community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: DNA
Section: Nucleobase classification

Question: What is the first step in the biosynthesis of J?

The nucleobases are classified into two types: the purines, A and G, being fused five- and six-membered heterocyclic compounds, and the pyrimidines, the six-membered rings C and T. A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase, uracil (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring.
In addition to RNA and DNA a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues have also been created to study the properties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology.
Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine.
However in a number of bacteriophages – "Bacillus subtilis" bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 and "Yersinia" bacteriophage piR1-37 – thymine has been replaced by uracil.
Another phage - Staphylococcal phage S6 - has been identified with a genome where thymine has been replaced by uracil.
Base J (beta-d-glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil), a modified form of uracil, is also found in a number of organisms: the flagellates "Diplonema" and "Euglena", and all the kinetoplastid genera Biosynthesis of J occurs in two steps: in the first step a specific thymidine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine; in the second HOMedU is glycosylated to form J. Proteins that bind specifically to this base have been identified.
These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia.
J appears to act as a termination signal for RNA polymerase II.
Article: Mexico
Section: Culture

Question: Who originally stated mexico as "the melting pot of all races?"

[[File:Frida Kahlo Diego Rivera 1932.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frida Kahlo with Diego Rivera in 1932, photography byCarl van Vechten.
]]Mexican culture reflects the complexity of the country's history through the blending of indigenous cultures and the culture of Spain, imparted during Spain's 300-year colonization of Mexico.
Exogenous cultural elements have been incorporated into Mexican culture as time have passed.
The Porfirian era ("el Porfiriato"), in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, was marked by economic progress and peace.
After four decades of civil unrest and war, Mexico saw the development of philosophy and the arts, promoted by President Díaz himself.
Since that time, as accentuated during the Mexican Revolution, cultural identity has had its foundation in the "mestizaje", of which the indigenous (i.e.
Amerindian) element is the core.
In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in his publication "La Raza Cósmica" (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the "mestizo") not only biologically but culturally as well.
Article: Racquetball
Section: Strategy

Question: What is the best way to win in racquetball?

The primary strategy of racquetball is to command the center of the court just at or behind the dashed receiving line.
This allows the player to move as quickly as possible to all areas of the court and limit open court areas which are difficult to defend.
After a shot, return quickly to center court.
The antithesis of this is to be against a wall which severely limits the player's movement and allows the opponent an open court.
Keep an eye on the opponent by glancing sideways to anticipate their return shot and move appropriately in the court.
Learn the typical return shots of the opponent and move appropriately in the court for a return shot.
Attempt to not be predictable with your return shots.
Other more obvious strategies are to keep the returned ball as low on the front wall as possible, keeping the ball moving fast (limiting reaction time) and to keep your opponent moving away from center court by the use of lobs, cross court shots, and dinks.
Article: Volleyball
Section: Team play

Question: What is the most common type of screening in volleyball?

Volleyball is essentially a game of transition from one of the above skills to the next, with choreographed team movement between plays on the ball.
These team movements are determined by the teams chosen serve receive system, offensive system, coverage system, and defensive system.
The serve receive system is the formation used by the receiving team to attempt to pass the ball to the designated setter.
Systems can consist of 5 receivers, 4 receivers, 3 receivers, and in some cases 2 receivers.
The most popular formation at higher levels is a 3 receiver formation consisting of two left sides and a libero receiving every rotation.
This allows middles and right sides to become more specialized at hitting and blocking.
Offensive systems are the formations used by the offense to attempt to ground the ball into the opposing court (or otherwise score points).
Formations often include designated player positions with skill specialization (see "Player specialization", below).
Popular formations include the 4-2, 6-2, and 5-1 systems (see "Formations", below).
There are also several different attacking schemes teams can use to keep the opposing defense off balance.
Coverage systems are the formations used by the offense to protect their court in the case of a blocked attack.
Executed by the 5 offensive players not directly attacking the ball, players move to assigned positions around the attacker to dig up any ball that deflects off the block back into their own court.
Popular formations include the 2-3 system and the 1-2-2 system.
In lieu of a system, some teams just use a random coverage with the players nearest the hitter.
Defensive systems are the formations used by the defense to protect against the ball being grounded into their court by the opposing team.
The system will outline which players are responsible for which areas of the court depending on where the opposing team is attacking from.
Popular systems include the 6-Up, 6-Back-Deep, and 6-Back-Slide defense.
There are also several different blocking schemes teams can employ to disrupt the opposing teams offense.
Some teams, when they are ready to serve, will line up their other five players in a screen to obscure the view of the receiving team.
This action is only illegal if the server makes use of the screen, so the call is made at the referees discretion as to the impact the screen made on the receivers ability to pass the ball.
The most common style of screening involves a W formation designed to take up as much horizontal space as possible.
Article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Section: Day of the assassination

Question: What did Booth plan on doing with his single-shot Derringer?

Lincoln's day started well for the first time in a while.
Hugh McCulloch, the new Secretary of the Treasury, remarked that on that morning, "I never saw Mr. Lincoln so cheerful and happy".
No one could miss the difference.
For months, the President had looked pale and haggard.
Lincoln himself told people how happy he was.
This caused First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln some concern, as she believed that saying such things out loud was bad luck.
Lincoln paid her no heed.
At around noon, while visiting Ford's Theatre to pick up his mail (Booth had a permanent mailbox there), Booth learned from the brother of John Ford, the owner, that the President and General Grant would be attending the theatre to see "Our American Cousin" that night.
Booth determined that this was the perfect opportunity for him to do something "decisive".
He knew the theater's layout, having performed there several times, as recently as the previous month.
That same afternoon, Booth went to Mary Surratt's boarding house in Washington, D.C. and asked her to deliver a package to her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland.
He also requested Surratt to tell her tenant who resided there to have the guns and ammunition that Booth had previously stored at the tavern ready to be picked up later that evening.
She complied with Booth's requests and made the trip, along with Louis J. Weichmann, her boarder and son's friend.
This exchange, and her compliance in it, would lead directly to Surratt's execution three months later.
At seven o'clock that evening, John Wilkes Booth met for a final time with all his fellow conspirators.
Booth assigned Lewis Powell to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward at his home, George Atzerodt to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson at his residence, the Kirkwood Hotel, and David E. Herold to guide Powell to the Seward house and then out of Washington to rendezvous with Booth in Maryland.
Booth planned to shoot Lincoln with his single-shot Derringer and then stab Grant with a knife at Ford's Theatre.
They were all to strike simultaneously shortly after ten o'clock that night.
Atzerodt wanted nothing to do with it, saying he had only signed up for a kidnapping, not a killing.
Booth told him he was in too far to back out.
Article: United States
Section: Health

Question: Who became the first state to hvae universal health insurance?

The United States has life expectancy of 78.4 years at birth, up from 75.2 years in 1990, ranks it 50th among 221 nations, and 27th out of the 34 industrialized OECD countries, down from 20th in 1990.
Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere have contributed to lowering the country's rank in life expectancy from 1987, when it was 11th in the world.
Obesity rates in the United States are among the highest in the world.
Approximately one-third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight; the obesity rate, the highest in the industrialized world, has more than doubled in the last quarter-century.
Obesity-related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals.
The infant mortality rate of 6.06 per thousand places the United States 176th highest out of 222 countries.
In 2010, coronary artery disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain, depression, musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability.
The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, physical inactivity, and alcohol use.
Alzheimer's disease, drug abuse, kidney disease and cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.
U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations.
The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation.
America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians, while the EU and Switzerland together contributed to five.
Since 1966, Americans have received more Nobel Prizes in Medicine than the rest of the world.
From 1989 to 2002, four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe.
The U.S. health-care system far outspends any other nation, measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP.
Health-care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal.
In 2010, 49.9 million residents or 16.3% of the population did not carry health insurance.
The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue.
In 2006, Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance.
Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near-universal health insurance system around the country by 2014, though the bill and its ultimate impact are issues of controversy.
Article: Cake
Section: Cake flour

Question: Does using cake flower make the texture lighter and less dense?

 flour.
Special cake flour with a high starch-to-gluten ratio is made from fine-textured, soft, low-protein wheat.
It is strongly bleached, and compared to all-purpose flour, cake flour tends to result in cakes with a lighter, less dense texture.
Therefore, it is frequently specified or preferred in cakes meant to be soft, light, and or bright white, such as angel food cake.
However, if cake flour is called for, a substitute can be made by replacing a small percentage of all-purpose flour with cornstarch or removing two tablespoons from each cup of all-purpose flour.
Some recipes explicitly specify or permit all-purpose flour, notably where a firmer or denser cake texture is desired.
Article: The Lord of the Rings
Section: Writing

Question: Where are the original manuscripts?

Persuaded by his publishers, he started "a new Hobbit" in December 1937.
After several false starts, the story of the One Ring emerged.
The idea for the first chapter ("A Long-Expected Party") arrived fully formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, the significance of the Ring, and the title "The Lord of the Rings" did not arrive until the spring of 1938.
Originally, he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however, he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work.
As the story progressed, he also brought in elements from 'The Silmarillion' mythology.
Writing was slow, because Tolkien had a full-time academic position, and needed to earn further money as a university examiner.
Tolkien abandoned "The Lord of the Rings" during most of 1943 and only re-started it in April 1944, as a serial for his son Christopher Tolkien, who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the Royal Air Force.
Tolkien made another concerted effort in 1946, and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947.
The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949.
The original manuscripts, which total 9,250 pages, now reside in the J.R.R.
Tolkien Collection at Marquette University.
Article: The Starry Night
Section: Recent commentaries

Question: What art historian claims Van Gogh's "Starry Night" is representative of his nocturnal fascination?

Simon Singh, in his book "Big Bang", says that "Starry Night" has striking similarities to a sketch of the "Whirlpool Galaxy", drawn by Lord Rosse 44 years before Van Gogh's work.
The painting has been compared to an astronomical photograph of a star named V838 Monocerotis, taken by the Hubble in 2004.
The clouds of gas surrounding the star resemble the swirling patterns Van Gogh used in this painting.
Art historian Joachim Pissarro cites "Starry Night" as an exemplar of the artist's fascination with the nocturnal.
Article: Italy
Section: Infrastructure

Question: How many primary airports existed in Italy in 2004?

In 2004 the transport sector in Italy generated a turnover of about 119.4 billion euros, employing 935,700 persons in 153,700 enterprises.
Regarding the national road network, in 2002 there were of serviceable roads in Italy, including of motorways, state-owned but privately operated by Atlantia.
In 2005, about 34,667,000 passenger cars (590 cars per 1,000 people) and 4,015,000 goods vehicles circulated on the national road network.
The national railway network, state-owned and operated by Ferrovie dello Stato, in 2003 totalled of which 69% is electrified, and on which 4,937 locomotives and railcars circulated.
The national inland waterways network comprised of navigable rivers and channels in 2002.
In 2004 there were approximately 30 main airports (including the two hubs of Malpensa International in Milan and Leonardo da Vinci International in Rome) and 43 major seaports (including the seaport of Genoa, the country's largest and second largest in the Mediterranean Sea).
In 2005 Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of about 389,000 units and a merchant fleet of 581 ships.
Article: Up Series
Section: Jackie

Question: How old was Jackie Bassett when she got married?

Jackie Bassett was one of three girls who were chosen from the same primary school as Lynn and Sue, in a working-class neighbourhood of London (East).
She eventually went to a comprehensive school and married at age 19.
Jackie went through several different jobs, divorced, remarried and moved to Scotland, divorced again and raised her 3 sons as a single parent.
As of 56 Up she's been on disability for 14 years, and is very close to her second mother in law who's been recently diagnosed with terminal cancer.
Her family remains close and lives near each other in Scotland.
Article: Boston Tea Party
Section: Destruction of the tea

Question: The Griffin's Wharf of the Tea Party is precisely located in what area?

While Samuel Adams tried to reassert control of the meeting, people poured out of the Old South Meeting House headed out to prepare to take action.
In some cases, this involved donning what may have been elaborately prepared Mohawk costumes.
While disguising their individual faces was imperative, because of the illegality of their protest, dressing as Mohawk warriors was a very specific and symbolic choice.
It showed that the Sons of Liberty identified with America, over their official status as subjects of Great Britain.
That evening, a group of 30 to 130 men, some dressed in the Mohawk warrior disguises, boarded the three vessels and, over the course of three hours, dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water.
The precise location of the Griffin's Wharf site of the Tea Party has been subject to prolonged uncertainty; a comprehensive study places it near the foot of Hutchinson Street (today's Pearl Street).
Article: The Usual Suspects
Section: Nominations and awards

Question: Who won the Best Original Screenplay award at the 1996 Bristish Academy Film Awards?

Christopher McQuarrie was nominated for the Best Original Screenplay and Kevin Spacey was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards.
They both won, and in his acceptance speech Spacey memorably said, "Well, whoever Keyser Söze is, I can tell you he's gonna get gloriously drunk tonight.
"McQuarrie also won the Best Original Screenplay award at the 1996 British Academy Film Awards.
The film was also nominated for Best Film, and best editing.
It won for best editing.
The film was nominated for three Independent Spirit Awards — Best Supporting Actor for Benicio del Toro, Best Screenplay for Christopher McQuarrie and Best Cinematography for Newton Thomas Sigel.
Both Del Toro and McQuarrie won in their categories.
"The Usual Suspects" was screened at the 1995 Seattle International Film Festival, where Bryan Singer was awarded Best Director and Kevin Spacey won for Best Actor.
The Boston Society of Film Critics gave Spacey the Best Supporting Actor award for his work on the film.
Spacey went on to win this award with the New York Film Critics Circle and the National Board of Review, which also gave the cast an ensemble acting award.
Article: Taekwondo
Section: Abstract

Question: How many different kinds of taekwondo exist?

Taekwondo or (Korean 태권도 (hangul) / 跆拳道 (hanja), ) is a Korean martial art.
It combines combat and self-defense techniques with sport and exercise.
"Gyeorugi" (), a type of sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000.
Taekwondo was developed by a variety of Korean masters during the 1940s as partial combination of taekkyeon, Okinawan karate, and other traditions.
The name "taekwondo" was coined by Choi Hong Hi (of the Oh Do Kwan).
The World Taekwondo Federation claims that taekwondo development was a collaborative effort by a council consisting of members from the nine original kwans, while the International Taekwon-Do Federation credits Choi Hong Hi solely.
"Traditional taekwondo" typically refers to the martial art as it was established in the 1950s and 1960s in the South Korean military and in various civilian organizations, including schools and universities.
In particular, the names and symbolism of the both the traditional patterns and the newer poomsae often refer to elements of Korean history, culture and religious philosophy.
This symbolism is replicated in the Korean flag.
"Sport taekwondo" was developed in the 1950s and may have a somewhat different focus, especially in terms of its emphasis on speed and competition (as in Olympic sparring).
Sport taekwondo is in turn subdivided into two main styles.
One style is practiced by International Taekwon-Do adherents and was created in 1955 by Choi Hong Hi.
The other style derives from Kukkiwon, the source of the sparring system "sihap gyeorugi".
This style is now an event at the summer Olympic Games and is governed by the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF).
Kukkiwon (World Taekwondo Headquarters) is the traditional center for WTF taekwondo and was founded in 1973 by Dr. Kim Un Yong.
Although there are doctrinal and technical differences between sparring in the two main styles and among the various organizations, the art in general emphasizes kicks and punches thrown from a mobile stance.
Taekwondo training generally includes a system of blocks, kicks, punches, and open-handed strikes and may also include various take-downs or sweeps, throws, and joint locks.
Pressure points, known as "jiapsul", are used, as well as grabbing self-defense techniques borrowed from other martial arts such as Japanese judo, Korean hapkido, and Korean wrestling or ssireum.
In Korean, "tae" (태, ) means "to strike or break with the foot"; "kwon" (권, ) means "to strike or break with the fist"; and "do" (도, ) means "way of life".
Thus, "taekwondo" may be loosely translated as "the way of the foot and the hand."
The name "taekwondo" is also written as "taekwon-do", "tae kwon-do", or "tae kwon do" by various organizations.
Article: Anatomy
Section: Insect anatomy

Question: What body parts have the most variation?

Insects possess segmented bodies supported by a hard-jointed outer covering made mostly of chitin.
The segments of the body are organized into three distinct parts, a head, a thorax and an abdomen.
The head typically bears a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, one to three simple eyes (ocelli) and three sets of modified appendages that form the mouthparts.
The thorax has three pairs of segmented legs, one pair each for the three segments that compose the thorax and one or two pairs of wings.
The abdomen is composed of eleven segments, some of which may be fused and houses the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive systems.
There is considerable variations between species and many adaptations to the body parts, especially wings, legs, antennae and mouthparts.
Article: Venezuela
Section: Demographics

Question: Where do 93% of Venezuela's population live?

Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas, which is also the largest city.
About 93% of the population lives in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than from the coastline.
Though almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there.
The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is Ciudad Guayana, which is the sixth most populous conurbation.
Other major cities include Barquisimeto, Valencia, Maracay, Maracaibo, Mérida, San Cristóbal and Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz.