community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: American side

Question: How is the Cave of the Winds accessible from Goat Island?

From the U.S. side, the American Falls can be viewed from walkways along Prospect Point Park, which also features the Prospect Point Park observation tower and a boat dock for the "Maid of the Mist".
Goat Island offers more views of the falls and is accessible by foot and automobile traffic by bridge above the American Falls.
From Goat Island, the Cave of the Winds is accessible by elevator and leads hikers to a point beneath Bridal Veil Falls.
Also on Goat Island are the Three Sisters Islands, the Power Portal where a huge statue of Nikola Tesla (the inventor whose patents for the AC induction motor and other devices for AC power transmission helped make the harnessing of the falls possible) can be seen, and a walking path that enables views of the rapids, the Niagara River, the gorge, and all of the falls.
Most of these attractions lie within the Niagara Falls State Park.
The Niagara Scenic Trolley offers guided trips along the American Falls and around Goat Island.
Panoramic and aerial views of the falls can also be viewed from the Flight of Angels helium balloon ride, or by helicopter.
The Niagara Gorge Discovery Center showcases the natural and local history of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Gorge.
A casino and luxury hotel was opened in Niagara Falls, New York, by the Seneca Indian tribe.
The Seneca Niagara Casino occupies the former Niagara Falls Convention Center.
The new hotel is the first addition to the city's skyline since completion of the United Office Building in the twenties.
Article: French fries
Section: Variants

Question: How many variants of French Fries are there?

Variants of French fries include "thick-cut fries", "steak fries", "shoestring fries", "jojos", "crinkle fries", "curly fries", "hand-cut fries" and "tornado fries".
Fries cut into rough cubes instead of sticks are called "home fries".
Fries cut thickly with the skin left on are called "potato wedges", and fries without the skin are called "steak fries", essentially the American equivalent of the British "chip".
They can also be coated with breading, spices, or other ingredients, which include garlic powder, onion powder, black pepper, paprika, and salt to create "seasoned fries", cheese to create "cheese fries", or chili to create "chili fries".
Sometimes, French fries are cooked in the oven as a final step in the preparation (having been coated with oil during preparation at the factory): these are often sold frozen and are called "oven fries" or "oven chips".
Some restaurants and groceries in North America offer French fries made from sweet potatoes instead of traditional white potatoes.
In France, the thick-cut fries are called "Pommes Pont-Neuf" or simply "pommes frites", about 10 mm; thinner variants are "pommes allumettes" (matchstick potatoes), ±7 mm, and "pommes paille" (potato straws), 3–4 mm (roughly ⅜, ¼ and ⅛ inch respectively).
The two-bath technique is standard (Bocuse).
"Pommes gaufrettes" or "waffle fries" are not typical French fried potatoes, but actually crisps obtained by quarter-turning the potato before each next slide over a grater and deep-frying just once.
This results in large flat fries with two layers, each of which consists of parallel strips of potato.
In an interview, Burger King president Donald Smith said that his chain's fries are sprayed with a sugar solution shortly before being packaged and shipped to individual outlets.
The sugar caramelizes in the cooking fat, producing the golden color customers expect.
McDonald's was assumed to fry their fries for a total time of about 15 to 20 minutes, and with fries fried at least twice.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Adult

Question: For what gender is the quantity of bone marrow stem cells generally higher for the reproductive years?

Adult stem cells, also called somatic (from Greek Σωματικóς, "of the body") stem cells, are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
They can be found in children, as well as adults.
Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number, but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and other tissues.
Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells, which have been used in treating several conditions including spinal cord injury, liver cirrhosis, chronic limb ischemia and endstage heart failure.
The quantity of bone marrow stem cells declines with age and is greater in males than females during reproductive years.
Much adult stem cell research to date has aimed to characterize their potency and self-renewal capabilities.
In mice, pluripotent stem cells are directly generated from adult fibroblast cultures.
However, mice do not live long with stem cell organs.
Most adult stem cells are lineage-restricted (multipotent) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (mesenchymal stem cell, adipose-derived stem cell, endothelial stem cell, dental pulp stem cell, etc.
Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants.
Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses.
The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as controversial as the use of embryonic stem cells, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an embryo.
Additionally, in instances where adult stem cells are obtained from the intended recipient (an autograft), the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent.
Consequently, more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research.
Article: Biology
Section: Cell theory

Question: What is the process that involves energy flow in cells?

Foundations of modern biology.
Cell theory.
Cell theory states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and that all living things are composed of one or more cells or the secreted products of those cells (e.g.
shells).
All cells arise from other cells through cell division.
In multicellular organisms, every cell in the organism's body derives ultimately from a single cell in a fertilized egg.
The cell is also considered to be the basic unit in many pathological processes.
In addition, the phenomenon of energy flow occurs in cells in processes that are part of the function known as metabolism.
Finally, cells contain hereditary information (DNA), which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
Article: Yeast
Section: Aquarium hobby

Question: What do aquarium hobbyists use yeast to generate?

Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO2) to nourish plants in planted aquaria.
A homemade setup is widely used as a cheap and simple alternative to pressurized CO2 systems.
While not as effective as these, the homemade setup is considerably cheaper for less-demanding hobbyists.
Several recipes for homemade CO2 are available, but they are variations of the basic recipe: Baker's yeast, with sugar, baking soda, and water, are added to a plastic bottle.
A few drops of vegetable oil at the start reduces surface tension and speeds the release of CO2.
This will produce CO2 for about two or three weeks; the use of a bubble counter determines production.
The CO2 is injected in the aquarium through a narrow hose and released through a diffuser that helps dissolve the gas in the water.
The CO2 is used by plants in the photosynthesis process.
Article: Salad
Section: Toppings and garnishes

Question: What form of cheese is best for salad toppings?

Popular salad garnishes are nuts, croutons, anchovies, bacon bits (real or imitation), garden beet,bell peppers, shredded carrots, diced celery, watercress, sliced cucumber, parsley, sliced mushrooms, sliced red onion, radish, french fries, sunflower seeds (shelled), real or artificial crab meat (surimi) and cherry tomatoes.
Various cheeses, berries, seeds and other ingredients can also be added to green salads.
Cheeses, in the form of cubes, crumbles, or grated, are often used, including blue cheese, Parmesan cheese, and feta cheese.
Color considerations are sometimes addressed by using edible flowers, red radishes, carrots, various colors of peppers, and other colorful ingredients.
Article: The Scream
Section: Record sale at auction

Question: How did Sotheby's auctioneer Tobias Meyer describe "The Scream"?

The 1895 pastel-on-board version of the painting, owned by Norwegian businessman Petter Olsen, sold at Sotheby's for a record US$120 million at auction on 2 May 2012.
The bidding started at $40 million and lasted for over 12 minutes when Leon Black by phone gave the final offer of US$119,922,500, including the buyer's premium.
Sotheby's said the painting was the most colorful and vibrant of the four versions painted by Munch and the only version whose frame was hand-painted by the artist to include his poem, detailing the work's inspiration.
After the sale, Sotheby's auctioneer Tobias Meyer said the painting was "worth every penny", adding: "It is one of the great icons of art in the world and whoever bought it should be congratulated.
"The previous record for the most expensive work of art sold at auction had been held by Picasso's "Nude, Green Leaves and Bust", which went for US$106.5 million at Christie's two years prior on 4 May 2010.
When accounting for inflation, the highest price paid for art at an auction is still held by Van Gogh's "Portrait of Dr. Gachet", which sold for $82.5 million in 1990, or about $ million 2012 dollars.
There have been reports that "The Card Players", by Cézanne, sold privately for $250m in 2011, which can not be verified for the establishment of a record price.
Article: Counting Stars
Section: Abstract

Question: Who wrote the song "Counting Stars?"

"Counting Stars" is a song by American pop rock band OneRepublic from their third studio album, "Native" (2013).
The song was written by lead singer Ryan Tedder, and produced by Tedder and Noel Zancanella.
Musically, it is a pop song with strong elements of folk music.
It was released as the album's third single on June 14, 2013 in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland.
The song has been one of the band's most successful singles, reaching No.
1 in many countries including Canada and the United Kingdom, No.
2 in the United States, and top ten in 20 countries.
The song's accompanying music video, directed by James Lees, features the band performing in a basement beneath an ongoing church congregation.
Article: Colosseum
Section: Arena and hypogeum

Question: Where did the animals and scenery enter the colosseum?

The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).
It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is "harena" or "arena"), covering an elaborate underground structure called the "hypogeum" (literally meaning "underground").
Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the "hypogeum" is still clearly visible.
It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began.
Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called "hegmata", provided access for elephants and the like.
It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.
The "hypogeum" was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum.
Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels.
Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.
Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the "hypogeum".
Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release.
There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct.
Article: Gymnastics
Section: Landing

Question: What is a successful landing in gymnastics classified as

In an aerial routine, or any form of tumbling, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence.
Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases.
These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities and include; cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures.
To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast.
"The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing."
A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.
A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force.
Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum.
Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing.
Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude.
With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars.
Article: Field hockey
Section: Penalty corner

Question: How many defenders, including the keeper, does a short corner begin with?

The short or penalty corner is awarded: 
 for an offence by a defender in the circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of a goal
 for an intentional offence in the circle by a defender against an opponent who does not have possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball
 for an intentional offence by a defender outside the circle but within the 23-metre area they are defending
 for intentionally playing the ball over the back-line by a defender
 when the ball becomes lodged in a player's clothing or equipment while in the circle they are defending
Short corners begin with five defenders (usually including the keeper) positioned behind the back line and at least 5 m from the 'insert' position of the ball.
All other players in the defending team must be beyond the centre line, that is not in their 'own' half of the pitch, until the ball is in play.
Attacking players begin the play standing outside the scoring circle, except for one attacker who starts the corner by playing the ball from a mark 10 m either side of the goal (the circle has a 14.63 m radius).
This player puts the ball into play by pushing or hitting the ball to the other attackers outside the circle; the ball must pass outside the circle and then put back into the circle before the attackers may make a shot at the goal from which a goal can be scored.
FIH rules do not forbid a shot at goal before the ball leaves the circle after being 'inserted', nor is a shot at the goal from outside the circle prohibited, but a goal cannot be scored at all if the ball has not gone out of the circle and cannot be scored from a shot from outside the circle if it is not again played by an attacking player before it enters the goal.
For safety reasons, the first shot of a penalty corner must not exceed 460 mm high (the height of the "backboard" of the goal) at the point it crosses the goal line if it is hit.
However, if the ball is deemed to be below backboard height, the ball can be subsequently deflected above this height by another player (defender or attacker), providing that this deflection does not lead to danger.
Note that the "Slap" stroke (a sweeping motion towards the ball, where the stick is kept on or close to the ground when striking the ball) is classed as a hit, and so the first shot at goal must be below backboard height for this type of shot also.
If the first shot at goal in a short corner situation is a push, flick or scoop, in particular the "drag flick" (which has become popular at international and national league standards), the shot is permitted to rise above the height of the backboard, as long as the shot is not deemed dangerous to any opponent.
This form of shooting was developed because it is not height restricted in the same way as the first hit shot at the goal and players with good technique are able to drag-flick with as much power as many others can hit a ball.
Article: Wadjda
Section: Reception

Question: What is the standardized score for Metacritic

"Wadjda" received critical acclaim.
The film-critics aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reported 99% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 68 reviews, with an average score of 8.2/10.
The critical consensus is: "Transgressive in the best possible way, Wadjda presents a startlingly assured new voice from a corner of the globe where cinema has been all but silenced."
Metacritic, which assigns a standardized score out of 100, rated the film 81 based on 23 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".
Article: Judo
Section: Founding of the Kodokan

Question: When was the first Judo school and dojo founded?

In February 1882, Kano founded a school and dojo at the , a Buddhist temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of Taitō ward).
Iikubo, Kano's "Kitō-ryū" instructor, attended the dojo three days a week to help teach and, although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name , and Kano had not yet received his in "Kitō-ryū", this is now regarded as the Kodokan founding.
The "Eisho-ji" dojo was a relatively small affair, consisting of a twelve mat training area.
Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being Tsunejiro Tomita and Shiro Saigo.
In August, the following year, the pair were granted grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art.
Article: Teen Wolf
Section: Box office

Question: What was the worldwide gross of Teen Wolf?

Box office.
Released on August 23, 1985, "Teen Wolf" debuted at #2 in its opening weekend, behind "Back to the Future" (also starring Michael J.
Fox).
After its initial run, the film grossed $33,086,661 domestically, with a worldwide gross of about $80 million.
Article: Lasagne
Section: Abstract

Question: Is lasagne wide or narrow?

Lasagne ( or or , , singular lasagna) are a wide, flat pasta shape, and possibly one of the oldest types of pasta.
The word also refers to a dish made with several layers of lasagne sheets alternated with sauces and various other ingredients.
Lasagne originated in Italy, traditionally ascribed to the city of Bologna (Emilia-Romagna), in where the first modern receipe was created and published and became a traditional dish.
Traditional lasagne is made by interleaving layers of pasta with layers of sauce, made with ragù, bechamel, and Parmigiano-Reggiano.
In other regions and outside of Italy it is common to find lasagne made with ricotta or mozzarella cheese, tomato sauce, various meats (e.g., ground beef, pork or chicken), miscellaneous vegetables (e.g., spinach, zucchini, mushrooms) and typically flavored with wine, garlic, onion, and oregano.
In all cases the lasagne are oven-baked.
Traditionally, pasta dough prepared in Southern Italy used semolina and water and in the northern regions, where semolina was not available, flour and eggs.
Today in Italy, since the only type of wheat allowed for commercially sold pasta is durum wheat, commercial lasagne are made of semolina (from durum wheat).
Emilio-Romano’s intensive farming economy in the northern region of Italy results in plentiful dairy and meat products, and their commonality in regional cooking – more so than the olive oil found in southern regions of Italy.
Pastas from Emilio-Romano and its capital, Bologna, are almost always served with a ragú, a thick sauce made from ingredients such as onions, carrots, finely chopped pork and beef, celery, butter, and tomatoes.
Article: Grand Central Terminal
Section: Terminal City

Question: Which News shows started broadcasting from Grand Central Terminal with Douglas Edwards?

The construction of Grand Central created a mini-city within New York, including the Commodore Hotel and various office buildings.
It spurred construction throughout the neighborhood in the 1920s including the Chrysler Building.
In 1928, the New York Central built its headquarters in a 34-story building (now called the Helmsley Building) straddling Park Avenue on the north side of the Terminal.
There is a "secret" platform, number 61, under the station.
This was once used to convey President Franklin D. Roosevelt directly into the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.
This platform was part of the original design of the Waldorf Astoria.
It was mentioned in "The New York Times" in 1929 but was first used by General Pershing in 1938.
From 1939 to 1964 CBS Television occupied a large portion of the terminal building, particularly above the main waiting room.
The space contained two production studios (41 and 42), two "program control" facilities (43 and 44), network master control, and facilities for local station WCBS-TV.
In 1958, the first major videotape operations facility in the world opened in a former rehearsal room on the seventh floor of the main terminal building.
The facility used fourteen Ampex VR-1000 videotape recorders.
The "CBS Evening News" began its broadcasts there with Douglas Edwards.
Many historic news events were broadcast from this location, such as John Glenn's Mercury-Atlas 6 space mission and Walter Cronkite's coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Edward R. Murrow's "See It Now" originated from Grand Central, including his famous broadcasts on Senator Joseph McCarthy.
The Murrow broadcasts were recreated in George Clooney's movie "Good Night, and Good Luck", although the CBS News and corporate offices were not actually in the same building as the film implies.
The long-running panel show "What's My Line?"
was first broadcast from the GCT studios, as were "The Goldbergs" and "Mama".
The facility's operations were later moved to the CBS Broadcast Center.
In 1966, the former studio space was converted to a sports club with two tennis courts and was operated by Donald Trump from 1984 to 2009.
The space is currently occupied by a conductor lounge and a smaller sports facility with a single tennis court.
Article: The Night Watch
Section: New LED illumination

Question: How does LED lighting work and number of projected color temperature?

On 26 October 2011, the Rijksmuseum unveiled new, sustainable LED lighting for "The Night Watch".
With new technology, it is the first time LED lighting has been able to render the fine nuances of the painting's complex color palette.
The lighting was developed by Philips Lighting and was inaugurated by Rijksmuseum Director Wim Pijbes and Philips President and CEO Frans van Houten.
Rogier van der Heide, Chief Design Officer at Philips Lighting, was responsible for creating the system.
The new illumination uses LED lights with a color temperature of 3,200 kelvins, similar to warm-white light sources like tungsten halogen.
It has a color rendering index of over 90, which makes it suitable for the illumination of artifacts such as "The Night Watch".
Using the new LED lighting, the museum saves 80% on energy and offers the painting a safer environment due to the absence of UV radiation and heat.