community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Battle of Red Cliffs
Section: Analysis

Question: What was Cao's first tactical mistake and what were the consequences?

A combination of Cao Cao's strategic errors and the effectiveness of Huang Gai's ruse had resulted in the allied victory at the Battle of Red Cliffs.
Zhou Yu had previously observed that Cao Cao's generals and soldiers comprised mostly cavalry and infantry, and few had any experience in naval warfare.
Cao Cao also had little support among the people of Jing Province, and thus lacked a secure forward base of operations .
Despite the strategic acumen Cao Cao had displayed in earlier campaigns and battles, in this case he had simply assumed that numerical superiority would eventually defeat the Sun and Liu navy.
Cao's first tactical mistake was converting his massive army of infantry and cavalry into a marine corps and navy: with only a few days of drills before the battle, Cao Cao's troops were ravaged by sea-sickness and lack of experience on water.
Tropical diseases, to which the southerners had long been immune, also plagued the soldiers of the north with the debilitating effects of sickness rampant in Cao Cao's camps.
Although numerous, Cao Cao's men were already exhausted by the unfamiliar environment and the extended southern campaign, as Zhuge Liang observed: "Even a powerful arrow at the end of its flight cannot penetrate a silk cloth" (Military Documents 1979:193).
The uncharacteristically poor preparation and miscalculations displayed by Cao Cao during this campaign may have been partly due to the recent death of his strategist and advisor Guo Jia.
Cao Cao himself had commented: "Had Guo Jia been with us, I would never have got into such trouble" .
Another key advisor, Jia Xu, had recommended after the surrender of Liu Cong that the overtaxed armies be given time to rest and replenish before engaging the armies of Sun Quan and Liu Bei, but Cao Cao disregarded the advice .
Cao Cao's own thoughts regarding his failure at Red Cliffs suggest that he held his own actions and misfortunes responsible for the defeat, rather than the strategies utilised by his enemy during the battle: "... it was only because of the sickness that I burnt my ships and retreated.
It is out of all reason for Zhou Yu to take the credit for himself."
.
Article: Battle of Britain
Section: Bombers

Question: Why was the Do 17 less frequently used than other planes for night bomb in the Battle of Britain?

The "Luftwaffe"'s four primary bombers were the Heinkel He 111, Dornier Do 17, and Junkers Ju 88 for level bombing, and the Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" for diving attacks.
The Heinkel He 111 was used in greater numbers than the others during the conflict and is better known, partly due to its distinctive wing shape.
Each level bomber also had a few reconnaissance versions that were used during the battle.
Although successful in previous "Luftwaffe" engagements, the "Stuka" suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Britain, particularly on 18 August, due to its slow speed and vulnerability to fighter interception after the dive bombing.
As a result of the losses and limited payload and range, "Stuka" units were largely removed from operations over England and concentrated on shipping instead until they were re-deployed to the Eastern Front in 1941.
They returned on occasion, such as on 13 September to attack Tangmere airfield.
The remaining three bomber types differed in their capabilities; the Heinkel 111 was the slowest; the Ju 88 was the fastest once its mainly external bomb load was dropped; and the Do 17 had the smallest bomb load.
All three bomber types suffered heavy losses from British fighters, but the Ju 88 disproportionately so.
The German bombers required constant protection by the "Luftwaffe"'s fighter force.
There were not enough Bf 109Es to support more than 300–400 bombers on any given day.
Later in the conflict, when night bombing became more frequent, all three were used.
However, due to its reduced bomb load, the lighter Do 17 was used less than the He 111 and Ju 88 for this purpose.
On the British side, three bomber types were mostly used on night operations against targets such as factories, invasion ports and railway centres; the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, the Handley-Page Hampden and the Vickers Wellington were classified as heavy bombers by the RAF, although the Hampden was a medium bomber comparable to the He 111.
The twin-engined Bristol Blenheim and the obsolescent single-engined Fairey Battle were both light bombers; the Blenheim was the most numerous of the aircraft equipping RAF Bomber Command and was used in attacks against shipping, ports, airfields and factories on the continent by day and by night.
The Fairey Battle squadrons, which had suffered heavy losses in daylight attacks during the Battle of France, were brought up to strength with reserve aircraft and continued to operate at night in attacks against the invasion ports, until the Battle was withdrawn from UK front line service in October 1940.
Article: French fries
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the difference between fries and chips?

French fries (American English) or chips, fries, finger chips, or French-fried potatoes are batons of deep-fried potato.
Americans and most Canadians refer to any elongated pieces of fried potatoes as "fries", while in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand, long, thinly cut slices of fried potatoes are sometimes called "fries" to distinguish them from the more thickly cut strips called chips.
French fries are served hot and generally eaten as an accompaniment with lunch or dinner, or eaten as a snack, and they are a common fixture of fast food.
French fries are generally salted and, in their simplest and most common form, are served with ketchup; in many countries, though, they are topped instead with other condiments or toppings, including vinegar, mayonnaise, or other local specialities.
Fries can also be topped more elaborately, as is the case with the dishes of poutine and chili cheese fries.
Sometimes, fries are made with sweet potatoes instead of potatoes, are baked instead of fried, or are cut into unusual shapes, as is the case with curly fries, wavy fries, or tornado fries.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Slopestyle

Question: Doe doing hard tricks mean you win?

Competitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, up, or down terrain features.
The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs (includes anything the board or rider can slide across).
Slope-style contests consists of choosing your own line in a terrain park using a variety of boxes, jibs and jumps.
To win a slope-style contest one must pick the best and most difficult line in the terrain park and have a smooth flowing line of tricks performed on the obstacles.
Overall impression is also a huge factor in winning a slope-style contest.
The rider who lands the hardest tricks will not always win over the rider who lands easy
Article: Chernobyl disaster
Section: The Exclusion Zone

Question: How many people live in the area known as the Exclusion Zone?

An area originally extending in all directions from the plant is officially called the "zone of alienation".
It is largely uninhabited, except for about 300 residents who have refused to leave.
The area has largely reverted to forest, and has been overrun by wildlife because of a lack of competition with humans for space and resources.
Even today, radiation levels are so high that the workers responsible for rebuilding the sarcophagus are only allowed to work five hours a day for one month before taking 15 days of rest.
Ukrainian officials estimate the area will not be safe for human life again for another 20,000 years.
In 2011 Ukraine opened up the sealed zone around the Chernobyl reactor to tourists who wish to learn more about the tragedy that occurred in 1986.
Article: Fruitvale Station
Section: Promotion

Question: Who was the films publicist?

The Weinstein Company commissioned three murals to be painted in Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco by well-known street artists Ron English, Lydia Emily and LNY, in anticipation of the film.
Some people questioned having a poster for the film in Fruitvale Station, but a BART spokeswoman said about this decision: "there was no debate whether to allow "Fruitvale Station" on BART.
None whatsoever.
We really support Ryan.
He's just an amazing person...
I think that Ryan had said it was his intention to show his love for Oakland and the people of Oakland, and he really succeeded.
"Promotional material used on the film's Facebook page and website referred to the controversial shooting of Trayvon Martin in Florida, which was in the news at the same time as the film's release.
This drew some criticism, with publicist Angie Meyer stating, "It's absolutely inappropriate and morally wrong to use a high profile case to create publicity and buzz around a movie release.
"As part of its film promotion, the Weinstein Co. set up the "I am __" campaign to encourage people to share stories of overcoming acts of social injustice or mistreatment, and to upload photos or other artworks related to those experiences.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Identification

Question: What can stem cells be isolated by?

In practice, stem cells are identified by whether they can regenerate tissue.
For example, the defining test for bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is the ability to transplant the cells and save an individual without HSCs.
This demonstrates that the cells can produce new blood cells over a long term.
It should also be possible to isolate stem cells from the transplanted individual, which can themselves be transplanted into another individual without HSCs, demonstrating that the stem cell was able to self-renew.
Properties of stem cells can be illustrated "in vitro", using methods such as clonogenic assays, in which single cells are assessed for their ability to differentiate and self-renew.
Stem cells can also be isolated by their possession of a distinctive set of cell surface markers.
However, "in vitro" culture conditions can alter the behavior of cells, making it unclear whether the cells will behave in a similar manner "in vivo".
There is considerable debate as to whether some proposed adult cell populations are truly stem cells.
Article: Archery
Section: Protective equipment

Question: Protection to protect arm from bow string?

Most archers wear a bracer (also known as an arm-guard) to protect the inside of the bow arm from being hit by the string and prevent clothing from catching the bow string.
The bracer does not brace the arm; the word comes from the armoury term "brassard", meaning an armoured sleeve or badge.
The Navajo people have developed highly ornamented bracers as non-functional items of adornment.
Some archers (mostly women) also wear protection on their chests, called chestguards or plastrons.
The myth of the Amazons was that they had one breast removed to solve this problem.
Roger Ascham mentions one archer, presumably with an unusual shooting style, who wore a leather guard for his face.
The drawing digits are normally protected by a leather tab, glove, or thumb ring.
A simple tab of leather is commonly used, as is a skeleton glove.
Medieval Europeans probably used a complete leather glove.
Eurasiatic archers who used the thumb or Mongolian draw protected their thumbs, usually with leather according to the author of "Arab Archery", but also with special rings of various hard materials.
Many surviving Turkish and Chinese examples are works of considerable art.
Some are so highly ornamented that the users could not have used them to loose an arrow.
Possibly these were items of personal adornment, and hence value, remaining extant whilst leather had virtually no intrinsic value and would also deteriorate with time.
In traditional Japanese archery a special glove is used, provided with a ridge which is used to draw the string.
Article: Cereal
Section: Nutritional facts

Question: How is crude protein found?

Some grains are deficient in the essential amino acid lysine.
That is why many vegetarian cultures, in order to get a balanced diet, combine their diet of grains with legumes.
Many legumes, on the other hand, are deficient in the essential amino acid methionine, which grains contain.
Thus, a combination of legumes with grains forms a well-balanced diet for vegetarians.
Common examples of such combinations are dal (lentils) with rice by South Indians and Bengalis, dal with wheat in Pakistan and North India, and beans with corn tortillas, tofu with rice, and peanut butter with wheat bread (as sandwiches) in several other cultures, including Americans.
The amount of crude protein found in grain is measured as the grain crude protein concentration.
Article: Rugby union
Section: Rugby within international tournaments

Question: What year was women's rugby six introduced?

Rugby union was played at the Olympic Games in 1900, 1908, 1920 and 1924.
As per Olympic rules, the nations of Scotland, Wales and England were not allowed to play separately as they are not sovereign states.
In 1900, France won the gold, beating Great Britain 27 points to 8 and defeating Germany 27 points to 17.
In 1908, Australasia defeated Great Britain, claiming the gold medal, the score being 32 points to three.
In 1920, the United States, fielding a team with many players new to the sport of rugby, upset France in a shock win, eight points to zero.
In 1924, the United States again defeated France 17 to 3, becoming the only team to win gold twice in the sport.
In 2009 the International Olympic Committee voted with a majority of 81 to 8 that rugby union be reinstated as an Olympic sport in at least the 2016 and 2020 games, but in the sevens, 4-day tournament format.
This is something the rugby world has aspired to for a long time and Bernard Lapasset, president of the International Rugby Board, said the Olympic gold medal would be considered to be "the pinnacle of our sport" (Rugby Sevens).
Rugby sevens has been played at the Commonwealth Games since the 1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur.
The present gold medal holders are New Zealand who have won the competition on four successive occasions.
Rugby union has also been an Asian Games event since the 1998 games in Bangkok, Thailand.
In the 1998 and 2002 editions of the games, both the usual fifteen-a-side variety and rugby sevens were played, but from 2006 onwards, only rugby sevens was retained.
In 2010, the women's rugby sevens event was introduced.
The event is likely to remain a permanent fixture of the Asian Games due to elevation of rugby sevens as an Olympic sport from the 2016 Olympics onwards.
The present gold medal holders in the sevens tournament, held in 2010, are Japan in the male event and Kazakhstan in the women's.
Article: Vietnam
Section: Etymology

Question: what dynasty can the name vietnam be traced back to?

The name "Việt Nam" () is a variation of "Nam Việt" (; literally "Southern Việt"), a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC.
The word "Việt" originated as a shortened form of Bách Việt (), a word applied to a group of peoples then living in southern China and Vietnam.
The form "Vietnam" () is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem "Sấm Trạng Trình".
The name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558.
Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.
It was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châu's "History of the Loss of Vietnam", and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.
The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the imperial government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted "Việt Nam".
Since the use of Chinese characters was discontinued in 1918, the alphabetic spelling of Vietnam is official.
Article: The Mindy Project
Section: Production and development

Question: How long did it take for The Mindy Project to go from initial commision by NBC to the pilot being made available to view online?

The series was initially commissioned by NBC, but the pilot with the working title "It's Messy" was released from NBC's projects on January 27, 2012.
Universal then sent the script to Fox executives who read it over that following weekend.
On January 30, 2012, Fox greenlit the pilot, with Mindy Kaling attached to star.
Casting announcements for the remaining series regular roles began in February 2012, with Ed Weeks cast in the role of Dr. Jeremy Reed, a sexy, British doctor in the practice.
Zoe Jarman and Dana DeLorenzo then joined in series regular roles.
Jarman signed on to play Betsy Putch, an upbeat receptionist at the practice; whilst DeLorenzo joined as Shauna Dicanio, a young, party loving receptionist in the practice.
In mid-March, Chris Messina joined the cast as Dr. Danny Castellano, an arrogant doctor who works at the practice.
Shortly after, Anna Camp boarded the series as Gwen Grandy, a stay-at-home mom and Mindy's best friend.
On May 9, 2012, Fox placed a series order for the comedy.
Two days later, the title was changed from "It's Messy" to "The Mindy Project."
Two months later, Amanda Setton, Stephen Tobolowsky and Ike Barinholtz joined the series.
Setton replaced Dana DeLorenzo in the role of Shauna; Tobolowsky joined in the series regular role of Dr. Marc Shulman, the senior partner of the practice; and Barinholtz signed onto the recurring role of Morgan Tookers, a quirky rehabilitated ex-con who joins the practice as a nurse.
On August 27, 2012, the pilot episode was made available to view online on various sites including Fox, in an attempt to garner interest in the series.
On October 8, 2012, Fox ordered a full season of "The Mindy Project".
In the middle of the first season, the network made changes to the show's cast.
On November 20, 2012, it was reported that Amanda Setton's role had been eliminated and that Anna Camp had been downgraded to a recurring cast member.
Stephen Tobolowsky's role was also eliminated, with his character retiring in the eighth episode.
Beth Grant, who guest starred as Nurse Beverly in episode two, returned as a series regular in episode fifteen.
Ike Barinholtz was also upgraded to series regular.
Xosha Roquemore, who guest starred in the final few episodes of season one as Tamra, was upped to series regular beginning with season two.
Adam Pally, who originally signed on for a recurring role, was upgraded to series regular during season two.
On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season, which began on September 17, 2013.
On November 21, 2013, Fox announced that "The Mindy Project" would take a mid-season hiatus, before returning on April 1, 2014.
Fox announced the third season renewal of "The Mindy Project" on March 7, 2014.
Article: Forrest Gump
Section: Author controversy

Question: Did the producers pay him?

Winston Groom was paid $350,000 for the screenplay rights to his novel "Forrest Gump" and was contracted for a 3 percent share of the film's net profits.
However, Paramount and the film's producers did not pay him, using Hollywood accounting to posit that the blockbuster film lost money.
Tom Hanks, by contrast, contracted for the film's gross receipts instead of a salary, and he and director Zemeckis each received $40 million.
Additionally, Groom was not mentioned once in any of the film's six Oscar-winner speeches.
The dispute was later resolved.
Article: Toy Story
Section: Music

Question: Who composed the music for Toy Story?

Disney was concerned with Lasseter's position on the use of music.
Unlike other Disney films of the time, Lasseter did not want the film to be a musical, saying it was a buddy film featuring "real toys."
Joss Whedon agreed saying, "It would have been a really bad musical, because it's a buddy movie.
It's about people who won't admit what they want, much less sing about it.
...
Buddy movies are about sublimating, punching an arm, 'I hate you.'
It's not about open emotion."
However, Disney favored the musical format, claiming "Musicals are our orientation.
Characters breaking into song is a great shorthand.
It takes some of the onus off what they're asking for."
Disney and Pixar reached a compromise: the characters in "Toy Story" would not break into song, but the film would use songs over the action, as in "The Graduate", to convey and amplify the emotions that Buzz and Woody were feeling.
Disney tapped Randy Newman to compose the film.
The edited "Toy Story" was due to Randy Newman and Gary Rydstrom in late September 1995 for their final work on the score and sound design, respectively.
Lasseter claimed "His songs are touching, witty, and satirical, and he would deliver the emotional underpinning for every scene."
Newman developed the film's signature song "You've Got a Friend in Me" in one day.
Article: China
Section: Cuisine

Question: What percentage of meat eaten in China is pork?

Chinese cuisine is highly diverse, drawing on several millennia of culinary history.
The dynastic emperors of ancient China were known to have many dining chambers in their palaces, with each chamber divided into several departments, each responsible for a specific type of dish.
China's staple food is rice.
Pork is the most popular meat in China, accounting for about three-fourths of the country's total meat consumption.
Spices are central to Chinese cuisine.
Numerous foreign offshoots of Chinese food, such as Hong Kong cuisine and American Chinese food, have emerged in the various nations that play host to the Chinese diaspora.
Article: Rice
Section: Harvesting, drying and milling

Question: What is considered a good paddy-to-rice conversion?

Unmilled rice, known as paddy (Indonesia and Malaysia: padi; Philippines, palay), is usually harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25%.
In most Asian countries, where rice is almost entirely the product of smallholder agriculture, harvesting is carried out manually, although there is a growing interest in mechanical harvesting.
Harvesting can be carried out by the farmers themselves, but is also frequently done by seasonal labour groups.
Harvesting is followed by threshing, either immediately or within a day or two.
Again, much threshing is still carried out by hand but there is an increasing use of mechanical threshers.
Subsequently, paddy needs to be dried to bring down the moisture content to no more than 20% for milling.
A familiar sight in several Asian countries is paddy laid out to dry along roads.
However, in most countries the bulk of drying of marketed paddy takes place in mills, with village-level drying being used for paddy to be consumed by farm families.
Mills either sun dry or use mechanical driers or both.
Drying has to be carried out quickly to avoid the formation of moulds.
Mills range from simple hullers, with a throughput of a couple of tonnes a day, that simply remove the outer husk, to enormous operations that can process 4,000 tonnes a day and produce highly polished rice.
A good mill can achieve a paddy-to-rice conversion rate of up to 72% but smaller, inefficient mills often struggle to achieve 60%.
These smaller mills often do not buy paddy and sell rice but only service farmers who want to mill their paddy for their own consumption.