community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Virus
Section: Vaccines

Question: When giving live vaccines, who is most endangered by them?

Vaccination is a cheap and effective way of preventing infections by viruses.
Vaccines were used to prevent viral infections long before the discovery of the actual viruses.
Their use has resulted in a dramatic decline in morbidity (illness) and mortality (death) associated with viral infections such as polio, measles, mumps and rubella.
Smallpox infections have been eradicated.
Vaccines are available to prevent over thirteen viral infections of humans, and more are used to prevent viral infections of animals.
Vaccines can consist of live-attenuated or killed viruses, or viral proteins (antigens).
Live vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus, which do not cause the disease but, nonetheless, confer immunity.
Such viruses are called attenuated.
Live vaccines can be dangerous when given to people with a weak immunity, (who are described as immunocompromised), because in these people, the weakened virus can cause the original disease.
Biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques are used to produce subunit vaccines.
These vaccines use only the capsid proteins of the virus.
Hepatitis B vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine.
Subunit vaccines are safe for immunocompromised patients because they cannot cause the disease.
The yellow fever virus vaccine, a live-attenuated strain called 17D, is probably the safest and most effective vaccine ever generated.
Article: Telescope
Section: Gamma-ray telescopes

Question: Which telescopes are gamma ray telescopes?

Higher energy X-ray and Gamma-ray telescopes refrain from focusing completely and use coded aperture masks: the patterns of the shadow the mask creates can be reconstructed to form an image.X-ray and Gamma-ray telescopes are usually on Earth-orbiting satellites or high-flying balloons since the Earth's atmosphere is opaque to this part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
However, high energy X-rays and gamma-rays do not form an image in the same way as telescopes at visible wavelengths.
An example of this type of telescope is the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.
The detection of very high energy gamma rays, with shorter wavelength and higher frequency than regular gamma rays, requires further specialization.
An example of this type of observatory is VERITAS.
Very high energy gamma-rays are still photons, like visible light, whereas cosmic rays includes particles like electrons, protons, and heavier nuclei.
A discovery in 2012 may allow focusing gamma-ray telescopes.
At photon energies greater than 700 keV, the index of refraction starts to increase again.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Big mountain and freeride

Question: Where does Tailgate Alaska happen?

A big mountain contest is one that takes place in open terrain, and challenges riders to find their way down the mountain with the most style and difficulty.
Big mountain events usually take place in powder snow conditions in closed off areas of resorts or in the backcountry.
There are a number of big mountain events in Europe, the United States and in New Zealand and this aspect of snowboarding competition is quickly rising in popularity.
Snowboarders consider Alaska the pinnacle of this style of riding, being featured in some of the most popular snowboarding videos and has given rise to one of the sport's most popular events, Tailgate Alaska, a yearly gathering of riders on Alaska's Thompson Pass.
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: Tourism in recent years

Question: Where is the Devil's Pool located?

By the end of the 1990s almost 300,000 people were visiting the falls annually, and this was expected to rise to over a million in the next decade.
Unlike the game parks, Victoria Falls has more Zimbabwean and Zambian visitors than international tourists; the attraction is accessible by bus and train, and is therefore comparatively inexpensive to reach.
The two countries permit tourists to make day trips from each side and visas can be obtained at the border posts.
Costs vary from US$45-US$80 (as of 01 December 2013).
Visitors with single entry visas will need to purchase a visa each time they cross the border.
Regular changes in visa regulations mean visitors should check the rules before crossing the border.
A famous feature is the naturally formed Devil's Pool, near the edge of the falls on Livingstone Island on the Zambian side.
When the river flow is at a certain level, usually between September and December, a rock barrier forms an eddy with minimal current, allowing adventurous swimmers to splash around in relative safety a few feet from the point where the water cascades over the falls.
Occasional deaths have been reported when people have slipped over the rock barrier.
The numbers of visitors to the Zimbabwean side of the falls has historically been much higher than the number visiting the Zambia side, due to the greater development of the visitor facilities there.
However, the number of tourists visiting Zimbabwe began to decline in the early 2000s as political tensions between supporters and opponents of president Robert Mugabe increased.
In 2006, hotel occupancy on the Zimbabwean side hovered at around 30%, while the Zambian side was at near-capacity, with rates in top hotels reaching US$630 per night.
The rapid development has prompted the United Nations to consider revoking the Falls' status as a World Heritage Site.
In addition, problems of waste disposal and a lack of effective management of the falls' environment are a concern.
Article: Man at the Crossroads
Section: Work

Question: In Man at the Crossroads, who is depicted holding hands with a multi-racial group of workers?

Rivera's composition depicted many aspects of contemporary social and scientific culture.
In the center, a workman was depicted controlling machinery.
Before him, a giant fist emerged holding an orb depicting the recombination of atoms and dividing cells in acts of chemical and biological generation.
From the central figure four propeller-like shapes stretched to the corner of the composition, depicting arcs of light created by giant lenses anchoring the left and right edges of the space.
Rivera described these as "elongated ellipses".
Within these, cosmological and biological forces such as exploding suns and cell-forms were depicted.
These represented the discoveries made possible by the telescope and the microscope.
Between and beyond the arcs were scenes of modern social life.
Wealthy society women are seen playing cards and smoking at the left.
Opposite, on the right, Lenin is seen holding hands with a multi-racial group of workers.
Soldiers and war machinery occupied the top left above the society women, and a Russian May Day rally with red flags was seen at the right, above Lenin.
For Rivera, this represented contrasting social visions: the "debauched rich" watched by the unemployed while war rages; and a socialist utopia ushered in by Lenin.
Beyond the giant lenses to left and right were depicted figures contemplating the central scene, behind which were gigantic classical statues.
The one on the left depicted an angry Jupiter, whose raised hand holding a thunderbolt has been stuck off by a lightening strike.
The one on the right was a headless seated Caesar.
For Rivera these represented the replacement of superstition by scientific mastery of nature, and the overthrow of authoritarian rule by liberated workers.
The bottom part of the painting was to depict the controlled growth of natural resources, in the form of a variety of plants emerging from their roots, visible in a cut-away view under the soil.
However, this section was never completed.
It exists only in the later recreation of the composition in Mexico.
Article: World War II
Section: Mediterranean (1940–41)

Question: On what day did Germany invide both Yugoslavia and Greece during World War II?

Mediterranean (1940–41).
Italy began operations in the Mediterranean, initiating a siege of Malta in June, conquering British Somaliland in August, and making an incursion into British-held Egypt in September 1940.
In October 1940, Italy started the Greco-Italian War due to Mussolini's jealousy of Hitler's success but within days was repulsed and pushed back into Albania, where a stalemate soon occurred.
The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece.
Hitler decided to take action against Greece when the weather improved to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans, to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean, and to secure his hold on Romanian oil.
In December 1940, British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa.
The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner.
The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto, and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan.
The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy.
Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February, and by the end of March they had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces who had been weakened to support Greece.
In under a month, Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk.
The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June, but failed on both occasions.
By late March 1941, following Bulgaria's signing of the Tripartite Pact, the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece.
Plans were changed, however, due to developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia.
The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March, only to be overthrown two days later by a British-encouraged coup.
Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it.
On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece, making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month.
The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May.
Although the Axis victory was swift, bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, which continued until the end of the war.
The Allies did have some successes during this time.
In the Middle East, Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria, then, with the assistance of the Free French, invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences.
Article: Sweden
Section: Holidays

Question: When is the day of giver-of-light Saint Lucia celebrated?

Apart from traditional Protestant Christian holidays, Sweden also celebrates some unique holidays, some of a pre-Christian tradition.
They include Midsummer celebrating the summer solstice; Walpurgis Night ("Valborgsmässoafton") on 30 April lighting bonfires; and Labour Day or Mayday on 1 May is dedicated to socialist demonstrations.
The day of giver-of-light Saint Lucia, 13 December, is widely acknowledged in elaborate celebrations which betoken its Italian origin and commence the month-long Christmas season.6 June is the National Day of Sweden and has since 2005 been a public holiday.
Furthermore, there are official flag day observances and a Namesdays in Sweden calendar.
In August many Swedes have "kräftskivor" (crayfish dinner parties).
Martin of Tours Eve is celebrated in Scania in November with "Mårten Gås" parties, where roast goose and "svartsoppa" ('black soup', made of goose stock, fruit, spices, spirits and goose blood) are served.
The Sami, one of Sweden's indigenous minorities, have their holiday on 6 February and Scania celebrate their Scanian Flag day on the third Sunday in July.
Article: Call Me Maybe
Section: Track listings

Question: What else was included on the Call Me Maybe EP?

Digital download
 "Call Me Maybe"  – 3:13
Digital EP
 "Call Me Maybe"  – 3:13
 "Both Sides Now"  – 3:53
 "Talk to Me"  – 2:50
 "Call Me Maybe" (Instrumental)  – 3:13
CD single
 "Call Me Maybe"  – 3:13
 "Both Sides Now"  – 3:53
Remix EP
 "Call Me Maybe" (Manhattan Clique Remix)  – 5:56
 "Call Me Maybe" (Almighty Club Mix)  – 6:58
 "Call Me Maybe" (10 Kings.VS.
Ollie Green Remix)  – 3:08
 "Call Me Maybe" (Coyote Kisses Remix)  – 4:46
Article: Up Series
Section: Creation

Question: What company produced the show Up Series in 1998?

The first film in the series, "Seven Up!
", was directed by Paul Almond and commissioned by Granada Television as a programme in the "World in Action" series broadcast in 1964.
From "7 Plus Seven" onward the films have been directed by Michael Apted, who had been a researcher on "Seven Up!"
and chose the original children with Gordon McDougall.
The premise of the film was taken from the Jesuit motto "Give me a child until he is seven and I will give you the man", which is based on a quotation by Francis Xavier.
The 1998 programme was commissioned by BBC One, although still produced for them by Granada Television.
Article: Evolution
Section: Mutation

Question: What are large enzymes that make antibiotics called?

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome.
When mutations occur, they can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning.
Based on studies in the fly "Drosophila melanogaster", it has been suggested that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70% of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.
Mutations can involve large sections of a chromosome becoming duplicated (usually by genetic recombination), which can introduce extra copies of a gene into a genome.
Extra copies of genes are a major source of the raw material needed for new genes to evolve.
This is important because most new genes evolve within gene families from pre-existing genes that share common ancestors.
For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for colour vision and one for night vision; all four are descended from a single ancestral gene.
New genes can be generated from an ancestral gene when a duplicate copy mutates and acquires a new function.
This process is easier once a gene has been duplicated because it increases the redundancy of the system; one gene in the pair can acquire a new function while the other copy continues to perform its original function.
Other types of mutations can even generate entirely new genes from previously noncoding DNA.
The generation of new genes can also involve small parts of several genes being duplicated, with these fragments then recombining to form new combinations with new functions.
When new genes are assembled from shuffling pre-existing parts, domains act as modules with simple independent functions, which can be mixed together to produce new combinations with new and complex functions.
For example, polyketide synthases are large enzymes that make antibiotics; they contain up to one hundred independent domains that each catalyse one step in the overall process, like a step in an assembly line.
Article: The Matrix
Section: Release

Question: When was the movie "The Matrix" released?

"The Matrix" was released on , 1999.
After its DVD release, it was the first DVD to sell more than one million copies in the US, and went on to be the first to sell more than three million copies in the US.
By , 2003, one month after "The Matrix Reloaded" DVD was released, the sales of "The Matrix" DVD had exceeded 30 million copies.
The Ultimate Matrix Collection was released on HD DVD on , 2007 and on Blu-ray on , 2008.
The film was also released standalone in a 10th anniversary edition Blu-ray in the Digibook format on , 2009, 10 years to the day after the film was released theatrically.
Article: Spain
Section: Etymology

Question: Who argues that the root of the term "span" is the Phoenecian word "spy", meaning "to forge metals"?

The origins of the Roman name "Hispania", from which the modern name "España" was derived, are uncertain and are possibly unknown due to the inadequate evidence.
"Hispania" may derive from the poetic use of the term "Hesperia", reflecting the Greek perception of Italy as a "western land" or "land of the setting sun" ("Hesperia", "Ἑσπερία" in Greek) and Spain, being still further west, as "Hesperia ultima".
It may also be a derivation of the Punic "I-Shpania" (אי שפניא), meaning "island of rabbits", "land of rabbits" or "edge", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of Hadrian show a female figure with a coney at her feet, and Strabo called it the "land of the rabbits".
There is also the claim that "Hispania" derives from the Basque word "Ezpanna" meaning "edge" or "border", another reference to the fact that the Iberian peninsula constitutes the southwest of the European continent.
The Renaissance scholar Antonio de Nebrija proposed that the word "Hispania" evolved from the Iberian word "Hispalis", meaning "city of the western world".
Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the term "span" is the Phoenecian word "spy", meaning "to forge metals".
Therefore "i-spn-ya" would mean "the land where metals are forged".
Two 15th century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abrabanel and Shelomó ibn Verga, have given a different explanation as to how Spain derived its name.
Don Isaac Abrabanel was one of the principal persons of Spain’s Jewish community and one of the king’s trusted courtiers who witnessed the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492.
Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem.
This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had been given a kingdom in Spain.
He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, who also ruled over a kingdom in Spain.
Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España (Spain) took its name.
Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c. 350 BCE.
Article: Counting Stars
Section: Credits and personnel

Question: Who was in charge of engineering on the album "Counting Stars?"

Recording
Recorded at Black Rock Studio Santorini, Santorini, Greece, and Patriot Studios, Denver, Colorado
Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York
Personnel
Songwriting – Ryan Tedder
Production – Ryan Tedder, Noel Zancanella
Engineering – Smith Carlson
Assistant engineering – Matthew Tryba
Harp – HarpEri
Backing vocals — Bobbie Gordon, Brent Kutzle, Zach Filkins, David McGlohon
Mixing – Joe Zook
Assistant mix engineering – Ryan Lipman
Mastering – Chris Gehringer, Will Quinnell
Article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Section: Russian military attaché's office

Question: Where did Artamonov state he went for vacation

Apis's confession to ordering the assassination of Franz Ferdinand states that Russian Military Attaché Artamonov promised Russia's protection from Austria-Hungary if Serbia's intelligence operations became exposed and that Russia had funded the assassination.
Artamonov denied the involvement of his office in an interview with Albertini.
Artamonov stated that he went on vacation to Italy leaving Assistant Military Attaché Alexander Werchovsky in charge and though he was in daily contact with Apis he did not learn of Apis's role until after the war had ended.
Albertini writes that he “remained unconvinced by the behavior of this officer.” Werchovsky admitted the involvement of his office and then fell silent on the subject.
There is evidence that Russia was at least aware of the plot before 14 June.
De Schelking writes:
Article: Inside Llewyn Davis
Section: Music

Question: What year did they record "Please Mr Kennedy"?

Dave Van Ronk's music served as a starting point for the Coens as they wrote the script, and many of the songs first designated for the film were those he had recorded.
Van Ronk co-author Elijah Wald said that the character of Llewyn Davis "is not at all Dave, but the music is.” (The cover of Davis's solo album, "Inside Llewyn Davis", resembles that of "Inside Dave Van Ronk".
Both feature the artist in a doorway, wearing a tweed jacket and smoking a cigarette.)
Other songs emerged in conversations between the Coens and T-Bone Burnett, who produced the music in association with Marcus Mumford.
Burnett previously worked with the Coens on the music and soundtrack for "The Big Lebowski" and "O Brother, Where Art Thou?
", the latter of which sold about 8 million copies in the United States.
The Coens viewed the music in the "Llewyn Davis" as a direct descendant of the music in "O Brother.
"The humorous novelty song "Please Mr. Kennedy", a plea from a reluctant astronaut, appears to be a fourth generation derivative of the 1960 song "Mr. Custer", also known as "Please Mr. Custer", about the Battle of the Little Bighorn, sung by Larry Verne and written by Al DeLory, Fred Darian, and Joseph Van Winkle.
A Tamla-Motown single followed in 1961: "Please Mr. Kennedy (I Don't Want to Go)", a plea from a reluctant Vietnam War draftee, sung by Mickey Woods and credited to Berry Gordy, Loucye Wakefield and Ronald Wakefield.
In 1962 using a similar theme, The Goldcoast Singers recorded "Please Mr. Kennedy" on its "Here They Are "album, with writing credits to Ed Rush and George Cromarty.
The Llewyn Davis version credits Rush, Cromarty, Burnett, Timberlake, and the Coens.
Isaac, Timberlake, Mulligan, Driver and others performed the music live.
The exception was "The Auld Triangle", which was lip-synced, with Timberlake singing bass.
(Timberlake's vocal range was on display in the film.
Critic Janet Maslin, listening to a soundtrack recording, confused Timberlake's voice with Mulligan's, which she thought resembled that of Mary Travers.)