community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Singapore
Section: Government and politics

Question: In Singapore, which party gained seats in the 2011 races?

Singapore is a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing constituencies.
The country's constitution establishes a representative democracy as the political system.
Freedom House ranks Singapore as "partly free" in its "Freedom in the World" report, and "The Economist" ranks Singapore as a "hybrid regime", the third best rank of four, in its "Democracy Index".
Singapore has been consistently rated among the least corrupt countries in the world by Transparency International.
Executive power rests with the Cabinet of Singapore, led by the Prime Minister and, to a much lesser extent, the President.
The President is elected through a popular vote, and has veto powers over a specific set of executive decisions, such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of judges, but otherwise occupies a largely ceremonial post.
The Parliament serves as the legislative branch of the government.
Members of Parliament (MPs) consist of elected, non-constituency and nominated members.
Elected MPs are voted into the Parliament on a "first-past-the-post" (plurality) basis and represent either single-member or group-representation constituencies.
The People's Action Party has won control of Parliament with large majorities in every election since self-governance was secured in 1959.
However, in the most recent Parliamentary elections in 2011, the opposition, led by the Workers' Party, made material gains, increasing its representation to six elected MPs.
The legal system of Singapore is based on English common law, but with substantial local differences.
Trial by jury was abolished in 1970 so that judicial decisions would rest entirely in the hands of appointed judges.
Singapore has penalties that include judicial corporal punishment in the form of caning, which may be imposed for such offenses as rape, rioting, vandalism, and certain immigration offenses.
There is a mandatory death penalty for murder, as well as certain aggravated drug-trafficking and firearms offenses.
Amnesty International has said that some legal provisions of the Singapore system conflict with the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and that Singapore has "possibly the highest execution rate in the world relative to its population".
The government has disputed Amnesty's claims.
In a 2008 survey of international business executives, Singapore and Hong Kong received top ranking with regard to judicial system quality in Asia.
In 2011, the World Justice Project's "Rule of Law Index" ranked Singapore among the top countries surveyed with regard to "Order and Security", "Absence of Corruption", and "Effective Criminal Justice".
However, the country received a much lower ranking for "Freedom of Speech" and "Freedom of Assembly".
All public gatherings of five or more people require police permits, and protests may legally be held only at the Speakers' Corner.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Spin-off

Question: When did AMC show intrest in the spin off?

In April 2013, it was revealed that AMC and Sony were interested in a spin-off series that would focus on Saul Goodman (Bob Odenkirk), with Gilligan and series writer Peter Gould developing the project.
Gilligan had previously hinted at a possible spin-off series focused on Saul Goodman in July 2012.
In September 2013, AMC and Sony Pictures Television officially ordered "Better Call Saul" to series, and it will be a prequel.
Article: Enough Said (film)
Section: Top 10 Lists

Question: Which New York Times reporter listed the film on a year's 10 best list?

Many top critics have listed the film among their 10 best of the year.
 Bill Goodykoontz, "Arizona Republic": 6th
 Chris Nashawaty, "Entertainment Weekly": 6th
 David Sexton, "Evening Standard" (London): 7th
 Brian Johnson, "Maclean's": 8th
 Connie Ogle, "Miami Herald": 5th
 A. O. Scott, "New York Times": 4th
 Steven Rea, "Philadelphia Inquirer": Top 10
 Moira MacDonald, "Seattle Times": Top 10
 Dana Stevens, "Slate": Top 10
 Anne Thompson, "Thompson on Hollywood": 8th
 Mara Reinstein, "Us Weekly": 4th
 Claudia Puig, "USA Today": Top 10
 Richard Lawson, "Vanity Fair": 8th
 Ann Hornday, "Washington Post": 4th
Article: As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song)
Section: Synopsis

Question: Madsen found what on his daughter's neck?

The video starts off with some flashbacks foreshadowing of what's going to be shown or happen in the video.
Then presently, at a mansion gate, Bieber appears as a loyal-but-troublemaking boyfriend to the daughter of an overprotective father, played by Madsen.
In what can be seen as a prelude to the main events of the video, Madsen finds the words "You r so sexy" written on his daughter's neck.
Outside their house, Madsen threatens Bieber to stay away from his daughter, despite Bieber's insistence that he loves her.
Bieber and his love interest secretly plan to meet at a train station late at night, to escape the clutches of her father.
However, their plans are foiled when Madsen finds his daughter's bedroom empty and races off, only to catch up with them in the middle of the street.
Bieber is assaulted by Madsen multiple times, only to rise to his feet and stand up again as the daughter watches and screams in horror.
As the video fades, representing that Bieber is passing out from the pain, Madsen drags his daughter to their car.
Throughout the video, scenes of Bieber and his love interest in various scenes (such as on her bed, at the park and on a rooftop) are shown, displaying their love.
The video also features a complicated dance routine performed in a parking garage, which is rumored by multiple critics to be a nod to the video for Michael Jackson's "Bad" (coincidentally, Madsen also appeared in the video for Jackson's "You Rock My World").
Article: Toy Story
Section: Editing and pre-release

Question: In what way did the movie Toy Story conclude?

It was difficult for crew members to perceive the film's quality during much of the production process, when the finished footage was in scattered pieces and lacked elements like music and sound design.
Some animators felt the film would be a significant disappointment commercially, but felt animators and animation fans would find it interesting.
According to Lee Unkrich, one of the original editors of "Toy Story", a scene was cut out of the original final edit.
The scene features Sid, after Pizza Planet, torturing Buzz and Woody violently.
Unkrich decided to cut right into the scene where Sid is interrogating the toys because the creators of the movie thought the audience would be loving Buzz and Woody at that point.
Another scene, where Woody was trying to get Buzz's attention when he was stuck in the box crate, was shortened because the creators felt it would lose the energy of the movie.
Peter Schneider had grown buoyant about the film as it neared completion, and announced a United States release date of November, coinciding with Thanksgiving weekend and the start of the winter holiday season.
Sources indicate that executive producer Steve Jobs lacked confidence in the film during its production, and he had been talking to various companies, ranging from Hallmark to Microsoft, about selling Pixar.
However, as the film progressed, Jobs became ever more excited about it, feeling that he might be on the verge of transforming the movie industry.
As scenes from the movie were finished, he watched them repeatedly and had friends come by his home to share his new passion.
Jobs decided that the release of "Toy Story" that November would be the occasion to take Pixar public.
A test audience near Anaheim in late July 1995 indicated the need for last-minute tweaks, which added further pressure to the already frenetic final weeks.
Response cards from the audience were encouraging, but were not top of the scale, adding further question as to how audiences would respond.
The film ended with a shot of Andy's house and the sound of a new puppy.
Michael Eisner, who attended the screening, told Lasseter afterward that the film needed to end with a shot of Woody and Buzz together, reacting to the news of the puppy.
Article: Love the Way You Lie
Section: Recording

Question: Who recorded and mixed Eminem's vocals for Love the Way You Lie

Mike Strange recorded and mixed Eminem's vocals at Effigy Studios in Ferndale, Michigan.
The sessions took two days.
Strange edited the vocals with D-Verb—a reverberation software—and an Extra Long Delay plug-in.
He preferred to make few changes; for "Love the Way You Lie" he almost exclusively used board compression and console equalization.
Strange used the Bricasti and Eventide Reverb 2016 mixing tools for "brighter" reverberation.
Detroit musician Luis Resto has contributed to the arrangement on many of Eminem's songs, but did not do so for "Love the Way You Lie".
According to Strange, "Everything we needed was already in the track, apart from the vocals."
Two to three weeks after the sessions, Alex da Kid arrived to help mix and master the track.
He wanted to replace the acoustic guitar on the demo, but Eminem chose to keep it.
Strange said, "It was simply a matter of trying to match and then to improve on the demo da Kid'd sent us."
Strange's brother Joe engineered the track.
Rihanna's recording sessions took place at Sun Studios in Dublin, Ireland.
Marcos Tovar mixed her vocals, which were engineered by Spike Lindsey and mastered from Detroit over the Internet.
The American songwriter Makeba Riddick provided additional vocal production.
Strange used equalization, compression and reverberation but left the vocal balance.
He assumed that Rihanna was satisfied with her recorded vocals and did not make major changes on her seven stereo vocal tracks.
Article: 2 Broke Girls
Section: Recurring cast

Question: Who did Nick Zano have sex with in Season 2?

 Brooke Lyons as Peach Landis (season 1-2), a high society mother who acts like the most clueless version of that.
She is the woman whose babies, Brad and Angelina (a reference to real-life actors Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie), Max babysits for.
She fired Max from that job to appease an awful friend of hers after a cupcake-catering mishap, and after she begged Max to return full-time, Max decided that she would only return in a part-time capacity.
Her last appearance was in the third episode of the show's second season and hasn't been seen or heard from since.
 Nick Zano as Johnny (seasons 1–2), Max's on-again-off-again love interest.
He told Max he broke up with Cashandra and was getting married to another women he just met a week ago in the season 1 finale.
He was not seen again until the episode "And the Big Opening" of season 2, in which he and Max had sex.
He and Max both agreed that they only wanted each other when they were taken by another person.
He left at the end of that episode promising her he would see her again someday.
 Ryan Hansen as Andy (season 2), a candy store owner whose business was across from the cupcake store, and Caroline's love interest in season 2.
 Federico Dordei as Luis (season 3), a flamboyant man who becomes the new day waiter in the third season episode "And the Group Head", who likes Oleg.
 Gilles Marini as Nicolas (season 3), a French "master baker" who owns and teaches at the Manhattan School of Pastry; he was Caroline's love interest, until she realized he is married in "And the French Kiss".
 Mary Lynn Rajskub as Bebe (season 3), a neurotic pastry chef who works at the front desk of the Manhattan School of Pastry.
 Eric André as Deacon "Deke" Bromberg (season 3), a sarcastic student at the Pastry School who quickly becomes Max's friend and later boyfriend.
He's the second person Max says "I love you" to (the first being Caroline).
It's later revealed he's rich, his parents owning a large elevator company.
 Patrick Cox as John (season 3), a large homosexual bald man who shares a table in the pastry school classroom with Max, who nicknames him "Big Mary".
Article: Climate change
Section: Orbital variations

Question: Is it true or false that depths of the oceans have a lag time in changing temperature?

External forcing mechanisms.
Orbital variations.
Slight variations in Earth's orbit lead to changes in the seasonal distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface and how it is distributed across the globe.
There is very little change to the area-averaged annually averaged sunshine; but there can be strong changes in the geographical and seasonal distribution.
The three types of orbital variations are variations in Earth's eccentricity, changes in the tilt angle of Earth's axis of rotation, and precession of Earth's axis.
Combined together, these produce Milankovitch cycles which have a large impact on climate and are notable for their correlation to glacial and interglacial periods, their correlation with the advance and retreat of the Sahara, and for their appearance in the stratigraphic record.
The IPCC notes that Milankovitch cycles drove the ice age cycles, CO2 followed temperature change "with a lag of some hundreds of years," and that as a feedback amplified temperature change.
The depths of the ocean have a lag time in changing temperature (thermal inertia on such scale).
Upon seawater temperature change, the solubility of CO2 in the oceans changed, as well as other factors impacting air-sea CO2 exchange.
Article: Sausage
Section: Chile

Question: What is the most common sausage in chorizo?

"Longaniza" is the most common type of sausage, or at least the most common name in Chile for sausages that also could be classified as chorizo.
The Chilean variety is made of four parts pork to one part bacon (or less) and seasoned with finely ground garlic, salt, pepper, cumin, oregano, paprika and chilli sauce.
The cities of Chillán and San Carlos are known among Chileans for having the best "longanizas".
Another traditional sausage is the "prieta", the Chilean version of blood sausage, generally known elsewhere in Latin America as "morcilla".
In Chile, it contains onions, spices and sometimes walnut or rice and is usually eaten at "asados" or accompanied by simple boiled potatoes.
It sometimes has a very thick skin so is cut open lengthwise before eating.
"Vienesa"s or Vienna sausages are also very common and are mainly used in the "completo", the Chilean version of the hot dog.
Article: Body of Proof
Section: Overview and production

Question: What was the series Body of Proof originally called?

The series stars Dana Delany as Dr. Megan Hunt, a medical examiner.
The show focuses on Hunt's efforts to balance the demands of her professional life, dealing with solving cases and analyzing bodies, with her personal life, trying to reconnect with her estranged daughter.
Hunt was a top-flight neurosurgeon, until she had a life-changing automobile accident and then accidentally killed a patient on the operating table.
This resulted in her resignation, and retirement from the profession altogether.
Though set in Philadelphia, the first season of "Body of Proof" was filmed in Providence, Rhode Island and some other locations including Woonsocket and Warwick, Rhode Island.
The series was originally titled "Body of Evidence" but was later renamed "Body of Proof".
It was announced that the second season of the show would be filmed in Los Angeles to take advantage of a $7 million tax credit.
"Body of Proof" is the third ABC television series starring Dana Delany in a main character role, the first being the role of Colleen McMurphy in "China Beach" and the second being Katherine Mayfair in "Desperate Housewives".
While filming, real life technical advisers made sure that the procedures were correct.
Jeri Ryan said, "We've got technical advisers that will be with us on set, so we can keep all of science realistic".
Article: Cloning
Section: Cloning unicellular organisms

Question: How many cells are necessary to clone something?

Cell cloning.
Cloning unicellular organisms.
Cloning a cell means to derive a population of cells from a single cell.
In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is remarkably simple and essentially only requires the inoculation of the appropriate medium.
However, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, cell cloning is an arduous task as these cells will not readily grow in standard media.
A useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves the use of cloning rings (cylinders).
According to this technique, a single-cell suspension of cells that have been exposed to a mutagenic agent or drug used to drive selection is plated at high dilution to create isolated colonies; each arising from a single and potentially clonal distinct cell.
At an early growth stage when colonies consist of only a few of cells, sterile polystyrene rings (cloning rings), which have been dipped in grease are placed over an individual colony and a small amount of trypsin is added.
Cloned cells are collected from inside the ring and transferred to a new vessel for further growth.
Article: Sien (Van Gogh series)
Section: Reaction to his relationship with Sien

Question: What was Husker's opinion of Van Gogh?

Due to his relationship with Sien, van Gogh experienced the loss of support and goodwill from family and friends, and he experienced an even more strained relationship with his parents.
His teacher and cousin-in-law, Anton Mauve, abruptly ceased his support and tutelage of van Gogh within a few short weeks of van Gogh first meeting Sien, although there were other factors involved as well, not least their mutual melancholy.
Hulsker called this a simple tragedy for van Gogh.
Likewise, a long-standing family friend, Hermanus Tersteeg, an influential art dealer who taught van Gogh and his brother Theo a great deal about art and literature, and who gave van Gogh his first set of art supplies when he decided to become an artist, although he was always somewhat equivocal in his support, abruptly withdrew at the same time.
Van Gogh's relationship with Mauve in truth had scarcely lasted a month.
Already by the end of January, van Gogh was writing his brother Theo that he did not always find it easy to get on with Mauve.
Shortly after this, they fell out with each other over an issue involving drawing from plaster casts, which Mauve was anxious van Gogh should undertake to perfect his technique.
Van Gogh, however, vehemently insisted on drawing from models, and in a fit of pique destroyed some plaster casts of hands and feet that Mauve had given him to make studies from.
Following that incident, Mauve said he would have nothing more to do with him for the next two months (i.e.
for the rest of the winter).
In reality, Mauve, had resolved to break with van Gogh completely.
Van Gogh initially blamed Tersteeg for Mauve's indifference, but a chance meeting with Mauve in May made it clear to him that Mauve had definitively broken with him.
He described the meeting in a letter to Theo, and in the same letter he revealed his relationship with Sien for the first time and passionately defended it:Van Gogh left Sien the autumn of 1883.
Van Gogh went to Drenthe to paint and Sien went back to work as a seamstress, charwoman and possibly as a prostitute.
Her children, Maria and Willem, lived with Sien's mother and brother Pieter.
In 1901 Sien married a seaman, Anton van Wijk.
She committed suicide in 1904 at the age of 54 in Rotterdam's harbor, 14 years after van Gogh's death.
Article: Juice
Section: Juice bars

Question: What are three ingredients that are sometimes used as "boosters" for beverages at a juice bar?

 bars.
A juice bar is an establishment that primarily serves prepared juice beverages such as freshly squeezed or extracted fruit juices, juice blends, fruit smoothies (a thick fruit drink, often iced), or other juices such as fresh wheatgrass juice.
Sometimes other solid ingredients or nutritional supplements may be added as boosters, such as fresh bananas, eggs, nuts or nut butter, bodybuilding supplements, soy protein powder or others such as whey or hemp protein powders, wheat germ, or Spirulina (dietary supplement) or Chlorella.
Also if less juice is used with these same ingredients drinks called health shakes may be produced.
Juice bars share some of the characteristics of a coffeehouse, a soda fountain, a café, and a snack bar.
Juice bars may be stand alone businesses in cities, or located at gyms, along commuter areas, near lunch time areas, at beaches, and at tourist attractions.
In Mexico, juice bars have become more popular in recent times.
Mexican juice bars will often sell healthy beverages and snacks that are popular in Mexico.
Article: Proton
Section: Atomic number

Question: What is the atomic number of chlorine?

 in chemistry.
Atomic number.
In chemistry, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as the atomic number, which determines the chemical element to which the atom belongs.
For example, the atomic number of chlorine is 17; this means that each chlorine atom has 17 protons and that all atoms with 17 protons are chlorine atoms.
The chemical properties of each atom are determined by the number of (negatively charged) electrons, which for neutral atoms is equal to the number of (positive) protons so that the total charge is zero.
For example, a neutral chlorine atom has 17 protons and 17 electrons, whereas a Cl− anion has 17 protons and 18 electrons for a total charge of −1.
All atoms of a given element are not necessarily identical, however, as the number of neutrons may vary to form different isotopes, and energy levels may differ forming different nuclear isomers.
For example, there are two stable isotopes of chlorine: with 35 − 17 = 18 neutrons and with 37 − 17 = 20 neutrons.
Article: Judo
Section: Rank and grading

Question: Who decides who can receive "jūdan" (tenth degree black belt), the highest grade designation in judo?

Judo is a hierarchical art, where seniority of judoka is designated by what is known as the - ranking system.
This system was developed by Jigoro Kano based on the ranking system in the board game Go.
Beginning students progress through kyu grades towards dan grades.
A judoka's position within the kyu-dan ranking system is displayed by the color of their belt.
Beginning students typically wear a white belt, progressing through descending kyu ranks until they are deemed to have achieved a level of competence sufficient to be a dan grade, at which point they wear the .
The kyu-dan ranking system has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.
The highest grade ever awarded "jūdan" (tenth degree black belt) has no formal requirements and is decided by the president of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano.
As of 2011, fifteen Japanese men have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan, three of whom are still alive; the IJF and Western national federations have promoted another seven who are not recognized (at that level of rank) by the Kodokan.
On July 28, 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th "dan", who is the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank.
Although "dan" ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the "kyū" grades, with some countries having more "kyū" grades.
Although initially "kyū" grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used.
The first black belts to denote a Dan rank in the 1880s, initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used.
It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the judogi, that an expanded colored belt system of awarding rank was created.