community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Maple syrup
Section: Modern era

Question: During what year was the idea of the evaporator first conceived?

Around the time of the American Civil War, syrup makers started using large, flat sheet metal pans as they were more efficient for boiling than heavy, rounded iron kettles, because of a greater surface area for evaporation.
Around this time, cane sugar replaced maple sugar as the dominant sweetener in the US; as a result, producers focused marketing efforts on maple syrup.
The first evaporator, used to heat and concentrate sap, was patented in 1858.
In 1872, an evaporator was developed that featured two pans and a metal arch or firebox, which greatly decreased boiling time.
Around 1900, producers bent the tin that formed the bottom of a pan into a series of flues, which increased the heated surface area of the pan and again decreased boiling time.
Some producers also added a finishing pan, a separate batch evaporator, as a final stage in the evaporation process.
Buckets began to be replaced with plastic bags, which allowed people to see at a distance how much sap had been collected.
Syrup producers also began using tractors to haul vats of sap from the trees being tapped (the sugarbush) to the evaporator.
Some producers adopted motor-powered tappers and metal tubing systems to convey sap from the tree to a central collection container, but these techniques were not widely used.
Heating methods also diversified: modern producers use wood, oil, natural gas, propane, or steam to evaporate sap.
Modern filtration methods were perfected to prevent contamination of the syrup.
A large number of technological changes took place during the 1970s.
Plastic tubing systems that had been experimental since the early part of the century were perfected, and the sap came directly from the tree to the evaporator house.
Vacuum pumps were added to the tubing systems, and preheaters were developed to recycle heat lost in the steam.
Producers developed reverse-osmosis machines to take a portion of water out of the sap before it was boiled, increasing processing efficiency.
Improvements in tubing and vacuum pumps, new filtering techniques, "supercharged" preheaters, and better storage containers have since been developed.
Research continues on pest control and improved woodlot management.
In 2009, researchers at the University of Vermont unveiled a new type of tap that prevents backflow of sap into the tree, reducing bacterial contamination and preventing the tree from attempting to heal the bore hole.
Experiments show that it may be possible to use saplings in a plantation instead of mature trees dramatically boosting productivity per acre.
Article: The Good Wife
Section: Premise

Question: Who was Alicia Florrick married to?

The series focuses on Alicia Florrick (Julianna Margulies), whose husband Peter Florrick (Chris Noth), a former Cook County state's attorney, has been jailed following a very public sex and corruption scandal.
Alicia returns to her old job as a litigator (having taken 13 years out to be a stay-at-home mother) to provide for her two children.
The series was partly inspired by the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal, as well as by other prominent American political sex scandals, particularly those of John Edwards and Bill Clinton:
Article: Kebab
Section: Abstract

Question: What dies Doner kebab mean?

Kebab (also kebap or kabab) is a Middle Eastern dish of pieces of meat, fish, or vegetables roasted or grilled on a skewer or spit originating in the Middle East, whereas in Europe it refers to doner kebab, sliced meat served in a pita.
In the Middle East, however, kebab refers to meat that is cooked over or next to flames; large or small cuts of meat, or even ground meat; it may be served on plates, in sandwiches, or in bowls.
The traditional meat for kebab is lamb, but depending on local tastes and religious prohibitions, other meats may include beef, goat, chicken, pork or fish.
Like other ethnic foods brought by travellers, the kebab has remained a part of everyday cuisine in most of the Eastern Mediterranean and South Asia.
It is also popular among Western youth as a snack after a night-out.
Article: Coffee
Section: Commodity

Question: What did historian Mark Pendergrast describe coffee as?

Coffee is bought and sold by roasters, investors, and price speculators as a tradable commodity in commodity markets and exchange-traded funds.
Coffee futures contracts for Grade 3 washed arabicas are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange under ticker symbol KC, with contract deliveries occurring every year in March, May, July, September, and December.
Coffee is an example of a product that has been susceptible to significant commodity futures price variations.
Higher and lower grade arabica coffees are sold through other channels.
Futures contracts for robusta coffee are traded on the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange and, since 2007, on the New York IntercontinentalExchange.
Coffee has been described by many, including historian Mark Pendergrast, as the world's "second most legally traded commodity."
However, this claim has been recently refuted by Pendergrast among others after further research.
Article: Germany
Section: Languages

Question: What alphabet does the German language use?

German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.
It is one of 23 official languages in the European Union, and one of the three working languages of the European Commission.
Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romany, and Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages, and Russian.
67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two languages other than their own.</ref>Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside English, Low German, Dutch, and the Frisian languages.
To a lesser extent, it is also related to the East (extinct) and North Germanic languages.
Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.
Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch).
German is written using the Latin alphabet.
German dialects, traditional local varieties traced back to the Germanic tribes, are distinguished from varieties of standard German by their lexicon, phonology, and syntax.
Article: Party Rock Anthem
Section: Background

Question: Who was featured in the song that also appeared in the music video?

Music video.
The music video was released on March 8, 2011 and was produced by the two members of LMFAO, Redfoo and SkyBlu, with the assistance of Shinzu Ai.
It was choreographed by, and featured, Quest Crew members Hokuto Konishi, Victor Kim, Ryan Conferido, Steve Terada, Aris Paracuelles, Brian Hirano and Ryan Feng.
The video is a parody of the 2002 horror film "28 Days Later".
Lauren Bennett, featured in the song, also appeared in the music video.
Director Mickey Finnegan described the concept: "there's been an epidemic, the world has gone crazy, as soon as the song came out, everyone got possessed and all they want to do is to shuffle, everyone is a shuffler."
The video features the dancers performing the Melbourne Shuffle, which quickly gained popularity in the United States.
Article: Yellowstone National Park
Section: Heritage and Research Center

Question: Who maintains collections of historical records for Yellowstone and the National Park Service?

The Heritage and Research Center is located at Gardiner, Montana, near the north entrance to the park.
The center is home to the Yellowstone National Park's museum collection, archives, research library, historian, archeology lab, and herbarium.
The Yellowstone National Park Archives maintain collections of historical records of Yellowstone and the National Park Service.
The collection includes the administrative records of Yellowstone, as well as resource management records, records from major projects, and donated manuscripts and personal papers.
The archives are affiliated with the National Archives and Records Administration.
Article: Parks and Recreation
Section: DVD and streaming video

Question: In the Season 1 DVD of Parks and Recreation, how many episodes were featured?

The first season of "Parks and Recreation" was released on DVD in region 1 on September 8, 2009.
The DVD included all six episodes, as well as an "Extended Producer's Cut" of the season finale, "Rock Show".
The disc also included cast and crew commentary tracks for each episode, as well as about 30 minutes of deleted scenes.
The second season was released in a four-disc set in region 1 on November 30, 2010.
They included extended episodes for "The Master Plan" and "Freddy Spaghetti", as well as two-and-a-half hours of deleted scenes, a third season preview and additional video clips.
Audio commentaries were recorded for the episodes "Sister City", "Ron and Tammy", "Hunting Trip", "Woman of the Year", "The Master Plan" and "Freddy Spaghetti".
"Parks and Recreation" can be viewed on the streaming video service Hulu, as well as the "Instant Watch" streaming feature of Netflix and Amazon Prime.
Individual episodes can also be purchased on the Apple Inc. digital media iTunes Store and viewed on an NBC mobile browser on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad.
Article: Popcorn
Section: Consumption

Question: Popcorn is often consumed in which public venue?

Popcorn is commonly eaten in movie theaters.
This snack is usually served salted or sweetened.
In North America, it is traditionally served salted, often with butter or a butterlike topping, with toffee or spices.
However, sweetened versions, such as caramel corn and kettle corn, are also commonly available.
In the United Kingdom, ready-made popcorn is available either salted or simply sweetened with sugar.
Toffee (i.e.
caramel) popcorn is also available, but tends to be more expensive.
In Peru, popcorn is sometimes sweetened with small candy pellets and sweetened condensed milk, but its more often eaten with salt and the only buttered version known to any considerable degree is microwave popcorn.
In Mexico, popcorn is served with either jalapeño juice, hot sauce, cheese, butter, or salt.
Popcorn is a popular snack food at sporting events and in cinemas, where it has been served since 1914.
Popcorn as a breakfast cereal was consumed by Americans in the 1800s and generally consisted of popcorn with milk and a sweetener.
Popcorn balls (popped kernels stuck together with a sugary "glue") were hugely popular around the turn of the 20th century, but their popularity has since waned.
Popcorn balls are still served in some places as a traditional Halloween treat.
Cracker Jack is a popular, commercially produced candy that consists of peanuts mixed in with caramel-covered popcorn.
Kettle corn is a variation of normal popcorn, cooked with white sugar and salt, traditionally in a large copper kettle.
Once reserved for specialty shops and county fairs, kettle corn has recently become popular, especially in the microwave popcorn market.
The popcorn maker is a relatively new home appliance, and its popularity is increasing because it offers the opportunity to add flavours of the consumer's own choice and to choose healthy-eating popcorn styles.
Some popular brands of popcorn in the United States are Orville Redenbacher's, Act II, Jiffy Pop (all three of which are brands of the ConAgra Foods conglomerate), Pop Secret, Candy Land Gourmet, Jolly Time, Aussie Crunch, Newman's Own, Dale and Thomas and Pop Weaver.
Article: Argentina
Section: Climate

Question: Which region has warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall?

The generally temperate climate ranges from subtropical in the north to subpolar in the far south.
The north is characterized by very hot, humid summers with mild drier winters, and is subject to periodic droughts.
Central Argentina has a temperate climate, with hot summers with thunderstorms, and cool winters; and higher moisture at the east.
The southern regions have warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall, especially in mountainous zones.
Major wind currents include the cool Pampero Winds blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the "Pampas"; following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.
The Zonda, a hot dry wind, affects west-central Argentina.
Squeezed of all moisture during the descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to , fueling wildfires and causing damage; when the Zonda blows (June–November), snowstorms and blizzard ("viento blanco") conditions usually affect higher elevations.
The Sudestada usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding.
It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río de la Plata estuary.
Article: Prison Break
Section: Season 2

Question: Where did the escaped brothers escape to?

The second season begins eight hours after the escape, focusing mainly on the eight escapees.
Series creator Paul Scheuring describes the second season as ""The Fugitive" times eight" and likens it to the "second half of "The Great Escape"."
The fugitives split up and journey to locations across the country with the authorities close behind them as they each pursue their individual goals.
Brad Bellick (Wade Williams) gets fired from the prison where he worked as the main guard and chases after the inmates himself for the reward money.
Several of the escapees reunite in search of a large cache of money buried long ago by another Fox River inmate, Charles Westmoreland (Muse Watson).
Federal agent Alexander Mahone (William Fichtner) is assigned to track down and capture the eight fugitives, but is revealed to be working for The Company, which wants all eight men dead.
When Sara discovers her father, Governor Frank Tancredi (John Heard), has been killed, she meets with Michael, remaining with him as the brothers try to bring down now-President Reynolds, a Company member.
To ensure the brothers' safety, Sara allows herself to be arrested and faces trial.
During the trial, the testimony of former Secret Service agent Paul Kellerman (Paul Adelstein), who used to work for the Company-controlled President, exonerates Lincoln and Sara.
Half of the escapees are killed or recaptured, but the brothers make it to Panama.
Michael, T-Bag, Mahone, and Bellick are arrested by the Panamanian authorities and imprisoned at the Penitenciaría Federal de Sona.
Article: Where Have You Been
Section: Credits and personnel

Question: Who did the vocals on Where Have You Been?

Recording
Recorded at Eightysevenfourteen Studios, Los Angeles, California; Eyeknowasecret Studio, Brentwood, California.
Sample
Contains elements from the composition "I've Been Everywhere", written by Geoff Mack under Unichappel Music Inc (BMI).
Personnel
Vocals - Rihanna
Songwriting – Ester Dean, Lukasz Gottwald, Calvin Harris, Henry Walter, Geoff Mack
Production, instruments, programming  – Dr. Luke, Cirkut, Calvin Harris
Vocal engineering and recording – Kuk Harrell, Marcos Tovar
Assistant vocal recording – Jennifer Rosales
Engineering – Aubry "Big Juice" Delaine, Clint Gibbs
Mixing – Serban Ghenea
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Talk That Talk", Def Jam Recordings, SRP Records.
Article: Udon
Section: Cold

Question: Is this food eaten with wasabi and ginger?

 "Zaru udon": Chilled udon noodles topped with shredded nori and served on a zaru (笊 or ざる), a sieve-like bamboo tray.
Accompanied by a chilled dipping sauce, usually a strong mixture of dashi, mirin, and shoyu.
Eaten with wasabi or grated ginger.
 "Bukkake udon": Cold udon served with thick dashi-broth.
 "Hadaka udon" (naked udon 裸うどん): Cold udon served on its own.
 Kijoyu udon: Served in a cold soup of raw (unpasteurized) soy sauce and sudachi (a type of citrus) juice, sometimes with a bit of grated daikon.
Article: Astronomy
Section: Astrometry and celestial mechanics

Question: What does following of close Earth objects help with anticipating?

One of the oldest fields in astronomy, and in all of science, is the measurement of the positions of celestial objects.
Historically, accurate knowledge of the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars has been essential in celestial navigation (the use of celestial objects to guide navigation) and in the making of calendars.
Careful measurement of the positions of the planets has led to a solid understanding of gravitational perturbations, and an ability to determine past and future positions of the planets with great accuracy, a field known as celestial mechanics.
More recently the tracking of near-Earth objects will allow for predictions of close encounters, and potential collisions, with the Earth.
The measurement of stellar parallax of nearby stars provides a fundamental baseline in the cosmic distance ladder that is used to measure the scale of the universe.
Parallax measurements of nearby stars provide an absolute baseline for the properties of more distant stars, as their properties can be compared.
Measurements of radial velocity and proper motion plot the movement of these systems through the Milky Way galaxy.
Astrometric results are the basis used to calculate the distribution of dark matter in the galaxy.
During the 1990s, the measurement of the stellar wobble of nearby stars was used to detect large extrasolar planets orbiting nearby stars.
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Before the monument (8000 BC forward)

Question: Which post were aligned east-west?

Before the monument (8000 BC forward).
Archaeologists have found four, or possibly five, large Mesolithic postholes (one may have been a natural tree throw), which date to around 8000 BC, beneath the nearby modern tourist car-park.
These held pine posts around in diameter which were erected and eventually rotted "in situ".
Three of the posts (and possibly four) were in an east-west alignment which may have had ritual significance; no parallels are known from Britain at the time but similar sites have been found in Scandinavia.
Salisbury Plain was then still wooded but 4,000 years later, during the earlier Neolithic, people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape.
In approximately 3500 BC, a Stonehenge Cursus was built north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area.
Article: Quantum mechanics
Section: Step potential

Question: What gives the potential in that case?

The potential in this case is given by:
formula_3
The solutions are superpositions of left- and right-moving waves:
formula_4
formula_5
where the wave vectors are related to the energy via
formula_6, and
formula_7
with coefficients A and B determined from the boundary conditions and by imposing a continuous derivative on the solution.
Each term of the solution can be interpreted as an incident, reflected, or transmitted component of the wave, allowing the calculation of transmission and reflection coefficients.
Notably, in contrast to classical mechanics, incident particles with energies greater than the potential step are partially reflected.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Conservation

Question: What agency is responsible for the conservation of Mount Rushmore?

The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the US National Park Service.
Physical efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally by Gutzon Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance (components include linseed oil, granite dust and white lead).
A modern silicone replacement was used, disguised with granite dust.
In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of 3 mm.
The site has been subsequently digitally recorded using a terrestrial laser scanning methodology in 2009 as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a record of unprecedented resolution and accuracy to inform the conservation of the site.
This data was made accessible online to be freely used by the wider community to aid further interpretation and public access.
Article: Treaty of Versailles
Section: Military restrictions

Question: How long does Germany took to make a reentry in aircraft industry?

The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces (Reichswehr).
The provisions were intended to make the incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament.
Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920, to leave an army of no more than in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions.
The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units, and the General Staff was to be dissolved.
Military schools for officer training were limited to three, one school per arm and conscription was to abolished.
Private soldiers and Non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and officers for a minimum of with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises.
To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men, the number of men allowed to leave early was limited.
The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force reduced to its pre-war size, with increases limited to population increases; paramilitary forces were forbidden.
The Rhineland was to be demilitarized, all fortifications in the Rhineland and east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden.
Military structures and fortifications on the islands of Heligoland and Düne were to be destroyed.
Germany was prohibited from the arms trade, limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of chemical weapons, armored cars, tanks and military aircraft.
The German navy was allowed six pre-dreadnought battleships and was limited to a maximum of six light cruisers (not exceeding ), twelve destroyers (not exceeding ) and twelve torpedo boats (not exceeding ) and was forbidden submarines.
The manpower of the navy was not to exceed including manning for the fleet, coast defences, signal stations, administration, other land services, officers and men of all grades and corps.
The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed Germany surrendered eight battleships, eight light cruisers, forty-two destroyers, and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning.
Thirty-two auxiliary ships were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use.
Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force, including naval air forces, and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials.
In conjunction, Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty.