with brown gravy.
In a Quebec poutine:
"Fries": Usually of medium thickness, and fried (sometimes doubly) so that the inside stays soft, while the outside is crispy.
"Cheese curds": Fresh cheese curds are used to give the desired texture.
The curd size may vary but is usually slightly smaller than bite-sized.
"Gravy": Traditionally a light and thin chicken, veal, or turkey gravy, mildly spiced with a hint of pepper, or a "sauce brune" which is a combination of beef and chicken stock, a variant originating in Quebec.
The gravy should be thin enough to easily filter down into the mass of fries and cheese curds.
These sauces typically also contain vinegar or a sour flavouring to balance the richness of the cheese and fries.
Traditional poutine sauces ("mélange à sauce poutine") are sold in Quebec, Ontario, and Maritime grocery stores in jars or cans and in powdered mix packets.
Recently, some stores have begun to offer vegetarian gravy as an option to cater to ovolactovegetarians.
Heavy beef or pork-based brown gravies are rarely used.
To maintain the texture of the fries, the cheese curd and gravy are added immediately prior to serving the dish.
The hot gravy is usually poured over the cold cheese curds, so that the cheese is warmed without completely melting.
It is important to control the temperature, timing and the order in which the ingredients are added, so as to obtain the right food textures which is an essential part of the experience of eating poutine.
Article: The Big Bang Theory
Section: "The Theorists" controversy

Question: Why did Lorres say the program was plagiarized?

Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes, Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus.
Officially titled Теоретики ("The Theorists"), the show features "clones" of the main characters, a similar opening sequence, and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts.
Lorre expressed annoyance and described his inquiry with the Warner Brothers legal department about options.
The television production company and station's close relationship with the Belarus government was cited as the reason that any attempt to claim copyright infringement would be in vain because the company copying the episodes is operated by the government.
However, no legal action was required to end production of the other show: as soon as the word got out that the show was unlicensed, the actors quit and the producers cancelled it.
Dmitriy Tankovich (who plays Leonard's counterpart, "Seva") said in an interview: "I'm upset.
At first, the actors were told all legal issues were resolved.
We didn't know it wasn't the case, so when the creators of "The Big Bang Theory" started talking about the show, I was embarrassed.
I can't understand why our people first do, and then think.
I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career.
And I don't want to take part in a stolen show".
Article: Rice
Section: Arsenic concerns

Question: What substance is found in the lowest amounts in rice from Thailand and India?

Rice and rice products contain arsenic, a known poison and Group 1 carcinogen.
There is no safe level of arsenic, but, as of 2012, a limit of 10 parts per billion has been established in the United States for drinking water, twice the level of 5 parts per billion originally proposed by the EPA.
Consumption of one serving of some varieties of rice gives more exposure to arsenic than consumption of 1 liter of water that contains 5 parts per billion arsenic; however, the amount of arsenic in rice varies widely with the greatest concentration in brown rice and rice grown on land formerly used to grow cotton; in the United States, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is studying this issue, but has not established a limit.
China has set a limit of 150 ppb for arsenic in rice.
White rice grown in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas, which account for 76 percent of American-produced rice had higher levels of arsenic than other regions of the world studied, possibly because of past use of arsenic-based pesticides to control cotton weevils.
Rice from Thailand and India contain the least arsenic among rice varieties in one study.
Article: Marshall Plan
Section: Wartime destruction

Question: The Marshall Plan had what effect on the region's trade flow

By the end of World War II, much of Europe was devastated.
Sustained aerial bombardment during the war had badly damaged most major cities, and industrial facilities were especially hard-hit.
The region's trade flows had been thoroughly disrupted; millions were in refugee camps living on aid from United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and other agencies.
Food shortages were severe, especially in the harsh winter of 1946–1947.
Especially damaged was transportation infrastructure, as railways, bridges, and docks had been specifically targeted by air strikes, while much merchant shipping had been sunk.
Although most small towns and villages had not suffered as much damage, the destruction of transportation left them economically isolated.
None of these problems could be easily remedied, as most nations engaged in the war had exhausted their treasuries in its execution.
The only major powers whose infrastructure had not been significantly harmed in World War II were the United States and Canada.
They were much more prosperous than before the war but exports were a small factor in their economy.
Much of the Marshall Plan aid would be used by the Europeans to buy manufactured goods and raw materials from the United States and Canada.
Article: Mona Lisa
Section: Abstract

Question: Who was the Mona Lisa painted after?

The Mona Lisa (Monna Lisa or La Gioconda in Italian; La Joconde in French) is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been acclaimed as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world.
"The painting, thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel, and is believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506, although Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517.
It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic, on permanent display at The Louvre museum in Paris since 1797.
The ambiguity of the subject's expression, which is frequently described as enigmatic, the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modeling of forms and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work.
Article: It Will Rain
Section: Track listing

Question: What is run time of the song It Will Rain?

;Digital download - single
 "It Will Rain" – 4:27
 "It Will Rain" (Music Video)
;German CD single
 "It Will Rain" – 4:17
 "A Thousand Years" (performed by Christina Perri) - 4:45
Article: This Is Not a Film
Section: Reception

Question: What ranking did the film hold in Sight & Sound?

"This Is Not a Film" has garnered critical acclaim.
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 99% based on reviews from 88 critics, with an average rating of 8.9/10, and the site's consensus is: "Through simple means and filming, This is Not a Film presents a vital political statement and a snapshot of life in Iran as enemy of the state."
Sight & Sound film magazine listed this at #8 on its list of best film of 2012.
Calling "This Is Not A Film" one of the top 10 movies of 2012, critic Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post said the movie "uses Brechtian staging, blurred lines between documentary and drama, and an iPhone to explore the notion of physical and political boundaries, the aesthetic and technological contours of cinema, and the enduring power of self-expression."
Critic A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" rated "This Is Not a Film" the fourth best documentary of 2012.
He called the film a "brave and witty video diary, an essay on the struggle between political tyranny and the creative imagination."
In December 2012 it was shortlisted as one of 15 films eligible for Best Documentary Feature at the 85th Academy Awards.
Article: Rolling in the Deep
Section: Commercial performance

Question: In the U.K. what number did 'Rolling in the Deep' debut at?

In the UK, "Rolling in the Deep" debuted at number 2 (her second number 2 debut, after "Chasing Pavements"), behind Bruno Mars's "Grenade".
The song spent the first ten weeks of its chart run in the top ten.
Upon its American release, "Rolling in the Deep" became Adele's second single to chart in the country.
The song debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 68 on 25 December 2010.
Later on, it became her first ever single to top a "Billboard" chart when it reached number one on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart in March 2011, and became her first number one hit in the country when it topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 in May 2011.
As a result, Adele became the first British singer to have topped both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and "Billboard" 200 charts in the same week since Leona Lewis did the same back in 2008.
In its 24th charting week, "Rolling in the Deep" stayed at number-one, making it the latest single at the top since Lady Gaga's "Just Dance" spent its third and final week at number one in its 24th charting week as well.
It stayed on top of the chart for seven straight weeks, the second longest run in 2011 behind Rihanna's "We Found Love", which spent eight weeks on top in 2011, and two weeks in 2012.
It has been certified 7× platinum, making it only the second song by a British female artist to reach this feat since Leona Lewis' "Bleeding Love".
As of October 2013, "Rolling in the Deep" has sold 8 million digital copies in the United States, becoming the second song to sell 8 million downloads.
It is the second biggest selling digital song in the United States, and the biggest-selling digital song of all time.
As of 26 July 2011, "Rolling in the Deep" was the third best selling digital single across Europe with 1.26 million copies sold.
As of 5 November 2011 issue of "Billboard", it had been No.
1 on the Adult Contemporary chart for 19 consecutive weeks.
"Rolling in the Deep" has become her label XL Recordings' best selling single, overtaking M.I.A.
's "Paper Planes" released in 2008 which until 2011 held the record.
The song became also the longest-charting release in Finland, peaking at number one and charting for 50 weeks.
Article: Henri Matisse
Section: Gertrude Stein, Académie Matisse, and the Cone sisters

Question: Who spent 7 months in Morocco?

Around April 1906 he met Pablo Picasso, who was 11 years younger than Matisse.
The two became lifelong friends as well as rivals and are often compared; one key difference between them is that Matisse drew and painted from nature, while Picasso was much more inclined to work from imagination.
The subjects painted most frequently by both artists were women and still life, with Matisse more likely to place his figures in fully realised interiors.
Matisse and Picasso were first brought together at the Paris salon of Gertrude Stein and her companion Alice B. Toklas.
During the first decade of the twentieth century, the Americans in Paris— Gertrude Stein, her brothers Leo Stein, Michael Stein and Michael's wife Sarah—were important collectors and supporters of Matisse's paintings.
In addition Gertrude Stein's two American friends from Baltimore, the Cone sisters Claribel and Etta, became major patrons of Matisse and Picasso, collecting hundreds of their paintings and drawings.
The Cone collection is now exhibited in the Baltimore Museum of Art.
While numerous artists visited the Stein salon, many of these artists were not represented among the paintings on the walls at 27 rue de Fleurus.
Where Renoir, Cézanne, Matisse, and Picasso's works dominated Leo and Gertrude Stein's collection, Sarah Stein's collection particularly emphasised Matisse.
Contemporaries of Leo and Gertrude Stein, Matisse and Picasso became part of their social circle and routinely joined the gatherings that took place on Saturday evenings at 27 rue de Fleurus.
Gertrude attributed the beginnings of the Saturday evening salons to Matisse, remarking:"More and more frequently, people began visiting to see the Matisse paintings—and the Cézannes: Matisse brought people, everybody brought somebody, and they came at any time and it began to be a nuisance, and it was in this way that Saturday evenings began.
"'Among Pablo Picasso's acquaintances who also frequented the Saturday evenings were: Fernande Olivier (Picasso's mistress), Georges Braque, André Derain, the poets Max Jacob and Guillaume Apollinaire, Marie Laurencin (Apollinaire's mistress and an artist in her own right), and Henri Rousseau.
His friends organised and financed the "Académie Matisse" in Paris, a private and non-commercial school in which Matisse instructed young artists.
It operated from 1907 until 1911.
Hans Purrmann and Sarah Stein were amongst several of his most loyal students.
Matisse spent seven months in Morocco from 1912 to 1913, producing about 24 paintings and numerous drawings.
His frequent orientalist topics of later paintings, such as odalisques, can be traced to this period.