community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Invasion of Normandy
Section: German leadership

Question: Which factor contributing to the German losses at Normandy were strictly beyond the Germans' control?

German commanders at all levels failed to react to the assault phase in a timely manner.
Communications problems exacerbated the difficulties caused by Allied air and naval firepower.
Local commanders also seemed incapable of the task of fighting an aggressive defense on the beach, as Rommel envisioned.
The German High Command remained fixated on the Calais area, and von Rundstedt was not permitted to commit the armoured reserve.
When it was finally released late in the day, any chance of success was much more difficult.
Overall, despite considerable Allied material superiority, the Germans kept the Allies bottled up in a small beachhead for nearly two months, aided immeasurably by terrain factors.
Although there were several known disputes among the Allied commanders, their tactics and strategy were essentially determined by agreement between the main commanders.
By contrast, the German leaders were bullied and their decisions interfered with by Hitler, controlling the battle from a distance with little knowledge of local conditions.
Field Marshals von Rundstedt and Rommel repeatedly asked Hitler for more discretion but were refused.
Von Rundstedt was removed from his command on 29 June after he bluntly told the Chief of Staff at Hitler's Armed Forces HQ (Field Marshal Keitel) to "Make peace, you idiots!"
Rommel was severely injured by Allied aircraft on 17 July.
The German commanders also suffered in the quality of the available troops.
Sixty thousand of the 850,000 in Rundstedt's command were raised from the many prisoners of war captured on the Eastern Front.
These "Ost" units had volunteered to fight against Stalin, but when instead unwisely used to defend France against the Western Allies, ended up being unreliable.
Many surrendered or deserted at the first available opportunity.
Article: Mona Lisa
Section: Abstract

Question: Who is the person that is portrayed in Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa?

The Mona Lisa (Monna Lisa or La Gioconda in Italian; La Joconde in French) is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been acclaimed as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world.
"The painting, thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel, and is believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506, although Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517.
It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic, on permanent display at The Louvre museum in Paris since 1797.
The ambiguity of the subject's expression, which is frequently described as enigmatic, the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modeling of forms and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work.
Article: Juice
Section: Abstract

Question: What is juice?

Juice is a liquid that is naturally contained in fruit and vegetables.
It can also refer to liquids that are flavored with these or other biological food sources such as meat and seafood.
It is commonly consumed as a beverage or used as an ingredient or flavoring in foods.
Article: Jiro Dreams of Sushi
Section: Abstract

Question: Who directed Jiro Dreams of Sushi?

Jiro Dreams of Sushi is a 2011 American documentary film directed by David Gelb.
The film follows , an 85-year-old sushi master and owner of Sukiyabashi Jiro, a Michelin three-star restaurant, on his continuing quest to perfect the art of sushi.
The film also profiles Jiro's two sons, both of whom are also sushi chefs.
The younger son, Takashi (隆士), left Sukiyabashi Jiro to open a mirror image of his father's restaurant in Roppongi Hills.
The 50-year-old elder son, Yoshikazu (禎一), obligated to succeed his father, still works for Jiro and is faced with the prospect of one day taking over the flagship restaurant.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Release

Question: When does Toy Story 3 premiere?

"Toy Story 3" had its world-wide premiere on June 12, 2010, opening at Taormina Film Fest in Italy.
In the United States, it premiered on June 13, 2010 at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California.
El Capitan also hosted on June 17, 2010 a "Toy Story" marathon, showing for the first time all three "Toy Story" films together.
The film went into its wide release on June 18, 2010, along with a release to IMAX 3D theaters.
The film was theatrically accompanied with the Pixar short film "Day & Night", which focuses on what happens when an animated personification of Day meets his opposite, Night, and the resulting growth for both.
Article: Malaysia
Section: Biodiversity

Question: What percent of the world's animals are contained in Malaysia?

Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993, and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994.
It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998.
The country is megadiverse with a high number of species and high levels of endemism.
It is estimated to contain 20 per cent of the world's animal species.
High levels of endemism are found on the diverse forests of Borneo's mountains, as species are isolated from each other by lowland forest.
Article: Navy Pier
Section: Plans

Question: In which year was it announced by the authority to carry out the first elements of the concept?

On January 13, 2006, the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority released plans for a major renovation of the Pier, which would include a monorail, a spokeless Ferris wheel, a roller coaster, floating hotel, and an water park with a Great Lakes theme.
The plan would include nearly double the current parking and a replacement theater with a greater capacity.
At the time of the announcement, a price tag of $2 billion was announced.
No concrete progress was made on those proposals, as the financial condition of the Pier suffered with the recession.
Following the reorganization of the agency that runs Navy Pier and McCormick Place, a new study was commissioned to reinvigorate the upgrade process.
The new study, by the Urban Land Institute, was released on November 11, 2010, and recommended a more modest set of enhancements aimed at retaining the Pier's role as a public space, rather than turning it into a theme park.
Suggested elements include a concert venue, an enlarged Chicago Shakespeare Theater space, new restaurants, a renovated commercial area around the Pier's entrance, and additional park-like features to bring people closer to the lake.
More grandiose possibilities, including the enlarged Ferris wheel and a hotel, are mentioned as more remote possibilities.
In March 2012 a competition led to selection of a design concept presented by a team led by James Corner of James Corner Field Operations that focuses on the Pier's role as a waterfront promenade.
In 2013 the Authority announced plans to carry out the first elements of a streamlined version of that concept, with reworked streetscape and a wider pedestrian space, moving tour-boat moorings to improve the view from a new central stairway centered on the Ferris wheel.
Work began during the winter of 2013-2014, with completion expected by Summer 2015.
Article: Before Midnight (film)
Section: Cast

Question: Who played Ariadni in Before Midnight?

 Ethan Hawke as Jesse
 Julie Delpy as Céline
 Seamus Davey-Fitzpatrick as Hank
 Jennifer Prior as Ella
 Charlotte Prior as Nina
 Xenia Kalogeropoulou as Natalia
 Walter Lassally as Patrick
 Ariane Labed as Anna
 Yiannis Papadopoulos as Achilleas
 Athina Rachel Tsangari as Ariadni
 Panos Koronis as Stefanos
Article: Beach volleyball
Section: Block signals

Question: Why do beach volleyball players use hand signals?

Beach volleyball players use hand signals to indicate the type of block they intend to make.
Block signals are made behind the back to hide them from the opposing team.
They are usually given with both hands by the serving player's partner prior to the serve, with each hand referring to the type of block that should be put up against an attack from the corresponding opponent.
A player may also "wiggle" or "flash" one block signal to indicate which opponent to serve to.
If the server is the designated blocker, he or she may run up to the net to block after serving.
Otherwise, the signaling player will perform the block.
Block signals may also be given during a rally while the opposing team is preparing their attack.
Article: Diego Rivera
Section: Career in Mexico

Question: Where can I find a display of Diego Rivera's murals?

In 1920, urged by Alberto J. Pani, the Mexican ambassador to France, Rivera left France and traveled through Italy studying its art, including Renaissance frescoes.
After José Vasconcelos became Minister of Education, Rivera returned to Mexico in 1921 to become involved in the government sponsored Mexican mural program planned by Vasconcelos.
"See also Mexican muralism."
The program included such Mexican artists as José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo, and the French artist Jean Charlot.
In January 1922, he painted – experimentally in encaustic – his first significant mural "Creation" in the Bolívar Auditorium of the National Preparatory School in Mexico City while guarding himself with a pistol against right-wing students.
In the autumn of 1922, Rivera participated in the founding of the Revolutionary Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors, and later that year he joined the Mexican Communist Party (including its Central Committee).
His murals, subsequently painted in fresco only, dealt with Mexican society and reflected the country's 1910 Revolution.
Rivera developed his own native style based on large, simplified figures and bold colors with an Aztec influence clearly present in murals at the Secretariat of Public Education in Mexico City begun in September 1922, intended to consist of one hundred and twenty-four frescoes, and finished in 1928.
His art, in a fashion similar to the steles of the Maya, tells stories.
The mural "En el Arsenal" (In the Arsenal) shows on the right-hand side Tina Modotti holding an ammunition belt and facing Julio Antonio Mella, in a light hat, and Vittorio Vidali behind in a black hat.
However, the "En el Arsenal" detail shown does not include the right-hand side described nor any of the three individuals mentioned; instead it shows the left-hand side with Frida Kahlo handing out munitions.
Leon Trotsky lived with Rivera and Kahlo for several months while exiled in Mexico.
Some of Rivera's most famous murals are featured at the National School of Agriculture at Chapingo near Texcoco (1925–27), in the Cortés Palace in Cuernavaca (1929–30), and the National Palace in Mexico City (1929–30, 1935).
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: Walks

Question: When was there a wire-walking craze at Niagara Falls?

Other daredevils have made crossing the gorge their goal, starting with the successful passage by Jean François "Blondin" Gravelet, who crossed Niagara Gorge in 1859.
Between 1859 and 1896 there was a wire-walking craze, and there were frequent feats over the river below the falls.
One inexperienced walker was able to slide down his safety rope.
Only one man fell to his death, at night and under mysterious circumstances, at the anchoring place for his wire.
These tightrope walkers drew huge crowds to witness their exploits.
Their wires ran across the gorge, near the current Rainbow Bridge, not over the waterfall itself.
Among the many was Ontario's William Hunt, who billed himself as "The Great Farini" and competed with Blondin in performing outrageous stunts over the gorge.
On three separate occasions Blondin carried his manager, Harry Colcord, on his back—on the final time being watched by the Prince of Wales.
In 1876 23-year-old Italian Maria Spelterini was the only woman ever to cross the Niagara Gorge on a tightrope, making four separate crossings over a period of 18 days.
On July 12 she crossed wearing peach baskets strapped to her feet, on July 19 blind-folded, on July 22 with her ankles and wrists manacled and finally on July 26.
Never performing again at Niagara, her personal life remains a mystery and the date and place of her death are unknown.
Tightrope crossings of the falls ended—by law—in 1896, when James Hardy crossed.
On June 15, 2012, high wire artist Nik Wallenda became the first person to walk across the falls in 116 years, after receiving special permission from both governments.
The full length of his tightrope was .
Wallenda crossed near the brink of the Horseshoe Falls, unlike previous walkers who had crossed farther downstream.
According to Wallenda, it was the longest unsupported tightrope walk in history.
He carried his passport on the trip and was required to present it upon arrival on the Canadian side of the falls.
Article: Basketball
Section: Shooting

Question: What kind of violation is it if the feet hit the floor before the ball is released?

Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket, methods varying with players and situations.
Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket.
A player will rest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand supporting the side of the ball.
The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending the shooting arm.
The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a "follow-through".
Players often try to put a steady backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim.
The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but generally a proper arc is recommended.
Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket.
The two most common shots that use the above described setup are the "set-shot" and the "jump-shot".
The set-shot is taken from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the floor, typically used for free throws, and in other circumstances whilst the jump-shot is taken in mid-air, the ball released near the top of the jump.
This provides much greater power and range, and it also allows the player to elevate over the defender.
Failure to release the ball before the feet return to the floor is considered a traveling violation.
Another common shot is called the "lay-up".
This shot requires the player to be in motion toward the basket, and to "lay" the ball "up" and into the basket, typically off the backboard (the backboard-free, underhand version is called a "finger roll").
The most crowd-pleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy shot is the "slam dunk", in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball downward, through the basket whilst touching it.
Another shot that is becoming common is the "circus shot".
The circus shot is a low-percentage shot that is flipped, heaved, scooped, or flung toward the hoop while the shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down, and/or facing away from the basket.
A back-shot is a shot taken when the player is facing away from the basket, and may be shot with the dominant hand, or both; but there is a very low chance that the shot will be successful.
A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an "air-ball".
A particularly bad shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularly called a brick.
Article: Cold War
Section: Historiography and memory

Question: In what year was "Social History" published?

 Hopkins, Michael F. "Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History," "Historical Journal," Dec 2007, Vol.
50 Issue 4, pp 913–934,
 Isaac, Joel, and Duncan Bell, eds.
"Uncertain Empire: American History and the Idea of the Cold War" (2012) excerpt and text search
 Johnston, Gordon.
"Revisiting the cultural Cold War," "Social History," Aug 2010, Vol.
35 Issue 3, pp 290–307
 Nuti, Leopoldo, et al., eds.
"Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal" (2012) excerpt and text search
 Wiener, Jon.
"How We Forgot the Cold War: A Historical Journey across America" (2012) excerpt and text search
Article: Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Section: Composition

Question: What are the books that are on top of the table?

Van Gogh painted Gachet resting his right elbow on a red table, head in hand.
Two yellow books as well as the purple medicinal herb foxglove are displayed on the table.
The foxglove in the painting is a plant from which digitalis is extracted for the treatment of certain heart complaints, perhaps an attribute of Gachet as a doctor.
The doctor's "sensitive face", which Van Gogh famously wrote to Paul Gauguin carried "the heartbroken expression of our time", is described by Robert Wallace as the portrait's focus.
Wallace described the ultramarine blue coat of Gachet, set against a background of hills painted a lighter blue, as highlighting the "tired, pale features and transparent blue eyes that reflect the compassion and melancholy of the man."
Van Gogh himself claimed this expression of melancholy "would seem to look like a grimace to many who saw the canvas".
With the "Portrait of Dr. Gachet", Van Gogh sought to create a "modern portrait," which he wrote to his sister "impassions me most - much, much more than all the rest of my "métier"."
Elaborating on this quote, Van Gogh scholar Jan Hulsker noted "...much later generations experience it not only as psychologically striking, but also as a very unconventional and 'modern' portrait."
He also wrote, "My self-portrait is done in nearly the same way but the blue is the fine blue of the Midi, and the clothes are a light lilac," which would refer to one of his final self-portraits painted in September the year previous.
Van Gogh also wrote to Wilhelmina regarding the Portraits of Madame Ginoux he painted first in Arles in 1888 and again in February 1890 while at the hospital in Saint-Rémy.
The second set were styled after the portrait of the same figure by Gauguin, and Van Gogh described Gachet's enthusiasm upon viewing the version painted earlier that year, which the artist had carried with him to the home in Auvers.
Van Gogh subsequently carried compositional elements from this portrait to that of Dr. Gachet, including the table-top with two books and pose of the figure with head leaning on one hand.
Article: Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)
Section: Meaning

Question: What form of painting was Soft Construction with Boiled Beans?

This painting expresses the destruction during the Spanish Civil War.
The monster in this painting is self-destructive just as a Civil War is.
This painting is not meant to depict choosing sides although Dalí had many reasons to choose sides in the Spanish Civil War.
His sister was tortured and imprisoned by communist soldiers fighting for the Republic and his good friend from art school was murdered by a fascist firing squad.
Dalí also made this painting look very realistic and yet continued to bring in surreal concepts.
Although humans do not have the potential to look like the creatures in this painting, it retains a realistic feel, reminding the viewer of the levity of the ideas behind it.
Dalí also brought ideas of tradition to this piece with a beautiful Catalonian sky, creating contrast to the idea of revolution.
There are many boiled beans in this painting.
Dalí is quoted as saying the reason he included boiled beans was "one could not imagine swallowing all that unconscious meat without the presence of some mealy and melancholy vegetable."
By this he meant that there were many hardships in the war so the Spanish citizens had to do their best to deal with their problems.
He played with themes of love, eating, and the war and how they are all related.
Article: Counting Stars
Section: Track listing

Question: What is the duration of "Counting Stars"?

;CD single
 "Counting Stars" – 4:17
 "Counting Stars" (Lovelife remix) – 3:55
Article: Evolution
Section: Biased mutation

Question: What happens what selection is weak?

In addition to being a major source of variation, mutation may also function as a mechanism of evolution when there are different probabilities at the molecular level for different mutations to occur, a process known as mutation bias.
If two genotypes, for example one with the nucleotide G and another with the nucleotide A in the same position, have the same fitness, but mutation from G to A happens more often than mutation from A to G, then genotypes with A will tend to evolve.
Different insertion vs. deletion mutation biases in different taxa can lead to the evolution of different genome sizes.
Developmental or mutational biases have also been observed in morphological evolution.
For example, according to the phenotype-first theory of evolution, mutations can eventually cause the genetic assimilation of traits that were previously induced by the environment.
Mutation bias effects are superimposed on other processes.
If selection would favor either one out of two mutations, but there is no extra advantage to having both, then the mutation that occurs the most frequently is the one that is most likely to become fixed in a population.
Mutations leading to the loss of function of a gene are much more common than mutations that produce a new, fully functional gene.
Most loss of function mutations are selected against.
But when selection is weak, mutation bias towards loss of function can affect evolution.
For example, pigments are no longer useful when animals live in the darkness of caves, and tend to be lost.
This kind of loss of function can occur because of mutation bias, and/or because the function had a cost, and once the benefit of the function disappeared, natural selection leads to the loss.
Loss of sporulation ability in a bacterium during laboratory evolution appears to have been caused by mutation bias, rather than natural selection against the cost of maintaining sporulation ability.
When there is no selection for loss of function, the speed at which loss evolves depends more on the mutation rate than it does on the effective population size, indicating that it is driven more by mutation bias than by genetic drift.