community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Kebab
Section: Shish

Question: What does shisk kebab mean in Turkish?

Shish kebab ("Şiş", pronounced , meaning "skewer" is a Turkish word.)
is a dish consisting of meat threaded on a skewer and grilled.
Any kind of meat may be used; cubes of fruit or vegetables are often threaded on the spit as well.
Typical vegetables include tomato, bell pepper, onions, and mushrooms.
In the USA, the word "kebab" usually refers to shish kebab.
Article: Norway
Section: Architecture

Question: What style was the city have a church built in?

With expansive forests, Norway has had a tradition of building in wood.
Many of today's most interesting new buildings are made of wood, reflecting the strong appeal that this material continues to hold for Norwegian designers and builders.
With Norway's conversion to Christianity some 1,000 years ago, churches were constructed.
Stonework architecture was introduced from Europe for the most important structures, beginning with the construction of Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim.
In the early Middle Ages, wooden stave churches were constructed throughout Norway.
Many of them have survived and represent Norway's most unique contribution to architectural history.
A fine example is Urnes Stave Church, which is now on UNESCO's World Heritage List.
Another notable example of wooden architecture are buildings at the Bryggen Wharf in Bergen, consisting of a row of narrow wooden structures along the quayside.
In the 17th century, under the Danish monarchy, cities and villages such as Kongsberg and Røros were established.
The city had a church built in the Baroque style.
Traditional wooden buildings were constructed in Røros which have survived changes since then.
After Norway's union with Denmark was dissolved in 1814, Oslo became the capital.
The architect Christian H. Grosch designed the earliest parts of the University of Oslo, the Oslo Stock Exchange, and many other buildings and churches constructed in that early national period.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the city of Ålesund was rebuilt in the Art Nouveau style, influenced by styles of France.
The 1930s, when functionalism dominated, became a strong period for Norwegian architecture.
It is only since the late 20th century that Norwegian architects have achieved international renown.
One of the most striking modern buildings in Norway is the Sami Parliament in Kárášjohka, designed by Stein Halvorson and Christian Sundby.
Its debating chamber is an abstract timber version of a "lavvo," the traditional tent used by the nomadic Sami people.
Article: Brazil
Section: Culture

Question: what other world empires is brazil strongly affiliated with?

The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire.
Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles.
The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.
Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European as well Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil.
The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.
Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century) to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism.
Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.
Article: Malaysia
Section: Conservation issues

Question: What location is the most remaining forest currently found in Malaysia?

Logging, along with cultivation practices has devastated tree cover, causing severe environmental degradation in the country.
Over 80 per cent of Sarawak's rainforest has been cleared.
Floods in East Malaysia have been worsened by the loss of trees, and over 60 per cent of the Peninsular's forest have been cleared.
With current rates of deforestation, the forests are predicted to be extinct by 2020.
Deforestation is a major problem for animals, fungi and plants, as the forest is cut to make room for plantations.
Most remaining forest is found inside national parks.
Habitat destruction has proved a threat for marine life.
Illegal fishing is another major threat, with fishing methods such as dynamite fishing and poisoning depleting marine ecosystems.
Leatherback turtle numbers have dropped 98 per cent since the 1950s.
Hunting has also been an issue for some animals, with overconsumption and the use of animal parts for profit endangering many animals, from marine life to tigers.
Marine life is also detrimentally affected by uncontrolled tourism.
The Malaysian government aims to balance economic growth with environmental protection, but has been accused of favouring big business over the environment.
Some state governments are now trying to counter the environmental impact and pollution created by deforestation; and the federal government is trying to cut logging by 10 per cent each year.
28 national parks have been established; 23 in East Malaysia and five in the Peninsular.
Tourism has been limited in biodiverse areas such as Sipadan island.
Animal trafficking is a large issue, and the Malaysian government is holding talks with the governments of Brunei and Indonesia to standardise anti-trafficking laws.
Article: Iran
Section: Provinces and cities

Question: Who declared the citadel of Persepolis a World Heritage Site in 1979

Iran is divided into thirty one provinces ("ostān"), each governed by an appointed governor (استاندار, ostāndār).
The provinces are divided into counties ("shahrestān"), and subdivided into districts ("bakhsh") and sub-districts ("dehestān").
Iran has one of the highest urban growth rates in the world.
From 1950 to 2002, the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%.
The United Nations predicts that by 2030, 80% of the population will be urban.
Most internal migrants have settled near the cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Ahvaz, and Qom.
The listed populations are from the 2006/07 (1385 AP) census.
Tehran, with a population of 7,705,036, is the largest city in Iran and is the capital.
Tehran, like many big cities, suffers from severe air pollution.
It is the hub of the country's communication and transport network.
Mashhad, with a population of 2,410,800, is the second largest Iranian city and the centre of the Razavi Khorasan Province.
Mashhad is one of the holiest Shia cities in the world as it is the site of the Imam Reza shrine.
It is the centre of tourism in Iran, and between 15 and 20 million pilgrims go to the Imam Reza's shrine every year.
Another major Iranian city is Isfahan (population 1,583,609), which is the capital of Isfahan Province.
The Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
The city contains a wide variety of Islamic architectural sites ranging from the 11th to the 19th century.
The growth of the suburban area around the city has turned Isfahan into Iran's second most populous metropolitan area (3,430,353).
The fourth major city of Iran is Tabriz (population 1,378,935), the capital of the East Azerbaijan Province.
It is also the second industrial city of Iran after Tehran.
Tabriz had been the second largest city in Iran until the late 1960s and one of its former capitals and residence of the crown prince under the Qajar dynasty.
The city has proven extremely influential in the country’s recent history.
The fifth major city is Karaj (population 1,377,450), located in Alborz Province and situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foot of the Alborz mountains; however, the city is increasingly becoming an extension of metropolitan Tehran.
The sixth major Iranian city is Shiraz (population 1,214,808); it is the capital of Fars Province.
The Elamite civilization to the west greatly influenced the area, which soon came to be known as Persis.
The ancient Persians were present in the region from about the 9th century BCE, and became rulers of a large empire under the Achaemenid dynasty in the 6th century BCE.
The ruins of Persepolis and Pasargadae, two of the four capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, are located in or near Shiraz.
Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire and is situated northeast of modern Shiraz.
UNESCO declared the citadel of Persepolis a World Heritage Site in 1979.
Article: Captain Phillips (film)
Section: Critical reception

Question: How many BAFTA nominations did the film receive?

"Captain Phillips" premiered on September 28, 2013, opening the 2013 New York Film Festival.
The film was praised for its direction, screenplay, production values, cinematography, and the performances of Tom Hanks and Barkhad Abdi.
"Captain Phillips" received widespread critical acclaim.
Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a 93% approval critic response based on 235 reviews, with a "Certified Fresh" and an average score of 8.3/10.
The site's consensus reads: "Smart, powerfully acted, and incredibly intense, "Captain Phillips" offers filmgoers a Hollywood biopic done right—and offers Tom Hanks a showcase for yet another brilliant performance."
Metacritic gives the film a score of 83/100 based on 48 reviews of a "Universal Acclaim".
The film was nominated for 4 Golden Globes, including Best Picture (Drama), Best Actor in a Drama (Hanks), Best Supporting Actor (Abdi) and Best Director (Greengrass).
It did not win in any of the categories.
The film was also nominated for 9 BAFTA Awards, including Best Film, Best Director (Greengrass), Best Actor (Hanks), Best Supporting Actor (Abdi) and Best Adapted Screenplay.
Abdi won the film's only BAFTA for Best Supporting Actor.
The film was also nominated for six Academy Awards; Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Abdi), Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing.
It did not win in any of the categories.
Article: Sydney Opera House
Section: Stage I: Podium

Question: When did Stage I of Civil & Civic begin?

Stage I commenced on 2 March 1959 with the construction firm Civil & Civic, monitored by the engineers Ove Arup and Partners.
The government had pushed for work to begin early, fearing that funding, or public opinion, might turn against them.
However, Utzon had still not completed the final designs.
Major structural issues still remained unresolved.
By 23 January 1961, work was running 47 weeks behind, mainly because of unexpected difficulties (inclement weather, unexpected difficulty diverting stormwater, construction beginning before proper construction drawings had been prepared, changes of original contract documents).
Work on the podium was finally completed in February 1963.
The forced early start led to significant later problems, not least of which was the fact that the podium columns were not strong enough to support the roof structure, and had to be re-built.
Article: Botany
Section: Epigenetics

Question: What is Epigenetics?

Epigenetics is the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in the underlying DNA sequence but cause the organism's genes to behave (or "express themselves") differently.
One example of epigenetic change is the marking of the genes by DNA methylation which determines whether they will be expressed or not.
Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed.
Epigenetic marks may be added or removed from the DNA during programmed stages of development of the plant, and are responsible, for example, for the differences between anthers, petals and normal leaves, despite the fact that they all have the same underlying genetic code.
Epigenetic changes may be temporary or may remain through successive cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life.
Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be heritable, while others are reset in the germ cells.
Epigenetic changes in eukaryotic biology serve to regulate the process of cellular differentiation.
During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells.
A single fertilized egg cell, the zygote, gives rise to the many different plant cell types including parenchyma, xylem vessel elements, phloem sieve tubes, guard cells of the epidermis, etc.
as it continues to divide.
The process results from the epigenetic activation of some genes and inhibition of others.
Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the parenchyma, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant.
Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei.
While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as chromatin remodeling, an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate.
Article: Snorkeling
Section: The snorkel

Question: What shape does a snorkel for a swimmer usually come in?

A swimmer's snorkel is a tube typically about long and with an inside diameter of between , usually L- or J-shaped and fitted with a mouthpiece at the lower end, and constructed of rubber or plastic.
It is used for breathing air from above the water surface when the wearer's mouth and nose are submerged.
The snorkel usually has a piece of rubber that attaches the snorkel to the outside of the strap of the diving mask.
An older technique is pushing the snorkel between the mask-strap and the head, but this practice increases the chances the mask will leak.
The optimum design length of the snorkel tube is at most 40 centimeters (about 16 inches).
A longer tube would not allow breathing when snorkelling deeper, since it would place the lungs in deeper water where the surrounding water pressure is higher.
The lungs would then be unable to inflate when the snorkeler inhales, because the muscles that expand the lungs are not strong enough to operate against the higher pressure.
Snorkels also constitute respiratory dead space.
When the user takes in a fresh breath, some of the previously exhaled air which remains in the snorkel is recycled into the lungs, reducing breathing efficiency and causing a build up of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can result in hypercapnia.
The greater the volume of the tube, and the smaller the tidal volume of breathing, the more this problem is exacerbated.
A smaller diameter tube reduces the dead volume, but also increases resistance to airflow and so increases the work of breathing.
Occasional exhalation through the nose while snorkeling will reduce the build up of carbon dioxide, and help in keeping the mask clear of water.
Article: Vincent van Gogh
Section: Portraits

Question: What was Van Gogh's greatest ambition?

Although Van Gogh is best known for his landscapes, he seemed to find painting portraits his greatest ambition.
He said of portrait studies, "The only thing in painting that excites me to the depths of my soul, and which makes me feel the infinite more than anything else.
"To his sister he wrote, "I should like to paint portraits which appear after a century to people living then as apparitions.
By which I mean that I do not endeavor to achieve this through photographic resemblance, but my means of our impassioned emotions – that is to say using our knowledge and our modern taste for color as a means of arriving at the expression and the intensification of the character.
"Of painting portraits, Van Gogh wrote: "in a picture I want to say something comforting as music is comforting.
I want to paint men and women with that something of the eternal which the halo used to symbolize, and which we seek to communicate by the actual radiance and vibration of our coloring."
Article: Shrek
Section: Development

Question: Name two fairy tale creatures that did not appear in the first Shrek Movie.

At the time DreamWorks was founded, producer John H. Williams got hold of the book from his children, and when he brought it to DreamWorks, it caught Jeffrey Katzenberg's attention and the studio decided to make it into a movie.
Recounting the inspiration of making the film, Williams said: After buying the rights to the film, Katzenberg quickly put the film in active development in November 1995.
Steven Spielberg had thought about making a traditionally animated film of the book before, when he bought the rights to the book in 1991, before the founding of DreamWorks, where Bill Murray would play Shrek and Steve Martin would play Donkey.
In the beginning of production, co-director Andrew Adamson refused to be intimidated by Katzenberg, and had an argument with him how much should the film appeal to adults.
Katzenberg wanted both audiences, but he found some of Adamson's ideas about adding sexual jokes and Guns N' Roses music to the soundtrack a bit too outrageous.
Andrew Adamson and Kelly Asbury joined in 1997 to co-direct the film.
However, Asbury left a year later for work on the 2002 film "", and was replaced with story artist Vicky Jenson.
Both Adamson and Jenson decided to work on the film in half, so the crew could at least know who to go to with specific detail questions about the film's sequences; "We both ended up doing a lot of everything", Adamson said.
"We're both kinda control freaks, and we both wanted to do everything.
"Some early sketches of Shrek's house were done in 1996 through 1997 using Photoshop, with the sketches showing Shrek first living in a garbage dump near a human village called Wart Creek.
It was also thought one time that he lived with his parents and kept rotting fish in his bedroom.
Donkey was modeled after "Pericles" (born 1994; also known as "Perry"), a real miniature donkey from Barron Park, Palo Alto, California.
Raman Hui, supervising animator of "Shrek", stated that Fiona "wasn't based on any real person."
and he did many different sketches for Princess Fiona and had done over 100 sculptures of Fiona before the directors picked the final design.
In early development, the Art Directors visited Hearst Castle, Stratford upon Avon and Dordogne for inspiration.
Art Director Douglas Rogers visited a magnolia plantation in Charleston, South Carolina for inspiration for Shrek's swamp.
Planned characters not used in the film include Goldilocks and Sleeping Beauty.
Article: Shooting
Section: Competitive shooting

Question: Which shooting sports use combat style shooting?

Marksmanship has inspired competition, and in several countries rifle clubs started to form in the 19th century.
Soon international shooting events evolved, including shooting at the Summer Olympics (from 1896) and World Championships (from 1897).
The International Shooting Sport Federation still administers Olympic and non-Olympic rifle, pistol, shotgun, and running target shooting competitions, although there is also a large number of national and international shooting sports controlled by unrelated organizations.
Shooting technique differs depending on factors like the type of firearm used (from a handgun to a sniper rifle; the distance to and nature of the target; the required precision; and the available time.
Breathing and position play an important role when handling a handgun or a rifle.
Some shooting sports, such as IPSC shooting, make a sport of combat style shooting.
The prone position, kneeling position, and standing position offer different amounts of support for the shooter.
Article: India
Section: Motion pictures

Question: How much film revenue does South Indian Cinema get?

The Indian film industry produces the world's most-watched cinema.
Established regional cinematic traditions exist in the Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu languages.
South Indian cinema attracts more than 75% of national film revenue.
Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 as a state-run medium of communication, and had slow expansion for more than two decades.
The state monopoly on television broadcast ended in the 1990s and, since then, satellite channels have increasingly shaped popular culture of Indian society.
Today, television is the most penetrative media in India; industry estimates indicate that as of 2012 there are over 554 million TV consumers, 462 million with satellite and/or cable connections, compared to other forms of mass media such as press (350 million), radio (156 million) or internet (37 million).
Article: Malaysia
Section: Fine arts

Question: What language was the first Malay literature written in?

Traditional Malaysian art was mainly centred around the areas of carving, weaving, and silversmithing.
Traditional art ranges from handwoven baskets from rural areas to the silverwork of the Malay courts.
Common artworks included ornamental kris, beetle nut sets, and woven batik and songket fabrics.
Indigenous East Malaysians are known for their wooden masks.
Each ethnic group have distinct performing arts, with little overlap between them.
However, Malay art does show some North Indian influence due to the historical influence of India.
Traditional Malay music and performing arts appear to have originated in the Kelantan-Pattani region with influences from India, China, Thailand and Indonesia.
The music is based around percussion instruments, the most important of which is the gendang (drum).
There are at least 14 types of traditional drums.
Drums and other traditional percussion instruments and are often made from natural materials.
Music is traditionally used for storytelling, celebrating life-cycle events, and occasions such as a harvest.
It was once used as a form of long-distance communication.
In East Malaysia, gong-based musical ensembles such as agung and kulintang are commonly used in ceremonies such as funerals and weddings.
These ensembles are also common in neighbouring regions such as in Mindanao in the Philippines, Kalimantan in Indonesia, and Brunei.
Malaysia has a strong oral tradition that has existed since before the arrival of writing, and continues today.
Each of the Malay Sultanates created their own literary tradition, influenced by pre-existing oral stories and by the stories that came with Islam.
The first Malay literature was in the Arabic script.
The earliest known Malay writing is on the Terengganu stone, made in 1303.
Chinese and Indian literature became common as the numbers of speakers increased in Malaysia, and locally produced works based in languages from those areas began to be produced in the 19th century.
English has also become a common literary language.
In 1971, the government took the step of defining the literature of different languages.
Literature written in Malay was called "the national literature of Malaysia", literature in other "bumiputera" languages was called "regional literature", while literature in other languages was called "sectional literature".
Malay poetry is highly developed, and uses many forms.
The "Hikayat" form is popular, and the "pantun" has spread from Malay to other languages.