community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Algeria
Section: Hydrocarbons

Question: Which country is the 6th largest gas exporter?

Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an OPEC member since 1969.
Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe.
Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings.
Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the sixth-largest gas exporter.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005, Algeria had of proven natural-gas reserves.
It also ranks 16th in oil reserves.
Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%.
To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries.
High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large international reserves position.
Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downwards.
Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume, continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011.
Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962, and 70% of budgetary receipts, or USD 71.4 billion.
The Algerian national oil company is Sonatrach, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria.
All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements.
Article: Photoelectric effect
Section: Emission mechanism

Question: In order to receive the energy required, what does an emitted electron require?

The photons of a light beam have a characteristic energy proportional to the frequency of the light.
In the photoemission process, if an electron within some material absorbs the energy of one photon and acquires more energy than the work function (the electron binding energy) of the material, it is ejected.
If the photon energy is too low, the electron is unable to escape the material.
Since an increase in the intensity of low-frequency light will only increase the number of low-energy photons sent over a given interval of time, this change in intensity will not create any single photon with enough energy to dislodge an electron.
Thus, the energy of the emitted electrons does not depend on the intensity of the incoming light, but only on the energy (equivalently frequency) of the individual photons.
It is an interaction between the incident photon and the outermost electrons.
Electrons can absorb energy from photons when irradiated, but they usually follow an "all or nothing" principle.
All of the energy from one photon must be absorbed and used to liberate one electron from atomic binding, or else the energy is re-emitted.
If the photon energy is absorbed, some of the energy liberates the electron from the atom, and the rest contributes to the electron's kinetic energy as a free particle.
Article: Nucleic acid sequence
Section: Sequence determination

Question: Why is DNA sequence important in research?

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a given DNA fragment.
The sequence of the DNA of a living thing encodes the necessary information for that living thing to survive and reproduce.
Therefore, determining the sequence is useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects.
Because of the importance of DNA to living things, knowledge of a DNA sequence may be useful in practically any biological research.
For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases.
Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases.
Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.RNA is not sequenced directly.
Instead, it is copied to a DNA by reverse transcriptase, and this DNA is then sequenced.
Current sequencing methods rely on the discriminatory ability of DNA polymerases, and therefore can only distinguish four bases.
An inosine (created from adenosine during RNA editing) is read as a G, and 5-methyl-cytosine (created from cytosine by DNA methylation) is read as a C. With current technology, it is difficult to sequence small amounts of DNA, as the signal is too weak to measure.
This is overcome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.
Article: Forbidden City
Section: Symbolism

Question: In a palace complex, where are the storage areas located?

The design of the Forbidden City, from its overall layout to the smallest detail, was meticulously planned to reflect philosophical and religious principles, and above all to symbolise the majesty of Imperial power.
Some noted examples of symbolic designs include:
 Yellow is the color of the Emperor.
Thus almost all roofs in the Forbidden City bear yellow glazed tiles.
There are only two exceptions.
The library at the Pavilion of Literary Profundity () had black tiles because black was associated with water, and thus fire-prevention.
Similarly, the Crown Prince's residences have green tiles because green was associated with wood, and thus growth.
 The main halls of the Outer and Inner courts are all arranged in groups of three – the shape of the Qian triagram, representing Heaven.
The residences of the Inner Court on the other hand are arranged in groups of six – the shape of the Kun triagram, representing the Earth.
 The sloping ridges of building roofs are decorated with a line of statuettes led by a man riding a phoenix and followed by an imperial dragon.
The number of statuettes represents the status of the building – a minor building might have 3 or 5.
The Hall of Supreme Harmony has 10, the only building in the country to be permitted this in Imperial times.
As a result, its 10th statuette, called a ""Hangshi"", or "ranked tenth" (), is also unique in the Forbidden City.
 The layout of buildings follows ancient customs laid down in the "Classic of Rites".
Thus, ancestral temples are in front of the palace.
Storage areas are placed in the front part of the palace complex, and residences in the back.
Article: Space Needle
Section: Labor dispute

Question: who were the workers working with

In 2012, the union workers of the Space Needle started working without a contract when the current contract expired.
The workers, working with the union, Unite Here Local 8, have entered into contract negotiations with the owners.
The owners have made it clear that they don't want to extend a contract with the workers or the union because of terminology used in the contract.
The Space Needle believes it offered employees enough security under past contracts without explicitly promising no subcontracting, which is what the workers want in the new contract.
This would likely limit the company's ability to hire workers on a needed basis such as peak seasons or special events.
But instead of striking this item from the contract, Unite Here has pushed for picketing outside of the Space Needle on a weekly basis until such contract terms are accepted.
In 2013, federal mediation was set to begin between workers and the owners of the Space Needle.
Article: Wushu (sport)
Section: Other taolu routines

Question: How do you write 醉酒拳 with the English alphabet?

The majority of routines used in the sport are new, modernized recompilations of traditional routines.
However, routines taken directly from traditional styles, including the styles that are not part of standard events, may be performed in competition, especially in China.
These routines generally do not garner as many points as their modern counterparts, and are performed in events separate from the compulsory routine events.
Among these, the more commonly seen routines include:
Baguazhang (八卦掌) – Eight-Trigrams Palm
Bajiquan (八極拳) – Eight Extremes Fist/Boxing
Chaquan (查拳) – Cha Fist/Boxing
Changquan (长拳) – Long fist
Chuojiao (戳腳) – Poking Feet
Ditangquan (地躺拳) – Ground-Prone Fist/Boxing
Fanziquan (翻子拳) – Tumbling Fist/Boxing
Houquan (猴拳) – Monkey Fist/Boxing
Huaquan (華拳) – Hua Fist/Boxing
Nanquan (南拳) – Southern Fist
Paochui (炮捶) – Cannon Punch
Piguaquan (劈掛拳) – Chop-Hitch Fist/Boxing
Shequan (蛇拳) – Snake Fist/Boxing
Tantui (弹腿) – Spring Leg
Tanglanquan (螳螂拳) – Praying Mantis Fist/Boxing
Tongbeiquan (通背拳) – Through-the-Back Fist/Boxing
Wing Chun (Yongchunquan) – Eternal Spring
Xingyiquan (形意拳) – Shape-Intent Fist/Boxing
Yingzhuaquan (鷹爪拳) – Eagle Claw Fist/Boxing
Zuiquan (醉酒拳) – Drunken Fist/Boxing
Article: Teen Wolf
Section: Abstract

Question: Who directed the 1985 movie Teen Wolf?

Teen Wolf is a 1985 American fantasy comedy film released by Atlantic Releasing Corporation starring Michael J.
Fox as Scott Howard, a high school student who discovers that his family has an unusual pedigree when he finds himself transforming into a werewolf.
The film was directed by Rod Daniel based on a script co-written by Joseph Loeb III, Matthew Weisman, and Tim Hayes.
Article: South Korea
Section: Public health and safety

Question: What is the percentage of smokers in South Korea?

Although life expectancy has increased significantly since 1950, South Korea faces a number of important health-care issues.
Foremost is the impact of environmental pollution on an increasingly urbanized population.
According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, chronic diseases account for the majority of diseases in South Korea, a condition exacerbated by the health care system's focus on treatment rather than prevention.
The incidence of chronic disease in South Korea hovers around 24 percent.
Approximately 33 percent of all adults smoke.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rate of prevalence at the end of 2003 was less than 0.1 percent.
In 2001 central government expenditures on health care accounted for about 6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP).
The suicide rate in the nation was 26 per 100,000 in 2008, the highest in the industrialized world.
Young South Korean males were found to be the tallest in all of East Asia, resulting from healthy living conditions, economic development and changes in food culture.
Based on the Asia-Pacific Advisory Committee on Influenza (APACI), South Korea ranked the highest of influenza vaccination in Asia with 311 vaccines per 1,000 people.
South Korea has the highest suicide rate in the developed world.
Article: Rice
Section: Harvesting, drying and milling

Question: What is unmilled rice known as?

Unmilled rice, known as paddy (Indonesia and Malaysia: padi; Philippines, palay), is usually harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25%.
In most Asian countries, where rice is almost entirely the product of smallholder agriculture, harvesting is carried out manually, although there is a growing interest in mechanical harvesting.
Harvesting can be carried out by the farmers themselves, but is also frequently done by seasonal labour groups.
Harvesting is followed by threshing, either immediately or within a day or two.
Again, much threshing is still carried out by hand but there is an increasing use of mechanical threshers.
Subsequently, paddy needs to be dried to bring down the moisture content to no more than 20% for milling.
A familiar sight in several Asian countries is paddy laid out to dry along roads.
However, in most countries the bulk of drying of marketed paddy takes place in mills, with village-level drying being used for paddy to be consumed by farm families.
Mills either sun dry or use mechanical driers or both.
Drying has to be carried out quickly to avoid the formation of moulds.
Mills range from simple hullers, with a throughput of a couple of tonnes a day, that simply remove the outer husk, to enormous operations that can process 4,000 tonnes a day and produce highly polished rice.
A good mill can achieve a paddy-to-rice conversion rate of up to 72% but smaller, inefficient mills often struggle to achieve 60%.
These smaller mills often do not buy paddy and sell rice but only service farmers who want to mill their paddy for their own consumption.
Article: Payphone (song)
Section: Covers

Question: When did Cimorelli post the YouTube cover of Payphone?

On 7 May 2012, singing sisters Cimorelli posted a cover on YouTube, which has been watched over 15 million times but Dani and Lauren changed up the rap.
Tanner Patrick, Dave Days, Megan Nicole, Tiffany Alvord and Avery also posted cover versions of "Payphone".
In July 2012, Canadian indie group Walk off the Earth released a cover on YouTube where many of the instruments being played are looped live, allowing one member to effectively play six instruments over the course of the song, with the recorded loops all playing at once.
The same month, the band Boyce Avenue also released a cover of the song.
American post-hardcore group Crown The Empire has done a heavy cover of the song as well for Fearless Records' compilation album "Punk Goes Pop 5".
Comedy rapper Rucka Rucka Ali recorded a parody, "Dago", on his 2012 album "Rucka's World".
In October 2012, Daniel Evans, a finalist on season 5 of The X Factor (UK) published and subsequently released an acoustic piano ballad version on his YouTube channel.
Article: 2 Broke Girls
Section: Abstract

Question: What year did "2 Broke Girls" first air on tv?

2 Broke Girls is an American television sitcom created for Warner Bros. Television by Michael Patrick King and Whitney Cummings.
It premiered on CBS in the United States on September 19, 2011, during the 2011–12 television season.
On March 27, 2013, CBS announced that "2 Broke Girls" has been renewed for a third season, to air during the 2013–14 television season.
The series is set in the Williamsburg neighborhood of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, United States.
Its plot line follows the misadventures of the roommates Max Black (Kat Dennings) and Caroline Channing (Beth Behrs), who are both financially poor, and their efforts to start a cupcake business.
The first episode aired at 9:30 pm (E/P) after "Two and a Half Men" on September 19, 2011.
Later episodes followed "How I Met Your Mother" on Monday nights at 8:30 pm (E/P).
The series has received a generally positive response since its debut.
It was nominated for three 2012 Emmy Awards, winning for Art Direction.
On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed 2 Broke Girls for a fourth season.
Article: Nebula
Section: Notable named nebulae

Question: Is there a nebula named Barnard's Loop?

Ant Nebula
Barnard's Loop
Boomerang Nebula
Cat's Eye Nebula
Crab Nebula
Eagle Nebula
Eskimo Nebula
Eta Carinae Nebula
Fox Fur Nebula
Helix Nebula
Hourglass Nebula
Horsehead Nebula
Lagoon Nebula
Orion Nebula
Pelican Nebula
Red Square Nebula
Ring Nebula
Rosette Nebula
Tarantula Nebula
Nebula catalogs
Gum catalog
RCW Catalogue
Sharpless catalog
Article: I Won't Give Up
Section: Background

Question: What publication featured commentary on I Won't Give Up?

After "I'm Yours" remained at the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for a record 76 weeks ending in October 2009 (peaking at number 6), Mraz headed to the Gulf of Mexico in the summer of 2010 to help with efforts to clean the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Later, he went to a trip to Ghana to fight child slavery alongside the nonprofit Free the Slaves.
Later, Mraz was in Antarctica, spending time with Al Gore and learning about climate change aboard the National Geographic Explorer.
During his activist outings, Mraz wrote and recorded his fourth album, "Love Is a Four Letter Word", with producer Joe Chiccarelli.
In an interview for "Billboard", he confessed that he was less interested in following up his biggest hit than using the power that "I'm Yours" gave him to fuel positive change.
He further elaborated: "The pressure I put on myself, or what I hope my 'I Won't Give Up' does, is to make a difference in people's lives .
.
.
With 'I'm Yours,' I got to go out and set my feet on different continents, and expose myself to different cultures and causes.
I wanted to see who I was, outside of music.
"Mraz explained the track, in a "track-by-track" commentary for "Billboard":"'I Won't Give Up' was written selfishly.
As many of my songs are, I write for the purpose of understanding what the hell's going on in my life, my position in the world, processing that lesson and that miracle that I'm learning.
Seeing it on the page, proving to myself that I understand the lesson, that I'm applying it to my life, and that I can move on.
Ultimately it was about, you know, regardless of what happens in this relationship, I don't have to give up on loving this person, or loving myself, or give up on whatever my dreams are.
Even though its written through the filter of relationships, it's not necessarily specific for relationships.
For me, the true meaning exists in the bridge saying 'I don't want to be someone who walks away so easily, I'm here to stay and make a difference.'
That is for all of us.
We all have something that we're fighting for or that we're striving for.
Whether we want to coach our soccer team to victory or lose five pounds in a month, whatever it is, there's nothing too small worth fighting for and there's nothing too big worth going after."
Article: Shooting
Section: Abstract

Question: In what locations can shooting occur?

Shooting is the act or process of firing firearms or other projectile weapons such as bows or crossbows.
Even the firing of artillery, rockets, and missiles can be called shooting.
A person who specializes in shooting is a marksman.
Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field in hunting, in shooting sports, or in combat.
Article: Black hole
Section: X-ray binaries

Question: How are X-ray binaries described?

X-ray binaries are binary star systems that are luminous in the X-ray part of the spectrum.
These X-ray emissions are generally thought to be caused by one of the component stars being a compact object accreting matter from the other (regular) star.
The presence of an ordinary star in such a system provides a unique opportunity for studying the central object and determining if it might be a black hole.
If such a system emits signals that can be directly traced back to the compact object, it cannot be a black hole.
The absence of such a signal does, however, not exclude the possibility that the compact object is a neutron star.
By studying the companion star it is often possible to obtain the orbital parameters of the system and obtain an estimate for the mass of the compact object.
If this is much larger than the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (that is, the maximum mass a neutron star can have before collapsing) then the object cannot be a neutron star and is generally expected to be a black hole.
The first strong candidate for a black hole, Cygnus X-1, was discovered in this way by Charles Thomas Bolton, Louise Webster and Paul Murdin in 1972.
Some doubt, however, remained due to the uncertainties resultant from the companion star being much heavier than the candidate black hole.
Currently, better candidates for black holes are found in a class of X-ray binaries called soft X-ray transients.
In this class of system the companion star is relatively low mass allowing for more accurate estimates in the black hole mass.
Moreover, these systems are only active in X-ray for several months once every 10–50 years.
During the period of low X-ray emission (called quiescence), the accretion disc is extremely faint allowing for detailed observation of the companion star during this period.
One of the best such candidates is V404 Cyg.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Abstract

Question: What kind of organisms have stem cells?

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells.
They are found in multicellular organisms.
In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues.
In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues.
In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.
There are three accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans:
 Bone marrow, which requires extraction by "harvesting", that is, drilling into bone (typically the femur or iliac crest),
 Adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction, and
 Blood, which requires extraction through apheresis, wherein blood is drawn from the donor (similar to a blood donation), and passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.
Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth.
Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting involves the least risk.
By definition, autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures.
Adult stem cells are frequently used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation.
Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed (differentiated) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves.
Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through therapeutic cloning have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies.
Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Adult

Question: What can adult stem cells be used for?

Adult stem cells, also called somatic (from Greek Σωματικóς, "of the body") stem cells, are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
They can be found in children, as well as adults.
Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number, but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and other tissues.
Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells, which have been used in treating several conditions including spinal cord injury, liver cirrhosis, chronic limb ischemia and endstage heart failure.
The quantity of bone marrow stem cells declines with age and is greater in males than females during reproductive years.
Much adult stem cell research to date has aimed to characterize their potency and self-renewal capabilities.
In mice, pluripotent stem cells are directly generated from adult fibroblast cultures.
However, mice do not live long with stem cell organs.
Most adult stem cells are lineage-restricted (multipotent) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (mesenchymal stem cell, adipose-derived stem cell, endothelial stem cell, dental pulp stem cell, etc.
Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants.
Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses.
The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as controversial as the use of embryonic stem cells, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an embryo.
Additionally, in instances where adult stem cells are obtained from the intended recipient (an autograft), the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent.
Consequently, more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research.