community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Schrödinger gas model

Question: Did Albert Einstein write the article?

Einstein suggested to Erwin Schrödinger that he might be able to reproduce the statistics of a Bose–Einstein gas by considering a box.
Then to each possible quantum motion of a particle in a box associate an independent harmonic oscillator.
Quantizing these oscillators, each level will have an integer occupation number, which will be the number of particles in it.
This formulation is a form of second quantization, but it predates modern quantum mechanics.
Erwin Schrödinger applied this to derive the thermodynamic properties of a semiclassical ideal gas.
Schrödinger urged Einstein to add his name as co-author, although Einstein declined the invitation.
Article: Salad
Section: Bound salad

Question: What are examples of a bound salad?

A "bound" salad can be composed (arranged) or tossed (put in a bowl and mixed with a thick dressing).
They are assembled with thick sauces such as mayonnaise.
One portion of a true bound salad will hold its shape when placed on a plate with an ice-cream scoop.
Examples of bound salad include tuna salad, pasta salad, chicken salad, egg salad, and potato salad.
Bound salads are often used as sandwich fillings.
They are popular at picnics and barbecues, because they can be made ahead of time and refrigerated.
Article: David (Michelangelo)
Section: Commission

Question: On whom did Operai award the commission?

The history of the statue begins before Michelangelo's work on it from 1501 to 1504.
Prior to Michelangelo's involvement, the Overseers of the Office of Works of Florence Cathedral, consisting mostly of members of the influential woolen cloth guild, the Arte della Lana, had plans to commission a series of twelve large Old Testament sculptures for the buttresses of the cathedral of Santa Maria Del Fiore.
In 1410 Donatello made the first of the statues, a figure of Joshua in terracotta.
A figure of Hercules, also in terracotta, was commissioned from the Florentine sculptor Agostino di Duccio in 1463 and was made perhaps under Donatello's direction.
Eager to continue their project, in 1464, the "Operai" contracted Agostino to create a sculpture of David.
A block of marble was provided, from a quarry in Carrara, a town in the Apuan Alps in northern Tuscany.
Agostino only got as far as beginning to shape the legs, feet and the torso, roughing out some drapery and probably gouging a hole between the legs.
His association with the project ceased, for reasons unknown, with the death of Donatello in 1466, and ten years later Antonio Rossellino was commissioned to take up where Agostino had left off.
Rossellino's contract was terminated soon thereafter, and the block of marble remained neglected for twenty-five years, all the while exposed to the elements in the yard of the cathedral workshop.
This was of great concern to the "Opera" authorities, as such a large piece of marble not only was costly but also represented a large amount of labour and difficulty in its transportation to Florence.
In 1500, an inventory of the cathedral workshops described the piece as "a certain figure of marble called David, badly blocked out and supine."
A year later, documents showed that the "Operai" were determined to find an artist who could take this large piece of marble and turn it into a finished work of art.
They ordered the block of stone, which they called "The Giant", "raised on its feet" so that a master experienced in this kind of work might examine it and express an opinion.
Though Leonardo da Vinci and others were consulted, it was Michelangelo, only twenty-six years old, who convinced the "Operai" that he deserved the commission.
On 16 August 1501, Michelangelo was given the official contract to undertake this challenging new task.
He began carving the statue early in the morning on 13 September, a month after he was awarded the contract.
He would work on the massive statue for more than two years.
Article: Chemical reaction
Section: History

Question: Chemical reactions known since antiquity are?

Chemical reactions such as combustion in the fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity.
Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers, such as the Four-Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements – fire, water, air and earth.
In the Middle Ages, chemical transformations were studied by Alchemists.
They attempted, in particular, to convert lead into gold, for which purpose they used reactions of lead and lead-copper alloys with sulfur.
The production of chemical substances that do not normally occur in nature has long been tried, such as the synthesis of sulfuric and nitric acids attributed to the controversial alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān.
The process involved heating of sulfate and nitrate minerals such as copper sulfate, alum and saltpeter.
In the 17th century, Johann Rudolph Glauber produced hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid and sodium chloride.
With the development of the lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process, allowing large-scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate, respectively, chemical reactions became implemented into the industry.
Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in 1880s, and the Haber process was developed in 1909–1910 for ammonia synthesis.
From the 16th century, researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of the experimentally observed chemical transformations.
The phlogiston theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher.
It postulated the existence of a fire-like element called "phlogiston", which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion.
This proved to be false in 1785 by Antoine Lavoisier who found the correct explanation of the combustion as reaction with oxygen from the air.
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other.
Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton, Joseph Proust had developed the law of definite proportions, which later resulted in the concepts of stoichiometry and chemical equations.
Regarding the organic chemistry, it was long believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be obtained synthetically.
According to the concept of vitalism, organic matter was endowed with a "vital force" and distinguished from inorganic materials.
This separation was ended however by the synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.
Other chemists who brought major contributions to organic chemistry include Alexander William Williamson with his synthesis of ethers and Christopher Kelk Ingold, who, among many discoveries, established the mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Article: One More Night (Maroon 5 song)
Section: Reception

Question: Who does Levine love so much?

John Mitchell of MTV News commented: "The clip could be looked at as a metaphor for the difficulties Levine faces balancing his professional life as a world-famous singer and TV star and a personal life with the same wants (happy relationship, a family) as everyone else."
He further added: "Perhaps the video is a lingering response to his recent breakup from model Anne Vyalitsyna.
Robbie Daw of Idolator agreed, writing: "We wouldn’t be surprised to find out that the breakup had some impact on the theme for the video."
However, Daw noted: "The visual, for the most part, strays from the song’s lyrics, which seem to describe a man trying to resist the sexual charms of a woman he realizes he’s not compatible with."
Rolling Stone stated: "Despite the track's laid-back reggae sound, the clip is quite emotionally heavy."
Alexandra Carpototo of "Pop Crush" commented: "We couldn’t even fathom leaving him; and him playing a father just makes us want him even more.
There’s just something so hot about a bruised Adam Levine (both physically and emotionally)."
Ray Rahman of "Entertainment Weekly"'s Music Mix wrote that "You might expect an epic music video — the 'Payphone' clip was a mini action film, after all — but the concept is on the subdued side."
Melinda Newman of HitFix thought that "The clip is beautifully shot and Levine gets to show off his boxing chops and his abs, but it’s a pretty tepid affair all around."
Emily Exton of "Pop Dust" commented about the end of the video, writing "Considering he boxes for a living, we’ll allow five minutes of wallowing before making requisite 'get back in the ring!'
comments in reference to his dating life.
Yes, she’s left him and yes, this is the woman who inflicted her Helen of Troy-like powers across the entire Lonestar State, but isn’t it always on to the next one?
Good thing Levine loves ladies so much."
Article: NCIS (TV series)
Section: Soundtrack

Question: What company released the first NCIS soundtrack?

CBS Records released the show's first soundtrack on February 10, 2009.
"The Official TV Soundtrack" is a two-disc, 22-track set that includes brand new songs from top artists featured prominently in upcoming episodes of the series as well as the show’s original theme by Numeriklab (available commercially for the first time) and a remix of the theme by Ministry.
The set also includes songs performed by series regulars Pauley Perrette and Cote de Pablo.
A sequel to the soundtrack was released on November 3, 2009.
"NCIS: The Official TV Soundtrack; Vol.
2" is a single disc, 12 track set that covers songs (many previously unreleased) featured throughout the seventh season of the show, including one recording titled "Bitter and Blue" by Weatherly, as well as two songs used in previous seasons.
Article: The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)
Section: Self-portrait

Question: What person did Michelangelo represent in "The Last Judgement"?

Some have hypothesized that Michelangelo depicted himself in the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew (see below) based on feelings of contempt Michelangelo may have had for being commissioned to paint "The Last Judgment."
Michelangelo often drew himself in a way where he had lost all his power and might.
He questioned over thoughts of dying and the Day of Judgement, which is seen as a reference to this work.
Michelangelo was in his late sixties when he finished this painting, and it has been argued that the peeling of Bartholomew signifies the peeling of the flesh awaiting a new rebirth.
The bearded figure of St. Bartholomew holding the skin was theorized to depict the satirist and erotic writer Pietro Aretino, who had tried to extort a valuable drawing from Michelangelo; this theory has been conclusively refuted because the conflict between Michelangelo and zed Aretino did not occur until 1545, seven years after the fresco's completion.
Article: Association football
Section: Governing bodies

Question: The annotation, CONCACAF, stands for what?

The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is FIFA.
The FIFA headquarters are located in Zurich.
Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:
 Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
 Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
 Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
 North/Central America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)
 Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
 South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol/Confederação Sul-americana de Futebol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)
National associations oversee football within individual countries.
These are generally synonymous with sovereign states, (for example: the Fédération Camerounaise de Football in Cameroon) but also include a smaller number of associations responsible for sub-national entities or autonomous regions (for example the Scottish Football Association in Scotland).
208 national associations are affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations.
While FIFA is responsible for arranging competitions and most rules related to international competition, the actual Laws of the Game are set by the International Football Association Board, where each of the UK Associations has one vote, while FIFA collectively has four votes.
Article: Disney's Hollywood Studios
Section: Animation Courtyard

Question: How many shows does the Courtyard section host?

This section of the park originally was the starting point for the tours of the park's active production studios.
Its entrance is marked by a square "studio arch," much like a real Hollywood studio lot entrance might be marked.
The Animation Courtyard is home to a number of attractions based on Disney characters.
The Magic of Disney Animation is an attraction that examines the development process of an animated character.
It also includes interactive games and exhibits, along with meet-and-greet areas for Disney and Pixar characters.
When the park first opened in 1989, the "Feature Animation" pavilion of "The Magic of Disney Animation," designed originally by award winning experience designer Bob Rogers (designer) and the design team BRC Imagination Arts, included four connected experiences which explored the legacy of Disney animation.
The tour commenced with a short film, entitled "Back to Neverland," in which Veteran newscaster, Walter Cronkite and comedian Robin Williams described the animation process by turning Williams into an animated character in the form of one of the "Lost Boys" of Peter Pan.
Following that introductory film, guest would witness the process of animation, first-hand, from elevated, glass-enclosed walkways within one of Disney's actual animation studios, located on the park grounds.
The third segment of the animation tour was a short film in which Disney Animators described the joy of the art of animation.
A finale film, entitled "Classic Disney" presented a montage of key moments from classic animated Disney films.
Mickey Avenue, a sub-section of Animation Courtyard, is home to a walk-through exhibit, , which explores the life and legacy of Walt Disney through photos, models, rare artifacts, and a short biographical film narrated by Julie Andrews.
The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow, is an immersive special effects attraction centered on the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series.
The Courtyard section also hosts two live shows.
"Disney Junior Live on Stage!"
entertains guests with puppet characters from the "Disney Junior" block of programming on The Disney Channel, including Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Doc McStuffins, and Sofia the First.
Across the plaza, "Voyage of the Little Mermaid" uses glow-in-the-dark puppets, lasers, music, projectors, human actors and water effects to re-create favorite scenes and songs from the animated "Little Mermaid" film.
Article: Equestrianism
Section: Overview of equestrian activities

Question: What therapeutic purposes are horses used for?

Horses are trained and ridden for practical working purposes such as in police work or for controlling herd animals on a ranch.
They are also used in competitive sports including, but not limited to, dressage, endurance riding, eventing, reining, show jumping, tent pegging, vaulting, polo, horse racing, driving, and rodeo.
(See additional equestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples.)
Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horse shows, where horses perform in a wide variety of disciplines.
Horses (and other equids such as mules and donkeys) are used for non-competitive recreational riding such as fox hunting, trail riding or hacking.
There is public access to horse trails in almost every part of the world; many parks, ranches, and public stables offer both guided and independent riding.
Horses are also used for therapeutic purposes, both in specialized paraequestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve human health and emotional development.
Horses are also driven in harness racing, at horse shows and in other types of exhibition, historical reenactment or ceremony, often pulling carriages.
In some parts of the world, they are still used for practical purposes such as farming.
Horses continue to be used in public service: in traditional ceremonies (parades, funerals), police and volunteer mounted patrols, and for mounted search and rescue.
Article: The Persistence of Memory
Section: Versions

Question: Who created "persistence of Memory"?

Dalí returned to the theme of this painting with the variation "The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory" (1954), showing his earlier famous work systematically fragmenting into smaller component elements, and a series of rectangular blocks which reveal further imagery through the gaps between them, implying something beneath the surface of the original work; this work is now in the Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, while the original "Persistence of Memory" remains at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
Dalí also produced various lithographs and sculptures on the theme of soft watches late in his career.
Some of these sculptures are the "Persistence of Memory", the "Nobility of Time", the "Profile of Time" and the "Three Dancing Watches".
Article: Hamburger
Section: Variations

Question: Is Tofu a common replacement for beef in burgers?

Burgers can also be made with patties made from ingredients other than beef.
For example, a "turkey burger" uses ground turkey meat, a "chicken burger" uses ground chicken meat.
A "buffalo burger" uses ground meat from a bison, and an "ostrich burger" is made from ground seasoned ostrich meat.
A deer burger uses ground venison from deer.
A "veggie burger", "garden burger", or "tofu burger" uses a meat analogue, a meat substitute such as tofu, TVP, seitan (wheat gluten), quorn, beans, grains or an assortment of vegetables, ground up and mashed into patties.
Article: World War II
Section: Home fronts and production

Question: How did the Allies have an advantage?

In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics.
In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis (Germany and Italy); if colonies are included, it then gives the Allies more than a 5:1 advantage in population and nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP.
In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan, but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included.
Though the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies, as the war largely settled into one of attrition.
While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force, Allied strategic bombing, and Germany's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly.
Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and were not equipped to do so.
To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers; Germany used about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, while Japan pressed more than 18 million people in Far East Asia.
Article: Chernobyl disaster
Section: Thyroid cancer

Question: Chernobyl is affected by which cancer, being it's main health impact?

The 2005 Chernobyl Forum report revealed thyroid cancer among children to be one of the main health impacts from the Chernobyl accident.
In that publication more than 4000 cases were reported, and that there was no evidence of an increase in solid cancers or leukemia.
It said that there was an increase in psychological problems among the affected population.
Dr Michael Repacholi, manager of WHO's Radiation Program reported that the 4000 cases of thyroid cancer resulted in nine deaths.
According to UNSCEAR, up to the year 2005, an excess of over 6000 cases of thyroid cancer have been reported.
That is, over the estimated pre-accident baseline thyroid cancer rate, more than 6000 casual cases of thyroid cancer have been reported in children and adolescents exposed at the time of the accident, a number that is expected to increase.
They concluded that there is no other evidence of major health impacts from the radiation exposure.
Well-differentiated thyroid cancers are generally treatable, and when treated the five-year survival rate of thyroid cancer is 96%, and 92% after 30 years.
UNSCEAR had reported 15 deaths from thyroid cancer in 2011.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) also states that there has been no increase in the rate of birth defects or abnormalities, or solid cancers (such as lung cancer) corroborating UNSCEAR's assessments.
UNSCEAR does raise the possibility of long term genetic defects, pointing to a doubling of radiation-induced minisatellite mutations among children born in 1994.
However, the risk of thyroid cancer associated with the Chernobyl accident is still high according to published studies.
The German affiliate of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) argued that more than 10,000 people are today affected by thyroid cancer and 50,000 cases are expected in the future.
Article: 30 Rock
Section: Season 4

Question: On the show 30 Rock, why are the characters Jenna and Tracy afraid of losing attention?

The fourth season of "30 Rock" premiered on October 15, 2009.
Like the previous season 3, it also consisted of 22 episodes.
A recurring story arc early in the season revolved around Jack's request that Liz cast a new actor for "TGS", and Liz's subsequent search for the perfect comedian, much to the dismay of Jenna and Tracy, who fear losing their spotlight.
The later half of the season focused on two complementary story arcs: Jack's inability to choose between his two girlfriends, and Liz's inability to find a boyfriend to live up to her expectations and Jenna's relationship with a Jenna Maroney impersonator.
The season has also featured such guest stars as Julianne Moore, Jon Bon Jovi, Cheyenne Jackson, Sherri Shepherd, Will Forte, Elizabeth Banks, Michael Sheen, Matt Damon, and James Franco.
Article: Beach volleyball
Section: Common block signals

Question: What is meant by an angle attack in beach volleyball?

Closed fist
No block should be attempted for the opponent on that side of the court, also known as "pull-off"
One finger
The blocker should block an opponent's "line" attack, or a ball hit toward the nearest sideline
Two fingers
The blocker should block an opponent's "angle" attack, or a ball hit diagonally from the net and across the court
Open hand
The blocker should block "ball", deciding how to block based upon the opposing team's set, and the hitter's approach and arm-swing technique.
Common block signals.
Note: In Europe closed fist and open hand signals have the opposite meaning of blocking.
If the partner is showing the closed fist the blocker should block "ball" and open hand means that the blocker should "pull-off" the net.