community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)
Section: Restoration

Question: What happened when the fig leaf was removed?

The fresco was restored along with the Sistine vault between 1980 and 1994 under the supervision of curator of the Vatican Museums Frabrizio Mancinelli.
The illustration reflects the restoration.
During the course of the restoration about half of the censorship of the "Fig-Leaf Campaign" was removed.
Numerous pieces of buried details, caught under the smoke and grime of scores of years were revealed after the restoration.
It was discovered that the fresco of Biagio de Cesena as Minos with donkey ears was being bitten in the genitalia by a coiled snake.
Another discovery is of the figure condemned to Hell directly below and to the right of St. Bartholomew with flayed skin.
It was, for centuries, considered to be male until removal of the "fig leaf" showed that it was female.
Article: Taco
Section: Puffy tacos, taco kits, breakfast tacos and tacodillas

Question: How long has the puffy taco been popular?

Since at least 1978, a variation called the "puffy taco" has been popular.
"Henry's Puffy Tacos", opened by Henry Lopez in San Antonio, Texas, claims to have invented the variation, in which uncooked corn tortillas (flattened balls of masa dough) are quickly fried in hot oil until they expand and become "puffy".
Fillings are similar to hard-shell versions.
Restaurants offering this style of taco have since appeared in other Texas cities, as well as in California, where Henry's brother, Arturo Lopez, opened "Arturo's Puffy Taco" in Whittier, not long after Henry's opened.
Henry's continues to thrive, managed by the family's second generation.
Kits are available at grocery and convenience stores and usually consist of taco shells (corn tortillas already fried in a U-shape), seasoning mix and taco sauce.
Commercial vendors for the home market also market soft taco kits with tortillas instead of taco shells.
The breakfast taco, found in Tex-Mex cuisine, is filled with meat, eggs, or cheese, with other ingredients.
The tacodilla contains melted cheese in between the two folded tortillas, thus resembling a quesadilla.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Accolades

Question: Which Academy Awards was Toy Story 3 nominated for in 2011?

On January 25, 2011, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that "Toy Story 3" was not only nominated for Best Animated Feature, but also for Best Picture.
This makes "Toy Story 3" not only the first animated sequel in history to be nominated for Best Picture, but also the third animated film to be nominated for Best Picture (following "Beauty and the Beast" and "Up"), with "Toy Story 3" becoming the second Pixar film to be nominated for both awards.
"Toy Story 3" also became the first ever Pixar film - and the first animated feature film since "Shrek" - to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, though six of Pixar's previous films were nominated for the Best Original Screenplay: "Toy Story", "Finding Nemo", "The Incredibles", "Ratatouille", "WALL-E", and "Up".
In 2011, it was nominated for a Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie, but lost to "Despicable Me".
Article: South Korea
Section: Architecture

Question: When was Korea annexed by Japan?

Because of South Korea's tumultuous history, construction and destruction has been repeated endlessly, resulting in an interesting melange of architectural styles and designs.
Korean traditional architecture is characterized by its harmony with nature.
Ancient architects adopted the bracket system characterized by thatched roofs and heated floors called "ondol".
People of the upper classes built bigger houses with elegantly curved tiled roofs with lifting eaves.
Traditional architecture can be seen in the palaces and temples, preserved old houses called "hanok", and special sites like Hahoe Folk Village, Yangdong Village of Gyeongju and Korean Folk Village.
Traditional architecture may also be seen at the nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Korea.
Western architecture was first introduced to Korea at the end of the 19th century.
Churches, offices for foreign legislation, schools and university buildings were built in new styles.
With the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea's architectural heritage, and Japanese-style modern architecture was imposed.
The anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Korean War, led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time.
Korean architecture entered a new phase of development during the post-Korean War reconstruction, incorporating modern architectural trends and styles.
Stimulated by the economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s, active redevelopment saw new horizons in architectural design.
In the aftermath of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, South Korea has witnessed a wide variation of styles in its architectural landscape due, in large part, to the opening up of the market to foreign architects.
Contemporary architectural efforts have been constantly trying to balance the traditional philosophy of "harmony with nature" and the fast-paced urbanization that the country has been going through in recent years.
Article: Jackson Pollock
Section: In pop culture and media

Question: Which band featured a Pollock painting as its album cover in 1960?

In 1960, Ornette Coleman's album "" featured a Pollock painting as its cover artwork.
The British indie band The Stone Roses were heavily influenced by Pollock; they have cover artwork made of pastiches of his work.
In the early 1990s, three groups of movie makers were developing Pollock biographical projects, each based on a different source.
The project that at first seemed most advanced was a joint venture between Barbra Streisand's Barwood Films and Robert De Niro's TriBeCa Productions (De Niro's parents were friends of Krasner and Pollock).
The script, by Christopher Cleveland, was to be based on Jeffrey Potter's 1985 oral biography, "To a Violent Grave," a collection of reminiscences by Pollock's friends.
Streisand was to play the role of Lee Krasner, and De Niro was to portray Pollock.
A second was to be based on "Love Affair" (1974), a memoir by Ruth Kligman, who was Pollock's lover in the six months before his death.
This was to be directed by Harold Becker, with Al Pacino playing Pollock.
In 2000, the biographical film "Pollock", based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, "Jackson Pollock: An American Saga", was released.
Marcia Gay Harden won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Lee Krasner.
The movie was the project of Ed Harris, who portrayed Pollock and directed it.
He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.
The Pollock-Krasner Foundation did not authorize or collaborate with any production.
In September 2009, the art historian Henry Adams claimed in "Smithsonian Magazine" that Pollock had written his name in his famous painting "Mural" (1943).
The painting is now insured for $140 million.
In 2011, the Republican Iowa State Representative Scott Raecker introduced a bill to force the sale of the artwork, held by The University of Iowa, in order to fund scholarships, but his bill created such controversy that it was quickly withdrawn.
Article: DNA
Section: Nucleobase classification

Question: What is the first action in the biosynthesis of J?

The nucleobases are classified into two types: the purines, A and G, being fused five- and six-membered heterocyclic compounds, and the pyrimidines, the six-membered rings C and T. A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase, uracil (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring.
In addition to RNA and DNA a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues have also been created to study the properties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology.
Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine.
However in a number of bacteriophages – "Bacillus subtilis" bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 and "Yersinia" bacteriophage piR1-37 – thymine has been replaced by uracil.
Another phage - Staphylococcal phage S6 - has been identified with a genome where thymine has been replaced by uracil.
Base J (beta-d-glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil), a modified form of uracil, is also found in a number of organisms: the flagellates "Diplonema" and "Euglena", and all the kinetoplastid genera Biosynthesis of J occurs in two steps: in the first step a specific thymidine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine; in the second HOMedU is glycosylated to form J. Proteins that bind specifically to this base have been identified.
These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia.
J appears to act as a termination signal for RNA polymerase II.
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: Electrolysis of water

Question: How is the "overall reaction" of electrolysis of water explained?

Water can be converted to its component elemental gasses, H2 and O2 through the application of an external voltage.
Water doesn't decompose into hydrogen and oxygen spontaneously as the Gibbs free energy for the process at standard conditions is about 474.4 kJ.
The decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen can be performed in an electrolytic cell.
In it, a pair of inert electrodes usually made of platinum immersed in water act as anode and cathode in the electrolytic process.
The electrolysis starts with the application of an external voltage between the electrodes.
This process will not occur except at extremely high voltages without an electrolyte such as sodium chloride or sulfuric acid (most used 0.1 M).
Bubbles from the gases will be seen near both electrodes.
The following half reactions describe the process mentioned above:
"Anode (oxidation)": 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e–
"Cathode (reduction)": 2 H2O(g) + 2 e– → H2(g) + 2 OH–(aq)
"Overall reaction": 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
Although strong acids may be used in the apparatus, the reaction will not net consume the acid.
While this reaction will work at any conductive electrode at a sufficiently large potential, platinum catalyzes both hydrogen and oxygen formation, allowing for relatively mild voltages (~2 V depending on the pH).
Article: Solar System
Section: Kuiper belt

Question: How do Kuper belt objects measure?

The Kuiper belt is a great ring of debris similar to the asteroid belt, but consisting mainly of objects composed primarily of ice.
It extends between 30 and 50 AU from the Sun.
Though it is estimated to contain anything from dozens to thousands of dwarf planets, it is composed mainly of small Solar System bodies.
Many of the larger Kuiper belt objects, such as Quaoar, Varuna, and Orcus, may prove to be dwarf planets with further data.
There are estimated to be over 100,000 Kuiper belt objects with a diameter greater than 50 km, but the total mass of the Kuiper belt is thought to be only a tenth or even a hundredth the mass of Earth.
Many Kuiper belt objects have multiple satellites, and most have orbits that take them outside the plane of the ecliptic.
The Kuiper belt can be roughly divided into the "classical" belt and the resonances.
Resonances are orbits linked to that of Neptune (e.g.
twice for every three Neptune orbits, or once for every two).
The first resonance begins within the orbit of Neptune itself.
The classical belt consists of objects having no resonance with Neptune, and extends from roughly 39.4 AU to 47.7 AU.
Members of the classical Kuiper belt are classified as cubewanos, after the first of their kind to be discovered, , and are still in near primordial, low-eccentricity orbits.
Article: Before Midnight (film)
Section: Production

Question: Who confirmed the date for filming the follow-up to Before Sunset?

Linklater, Hawke, and Delpy all had suggested the possibility of a sequel to "Before Sunset".
In a video interview in November 2011, Hawke said that he, Delpy and Linklater "have been talking a lot in the last six months.
All three of us have been having similar feelings, that we're kind of ready to revisit those characters.
There's nine years between the first two movies and, if we made the film next summer, it would be nine years again, so we started thinking that would be a good thing to do.
So we're going to try and write it this year.
"In June 2012, Hawke confirmed that the sequel to "Before Sunset" would be filmed in summer 2012.
Soon after, Delpy denied filming would take place in 2012, stating that they were still only writing the script and that filming would not take place until "sometime in the next year, year and a half."
However, in August 2012, numerous reports emerged from Messenia, Greece, that the film was in fact being shot there.
When asked about the reports, this time Hawke stated that he, Delpy and Linklater were in Greece only to write the film, telling MTV News that "we're here writing a third installment to "Before Sunrise".
If it works out, we'll film it, and if it doesn't, we won't.
It's not really worth talking about.
I'm just here developing."
However, Hawke and Delpy's denial was proven to be a ruse when the completion of filming of the new movie, titled "Before Midnight", was announced on September 5, 2012.
Linklater later revealed that after 10 weeks of writing and rehearsing, the film was made in 15 days for less than $3 million, and he aimed to take it to a film festival in early 2013.
Article: American Revolution
Section: Patriots

Question: After the British arrived in which American city did the sense of scorn and rights violation begin?

At the time, revolutionaries were called "Patriots", "Whigs", "Congress-men", or "Americans".
They included a full range of social and economic classes, but were unanimous regarding the need to defend the rights of Americans and uphold the principles of republicanism in terms of rejecting monarchy and aristocracy, while emphasizing civic virtue on the part of the citizens.
Newspapers were strongholds of patriotism (although there were a few Loyalist papers), and printed many pamphlets, announcements, patriotic letters and pronouncements.
Mark Lender explores why ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered.
They held very strongly a sense of "rights" that they felt the British were violating – rights that stressed local autonomy, fair dealing, and government by consent.
They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny, which they saw manifested in the British response to the Boston Tea Party.
The arrival in Boston of the British Army heightened their sense of violated rights, leading to rage and demands for revenge.
They had faith that God was on their side.
Article: Sweden
Section: Law, law enforcement, and judicial system

Question: On the Supreme Court, how many Councillors of Justice are there?

The Supreme Court of Sweden is the third and final instance in all civil and criminal cases in Sweden.
Before a case can be decided by the Supreme Court, leave to appeal must be obtained, and with few exceptions, leave to appeal can be granted only when the case is of interest as a precedent.
The Supreme Court consists of 16 Councillors of Justice, or "justitieråd", which are appointed by the government, but the court as an institution is independent of the Riksdag, and the government is not able to interfere with the decisions of the court.
The law is enforced in Sweden by several government entities.
The Swedish Police Service is a Government agency concerned with police matters.
The National Task Force is a national SWAT unit within the National Criminal Investigation Department.
The Swedish Security Service's responsibilities are counter-espionage, anti-terrorist activities, protection of the constitution and protection of sensitive objects and people.
According to a victimization survey of 1,201 residents in 2005, Sweden has above-average crime rates compared to other EU countries.
Sweden has high or above-average levels of assaults, sexual assaults, hate crimes, and consumer fraud.
Sweden has low levels of burglary, car theft and drug problems.
Bribe seeking is rare.
A mid-November 2013 news report announced that four prisons in Sweden were closed during the year due to a significant drop in the number of inmates.
The decrease in the number of Swedish prisoners was considered "out-of-the-ordinary" by the head of Sweden's prison and probation services, with prison numbers in Sweden falling by around 1% a year since 2004.
Prisons were closed in the towns of Åby, Håja, Båtshagen, and Kristianstad.
Article: Treaty of Versailles
Section: Military restrictions

Question: Following the Treaty of Versailles,  how many German ships were supposed to be used for merchant use after disarming?

The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces (Reichswehr).
The provisions were intended to make the incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament.
Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920, to leave an army of no more than in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions.
The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units, and the General Staff was to be dissolved.
Military schools for officer training were limited to three, one school per arm and conscription was to abolished.
Private soldiers and Non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and officers for a minimum of with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises.
To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men, the number of men allowed to leave early was limited.
The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force reduced to its pre-war size, with increases limited to population increases; paramilitary forces were forbidden.
The Rhineland was to be demilitarized, all fortifications in the Rhineland and east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden.
Military structures and fortifications on the islands of Heligoland and Düne were to be destroyed.
Germany was prohibited from the arms trade, limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of chemical weapons, armored cars, tanks and military aircraft.
The German navy was allowed six pre-dreadnought battleships and was limited to a maximum of six light cruisers (not exceeding ), twelve destroyers (not exceeding ) and twelve torpedo boats (not exceeding ) and was forbidden submarines.
The manpower of the navy was not to exceed including manning for the fleet, coast defences, signal stations, administration, other land services, officers and men of all grades and corps.
The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed Germany surrendered eight battleships, eight light cruisers, forty-two destroyers, and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning.
Thirty-two auxiliary ships were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use.
Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force, including naval air forces, and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials.
In conjunction, Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty.
Article: Bacteria
Section: DNA transfer

Question: Why is gene transfer important in antibiotic resistance?

Some bacteria also transfer genetic material between cells.
This can occur in three main ways.
First, bacteria can take up exogenous DNA from their environment, in a process called transformation.
Genes can also be transferred by the process of transduction, when the integration of a bacteriophage introduces foreign DNA into the chromosome.
The third method of gene transfer is conjugation, whereby DNA is transferred through direct cell contact.
Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation.
Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plasmid from one bacterial host to another.
It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium.
Plasmid-mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.
Transformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer.
In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state termed competence (see Natural competence).
In "Bacillus subtilis" about 40 genes are required for the development of competence.
The length of DNA transferred during "B. subtilis" transformation can be between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome.
Transformation appears to be common among bacterial species, and thus far at least 60 species are known to have the natural ability to become competent for transformation.
The development of competence in nature is usually associated with stressful environmental conditions, and seems to be an adaptation for facilitating repair of DNA damage in recipient cells.
In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance.
In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions.
Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.