community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Despicable Me
Section: Marketing

Question: What character auditoined for Last Comic Standing?

Marketing.NBC (which is owned by Universal) had an extensive marketing campaign leading up to the film's release.
Sneak peeks were shown in episodes of "The Biggest Loser".
"Despicable Me" was also featured on "Last Comic Standing" when Gru comes in to audition.
IHOP restaurants promoted the film by introducing three new menu items, a kids' breakfast meal, and a drink all having the word "minion" in them.
Best Buy released a free smartphone application called "Best Buy Movie Mode", which translated what the Minions were saying during the end credits of the 3D theatrical release.
For the home media release of the film, the application was updated to translate the Minions' language throughout the entire film.
Article: Equestrianism
Section: Health issues

Question: In order to reduce the risk of injury, how many hours of equestrian experience must be accrued?

Handling, riding, and driving horses has a number of health risks.
Riding has some inherent risks, as when mounted, the rider's head may be up to from the ground, and the horse may travel at a speed of up to .
The injuries observed range from very minor injuries to fatalities.
A recent study in Germany reported that the relative risk of injury from riding a horse, compared to riding a bicycle, was 9 times higher for adolescents and 5.6 times higher for younger children, but that riding a horse was less risky than riding a moped.
In Victoria, Australia, a search of state records found that equestrian sports had the third highest incidence of serious injury, after motor sports and power boating.
In Greece, an analysis of a national registry estimated the incidence of equestrian injury to be 21 per 100,000 person-years for farming and equestrian sports combined, and 160 times higher for horse racing personnel.
Other findings were that use of spurs may contribute to ankle fractures and dislocations, and helmets likely prevent traumatic brain injuries.
In the United States each year an estimated 30 million people ride horses, resulting in 50,000 emergency room visits (1 visit per 600 riders per year).
A survey of 679 equestrians in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho estimated that at some time in their equestrian career one in five will be seriously injured, resulting in hospitalization, surgery, or long-term disability.
Among survey respondents, novice equestrians had an incidence of any injury that was threefold over intermediates, fivefold over advanced equestrians, and nearly eightfold over professionals.
Approximately 100 hours of experience are required to achieve a substantial decline in the risk of injury.
The survey authors conclude that efforts to prevent equestrian injury should focus on novice equestrians.
Article: The Terminator
Section: Reception

Question: What did AllMusic give The Terminator for a score?

Online music database AllMusic praised the score of the film, referring to it as "underrated highlight" of "The Terminator" and referred to it as a "marvelous synthesizer score".
The review stated that the second half of the album featuring the pop songs was "generic".
The review praised the "Definitive Edition" version of the album which featured the entire film score, opining that it "comprises some of the best science fiction-oriented film music of recent decades."
Article: Badminton
Section: Comparisons of technique

Question: Which resource is mentioned for modern coaching?

Badminton and tennis techniques differ substantially.
The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton rackets allow badminton players to make use of the wrist and fingers much more than tennis players; in tennis the wrist is normally held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may lead to injury.
For the same reasons, badminton players can generate power from a short racket swing: for some strokes such as net kills, an elite player's swing may be less than .
For strokes that require more power, a longer swing will typically be used, but the badminton racket swing will rarely be as long as a typical tennis swing.
It is often asserted that power in badminton strokes comes mainly from the wrist.
This is a misconception and may be criticised for two reasons.
First, it is strictly speaking a category error: the wrist is a joint, not a muscle; the forearm muscles control its movement.
Second, wrist movements are weak when compared to forearm or upper arm movements.
Badminton biomechanics have not been the subject of extensive scientific study, but some studies confirm the minor role of the wrist in power generation, and indicate that the major contributions to power come from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm.
Modern coaching resources such as the "Badminton England Technique DVD" reflect these ideas by emphasising forearm rotation rather than wrist movements.
Article: Take Care (album)
Section: Accolades

Question: Give the date that Complex named "Take Care" the fourth best hip hop album of the last five years.

According to Metacritic, "Take Care" was the ninth best ranked album in year-end top 10 lists by music critics, based on 135 lists.
It was named the best album of 2012 by the "Los Angeles Times" and "The New York Times", and was ranked number three by "Now" and MTV, number four by "Slate", number five by "Billboard" and "The Washington Post", number seven by "Fact", number eight by "The Globe and Mail", NPR, and Pitchfork Media, number 14 by Slant Magazine, and number 22 by "Rolling Stone" and "Spin".
It was also named as a longlisted nominee for the 2012 Polaris Music Prize on June 14, 2012.
In 2012, "Complex" named the album one of the classic albums of the last decade.
"Take Care" won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 55th Grammy Awards.
In October 2013, Complex named it the fourth best hip hop album of the last five years.
Article: I Want to Hold Your Hand
Section: Personnel

Question: Who sang the vocals in "I Want to Hold Your Hand"?

John Lennon – vocal, rhythm guitar, handclaps
Paul McCartney – vocal, bass guitar, handclaps
George Harrison – lead guitar, handclaps
Ringo Starr – drums, handclaps
Personnel per Ian MacDonald
Article: Chernobyl disaster
Section: The Exclusion Zone

Question: What is an area that extends in all directions from a plant called?

An area originally extending in all directions from the plant is officially called the "zone of alienation".
It is largely uninhabited, except for about 300 residents who have refused to leave.
The area has largely reverted to forest, and has been overrun by wildlife because of a lack of competition with humans for space and resources.
Even today, radiation levels are so high that the workers responsible for rebuilding the sarcophagus are only allowed to work five hours a day for one month before taking 15 days of rest.
Ukrainian officials estimate the area will not be safe for human life again for another 20,000 years.
In 2011 Ukraine opened up the sealed zone around the Chernobyl reactor to tourists who wish to learn more about the tragedy that occurred in 1986.
Article: Climate change
Section: Sea level change

Question: How did scientists measure sea levels prior to instrumental measurements?

Global sea level change for much of the last century has generally been estimated using tide gauge measurements collated over long periods of time to give a long-term average.
More recently, altimeter measurements — in combination with accurately determined satellite orbits — have provided an improved measurement of global sea level change.
To measure sea levels prior to instrumental measurements, scientists have dated coral reefs that grow near the surface of the ocean, coastal sediments, marine terraces, ooids in limestones, and nearshore archaeological remains.
The predominant dating methods used are uranium series and radiocarbon, with cosmogenic radionuclides being sometimes used to date terraces that have experienced relative sea level fall.
In the early Pliocene, global temperatures were 1–2˚C warmer than the present temperature, yet sea level was 15–25 meters higher than today.
Article: Yosemite National Park
Section: Abstract

Question: Who manages Yosemite National Park?

Yosemite National Park ( ) is a United States National Park spanning eastern portions of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in the central eastern portion of the U.S. state of California.
The park, which is managed by the National Park Service, covers an area of and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain chain.
Over 3.7 million people visit Yosemite each year: most spend their time in the seven square miles (18 km2) of Yosemite Valley.
Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its spectacular granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, Giant Sequoia groves, and biological diversity.
Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness.
Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea.
First, Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development, ultimately leading to President Abraham Lincoln's signing the Yosemite Grant in 1864.
Later, John Muir led a successful movement to establish a larger national park encompassing not just the valley, but surrounding mountains and forests as well - paving the way for the United States national park system.
Yosemite is one of the largest and least fragmented habitat blocks in the Sierra Nevada, and the park supports a diversity of plants and animals.
The park has an elevation range from and contains five major vegetation zones: chaparral/oak woodland, lower montane forest, upper montane forest, subalpine zone, and alpine.
Of California's 7,000 plant species, about 50% occur in the Sierra Nevada and more than 20% within Yosemite.
There is suitable habitat or documentation for more than 160 rare plants in the park, with rare local geologic formations and unique soils characterizing the restricted ranges many of these plants occupy.
The geology of the Yosemite area is characterized by granitic rocks and remnants of older rock.
About 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and then tilted to form its relatively gentle western slopes and the more dramatic eastern slopes.
The uplift increased the steepness of stream and river beds, resulting in formation of deep, narrow canyons.
About 1 million years ago, snow and ice accumulated, forming glaciers at the higher alpine meadows that moved down the river valleys.
Ice thickness in Yosemite Valley may have reached during the early glacial episode.
The downslope movement of the ice masses cut and sculpted the U-shaped valley that attracts so many visitors to its scenic vistas today.
Article: Karate
Section: Canada

Question: When did karate begin in Canada?

 and its influence outside Japan.
Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country.
Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization.
During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia.
Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa.
In 1956 after 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu).
In 1958 Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially call his style Wado.
In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in the 1940s under Tsuyoshi Chitose.
In 1954 Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and laid the foundation for the National Karate Association.
In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton.
In 1966 he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation.
During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America.
In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995.
Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death.
Shintani died May 7, 2000.
Article: Gilmore Girls
Section: DVD releases

Question: Which seasons are available for HD download in the iTunes store?

"Warner Bros. Home Entertainment" has released all seven seasons of "Gilmore Girls" on DVD in region 1, 2, 4.
All seasons are available for digital download on the iTunes Store, Amazon.com and other digital sales websites.
Seasons 4 through 7 are also available in HD on iTunes Store.
Article: Equestrianism
Section: Haute École

Question: What component of Classical dressage includes a highly refined set of skills seldom used in competition?

The "haute école" (F. "high school"), an advanced component of Classical dressage, is a highly refined set of skills seldom used in competition but often seen in demonstration performances.
Leading haute ecole demonstration teams include:
 The Cadre Noir in Saumur, France.
 The Spanish Riding School in Vienna, Austria.
 The Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre in Queluz, Portugal.
Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain.
South African Lipizzaners of Midrand in South Africa.
Article: Black hole
Section: Physical properties

Question: Whose theorem holds that it is the only vacuum solution that is spherically symmetric?

The simplest static black holes have mass but neither electric charge nor angular momentum.
These black holes are often referred to as Schwarzschild black holes after Karl Schwarzschild who discovered this solution in 1916.
According to Birkhoff's theorem, it is the only vacuum solution that is spherically symmetric.
This means that there is no observable difference between the gravitational field of such a black hole and that of any other spherical object of the same mass.
The popular notion of a black hole "sucking in everything" in its surroundings is therefore only correct near a black hole's horizon; far away, the external gravitational field is identical to that of any other body of the same mass.
Solutions describing more general black holes also exist.
Charged black holes are described by the Reissner–Nordström metric, while the Kerr metric describes a rotating black hole.
The most general stationary black hole solution known is the Kerr–Newman metric, which describes a black hole with both charge and angular momentum.
While the mass of a black hole can take any positive value, the charge and angular momentum are constrained by the mass.
In Planck units, the total electric charge "Q" and the total angular momentum "J" are expected to satisfy
formula_1
for a black hole of mass "M".
Black holes saturating this inequality are called extremal.
Solutions of Einstein's equations that violate this inequality exist, but they do not possess an event horizon.
These solutions have so-called naked singularities that can be observed from the outside, and hence are deemed "unphysical".
The cosmic censorship hypothesis rules out the formation of such singularities, when they are created through the gravitational collapse of realistic matter.
This is supported by numerical simulations.
Due to the relatively large strength of the electromagnetic force, black holes forming from the collapse of stars are expected to retain the nearly neutral charge of the star.
Rotation, however, is expected to be a common feature of compact objects.
The black-hole candidate binary X-ray source GRS 1915+105 appears to have an angular momentum near the maximum allowed value.
Black holes are commonly classified according to their mass, independent of angular momentum "J" or electric charge "Q".
The size of a black hole, as determined by the radius of the event horizon, or Schwarzschild radius, is roughly proportional to the mass "M" through
formula_2
where "r"sh is the Schwarzschild radius and "MSun" is the mass of the Sun.
This relation is exact only for black holes with zero charge and angular momentum; for more general black holes it can differ up to a factor of 2.
Article: Donatello
Section: Major commissions in Florence

Question: Which historian asserts that Donatello was openly gay?

Around 1430, Cosimo de' Medici, the foremost art patron of his era, commissioned from Donatello the bronze David (now in the Bargello) for the court of his Palazzo Medici.
This is now Donatello's most famous work.
At the time of its creation, it was the first known free-standing nude statue produced since ancient times.
Conceived fully in the round, independent of any architectural surroundings, and largely representing an allegory of the civic virtues triumphing over brutality and irrationality, it was the first major work of Renaissance sculpture.
Also from this period is the disquietingly small "Love-Atys", housed in the Bargello.
Some have perceived the David as having homo-erotic qualities, and have argued that this reflected the artist's own orientation.
Details of Donatello's relationships remain speculative.
The historian Paul Strathern makes the claim that Donatello made no secret of his homosexuality, and that his behaviour was tolerated by his friends.
This may not be surprising in the context of attitudes prevailing in the 15th- and 16th-century Florentine republic.
However, little detail is known with certainty about his private life, and no mention of his sexuality has been found in the Florentine archives (in terms of denunciations) albeit which during this period are incomplete.
The main evidence comes from anecdotes by Angelo Poliziano in his ""Detti piacevoli"".
When Cosimo was exiled from Florence, Donatello went to Rome, remaining until 1433.
The two works that testify to his presence in this city, the "Tomb of Giovanni Crivelli" at Santa Maria "in Aracoeli", and the "Ciborium" at St. Peter's Basilica, bear a strong stamp of classical influence.
Donatello's return to Florence almost coincided with Cosimo's.
In May 1434, he signed a contract for the marble pulpit on the facade of Prato cathedral, the last project executed in collaboration with Michelozzo.
This work, a passionate, pagan, rhythmically-conceived bacchanalian dance of half-nude putti, was the forerunner of the great "Cantoria", or singing tribune, at the Duomo in Florence on which Donatello worked intermittently from 1433 to 1440 and was inspired by ancient sarcophagi and Byzantine ivory chests.
In 1435, he executed the "Annunciation" for the Cavalcanti altar in Santa Croce, inspired by 14th-century iconography, and in 1437–1443, he worked in the Old Sacristy of the San Lorenzo in Florence, on two doors and lunettes portraying saints, as well as eight stucco tondoes.
From 1438 is the wooden statue of St. John the Evangelist for Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice.
Around 1440, he executed a bust of a "Young Man with a Cameo" now in the Bargello, the first example of a lay bust portrait since the classical era.
Article: Seafood
Section: Abstract

Question: What varieties of food are included in the group Shellfish?

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans.
Seafood prominently includes fish and shellfish.
Shellfish include various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms.
Historically, sea mammals such as whales and dolphins have been consumed as food, though that happens to a lesser extent these days.
Edible sea plants, such as some seaweeds and microalgae, are widely eaten as seafood around the world, especially in Asia (see the category of sea vegetables).
In North America, although not generally in the United Kingdom, the term "seafood" is extended to fresh water organisms eaten by humans, so all edible aquatic life may be referred to as seafood.
For the sake of completeness, this article includes all edible aquatic life.
The harvesting of wild seafood is known as fishing and the cultivation and farming of seafood is known as aquaculture, mariculture, or in the case of fish, fish farming.
Seafood is often distinguished from meat, although it is still animal and is excluded in a strict vegetarian diet.
Seafood is an important source of protein in many diets around the world, especially in coastal areas.
Most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans, but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animal.
Some seafoods (kelp) are used as food for other plants (fertilizer).
In these ways, seafoods are indirectly used to produce further food for human consumption.
Products, such as fish oil and spirulina tablets are also extracted from seafoods.
Some seafood is feed to aquarium fish, or used to feed domestic pets, such as cats, and a small proportion is used in medicine, or is used industrially for non-food purposes (leather).
Article: Cloning
Section: Horticultural

Question: What is the definition of a clone in horticulture?

The term "clone" is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction or apomixis.
Many horticultural plant cultivars are clones, having been derived from a single individual, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction.
As an example, some European cultivars of grapes represent clones that have been propagated for over two millennia.
Other examples are potato and banana.
Grafting can be regarded as cloning, since all the shoots and branches coming from the graft are genetically a clone of a single individual, but this particular kind of cloning has not come under ethical scrutiny and is generally treated as an entirely different kind of operation.
Many trees, shrubs, vines, ferns and other herbaceous perennials form clonal colonies naturally.
Parts of an individual plant may become detached by fragmentation and grow on to become separate clonal individuals.
A common example is in the vegetative reproduction of moss and liverwort gametophyte clones by means of gemmae.
Some vascular plants e.g.
dandelion and certain viviparous grasses also form seeds asexually, termed apomixis, resulting in clonal populations of genetically identical individuals.
Article: Proton
Section: Description

Question: What is a baryon?

Protons are spin-½ fermions and are composed of three valence quarks, making them baryons (a sub-type of hadrons).
The two up quarks and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong force, mediated by gluons.
A modern perspective has the proton composed of the valence quarks (up, up, down), the gluons, and transitory pairs of sea quarks.
The proton has an approximately exponentially decaying positive charge distribution with a mean square radius of about 0.8 fm.
Protons and neutrons are both nucleons, which may be bound together by the nuclear force to form atomic nuclei.
The nucleus of the most common isotope of the hydrogen atom (with the chemical symbol "H") is a lone proton.
The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons, respectively.
All other types of atomic nuclei are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons.