community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Gravity (film)
Section: Development

Question: Who wrote the film "Gravity?"

Alfonso Cuarón wrote the screenplay with his son Jonás.
Cuarón told "Wired" magazine, "I watched the Gregory Peck movie "Marooned" over and over as a kid."
That film is about the first crew of an experimental space station returning to Earth in an Apollo capsule that suffers a thruster malfunction.
Cuarón attempted to develop his project at Universal Pictures, where it stayed in development for several years.
After the rights to the project were sold, the project began development at Warner Bros, who acquired the project.
In February 2010, it attracted the attention of Angelina Jolie, who had rejected a sequel to "Wanted".
Later in the month, she rejected "Wanted 2", partially because the studio did not want to pay the fee she had received for her latest two movies and because she wanted to direct her Bosnian war film "In the Land of Blood and Honey".
In March, Robert Downey, Jr. entered talks to be cast in the male lead role.
In mid-2010, Marion Cotillard tested for the female lead role.
By August 2010, Scarlett Johansson and Blake Lively were in the running for the role.
In September, Cuarón received approval from Warner Bros. to offer the role without a screen test to Natalie Portman, who was being praised for her performance in the recently released "Black Swan".
Portman rejected the project because of scheduling conflicts and Warner Bros. then approached Sandra Bullock for the role.
In November 2010, Downey left the project to star in "How to Talk to Girls"a project in development with Shawn Levy attached to direct.
The following December, with Bullock signed for the co-lead role, George Clooney replaced Downey.
The problem of shooting long scenes in a zero-g environment was a challenge.
Eventually, the team decided to use computer-generated imagery for the spacewalk scenes and automotive robots to move Bullock's character for interior space station scenes.
This meant that shots and blocking had to be planned well in advance for the robots to be programmed.
It also made the production period much longer than expected.
When the script was finished, Cuarón assumed it would take about a year to complete the film, but it took four and a half years.
Article: The Avengers (2012 film)
Section: Video game

Question: Who received the rights to the Avengers movie game after THQ closed the studios formerly working on it?

A video game based on the film was planned for concurrent release.
The game was to be a first-person shooter/brawler for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and Microsoft Windows and published by THQ, with THQ Studio Australia developing the console versions and Blue Tongue Entertainment the PC version.
After THQ closed both studios, the game was cancelled.
Intellectual property rights for an Avengers video game reverted to Marvel, which said it was exploring potential publishing and licensing opportunities.
In May 2012, Ubisoft and Marvel Entertainment announced that they are partnering to develop a motion-controlled game titled "" for the Wii U and Xbox 360 Kinect.
The game was inspired by the "Secret Invasion" storyline and features 20 different characters.
Marvel also announced a four-chapter mobile game titled "Avengers Initiative", with one chapter focusing on each of Hulk, Captain America, Thor and Iron Man.
Article: Virus
Section: Weapons

Question: What is the name of the virus that was recreated in a lab in 1918?

The ability of viruses to cause devastating epidemics in human societies has led to the concern that viruses could be weaponised for biological warfare.
Further concern was raised by the successful recreation of the infamous 1918 influenza virus in a laboratory.
The smallpox virus devastated numerous societies throughout history before its eradication.
There are only two centers in the world that are authorized by the WHO to keep stocks of smallpox virus: the Vector Institute in Russia and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States.
However fears that it may be used as a weapon may not be totally unfounded.
As the vaccine for smallpox sometimes had severe side-effects, it is no longer used routinely in any country.
Thus, much of the modern human population has almost no established resistance to smallpox, and would be vulnerable to the virus.
Article: Marzipan
Section: Southern Europe

Question: What was the date "All souls" comes out?

Around the world.
Southern Europe.
In Italy, particularly in Palermo, marzipan (') is often shaped and painted with food colorings to resemble fruit—'—especially during the Christmas season and on ' (All Souls' Day) on November 2.
May 9 and 10 are also special days for eating marzipan in Sicily.
In Portugal, where the confection has been made by nuns since olden times, traditional marzipan (') fruit-shaped sweets made in the Algarve region are a very common sweet.
There are other regions, as Toledo in Spain in which marzipan is shaped into simple animal shapes, and usually filled in with egg yolk ("") and sugar.
In Greece and Cyprus, marzipan is made in a variety of shapes and sizes and is almost always left white.
In the islands of the Aegean in particular, white marzipan is considered a wedding treat and is served to guests at wedding feasts.
Article: The Cabin in the Woods
Section: Production

Question: Goddard did work on which television programs?

With a production budget of $30 million, principal photography began on March 9, 2009 in Vancouver, and concluded in May 2009.
Joss Whedon co-wrote the script with "Cloverfield" screenwriter Drew Goddard, who also directed the film, marking his directorial debut.
Goddard previously worked with Whedon on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel" as a writer.
In November 2010, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, but the film was still released as one of MGM's last pre-Spyglass films in development.
Whedon described the film as an attempt to revitalize the horror genre which he, along with director/co-writer Goddard, felt had "devolved" with the introduction of "torture porn".
He called it a "loving hate letter" to the genre, continuing:Concerning the sheer number of creatures to be designed and made for the film, AFX Studio's David LeRoy Anderson estimated that "close to a thousand" people were turned into one of around 60 different monster types.
The task necessitated renting a much larger facility to use as a workspace, as a crew of around 60 people were recruited.
The producers told them to commence work on December 15, 2008, ahead of the official January 1, 2009 start date.
They only completed the work by the March 9, 2009 production date because, as Anderson stated "We had nearly seventy people at peak, but in effect we had a hundred and forty people, because everybody had at least two jobs...it was crazy, but people had an incredible time...none of us are ever going to forget it, and we're never all going to be in the same room again.
"The underground complex, elevators, and the control room were all sets, but for several wide shots, the British Columbia Institute of Technology's Aerospace building was used.
Production designer Martin Whist referenced Stanley Kubrick and commented: "It's very high-tech industrial, and it's a brand new building, never been shot in before...I wanted elevators to be without any controls...to almost feel like a glamorized freight elevator...
The lobby I wanted to look slightly utilitarian, contemporary and institutional...sharp and almost characterless."
Goddard called the control room "mission control at NASA", with production design aimed at grounding the room's look in the reality of governments and institutions.
Article: Marshall Plan
Section: Loans and Grants

Question: What was the amount of money received by Ireland in the Marshall Plan?

The Marshall plan, just as GARIOA, consisted of aid both in the form of grants and in the form of loans.
Out of the total, 1.2 billion USD were loan-aid.
Ireland which received 146.2 million USD through the Marshall plan, received 128.2 million USD as loans, and the remaining 18 million USD as grants.
By 1969 the Irish Marshal plan debt, which was still being repaid, amounted to 31 million pounds, out of a total Irish foreign debt of 50 million pounds.
The UK received 385 million USD of its Marshall plan aid in the form of loans.
Unconnected to the Marshall plan the UK also received direct loans from the US amounting to 4.6 billion USD.
The proportion of Marshall plan loans versus Marshall plan grants was roughly 15% to 85% for both the UK and France.
Germany, which up until the 1953 Debt agreement had to work on the assumption that all the Marshall plan aid was to be repaid, spent its funds very carefully.
Payment for Marshall plan goods, "counterpart funds", were administered by the Reconstruction Credit Institute, which used the funds for loans inside Germany.
In the 1953 Debt agreement the amount of Marshall plan aid that Germany was to repay was reduced to less than 1 billion USD.
This made the proportion of loans versus grants to Germany similar to that of France and the UK.
The final German loan repayment was made in 1971.
Since Germany chose to repay the aid debt out of the German Federal budget, leaving the German ERP fund intact, the fund was able to continue its reconstruction work.
By 1996 it had accumulated a value of 23 billion Deutsche Mark.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Big mountain and freeride

Question: What type of snow is usually found in big mountain snowboarding events?

A big mountain contest is one that takes place in open terrain, and challenges riders to find their way down the mountain with the most style and difficulty.
Big mountain events usually take place in powder snow conditions in closed off areas of resorts or in the backcountry.
There are a number of big mountain events in Europe, the United States and in New Zealand and this aspect of snowboarding competition is quickly rising in popularity.
Snowboarders consider Alaska the pinnacle of this style of riding, being featured in some of the most popular snowboarding videos and has given rise to one of the sport's most popular events, Tailgate Alaska, a yearly gathering of riders on Alaska's Thompson Pass.
Article: Private Practice (TV series)
Section: Season 3 (2009–10)

Question: Why did Addison and Sam decide not to become a couple?

Season 3 (2009–10).
In the third season, Violet survives the cliffhanger in season two while she gives her baby Lucas to Pete while she recovers from the ordeal.
Addison and Sam get even closer but decide not to become a couple because they don't want to hurt Naomi, Charlotte and Cooper break up, and Dell loses Heather in an explosion which nearly kills Betsey also.
Addison and Pete become a couple, which causes Addison to get close to Lucas until Violet wants him back even going as far as taking Pete to court to get joint custody.
Sheldon starts to fall for Charlotte after they start to sleep together and Sam and Naomi's daughter, Maya, gets pregnant and marries the father of her baby, Dink.
And Derek Shepherd's sister, Dr. Amelia Shepherd, arrives in town.
In the season finale, Addison and Sam finally get together while Charlotte and Cooper get engaged much to Sheldon's dismay.
Pete and Violet work over their issues, while Dell and Maya get involved in a car accident and the severity of Dell's condition is overlooked while Maya was being attended to in the operating room.
Dr. Amelia Shepherd, younger sister of Derek Shepherd (Addison's ex-husband), operated on him but was unable to resuscitate following Dell's heart failure.
Maya survived her operation to save her spinal cord and prevent paralysis while at the same time she gives birth to a girl, who also survives the ordeal.
Article: Sailing
Section: Other terms

Question: What are walls called in sailing?

Walls are called "bulkheads" or "ceilings", while the surfaces referred to as ceilings on land are called 'overheads'or 'deckheads'.
Floors are called 'soles' or "decks".
"Broken up" was the fate of a ship that hit a "rocky point" or was simply no longer wanted.
The toilet is traditionally called the 'head', the kitchen is the "galley".
When lines are tied off, this may be referred to as 'made fast' or 'belayed.'
Sails in different sail plans have unchanging names, however.
For the naming of sails, see sail-plan.
Article: The Usual Suspects
Section: Critical

Question: How did Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" praise the performances of the cast?

"The Usual Suspects" was well received by most critics, and it has an 88% rating at Rotten Tomatoes and a 77 metascore on Metacritic.
While embraced by most viewers and critics, the film was the subject of harsh derision by some.
Roger Ebert, in a review for the "Chicago Sun-Times," gave the film one and a half stars out of four, considering it confusing and uninteresting.
He also included the movie in his "most hated films" list.
"USA Today" rated the film two and a half stars out of four, calling it "one of the most densely plotted mysteries in memory—though paradoxically, four-fifths of it is way too easy to predict."
However, "Rolling Stone" praised Spacey, saying his "balls-out brilliant performance is Oscar bait all the way."
In his review for "The Washington Post", Hal Hinson wrote, "Ultimately, "The Usual Suspects" may be too clever for its own good.
The twist at the end is a corker, but crucial questions remain unanswered.
What's interesting, though, is how little this intrudes on our enjoyment.
After the movie you're still trying to connect the dots and make it all fit—and these days, how often can we say that?"
In her review for "The New York Times", Janet Maslin praised the performances of the cast: "Mr. Singer has assembled a fine ensemble cast of actors who can parry such lines, and whose performances mesh effortlessly despite their exaggerated differences in demeanor ...
Without the violence or obvious bravado of "Reservoir Dogs," these performers still create strong and fascinatingly ambiguous characters."
"The Independent" praised the film's ending: "The film's coup de grace is as elegant as it is unexpected.
The whole movie plays back in your mind in perfect clarity—and turns out to be a completely different movie to the one you've been watching (rather better, in fact)."
Article: Party Rock Anthem
Section: Chart and sales performance

Question: Give the name of the longest-running number one single in New Zealand since Smashproof's hit single "Brother".

The song reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming the duo's first number one hit in the US, and remained there for six straight weeks.
The song spent 68 weeks on the chart, becoming the third most total weeks on Billboard Hot 100 history.
It topped the 7 million downloads mark in the United States in July 2012, becoming the second fastest song in digital history to reach this plateau (in 68 weeks) just behind Adele's "Rolling in the Deep" which achieved it in 67 weeks, and the third-biggest selling digital single since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking digital sales in 2003.
It has also sold 7,695,000 copies in the US as of May 2013, and over one million copies in the UK.
The song spent eleven weeks at number one in New Zealand and ten weeks in Australia.
It is the longest-running number one single in New Zealand since Smashproof's hit single "Brother" in 2009, selling over 45,000 copies there, whereas in Australia, it is the longest-running number-one single since "I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair)" by Sandi Thom in 2006 and the best-selling single of 2011.
Certified thirteen-times platinum, it is the second biggest-selling single of all time in Australia, behind only Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997".
Article: Cheese
Section: Ancient Greece and Rome

Question: Why is it notable that the cheese is made from sheeps milk?

Ancient Greek mythology credited Aristaeus with the discovery of cheese.
Homer's "Odyssey" (8th century BCE) describes the Cyclops making and storing sheep's and goats' milk cheese.
From Samuel Butler's translation:By Roman times, cheese was an everyday food and cheesemaking a mature art.
Columella's "De Re Rustica" (circa 65 CE) details a cheesemaking process involving rennet coagulation, pressing of the curd, salting, and aging.
Pliny's "Natural History" (77 CE) devotes a chapter (XI, 97) to describing the diversity of cheeses enjoyed by Romans of the early Empire.
He stated that the best cheeses came from the villages near Nîmes, but did not keep long and had to be eaten fresh.
Cheeses of the Alps and Apennines were as remarkable for their variety then as now.
A Ligurian cheese was noted for being made mostly from sheep's milk, and some cheeses produced nearby were stated to weigh as much as a thousand pounds each.
Goats' milk cheese was a recent taste in Rome, improved over the "medicinal taste" of Gaul's similar cheeses by smoking.
Of cheeses from overseas, Pliny preferred those of Bithynia in Asia Minor.
Article: Field hockey
Section: Local rules

Question: How long is each half of a school field hockey game?

There are sometimes minor variations in rules from competition to competition; for instance, the duration of matches is often varied for junior competitions or for carnivals.
Different national associations also have slightly differing rules on player equipment.
The new Euro Hockey League has made major alterations to the rules to aid television viewers, such as splitting the game into four quarters, and to try to improve player behaviour, such as a two-minute suspension for green cards—the latter was also used in the 2010 World Cup.
In the United States, the NCAA has its own rules for inter-collegiate competitions; high school associations similarly play to different rules, usually using the rules published by the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS).
This article assumes FIH rules unless otherwise stated.
USA Field Hockey produces an annual summary of the differences.
In the United States, the games at the junior high level consist of two 25-minute halves, while the high school level consists of two 30-minute halves.
Many private American schools play 25-minute halves, and some have adopted FIH rules rather than NFHS rules.
Players are required to wear mouth guards and shin guards in order to play the game.
Also, there is a newer rule requiring certain types of sticks be used.
In recent years, the NFHS rules have moved closer to FIH, but in 2011 a new rule requiring protective eyewear was introduced for the 2011 Fall season.
The 'cage style' goggles favored by US high school lacrosse and permitted in high school field hockey is not permitted under FIH rules.
Article: Mexico
Section: Tourism

Question: What ranking does Mexico get on the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index?

Mexico has been traditionally among the most visited countries in the world according to the World Tourism Organization and it is the most visited country in the Americas, after the United States.
The most notable attractions are the Meso-American ruins, cultural festivals, colonial cities, nature reserves and the beach resorts.
The nation's temperate climate and unique culture – a fusion of the European and the Meso-American – make Mexico an attractive destination.
The peak tourism seasons in the country are during December and the mid-Summer, with brief surges during the week before Easter and Spring break, when many of the beach resort sites become popular destinations for college students from the United States.
Mexico has the 23rd highest income from tourism in the world, and the highest in Latin America.
The vast majority of tourists come to Mexico from the United States and Canada followed by Europe and Asia.
A smaller number also come from other Latin American countries.
In the 2011 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index report, Mexico was ranked 43rd in the world, which was 4th in the Americas .
The coastlines of Mexico harbor many stretches of beaches that are frequented by sun bathers and other visitors.
On the Yucatán peninsula, one of the most popular beach destinations is the resort town of Cancún, especially among university students during spring break.
Just offshore is the beach island of Isla Mujeres, and to the east is the Isla Holbox.
To the south of Cancun is the coastal strip called Riviera Maya which includes the beach town of Playa del Carmen and the ecological parks of Xcaret and Xel-Há.
A day trip to the south of Cancún is the historic port of Tulum.
In addition to its beaches, the town of Tulum is notable for its cliff-side Mayan ruins.
On the Pacific coast is the notable tourist destination of Acapulco.
Once the destination for the rich and famous, the beaches have become crowded and the shores are now home to many multi-story hotels and vendors.
Acapulco is home to renowned cliff divers: trained divers who leap from the side of a vertical cliff into the surf below.
At the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula is the resort town of Cabo San Lucas, a town noted for its beaches and marlin fishing.
Further north along the Sea of Cortés is the Bahía de La Concepción, another beach town known for its sports fishing.
Closer to the United States border is the weekend draw of San Felipe, Baja California.
Article: Chocolate
Section: Etymology

Question: Where did the word "chocolate" in English come from?

The word "chocolate" entered the English language from Spanish.
How the word came into Spanish is less certain, and there are competing explanations.
Perhaps the most cited explanation is that "chocolate" comes from Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, from the word "chocolātl", which many sources derived from "xocolātl" , from "xococ" 'sour' or 'bitter', and "ātl" 'water' or 'drink'.
However, as William Bright noted, the word "chocolatl" does not occur in central Mexican colonial sources, making this an unlikely derivation.
Santamaria gives a derivation from the Yucatec Maya word "chokol" meaning 'hot', and the Nahuatl "atl" meaning 'water'.
Sophie and Michael D. Coe agree with this etymology.
Pointing to various sources dating from the time of the Spanish conquest, they identify "cacahuatl" ("cacao water") as the original Nahuatl word for the cold beverage consumed by the Aztecs.
Noting that using a word with "caca" in it to describe a thick brown beverage would not have gone over well with most speakers of Spanish because "caca" means 'faeces' in Spanish, the Coes suggest that the Spanish colonisers combined the Nahuatl "atl" with the Yucatec Maya "chocol", for, unlike the Aztec, the Maya tended to drink chocolate heated.
The Spanish preferred the warm Mayan preparation of the beverage to the cold Aztec one, and so the colonisers substituted "chocol" in place of the culturally unacceptable "caca".
More recently, Dakin and Wichmann derive it from another Nahuatl term, "chicolatl" from eastern Nahuatl, meaning "beaten drink".
They derive this term from the word for the frothing stick, "chicoli".
However, the Coes write that "xicalli" referred to the gourd out of which the beverage was consumed and that the use of a frothing stick (known as a "molinillo") was a product of creolisation between the Spanish and Aztec; the original frothing method used by the indigenous people was simply pouring the drink from a height into another vessel.
Article: DNA
Section: Genetic engineering

Question: What makes up recombinant DNA?

Uses in technology.
Genetic engineering.
Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms, such as phenol-chloroform extraction, and to manipulate it in the laboratory, such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction.
Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant DNA is a man-made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences.
They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format, by using a viral vector.
The genetically modified organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant proteins, used in medical research, or be grown in agriculture.