community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Salad
Section: History

Question: Who encouraged the consumption of salads in 1699?

The Romans and ancient Greeks ate mixed greens with dressing.
In his 1699 book, "Acetaria: A Discourse on Sallets", John Evelyn attempted with little success to encourage his fellow Britons to eat fresh salad greens.
Mary, Queen of Scots, ate boiled celery root over greens covered with creamy mustard dressing, truffles, chervil, and slices of hard-boiled eggs.
The United States popularized mixed greens salads in the late 19th century; other regions of the world adopted them throughout the second half of the 20th century.
From Europe and the Americas to China, Japan, and Australia, salads are sold in supermarkets, at restaurants and at fast food chains.
In the US market, restaurants will often have a "Salad Bar" laid out with salad-making ingredients, which the customers will use to put together their salad.
Article: Electromagnetism
Section: Quantities and units

Question: Why do electromagnetism formulas need to be adjusted in the cgs system?

Electromagnetic units are part of a system of electrical units based primarily upon the magnetic properties of electric currents, the fundamental SI unit being the ampere.
The units are:
ampere (electric current)
coulomb (electric charge)
farad (capacitance)
henry (inductance)
ohm (resistance)
tesla (magnetic flux density)
volt (electric potential)
watt (power)
weber (magnetic flux)
In the electromagnetic cgs system, electric current is a fundamental quantity defined via Ampère's law and takes the permeability as a dimensionless quantity (relative permeability) whose value in a vacuum is unity.
As a consequence, the square of the speed of light appears explicitly in some of the equations interrelating quantities in this system.
Formulas for physical laws of electromagnetism (such as Maxwell's equations) need to be adjusted depending on what system of units one uses.
This is because there is no one-to-one correspondence between electromagnetic units in SI and those in CGS, as is the case for mechanical units.
Furthermore, within CGS, there are several plausible choices of electromagnetic units, leading to different unit "sub-systems", including Gaussian, "ESU", "EMU", and Heaviside–Lorentz.
Among these choices, Gaussian units are the most common today, and in fact the phrase "CGS units" is often used to refer specifically to CGS-Gaussian units.
Article: Balkan Wars
Section: Abstract

Question: How,long was the Ottoman reign over the Balkans?

The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913.
Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the first war; one of the four, Bulgaria, was defeated in the second war.
The Ottoman Empire lost nearly all of its holdings in Europe.
Austria-Hungary, although not a combatant, was weakened as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples.
The war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus was a "prelude to the First World War.
"By the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large elements of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule.
In 1912, these countries formed the Balkan League.
There were three main causes of the First Balkan War.
The Ottoman Empire was unable to reform itself, govern satisfactorily, or deal with the rising ethnic nationalism of its diverse peoples.
Secondly the Great Powers quarreled amongst themselves and failed to ensure that the Ottomans would carry out the needed reforms.
This led the Balkan states to impose their own solution.
Most important, the Balkan League had been formed, and its members were confident that it could defeat the Turks.
The Ottoman Empire lost almost all its European territories to the west of the River Maritsa, drawing present day Turkey's western border.
A large influx of Turks started to flee into the Ottoman heartland as a result of the lost lands.
By 1914, the remaining core region of the Ottoman Empire had experienced a population increase of around 2.5 million because of the flood of immigration from the Balkans.
In Turkey, it is considered a major disaster ("Balkan harbi faciası") in the nation's history.
The unexpected fall and sudden relinquishing of Turkish-dominated European territories created a psycho-traumatic event amongst the Turks that is said to have triggered the ultimate collapse of the empire itself within five years.
Nazım Pasha, the chief of staff of the Ottoman army has been held responsible of the failure and was assassinated in 1913 by Young Turks.
The First Balkan War broke out when the League attacked the Ottoman Empire on 8 October 1912 and was ended seven months later by the Treaty of London.
After five centuries, the Ottoman Empire lost virtually all of its possessions in the Balkans.
The Second Balkan War broke out on 16 June 1913.
Bulgaria was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia, made in secret by its former allies, Serbia and Greece, and attacked them.
The Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked into Bulgaria, while Romania and the Ottoman Empire also attacked Bulgaria and gained (or regained) territory.
In the resulting Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria lost most of the territories it had gained in the First Balkan War.
Article: Protestant Reformation
Section: Puritan movement

Question: Did they object to ecclesiastical courts?

The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age, although it was not until the '40s that England underwent religious strife comparable to what its neighbours had suffered some generations before.
The early "Puritan movement" (late 16th–17th centuries) was Reformed or Calvinist and was a movement for reform in the Church of England.
Its origins lay in the discontent with the Elizabethan Religious Settlement.
The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva.
The Puritans objected to ornaments and ritual in the churches as idolatrous (vestments, surplices, organs, genuflection), which they castigated as "popish pomp and rags".
(See Vestments controversy.)
They also objected to ecclesiastical courts.
They refused to endorse completely all of the ritual directions and formulas of the "Book of Common Prayer"; the imposition of its liturgical order by legal force and inspection sharpened Puritanism into a definite opposition movement.
The later Puritan movement were often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists and eventually led to the formation of various reformed denominations.
The most famous and well-known emigration to America was the migration of the Puritan separatists from the Anglican Church of England, who fled first to Holland, and then later to America, to establish the English colony of Massachusetts in New England, which later became one of the original United States.
These Puritan separatists were also known as "the Pilgrims".
After establishing a colony at Plymouth (which became part of the colony of Massachusetts) in 1620, the Puritan pilgrims received a charter from the King of England that legitimised their colony, allowing them to do trade and commerce with merchants in England, in accordance with the principles of mercantilism.
This successful, though initially quite difficult, colony marked the beginning of the Protestant presence in America (the earlier French, Spanish and Portuguese settlements had been Roman Catholic), and became a kind of oasis of spiritual and economic freedom, to which persecuted Protestants and other minorities from the British Isles and Europe (and later, from all over the world) fled to for peace, freedom and opportunity.
The Pilgrims of New England disapproved of Christmas and celebration was outlawed in Boston from 1659 to 1681.
The ban was revoked in 1681 by Sir Edmund Andros, who also revoked a Puritan ban against festivities on Saturday night.
Despite the removal of the ban, it wouldn't be until the middle of the 19th century that Christmas would become a popular holiday in the Boston region.
The original intent of the colonists was to establish spiritual Puritanism, which had been denied to them in England and the rest of Europe, to engage in peaceful commerce with England and the native American Indians, and to Christianize the peoples of the Americas.
Article: Pretty Little Liars
Section: Overview

Question: Who is the friend that disappears in Pretty Little Liars?

The series is loosely divided into three arcs of four to five books each, chronicling the introduction and reveal of each "A".
The series follows the lives of four teenage girls — whose names are mentioned above (nicknamed "the Pretty Little Liars" or simply "the Liars") — whose clique falls apart after the disappearance of their best friend, Alison DiLaurentis.
Three years after her disappearance, they begin receiving text messages from an anonymous source, "A," who threatens to expose their secrets; including long-hidden ones they thought only their close friend Alison knew.
But shortly after the messages begin, Alison's body is discovered.
The books progress with the four girls trying to figure out the identity of "A".
Article: Taekwondo
Section: Other organizations

Question: What year was Taekwondo accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport?

American Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) competitions are very similar, except that different styles of pads and gear are allowed.
Apart from WTF and ITF tournaments, major taekwondo competitions (all featuring WTF taekwondo only) include:
 Olympic Games
 Universiade
 Asian Games
 South East Asian Games
 South Asian Games
WTF taekwondo features in all multi-sport games except the Small Island Games.
It was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport in June 2010.
Article: Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Section: History

Question: What happened to the farms and timbering operations?

Before the arrival of European settlers, the region was part of the homeland of the Cherokees.
Frontierspeople began settling the land in the 18th and early 19th century.
In 1830 President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, beginning the process that eventually resulted in the forced removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River to what is now Oklahoma.
Many of the Cherokee left, but some, led by renegade warrior Tsali, hid out in the area that is now the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Some of their descendants now live in the Qualla Boundary to the south of the park.
As white settlers arrived, logging grew as a major industry in the mountains, and a rail line, the Little River Railroad, was constructed in the late-19th Century to haul timber out of the remote regions of the area.
Cut-and-run-style clearcutting was destroying the natural beauty of the area, so visitors and locals banded together to raise money for preservation of the land.
The U.S. National Park Service wanted a park in the eastern United States, but did not have much money to establish one.
Though Congress had authorized the park in 1926, there was no nucleus of federally owned land around which to build a park.
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., contributed $5 million, the U.S. government added $2 million, and private citizens from Tennessee and North Carolina pitched in to assemble the land for the park, piece by piece.
Slowly, mountain homesteaders, miners, and loggers were evicted from the land.
Farms and timbering operations were abolished to establish the protected areas of the park.
Travel writer Horace Kephart, for whom Mount Kephart was named, and photographer George Masa were instrumental in fostering the development of the park.
Former Governor Ben W. Hooper of Tennessee was the principal land purchasing agent for the park, which was officially established on June 15, 1934.
During the Great Depression, the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and other federal organizations made trails, fire watchtowers, and other infrastructure improvements to the park and Smoky Mountains.
It was also a site for filming of parts of Disney's hit 1950s TV series, "Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier".
This park was designated an International Biosphere Reserve in 1976, was certified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983, and became a part of the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve in 1988.
A 75th anniversary re-dedication ceremony was held on September 2, 2009.
Among those in attendance were all four US Senators, the three US Representatives whose districts include the park, the governors of both states, and Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar.
Tennessee native, singer, and actress Dolly Parton also attended and performed.
Article: Handball
Section: Team officials

Question: How many team timeouts may be called per period?

Each team is allowed to have a maximum of four team officials seated on the benches.
An official is anybody who is neither player nor substitute.
One official must be the designated representative who is usually the team manager.
The representative may call a team timeout once every period and may address the scorekeeper, timekeeper, and referees.
As of 2012, the representative may call a total of three team timeouts, with a maximum of two per period.
Other officials typically include physicians or managers.
Neither official is allowed to enter the playing court without the permission of the referees.
Article: Nebula
Section: Notable named nebulae

Question: Is Ant nebula, Cricket nebula, or Goldfish nebula the most notable?

Ant Nebula
Barnard's Loop
Boomerang Nebula
Cat's Eye Nebula
Crab Nebula
Eagle Nebula
Eskimo Nebula
Eta Carinae Nebula
Fox Fur Nebula
Helix Nebula
Hourglass Nebula
Horsehead Nebula
Lagoon Nebula
Orion Nebula
Pelican Nebula
Red Square Nebula
Ring Nebula
Rosette Nebula
Tarantula Nebula
Nebula catalogs
Gum catalog
RCW Catalogue
Sharpless catalog
Article: Gymnastics
Section: TeamGym

Question: What is the number of acrobatic routines that a series should consist of?

The TeamGym competition is one of the latest new events within the UEG.
The first official competition was held in Finland in 1996 and it takes place every even-numbered year.
TeamGym is a team competition for clubs and consist of three sections: women, men and mixed teams.
TeamGym competitions exhibit gymnastic skills in three different disciplines; floor, tumbling and trampette.
In common for the performance is effective teamwork, good technique in the element and spectacular acrobatic elements.
The event is attractive for spectators and media as well as sponsors.
 Floor Programme: All members of the Team take part in the floor program, composed of a mixture of dance, flexibility and skill.
The routine has to be skillfully choreographed and the judges look out for changes in shape.
There needs to be at least two spins, two jumps/leaps, two acrobatic elements, two balance/power elements, two section elements and one combination of elements.
These section elements are bodywaves for women's teams, power elements for men's teams and lifts for mixed teams.
Floor routines are performed to music.
 Trampette: There are two components of this section of floor pregame.
Vault and trampette on its own.
One of the three total runs that the gymnasts make must be a vault run.
Generally the first round is chosen for each individual gymnast to perform the same move.
These are also performed to music.
 Tumbling: Again, here there are three runs (rounds) involved.
One of which has to include all six gymnasts doing a forwards series.
Another run also has to include the gymnasts completing the same move.
Each series must have at least three different acrobatic elements.
Article: Set Fire to the Rain
Section: Track listing

Question: How many Set Fire to the Rain remixes are there?

;Digital EP — remixes
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Thomas Gold Remix) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Thomas Gold Dub) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Moto Blanco Remix) – 
"Set Fire to the Rain" (Moto Blanco Edit) –
Article: Squash (sport)
Section: History

Question: What were squash racquets made of before?

Squash's use of stringed racquets is shared with tennis, which dates from the late sixteenth century, though is more directly descended from the game of racquets from England.
In "racquets", instead of hitting over a net as in tennis, players hit a squeezable ball against walls.
Squash was invented in Harrow School out of the older game racquets around 1830 before the game spread to other schools, eventually becoming an international sport.
The first courts built at this school were rather dangerous because they were near water pipes, buttresses, chimneys, and ledges.
The school soon built four outside courts.
Natural rubber was the material of choice for the ball.
Students modified their racquets to have a smaller reach to play in these cramped conditions.
The racquets have changed in much the same way as those used in tennis.
Squash racquets used to be made out of laminated timber.
In the 1980s, construction shifted to lighter, carbon-based materials (such as graphite) with small additions of such components as Kevlar, boron and titanium.
Natural "gut" strings were replaced with synthetic strings.
In the 19th century the game increased in popularity with various schools, clubs and even private citizens building squash courts, but with no set dimensions.
The first squash court in North America appeared at St. Paul's School in New Hampshire in 1884.
In 1904 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the earliest national association of squash in the world was formed as the United States Squash Racquets Association, (USSRA), now known as U.S.
Squash.
In April 1907 the Tennis, Racquets & Fives Association set up a sub committee to set standards for squash.
Then the sport soon formed, combining the three sports together called “Squash”.
In 1912 the Titanic had a squash court in first class.
It was not until 1923 that the Royal Automobile Club hosted a meeting to further discuss the rules and regulations and another five years elapsed before the Squash Racquets Association was formed to set standards for squash in Great Britain.
The sport spread to America and Canada, and eventually around the globe.
It was founded in 1924 in New York as Metropolitan Racquets Association, or MSRA.
Article: Blow Me (One Last Kiss)
Section: Chart performance

Question: What was the highest rank on the New Zealand Top 40 chart for the song "Blow Me"?

"Blow Me (One Last Kiss)" first appeared on the Australian Singles Chart on the week ending 16 July 2012, debuting at number 1.
The song peaked at number 8 on the New Zealand Top 40 chart.
It also debuted at number 13 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart.
In Ireland, the song debuted at number 23 on the Irish Singles Chart.
In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 3 with sales over 70,000 on the week ending 9 September 2012 behind Ne-Yo's "Let Me Love You (Until You Learn to Love Yourself)" and The Script's "Hall of Fame".
Despite of not reaching No.1 in the Singles Chart it did reach No.1 In the UK iTunes Chart, it debuted at number one in Scotland.
In the United States, the song debuted at number 58 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and peaked at number 5.
As of August 2013, Pink is placed joint-third with Lady Gaga (12) behind Rihanna (24) and Beyoncé (14) for most top ten hits for a female artist since 2000.
The song also topped the German Airplay Chart, becoming Pink's tenth consecutive single to do so and increasing her (previously broken) record for the most consecutive number 1 singles in Germany.
The song also appeared on the South African Airplay Chart, reaching a peak position of number 2.
On Billboard's Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, it gave Pink her fourth number-one single on this chart.
It has sold 2,164,000 copies in the US as of July 2013.
Article: Handball
Section: Goalkeeper

Question: How is handball different then association football?

Only the goalkeepers are allowed to move freely within the goal perimeter, although they may not cross the goal perimeter line while carrying or dribbling the ball.
Within the zone, they are allowed to touch the ball with all parts of their bodies including their feet.
The goalkeepers may participate in the normal play of their teammates.
They may be substituted by a regular field player if their team elects to use this scheme in order to outnumber the defending players.
This field player becomes the designated goalkeeper on the court; and must wear some vest or bib to be identified as such.
If either goalkeeper deflects the ball over the outer goal line, their team stays in possession of the ball, in contrast to other sports like association football.
The goalkeeper resumes the play with a throw from within the zone ("goalkeeper throw").
Passing to one's own goalkeeper results in a turnover.
Throwing the ball against the head of the goalkeeper when he is not moving is to be punished by disqualification ("red card").
Article: 30 Rock
Section: Awards and nominations

Question: Which TV show's record for most Emmy nominations of a comedy series was beaten by 30 Rock in its second season?

Capping its critically successful first season, "30 Rock" won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series and Elaine Stritch was awarded an Emmy in September 2007 for her work as a guest actress in "Hiatus".
Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin were nominated in the Outstanding Lead Actress and Outstanding Lead Actor in a comedy series categories respectively.
"Jack-Tor" and "Tracy Does Conan" were both nominated in the category of Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series.
"30 Rock" received four Creative Arts Emmy Awards.
Alec Baldwin received the Golden Globe Award for in 2007.
Baldwin also received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2007.
The show also received various other guild award nominations during its first season.
In 2008, Tina Fey and Alec Baldwin both won Screen Actors Guild Awards.
The series took home the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Series in 2008.
It also received the Danny Thomas Producer of the Year Award in Episodic Series – Comedy from the Producers Guild of America in 2008.
"30 Rock" received 17 Emmy nominations, for its second season, meaning it was the second most nominated series of the year.
These 17 nominations broke the record for the most nominations for a comedy series, meaning that "30 Rock" was the most-nominated comedy series for any individual Emmy year.
The previous holder of this record was "The Larry Sanders Show" in 1996 with 16 nominations.
"30 Rock" also won the Television Critics Association Award for "Outstanding Achievement in Comedy.
"Also in 2008, "30 Rock" completed a sweep of the major awards for best comedy series at that year's Primetime Emmy Awards.
The show won Outstanding Comedy Series, Alec Baldwin was recognized as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, and Tina Fey was given the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.
This marks the eighth time in the history of the Emmy awards that a show won best series plus best lead actor and actress.
Tina Fey also won the award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for the episode "Cooter".
At the 2008 Golden Globe awards, "30 Rock" won the award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, Alec Baldwin won Best Actor in a Television Musical or Comedy, and Tina Fey won Best Actress in a Television Musical or Comedy.
For the show's 2007 episodes, "30 Rock" received a Peabody Award at the 67th Annual Peabody Awards.
Upon announcing the award, the Peabody Board commended the show for being "not only a great workplace comedy in the tradition of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", complete with fresh, indelible secondary characters, but also a sly, gleeful satire of corporate media, especially the network that airs it".
In 2009 "30 Rock" received a record-breaking 22 Primetime Emmy Award nominations and won five Emmy Awards, including Best Comedy Series and Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Alec Baldwin).