community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Basketball
Section: Shooting

Question: In basketball, what is a brick?

Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket, methods varying with players and situations.
Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket.
A player will rest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand supporting the side of the ball.
The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending the shooting arm.
The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a "follow-through".
Players often try to put a steady backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim.
The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but generally a proper arc is recommended.
Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket.
The two most common shots that use the above described setup are the "set-shot" and the "jump-shot".
The set-shot is taken from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the floor, typically used for free throws, and in other circumstances whilst the jump-shot is taken in mid-air, the ball released near the top of the jump.
This provides much greater power and range, and it also allows the player to elevate over the defender.
Failure to release the ball before the feet return to the floor is considered a traveling violation.
Another common shot is called the "lay-up".
This shot requires the player to be in motion toward the basket, and to "lay" the ball "up" and into the basket, typically off the backboard (the backboard-free, underhand version is called a "finger roll").
The most crowd-pleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy shot is the "slam dunk", in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball downward, through the basket whilst touching it.
Another shot that is becoming common is the "circus shot".
The circus shot is a low-percentage shot that is flipped, heaved, scooped, or flung toward the hoop while the shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down, and/or facing away from the basket.
A back-shot is a shot taken when the player is facing away from the basket, and may be shot with the dominant hand, or both; but there is a very low chance that the shot will be successful.
A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an "air-ball".
A particularly bad shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularly called a brick.
Article: Parks and Recreation
Section: DVD and streaming video

Question: When was the release date of the first season of "Parks and Recreation"?

The first season of "Parks and Recreation" was released on DVD in region 1 on September 8, 2009.
The DVD included all six episodes, as well as an "Extended Producer's Cut" of the season finale, "Rock Show".
The disc also included cast and crew commentary tracks for each episode, as well as about 30 minutes of deleted scenes.
The second season was released in a four-disc set in region 1 on November 30, 2010.
They included extended episodes for "The Master Plan" and "Freddy Spaghetti", as well as two-and-a-half hours of deleted scenes, a third season preview and additional video clips.
Audio commentaries were recorded for the episodes "Sister City", "Ron and Tammy", "Hunting Trip", "Woman of the Year", "The Master Plan" and "Freddy Spaghetti".
"Parks and Recreation" can be viewed on the streaming video service Hulu, as well as the "Instant Watch" streaming feature of Netflix and Amazon Prime.
Individual episodes can also be purchased on the Apple Inc. digital media iTunes Store and viewed on an NBC mobile browser on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad.
Article: Astronomy
Section: Abstract

Question: How are astronomy and cosmology different?

Astronomy is a natural science that is the study of celestial objects (such as moons, planets, stars, nebulae, and galaxies), the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth, including supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic background radiation.
A related but distinct subject, cosmology, is concerned with studying the universe as a whole.
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences.
Prehistoric cultures have left astronomical artifacts such as the Egyptian monuments and Nubian monuments, and early civilizations such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, Indians, Iranians and Maya performed methodical observations of the night sky.
However, the invention of the telescope was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science.
Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars, but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics.
During the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches.
Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects, which is then analyzed using basic principles of physics.
Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.
The two fields complement each other, with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain the observational results and observations being used to confirm theoretical results.
Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena.
Amateur astronomers have contributed to many important astronomical discoveries.
Astronomy is not to be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects.
Although the two fields share a common origin they are now entirely distinct.
Article: The Good Wife
Section: Season 2

Question: Who is running against current States Attorney Glenn Childs?

Season 2 begins where season 1 left off with Will and Alicia discussing how to have an affair without the media finding out.
Before the plan is conceived, however, Eli Gold takes possession of Alicia's phone and deletes a pivotal voicemail.
Alicia, now under the impression that Will doesn't have a plan, suppresses her feelings for Will, and the workplace environment becomes awkward when they are in vicinity of each other.
With Alicia as a 2nd year associate after being chosen over Cary Agos, who has now been hired as a states attorney leading to Lockhart & Gardner, they often find themselves battling each other in court.
Peter, now released from prison and cleared of charges, begins his campaign to run as States Attorney against current States Attorney Glenn Childs.
A new main partner, Derrick Bond, joins the firm Lockhart & Gardner—now known as Lockhart/Gardner & Bond.
However, a feud between Diane and Will occurs when Will begins siding with Derrick Bond's suggestions.
Diane requests Kalinda to check into Will's and Derrick's past.
She discovers that they had a connection in Will's old law firm in Baltimore.
At the same time, a new investigator joins the law firm—Blake Calamar.
Brought in by Derrick Bond, he is determined to uncover Kalinda's past.
When Will discovers that Bond has also been deceiving him, Will and Diane work together to remove Bond as a main partner, but wait until Bond brings in a "super PAC" (political action committee) client worth $100 million a year.
Blake eventually uncovers that Kalinda had changed her name from "Leela" and that Leela slept with Peter Florrick when she used to work for him in the state's attorney's office.
Alicia finds out about the affair on the night that Peter wins the election for state's attorney.
Alicia separated from Peter, gains a stronger attraction to Will, and begins to have sexual relations with him.
Article: The Matrix
Section: Abstract

Question: Did the Matrix win any Academy Awards ? How many ?

The Matrix is a 1999 American–Australian science fiction action film written and directed by The Wachowski Brothers, starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Joe Pantoliano.
It depicts a dystopian future in which reality as perceived by most humans is actually a simulated reality called "the Matrix", created by sentient machines to subdue the human population, while their bodies' heat and electrical activity are used as an energy source.
Computer programmer "Neo" learns this truth and is drawn into a rebellion against the machines, which involves other people who have been freed from the "dream world".
"The Matrix" is known for popularizing a visual effect known as "bullet time", in which the heightened perception of certain characters is represented by allowing the action within a shot to progress in slow-motion while the camera's viewpoint appears to move through the scene at normal speed.
The film is an example of the cyberpunk science fiction genre.
It contains numerous references to philosophical and religious ideas, and prominently pays homage to works such as Plato's Allegory of the Cave, Jean Baudrillard's "Simulacra and Simulation" and Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland".
The Wachowskis' approach to action scenes drew upon their admiration for Japanese animation and martial arts films, and the film's use of fight choreographers and wire fu techniques from Hong Kong action cinema was influential upon subsequent Hollywood action film productions.
"The Matrix" was first released in the United States on , 1999, and grossed over $460 million worldwide.
It was generally well-received by critics, and won four Academy Awards as well as other accolades including BAFTA Awards and Saturn Awards.
Reviewers praised "The Matrix" for its innovative visual effects, cinematography and its entertainment.
The film's premise was both criticized for being derivative of earlier science fiction works, and praised for being intriguing.
The action also polarized critics, some describing it as impressive, but others dismissing it as a trite distraction from an interesting premise.
Despite this, the film has since appeared in lists of the greatest science fiction films,--> and in 2012, was added to the National Film Registry for preservation.
The success of the film led to the release of two feature film sequels, both written and directed by the Wachowski Brothers, "The Matrix Reloaded" and "The Matrix Revolutions".
The "Matrix" franchise was further expanded through the production of comic books, video games, and animated short films in which the Wachowskis were heavily involved.
Article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Section: Eve of the attacks

Question: How did the three contact the Black Hand?

Ilić began handing out the weapons on 27 June.
Until 27 June Ilić had kept the identities of the assassins from Belgrade secret from those he had recruited locally and vice-versa.
Then, that night, as Mehmedbašić told Albertini: "On the eve of the outrage Ilić introduced me to Princip in a Sarajevo café with the words 'Mehmedbašić who to-morrow is to be with us.'"
The three sent a postcard to Black Hand Provincial Director for Bosnia-Herzegovina Vladimir Gaćinović in France.
The following morning, on 28 June 1914, Ilić positioned the six assassins along the motorcade route.
Ilić walked the street, exhorting the assassins to bravery.
Article: Nucleic acid sequence
Section: Sequence determination

Question: In what way is an inosine read as?

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a given DNA fragment.
The sequence of the DNA of a living thing encodes the necessary information for that living thing to survive and reproduce.
Therefore, determining the sequence is useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects.
Because of the importance of DNA to living things, knowledge of a DNA sequence may be useful in practically any biological research.
For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases.
Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases.
Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.RNA is not sequenced directly.
Instead, it is copied to a DNA by reverse transcriptase, and this DNA is then sequenced.
Current sequencing methods rely on the discriminatory ability of DNA polymerases, and therefore can only distinguish four bases.
An inosine (created from adenosine during RNA editing) is read as a G, and 5-methyl-cytosine (created from cytosine by DNA methylation) is read as a C. With current technology, it is difficult to sequence small amounts of DNA, as the signal is too weak to measure.
This is overcome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.
Article: Sushi
Section: Western-style sushi

Question: Where can one sometimes find sushi prepared with crawfish?

The increasing popularity of "sushi" around the world has resulted in variations typically found in the Western world, but rarely in Japan (a notable exception to this is the use of salmon which was introduced by the Norwegians in the early 1980s).
Such creations to suit the Western palate were initially fueled by the invention of the California roll (a "norimaki" with crab (later, imitation crab), cucumber, and avocado).
A wide variety of popular rolls ("norimaki" and "uramaki") has evolved since.
Though the menu names of dishes often vary by restaurant, some examples include:Other rolls may include pretty much anything, including chopped scallops, spicy tuna, beef or chicken teriyaki roll, okra, and assorted vegetables such as cucumber and avocado.
Since rolls are usually made to-order, it is not unusual for the customer to specify the exact ingredients desired.
Sometimes, rolls are made with brown rice or black rice, which appear in Japanese cuisine as well.
An "uramaki" (inside-out roll) allows draping ingredients on the outside of the roll in addition to the inside.
Examples include the rainbow roll (an inside-out topped with thinly sliced "maguro, hamachi, ebi, sake" and avocado) and the caterpillar roll (an inside-out topped with thinly sliced avocado).
Also commonly found is the "rock and roll" (an inside-out roll with barbecued freshwater eel and avocado with toasted sesame seeds on the outside) and the "tempura roll", where shrimp tempura is inside the roll or the entire roll is battered and fried tempura-style.
In the Southern United States, many sushi restaurants prepare rolls using crawfish.
"Futomaki" roll is found widely within Japan.
Other types of Western-style sushi are also rarely seen in Japan.
Article: Part of Me (Katy Perry song)
Section: Abstract

Question: In which countries did the track start out at the top of the "Billboard" hot 100?

Part of Me (Katy Perry song)"Part of Me" is a song by American recording artist Katy Perry, released as the lead single from "", the March 2012 re-release of her August 2010 album, "Teenage Dream".
It was written by Perry and Bonnie McKee, with production and additional writing by Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut.
The song was not included on the original edition of "Teenage Dream" because Perry felt that it did not fit the composition of the album.
A demo of the song leaked online in late 2010, amid speculation that the lyrics were directed to the singer's ex-boyfriend Travie McCoy.
"Part of Me" was re-worked and officially released on February 13, 2012, through Capitol Records with artwork by art director Gavin Taylor and photography by Mary Ellen Matthews.
The production draws inspiration from several genres, including house music, dance-pop, and power pop; reviewers compared it to Jessie J's 2011 single "Domino", and Perry's 2010 singles "Firework" and "California Gurls".
Its lyrics describe a female protagonist who declares herself as un-breakable and strong following a break-up.
Contemporary music critics praised the song's production and gave it mixed-to-positive reviews, although some criticized Perry's vocals.
Many theorized that the lyrics addressed Perry's divorce from Russell Brand, although Perry stated it was not about him since it was written in early 2010.
"Part of Me" was a commercial success.
It was the twentieth song to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, Perry's seventh number-one single on the chart, and her ninth consecutive number-one single on the "Billboard " Hot Dance Club Songs chart.
The single debuted at number one in the United Kingdom and Canada, and has been certified Platinum in the United States, Australia and New Zealand.
Marketing campaigns for Adidas and "" have featured it.
An accompanying music video was filmed at the United States Marine Corps' Camp Pendleton in Oceanside, California.
The video depicts Perry enlisting in the Marines following a heartbreak.
It garnered generally positive reviews for Perry's "Girl Power" message, but drew criticism from feminist author Naomi Wolf, who denounced it as military propaganda.
Perry debuted the first televised performance of song on at the 54th Grammy Awards, and has also performed the song at the ECHO Awards, the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards, and "American Idol".
Article: Radiation therapy
Section: Effect on different types of cancer

Question: What are some examples of radiosensiting drugs?

Different cancers respond differently to radiation therapy.
The response of a cancer to radiation is described by its radiosensitivity.
Highly radiosensitive cancer cells are rapidly killed by modest doses of radiation.
These include leukemias, most lymphomas and germ cell tumors.
The majority of epithelial cancers are only moderately radiosensitive, and require a significantly higher dose of radiation (60-70 Gy) to achieve a radical cure.
Some types of cancer are notably radioresistant, that is, much higher doses are required to produce a radical cure than may be safe in clinical practice.
Renal cell cancer and melanoma are generally considered to be radioresistant.
It is important to distinguish the radiosensitivity of a particular tumor, which to some extent is a laboratory measure, from the radiation "curability" of a cancer in actual clinical practice.
For example, leukemias are not generally curable with radiation therapy, because they are disseminated through the body.
Lymphoma may be radically curable if it is localised to one area of the body.
Similarly, many of the common, moderately radioresponsive tumors are routinely treated with curative doses of radiation therapy if they are at an early stage.
For example: non-melanoma skin cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, anal cancer, prostate cancer.
Metastatic cancers are generally incurable with radiation therapy because it is not possible to treat the whole body.
Before treatment, a CT scan is often performed to identify the tumor and surrounding normal structures.
The patient is then sent for a simulation so that molds can be created to be used during treatment.
The patient receives small skin marks to guide the placement of treatment fields.
The response of a tumor to radiation therapy is also related to its size.
For complex reasons, very large tumors respond less well to radiation than smaller tumors or microscopic disease.
Various strategies are used to overcome this effect.
The most common technique is surgical resection prior to radiation therapy.
This is most commonly seen in the treatment of breast cancer with wide local excision or mastectomy followed by adjuvant radiation therapy.
Another method is to shrink the tumor with neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical radiation therapy.
A third technique is to enhance the radiosensitivity of the cancer by giving certain drugs during a course of radiation therapy.
Examples of radiosensiting drugs include: Cisplatin, Nimorazole, and Cetuximab.
Article: Telescope
Section: Gamma-ray telescopes

Question: What is an example of a gamma ray telescope?

Higher energy X-ray and Gamma-ray telescopes refrain from focusing completely and use coded aperture masks: the patterns of the shadow the mask creates can be reconstructed to form an image.X-ray and Gamma-ray telescopes are usually on Earth-orbiting satellites or high-flying balloons since the Earth's atmosphere is opaque to this part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
However, high energy X-rays and gamma-rays do not form an image in the same way as telescopes at visible wavelengths.
An example of this type of telescope is the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.
The detection of very high energy gamma rays, with shorter wavelength and higher frequency than regular gamma rays, requires further specialization.
An example of this type of observatory is VERITAS.
Very high energy gamma-rays are still photons, like visible light, whereas cosmic rays includes particles like electrons, protons, and heavier nuclei.
A discovery in 2012 may allow focusing gamma-ray telescopes.
At photon energies greater than 700 keV, the index of refraction starts to increase again.
Article: Part of Me (Katy Perry song)
Section: Live performances

Question: When was Katy Perry's "Part of Me" given its first live performance?

"Part of Me" was given its first live performance on February 12, 2012, at the 54th Grammy Awards.
An abbreviated version of "E.T."
(2011) ended partway through the chorus, with electronic sound effects and a darkened stage.
Wearing a metallic bodysuit with the appearance of golden armor, a blue-haired Perry descended from the roof of the venue in a transparent cube.
The object shattered, fireworks went off around the stage, and Perry began "Part of Me" as the dancers present during "E.T."
reappeared, lifted her up, and performed a routine behind her.
On March 19, 2012, Perry performed "Part of Me" as part of a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1, along with "The One That Got Away" (2011), "Firework" (2011), "Thinking of You" (2009) and a censored version of "Niggas in Paris" (2011).
The performances were closely similar, through their depiction of Perry as a superhero and their theme of self-empowerment.
Katie Brine of MTV commented that "Even when Katy is getting serious, there's always fun to be had.
"On April 26, 2012, Perry performed the track for season 11 of "American Idol".
This was similar to her previous performances and the video, but was pre-taped due to illness.
After a short, introductory military-style video, Perry made a simulated airdrop onto a military base peopled by female background dancers, all clad in military clothing.
It was met with mixed reviews from critics and fans, who criticized Perry's decisions to pre-tape her performance and to lipsync.
However, the complexity and originality of the performance were praised.
Brian Mansfield, of "USA Today", called it a "pretty impressive production", but criticized Perry's vocal abilities.
Perry included the song in the set list of her June 9, 2012 performance at Capital FM's Summertime Ball festival, during which she wore a fifties-style black and white polka dot dress and a black fringe haircut.
DJ Earworm had also made a mashup called "Fly" for the Summertime Ball and included "Part of Me" and Perry's previous single, "The One That Got Away" in the mashup.
On June 26, 2012 Perry performed "Part of Me" in her set list at the premiere for her July 2012, 3D autobiographical documentary-concert film "" on Hollywood Boulevard as part of Pepsi's "Summer Beats" concert series.
During the performance, Perry emerged from a large box of popcorn, wearing a shirt that resembled a film reel with the stage decorated with life-sized lollipops and neon lights.
This was Perry's final performance prior to her taking a musical hiatus after two years of continuous promotion for "Teenage Dream".