community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Association football
Section: Pitch

Question: Where are nets usually placed in association football?

As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units.
The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd).
Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square.
In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.
The longer boundary lines are "touchlines", while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are "goal lines".
A rectangular goal is positioned at the middle of each goal line.
The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.32 m (8 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2.44 m (8 ft) above the ground.
Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.
In front of each goal is an area known as the penalty area.
This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them.
This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick.
Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.
Article: Medicine
Section: Institutions

Question: Why has the US healthcare system been criticized?

Contemporary medicine is in general conducted within health care systems.
Legal, credentialing and financing frameworks are established by individual governments, augmented on occasion by international organizations, such as churches.
The characteristics of any given health care system have significant impact on the way medical care is provided.
From ancient times, Christian emphasis on practical charity gave rise to the development of systematic nursing and hospitals and the Catholic Church today remains the largest non-government provider of medical services in the world.
Advanced industrial countries (with the exception of the United States) and many developing countries provide medical services through a system of universal health care that aims to guarantee care for all through a single-payer health care system, or compulsory private or co-operative health insurance.
This is intended to ensure that the entire population has access to medical care on the basis of need rather than ability to pay.
Delivery may be via private medical practices or by state-owned hospitals and clinics, or by charities, most commonly by a combination of all three.
Most tribal societies, and the United States, provide no guarantee of healthcare for the population as a whole.
In such societies, healthcare is available to those that can afford to pay for it or have self-insured it (either directly or as part of an employment contract) or who may be covered by care financed by the government or tribe directly.
Transparency of information is another factor defining a delivery system.
Access to information on conditions, treatments, quality, and pricing greatly affects the choice by patients/consumers and, therefore, the incentives of medical professionals.
While the US healthcare system has come under fire for lack of openness, new legislation may encourage greater openness.
There is a perceived tension between the need for transparency on the one hand and such issues as patient confidentiality and the possible exploitation of information for commercial gain on the other.
Article: Nucleic acid sequence
Section: Notation

Question: What is the name of the particular nucleotide for A?

While A, T, C, and G represent a particular nucleotide at a position, there are also letters that represent ambiguity which are used when more than one kind of nucleotide could occur at that position.
The rules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are as follows:
A = adenine
C = cytosine
G = guanine
T = thymine
R = G A (purine)
Y = T C (pyrimidine)
K = G T (keto)
M = A C (amino)
S = G C (strong bonds)
W = A T (weak bonds)
B = G T C (all but A)
D = G A T (all but C)
H = A C T (all but G)
V = G C A (all but T)
N = A G C T (any)
These symbols are also valid for RNA, except with U (uracil) replacing T (thymine).
Apart from adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U), DNA and RNA also contain bases that have been modified after the nucleic acid chain has been formed.
In DNA, the most common modified base is 5-methylcytidine (m5C).
In RNA, there are many modified bases, including pseudouridine (Ψ), dihydrouridine (D), inosine (I), ribothymidine (rT) and 7-methylguanosine (m7G).
Hypoxanthine and xanthine are two of the many bases created through mutagen presence, both of them through deamination (replacement of the amine-group with a carbonyl-group).
Hypoxanthine is produced from adenine, xanthine from guanine.
Similarly, deamination of cytosine results in uracil.
Article: South Korea
Section: Religion

Question: What guarantees freedom of religion?

As of 2005, just under half of the South Korean population expressed no religious preference.
Of the rest, most are Buddhist or Christian.
According to the 2007 census, 29.2% of the population at that time was Christian (18.3% identified themselves as Protestants, 10.9% as Roman Catholics), and 22.8% were Buddhist.
Other religions include Islam and various new religious movements such as Jeungsanism, Cheondoism and Wonbuddhism.
The earliest religion practiced was Korean shamanism.
Today, freedom of religion is guaranteed by the constitution, and there is no state religion.
Christianity is South Korea's largest religion, accounting for more than half of all South Korean religious adherents.
There are approximately 13.7 million Christians in South Korea today, about 63% of Christians belong to Protestant churches, while about 37% belong to the Roman Catholic Church.
The number of Protestant Christians have slowly decreased since 1990s, while the number of Roman Catholics has rapidly increased since 1980s.
Presbyterian denominations are the biggest Christian denominations in South Korea.
About 9 million people belongs to the 100 different Presbyterian churches, among the biggest denominations are the Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong), Presbyterian Church in Korea (TongHap), the Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin).
For more information see Presbyterianism in South Korea.
South Korea is also the second-largest missionary-sending nation, after the United States.
Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the year 372.
According to the national census as of 2005, South Korea has over Buddhists.
Today, about 90% of Korean Buddhists belong to Jogye Order.
Most of the National Treasures of South Korea are Buddhist artifacts.
Buddhism became the state religion in some of Korean kingdoms since the Three Kingdoms Period, when Goguryeo adopted it as the state religion in 372, followed by Baekche (528).
Buddhism had been the state religion of Unified Korea from North South States Period (not to be confused with the modern division of Korea) to Goryeo before suppression under the Joseon Dynasty in favor of Neo-Confucianism.
Fewer than 30,000 South Koreans are thought to be Muslims, but the country has some 100,000 resident foreign workers from Muslim countries, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Korean shamanism, today known as Muism (religion of the mu ) or Sinism (religion of the gods) encompasses a variety of indigenous religious beliefs and practices of the Korean people and the Korean sphere.
In contemporary South Korea, the most used term is "Muism" and a shaman is known as a "mudang" (, ) or Tangol (당골).
Since the early 2000s, this religion has regained popularity among Koreans.
Article: Brazil
Section: Abstract

Question: What country produces the most coffee?

Brazil (, ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in both South America and the Latin American region.
It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population.
It is the largest Lusophone country in the world, and the only one in the Americas.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of .
It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay.
Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.
It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and occupies 47 percent of the continent of South America.
Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500, who claimed the area for Portugal.
Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro after French forces led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Portugal.
In 1815, it was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
Its independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system.
The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military "coup d'état" proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824.
An authoritarian military junta had led the nation from 1964 until 1985.
Brazil's current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a federal republic.
The Federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, and the 5,564 municipalities.
The Brazilian economy is the world's seventh largest by nominal GDP and the seventh largest by purchasing power parity, as of 2012.
A member of the BRIC group, Brazil has one of the world's fastest growing major economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition and influence.
Brazil's national development bank (BNDES) plays an important role for the country's economic growth.
Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, CPLP, Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the Organization of American States, Mercosul and the Union of South American Nations.
Brazil is one of 17 megadiverse countries, home to a variety of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.
Brazil is a regional power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs, with some analysts identifying it as an emerging global power.
Brazil has been the world's largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years.
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: Vegetation

Question: What forest lines the banks?

Mopane woodland savannah predominates in the area, with smaller areas of Miombo and Rhodesian Teak woodland and scrubland savannah.
Riverine forest with palm trees lines the banks and islands above the falls.
The most notable aspect of the area's vegetation though is the rainforest nurtured by the spray from the falls, containing plants rare for the area such as pod mahogany, ebony, ivory palm, wild date palm and a number of creepers and lianas.
Vegetation has suffered in recent droughts, and so have the animals that depend on it, particularly antelope.
Article: Notre Dame de Paris
Section: Abstract

Question: Who supervised te restoration of Notre Dame de paris in 1845?

Notre-Dame de Paris (; French for "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a historic Catholic cathedral on the eastern half of the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.
The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture and among the largest and most well-known church buildings in the world.
The naturalism of its sculptures and stained glass are in contrast with earlier Romanesque architecture.
As the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Paris, Notre-Dame is the parish that contains the "cathedra", or official chair, of the archbishop of Paris, currently Cardinal André Vingt-Trois.
The cathedral treasury is notable for its reliquary which houses some of Catholicism's most important first-class relics including the purported Crown of Thorns, a fragment of the True Cross, and one of the Holy Nails.
In the 1790s, Notre-Dame suffered desecration during the radical phase of the French Revolution when much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed.
An extensive restoration supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began in 1845.
A project of further restoration and maintenance began in 1991.
Article: Norway
Section: Kalmar Union

Question: Queen Margaret's coronation was in what year?

Upon the death of Haakon V, King of Norway, in 1319, Magnus Erikson, at just three years old, inherited the throne as King Magnus VII of Norway.
At the same time a movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful.
(At this time both the kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles.)
Thus, with his election to the throne of Sweden, both Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus VII.
In 1349, the Black Death radically altered Norway, killing between 50% and 60% of its population and leaving it in a period of social and economic decline.
The plague left Norway very poor.
Although the death rate was comparable with the rest of Europe, economic recovery took much longer because of the small, scattered population.
Before the plague, the population was only about 500,000 people.
After the plague, many farms lay idle while the population slowly increased.
The few surviving farms' tenants found their bargaining positions with their landlords greatly strengthened.
King Magnus VII ruled Norway until 1350, when his son, Haakon, was placed on the throne as Haakon VI.
In 1363, Haakon VI married Margaret, the daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark.
Upon the death of Haakon VI, in 1379, his son, Olaf IV, was only 10 years old.
Olaf had already been elected to the throne of Denmark on 3 May 1376.
Thus, upon Olaf's accession to the throne of Norway, Denmark and Norway entered personal union.
Olaf's mother and Haakon's widow, Queen Margaret, managed the foreign affairs of Denmark and Norway during the minority of Olaf IV.
Margaret was working toward a union of Sweden with Denmark and Norway by having Olaf elected to the Swedish throne.
She was on the verge of achieving this goal when Olaf IV suddenly died.
However, Denmark made Margaret temporary ruler upon the death of Olaf.
On 2 February 1388 Norway followed suit and crowned Margaret.
Queen Margaret knew that her power would be more secure if she were able to find a king to rule in her place.
She settled on Eric of Pomerania, grandson of her sister.
Thus at an all-Scandinavian meeting held at Kalmar, Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of all three Scandinavian countries.
Thus, royal politics resulted in personal unions between the Nordic countries, eventually bringing the thrones of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden under the control of Queen Margaret when the country entered into the Kalmar Union.
Article: General relativity
Section: Current status

Question: How complete is the theory of relativity?

General relativity has emerged as a highly successful model of gravitation and cosmology, which has so far passed many unambiguous observational and experimental tests.
However, there are strong indications the theory is incomplete.
The problem of quantum gravity and the question of the reality of spacetime singularities remain open.
Observational data that is taken as evidence for dark energy and dark matter could indicate the need for new physics.
Even taken as is, general relativity is rich with possibilities for further exploration.
Mathematical relativists seek to understand the nature of singularities and the fundamental properties of Einstein's equations, and increasingly powerful computer simulations (such as those describing merging black holes) are run.
The race for the first direct detection of gravitational waves continues, in the hope of creating opportunities to test the theory's validity for much stronger gravitational fields than has been possible to date.
More than ninety years after its publication, general relativity remains a highly active area of research.
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: American side

Question: What type of building did the Seneca Indian Tribe open in Niagara Falls?

From the U.S. side, the American Falls can be viewed from walkways along Prospect Point Park, which also features the Prospect Point Park observation tower and a boat dock for the "Maid of the Mist".
Goat Island offers more views of the falls and is accessible by foot and automobile traffic by bridge above the American Falls.
From Goat Island, the Cave of the Winds is accessible by elevator and leads hikers to a point beneath Bridal Veil Falls.
Also on Goat Island are the Three Sisters Islands, the Power Portal where a huge statue of Nikola Tesla (the inventor whose patents for the AC induction motor and other devices for AC power transmission helped make the harnessing of the falls possible) can be seen, and a walking path that enables views of the rapids, the Niagara River, the gorge, and all of the falls.
Most of these attractions lie within the Niagara Falls State Park.
The Niagara Scenic Trolley offers guided trips along the American Falls and around Goat Island.
Panoramic and aerial views of the falls can also be viewed from the Flight of Angels helium balloon ride, or by helicopter.
The Niagara Gorge Discovery Center showcases the natural and local history of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Gorge.
A casino and luxury hotel was opened in Niagara Falls, New York, by the Seneca Indian tribe.
The Seneca Niagara Casino occupies the former Niagara Falls Convention Center.
The new hotel is the first addition to the city's skyline since completion of the United Office Building in the twenties.
Article: Table tennis
Section: Ball

Question: The 40mm ball was introduced after which olympics?

The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball.
The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 24–26 cm when dropped from a height of 30.5 cm onto a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of restitution of 0.89 to 0.92.
The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games.
However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning since the new type of balls has a slower speed, while at that time most Chinese players were playing with fast attack and smashes.
A 40 mm table tennis ball is slower and spins less than the original 38 mm (1.5 inch) one.
The ball is made of a high-bouncing air-filled celluloid or similar plastics material, colored white or orange, with a matte finish.
The choice of ball color is made according to the table color and its surroundings.
For example, a white ball is easier to see on a green or blue table than it is on a gray table.
Some Table Tennis balls have ball rated in stars so that more professional players can know which ball to use.
Manufacturers often indicate the quality of the ball with a star-rating system, usually from one to three, three being the highest grade.
As this system is not standard across manufacturers, the only way a ball may be used in official competition is upon ITTF approval.
The ITTF approval can be seen printed on the ball.
Article: The Christmas Song
Section: Abstract

Question: When was "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire" written?

"The Christmas Song" (commonly subtitled "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire" or, as it was originally subtitled, "Merry Christmas to You") is a classic Christmas song written in 1944 by Bob Wells and Mel Tormé.
According to Tormé, the song was written during a blistering hot summer.
In an effort to "stay cool by thinking cool", the most-performed (according to BMI) Christmas song was born.
"I saw a spiral pad on his (Wells') piano with four lines written in pencil", Tormé recalled.
"They started, 'Chestnuts roasting..., Jack Frost nipping..., Yuletide carols..., Folks dressed up like Eskimos.'
Bob didn't think he was writing a song lyric.
He said he thought if he could immerse himself in winter he could cool off.
Forty minutes later that song was written.
"I wrote all the music and some of the lyrics.
"The Nat King Cole Trio first recorded the song early in 1946.
At Cole's behestand over the objections of his label, Capitol Recordsa second recording was made the same year utilizing a small string section, this version becoming a massive hit on both the pop and R&B charts.
Cole again recorded the song in 1953, using the same arrangement with a full orchestra arranged and conducted by Nelson Riddle, and once more in 1961, in a stereophonic version with orchestra conducted by Ralph Carmichael.
Nat King Cole's 1961 version is generally regarded as definitive, and in 2004 was the most loved seasonal song with women aged 30–49, while Cole's original 1946 recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1974.
Article: Lincoln Memorial
Section: Statue

Question: Who composed the engraved epitaph above Lincoln's head at the Lincoln Memorial?

Lying between the north and south chambers is the central hall containing the solitary figure of Lincoln sitting in contemplation.
The statue was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers under the supervision of the sculptor, Daniel Chester French, and took four years to complete.
The statue, originally intended to be only tall, was, on further consideration, enlarged so that it finally stood tall from head to foot, the scale being such that if Lincoln were standing, he would be tall.
The extreme width of the statue is the same as its height.
The Georgia white marble sculpture weighs and had to be shipped in 28 separate pieces.
The statue rests upon an oblong pedestal of Tennessee marble high, wide, and deep.
Directly beneath this lies a platform of Tennessee marble about long, wide, and high.
Lincoln's arms rest on representations of Roman fasces, a subtle touch that associates the statue with the Augustan (and imperial) theme (obelisk and funerary monuments) of the Washington Mall.
The statue is discretely bordered by two pilasters, one on each side.
Between these pilasters and above Lincoln's head stands the engraved epitaph, composed by Royal Cortissoz, shown in the box to the left.