community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Pablo Picasso
Section: Recent major exhibitions

Question: Where will the exhibit be in June 2012?

"Picasso: Masterpieces from the Musée National Picasso, Paris," an exhibition of 150 paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints and photographs from the Musée National Picasso in Paris.
The exhibit touring schedule includes:
 8 October 2010 – 17 January 2011, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington, US.
 19 February 2011 – 15 May 2011, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia, US.
 11 June 2011 – 9 October 2011, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, California, US.
 12 November 2011 – 25 March 2012, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney.
 28 April 2012 – 26 August 2012, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Article: The Thinker
Section: Origins

Question: Who was the statue "The Thinker" modeled after?

Originally named "The Poet" (""), the "Thinker" was initially a figure in a large commission, begun in 1880, for a doorway surround called "The Gates of Hell".
Rodin based this on "The Divine Comedy" of Dante, and most of the many figures in the work represented the main characters in the epic poem.
Some critics believe "The Thinker", at the centre of the composition over the doorway and at about 70 cm high larger than most other figures, was originally intended to depict Dante at the Gates of Hell, pondering his great poem.
However, there are questionable aspects to this interpretation, including that the figure is naked, Dante is fully clothed throughout his poem, and that the figure, as used, in no way corresponds to Dante's effete figure.
The sculpture is nude, as Rodin wanted a heroic figure in the tradition of Michelangelo, to represent intellect as well as poetry.
This detail from the "Gates of Hell" was first named "The Thinker" by foundry workers, who noted its similarity to Michelangelo's statue of Lorenzo de Medici called """" (The Thinker).
Rodin decided to treat the figure as an independent work, at a larger size.
The figure was designed to be seen from below, and is normally displayed on a fairly high plinth, though the heights chosen by the various owners for these vary considerably.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Paintings of the 1490s

Question: Which two individuals was Leonardo da Vinci having a difficult time depicting in "The Last Supper"?

Leonardo's most famous painting of the 1490s is "The Last Supper", painted for the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan.
The painting represents the last meal shared by Jesus with his disciples before his capture and death.
It shows specifically the moment when Jesus has just said "one of you will betray me".
Leonardo tells the story of the consternation that this statement caused to the twelve followers of Jesus.
The novelist Matteo Bandello observed Leonardo at work and wrote that some days he would paint from dawn till dusk without stopping to eat and then not paint for three or four days at a time.
This was beyond the comprehension of the prior of the convent, who hounded him until Leonardo asked Ludovico to intervene.
Vasari describes how Leonardo, troubled over his ability to adequately depict the faces of Christ and the traitor Judas, told the Duke that he might be obliged to use the prior as his model.
When finished, the painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterisation, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined".
Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface which was subject to mold and to flaking.
Despite this, the painting has remained one of the most reproduced works of art, countless copies being made in every medium from carpets to cameos.
Article: Pike Place Market
Section: Before the Market

Question: Produce that was sold at The Lots can also be called what?

Before the Market.
Before the creation of the Pike Place Market in 1907, local Seattle area farmers sold their goods to the public in a three-square block area called The Lots, located at Sixth Avenue and King Street.
Most produce sold at The Lots would then be brought to commercial wholesale houses on Western Avenue, which became known as Produce Row.
Most farmers, due to the amount of time required to work their farms, were forced to sell their produce on consignment through the wholesalers on Western Avenue.
The farmers typically received a percentage of the final sale price for their goods.
They would sell to the middleman on commission, as most farmers would often have no time to sell direct to the public, and their earnings would be on marked up prices and expected sales.
In some cases, the farmers made a profit, but just as often found themselves breaking even, or getting no money at all due to the business practices of the wholesalers.
During the existence of the wholesale houses, which far predated the Market, there were regular rumors as well as instances of corruption in denying payment to farmers.
Article: Grand Central Terminal
Section: Grand Central Terminal

Question: The Grand Central Terminal is comprised mainly of what material?

Between 1903 and 1913, the entire building was torn down in phases and replaced by the current Grand Central Terminal, which was designed by the architectural firms of Reed and Stem and Warren and Wetmore, who entered an agreement to act as the associated architects of Grand Central Terminal in February 1904.
Reed & Stem were responsible for the overall design of the station, Warren and Wetmore added architectural details and the Beaux-Arts style.
Charles Reed was appointed the chief executive for the collaboration between the two firms, and promptly appointed Alfred T. Fellheimer as head of the combined design team.
This work was accompanied by the "electrification" of the three railroads using the station and the burial of the approach in the Park Avenue tunnel.
The result of this was the creation of several blocks worth of prime real estate in Manhattan, which were then sold for a large sum of money.
In addition, the terminal itself contains support structures for a possible future tower to be built above it.
The new terminal opened on February 2, 1913.
The terminal is made primarily from granite.
In fact, so much granite is used, the building emits relatively high levels of radiation on a regular basis.
Article: Electromagnetism
Section: Classical electrodynamics

Question: What year did scientist William Gilbert propose electricity and magnetism were distinct effects?

The scientist William Gilbert proposed, in his "De Magnete" (1600), that electricity and magnetism, while both capable of causing attraction and repulsion of objects, were distinct effects.
Mariners had noticed that lightning strikes had the ability to disturb a compass needle, but the link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until Benjamin Franklin's proposed experiments in 1752.
One of the first to discover and publish a link between man-made electric current and magnetism was Romagnosi, who in 1802 noticed that connecting a wire across a voltaic pile deflected a nearby compass needle.
However, the effect did not become widely known until 1820, when Ørsted performed a similar experiment.
Ørsted's work influenced Ampère to produce a theory of electromagnetism that set the subject on a mathematical foundation.
A theory of electromagnetism, known as classical electromagnetism, was developed by various physicists over the course of the 19th century, culminating in the work of James Clerk Maxwell, who unified the preceding developments into a single theory and discovered the electromagnetic nature of light.
In classical electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field obeys a set of equations known as Maxwell's equations, and the electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law.
One of the peculiarities of classical electromagnetism is that it is difficult to reconcile with classical mechanics, but it is compatible with special relativity.
According to Maxwell's equations, the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant, dependent only on the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space.
This violates Galilean invariance, a long-standing cornerstone of classical mechanics.
One way to reconcile the two theories (electromagnetism and classical mechanics) is to assume the existence of a luminiferous aether through which the light propagates.
However, subsequent experimental efforts failed to detect the presence of the aether.
After important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré, in 1905, Albert Einstein solved the problem with the introduction of special relativity, which replaces classical kinematics with a new theory of kinematics that is compatible with classical electromagnetism.
(For more information, see History of special relativity.
)In addition, relativity theory shows that in moving frames of reference a magnetic field transforms to a field with a nonzero electric component and vice versa; thus firmly showing that they are two sides of the same coin, and thus the term "electromagnetism".
(For more information, see Classical electromagnetism and special relativity and Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism.
Article: Johannes Vermeer
Section: Rediscovery and legacy

Question: Who included Vermeer in a 1934 painting?

For two centuries after Vermeer's death, his works were appreciated by a number of connoisseurs in Holland—although attributed in many cases to better-known artists such as Metsu or Mieris—but were largely overlooked by art historians.
The Delft master's modern rediscovery began about 1860, when the German museum director Gustav Waagen saw "The Art of Painting" in the Czernin gallery in Vienna, and recognized as a Vermeer the work which was at that time attributed to Pieter de Hooch.
Research by Théophile Thoré-Bürger culminated in the publication in 1866 of his catalogue raisonné of Vermeer's works in the "Gazette des Beaux-Arts".
Thoré-Bürger's catalogue, which drew international attention to Vermeer, listed more than seventy works by Vermeer, including many he regarded as uncertain.
The accepted number of Vermeer's paintings today is thirty-four.
Upon the rediscovery of Vermeer's work, several prominent Dutch artists, including Simon Duiker, modelled their style on his work.
Other artists who were inspired by Vermeer include the Danish painter Wilhelm Hammershoi and the American Thomas Wilmer Dewing.
In the 20th century, Vermeer's admirers included Salvador Dalí, who painted his own version of "The Lacemaker" and pitted large copies of the original against a rhinoceros in some now-famous surrealist experiments.
Dali also immortalized the Dutch Master in "The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table", 1934.
Han van Meegeren was a 20th-century Dutch painter who worked in the classical tradition.
Motivated by a blend of aesthetic and financial reasons, van Meegeren became a master forger, creating and selling many new 'Vermeers' before being caught and tried.
Article: All I Want for Christmas Is You
Section: Critical reception

Question: What did Shona Craven say about "All I Want for Christmas Is You"?

Critical reception.
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" was very well received by music critics.
Parisien called the song "well-crafted", complimenting its instrumentation and melody.
Steve Morse, editor of "The Boston Globe", wrote that Carey sang with a lot of soul.
According to Barry Schwarz from Stylus Magazine, "to say this song is an instant classic somehow doesn't capture its amazingicity; it's a modern standard: joyous, exhilarating, loud, with even a hint of longing."
Schwartz praised the song's lyrics as well, describing them as "beautifully phrased," and calling Carey's voice "gorgeous" and "sincere."
Bill Lamb from About.com called it a "contemporary classic."
Kyle Anderson from MTV labeled the track "a majestic anthem full of chimes, sleigh bells, doo-wop flourishes, sweeping strings and one of the most dynamic and clean vocal performances of Carey's career".
While reviewing the 2009 remix version, Becky Bain from Idolator called the song a "timeless classic" and wrote, "We love the original song to pieces—we blast it while decorating our Christmas tree and lighting our Menorah."
In his review for Carey's "Merry Christmas II You", Thomas Connor from the "Chicago Sun-Times" called the song "a simple, well-crafted chestnut and one of the last great additions to the Christmas pop canon".
Shona Craven of Scotland's "The Herald", said, "[it's] a song of optimism and joy that maybe, just maybe, hints at the real meaning of Christmas."
Additionally, she felt the main reason it was so successful is the subject "you" in the lyrics, explaining, "Perhaps what makes the song such a huge hit is the fact that it's for absolutely everyone."
Craven opened her review with a bold statement: "Bing Crosby may well be turning in his grave, but no child of the 1980s will be surprised to see Mariah Carey's sublime All I Want For Christmas Is You bounding up the charts after being named the nation's top festive song."
In a 2006 retrospective look at Carey's career, Sasha Frere-Jones of "The New Yorker" said, the "charming" song was one of Carey's biggest accomplishments, calling it "one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon".
Dan Hancox, editor of "The National", quoted and agreed with Jones' statement, calling the song "perfection".
In 2010, "Rolling Stone" ranked "All I Want for Christmas Is You" fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list, calling it a "holiday standard."
Article: Free Bird
Section: Legacy

Question: What year was Sjynard's first live album released?

It has become something of a humorous tradition for audience members at concerts to shout "Free Bird" as a request to hear the song, regardless of the performer or style of music.
The phenomenon began earlier in the 1970s with The Allman Brothers Band's epic "Whipping Post", but then took off to a much greater extent with "Free Bird", which was very popular by 1979.
This can be traced back to Skynyrd's first live album, 1976's "One More from the Road".
For their second encore, Van Zant asked the crowd, "What song is it you wanna hear?
", which was immediately followed by several shouts of "Free Bird", to which the band responded with a 14-minute rendition of the song.
The spoken interaction was reproduced on the album as an introduction to the song.
Article: Apollo 11
Section: Landing

Question: Why were the Apollo space craft's preparations started early?

When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a diameter crater (later determined to be "West crater," named for its location in the western part of the originally planned landing ellipse).
Armstrong took semi-automatic control and, with Aldrin calling out altitude and velocity data, landed at 20:17:40 UTC on July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left.
Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than other missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning.
This was later found to be the result of greater propellant 'slosh' than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor.
On subsequent missions, extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this.
Throughout the descent Aldrin had called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting the LM.
A few moments before the landing, a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the probes hanging from "Eagle"'s footpads had touched the surface, and he said "Contact light!"
Three seconds later, "Eagle" landed and Armstrong said "Shutdown."
Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop.
ACA - out of detent."
Armstrong acknowledged "Out of detent.
Auto" and Aldrin continued "Mode control - both auto.
Descent engine command override off.
Engine arm - off.
413 is in.
"Charles Duke, acting as CAPCOM during the landing phase, acknowledged their landing by saying "We copy you down, Eagle.
"Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post landing checklist with "Engine arm is off," before responding to Duke with the words, "Houston, Tranquility Base here.
The "Eagle" has landed."
Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful.
Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan-- Tranquility, we copy you on the ground.
You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue.
We're breathing again.
Thanks a lot.
"Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin broadcast that:The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, since they had been awake since early morning.
However, they elected to forgo the sleep period and begin the preparations for the EVA early, thinking that they would be unable to sleep.
Article: Solar System
Section: Mercury

Question: What planet is nearest the Sun?

 Mercury (0.4 AU from the Sun) is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet in the Solar System (0.055 Earth masses).
Mercury has no natural satellites, and its only known geological features besides impact craters are lobed ridges or rupes, probably produced by a period of contraction early in its history.
Mercury's almost negligible atmosphere consists of atoms blasted off its surface by the solar wind.
Its relatively large iron core and thin mantle have not yet been adequately explained.
Hypotheses include that its outer layers were stripped off by a giant impact; or, that it was prevented from fully accreting by the young Sun's energy.
Article: Eiffel Tower
Section: Communications

Question: when has the eiffel tower first been used for radio transmission

The tower has been used for radio transmission since the beginning of the 20th century.
Until the 1950s, sets of antenna wires ran from the summit to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars.
These were connected to long-wave transmitters in small bunkers; in 1909 a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar, which still exists today.
On 20 November 1913 the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory which used an antenna in Arlington, Virginia.
The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C. Today, both radio and television stations broadcast their signals from the top of the Eiffel Tower.
Article: Kung Fu Panda
Section: Online games

Question: The character of Po features which voice actor?

Two popular online games, "The Adversary" and "The Field of Fiery Danger", were created by Playniac to accompany the movie release.
"The Adversary" is based on the moment where the main character Po, voiced by Jack Black, attacks a punchbag and underestimates its response.
"The Field of Fiery Danger" is based on scenes where Po accidentally falls into the pit of fire spouting tubes and also the moment where the kung fu master Shifu realizes that the only way to get through to Po is with food.
Both games have 20 challenging levels and were featured as game of the week on the Nickelodeon web site.
Article: Climate change
Section: Glaciers

Question: What is considered one of the most sensitive indicators of climate change?

Glaciers are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change.
Their size is determined by a mass balance between snow input and melt output.
As temperatures warm, glaciers retreat unless snow precipitation increases to make up for the additional melt; the converse is also true.
Glaciers grow and shrink due both to natural variability and external forcings.
Variability in temperature, precipitation, and englacial and subglacial hydrology can strongly determine the evolution of a glacier in a particular season.
Therefore, one must average over a decadal or longer time-scale and/or over a many individual glaciers to smooth out the local short-term variability and obtain a glacier history that is related to climate.
A world glacier inventory has been compiled since the 1970s, initially based mainly on aerial photographs and maps but now relying more on satellites.
This compilation tracks more than 100,000 glaciers covering a total area of approximately 240,000 km2, and preliminary estimates indicate that the remaining ice cover is around 445,000 km2.
The World Glacier Monitoring Service collects data annually on glacier retreat and glacier mass balance.
From this data, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly, with strong glacier retreats in the 1940s, stable or growing conditions during the 1920s and 1970s, and again retreating from the mid-1980s to present.
The most significant climate processes since the middle to late Pliocene (approximately 3 million years ago) are the glacial and interglacial cycles.
The present interglacial period (the Holocene) has lasted about 11,700 years.
Shaped by orbital variations, responses such as the rise and fall of continental ice sheets and significant sea-level changes helped create the climate.
Other changes, including Heinrich events, Dansgaard–Oeschger events and the Younger Dryas, however, illustrate how glacial variations may also influence climate without the orbital forcing.
Glaciers leave behind moraines that contain a wealth of material—including organic matter, quartz, and potassium that may be dated—recording the periods in which a glacier advanced and retreated.
Similarly, by tephrochronological techniques, the lack of glacier cover can be identified by the presence of soil or volcanic tephra horizons whose date of deposit may also be ascertained.
Article: Shabu-shabu
Section: Preparation

Question: What food goes with tofu and vegetables, especially Chinese cabbage?

The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef , but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster.
Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common.
A more expensive meat, such as "wagyū", may also be used.
It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, "nori" (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms.
In some places, "udon", "mochi" or "harusame" noodles may also be served.
The dish is prepared by submerging a thin slice of meat or a piece of vegetable in a pot of boiling water or "dashi" (broth) made with "konbu" (kelp) and stirring it.
Cooked meat and vegetables are usually dipped in "ponzu" or "goma" (sesame seed) sauce before eating, and served with a bowl of steamed white rice.
Once the meat and vegetables have been eaten, leftover broth from the pot is customarily combined with the remaining rice, and the resulting soup is usually eaten last.