community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: The Night Watch
Section: Key elements

Question: In Rembrandt paintings, what do people associate with yellow?

The painting is renowned for three characteristics: its colossal size (), the effective use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro), and the perception of motion in what would have traditionally been a static military portrait.
The painting was completed in 1642, at the peak of the Dutch Golden Age.
It depicts the eponymous company moving out, led by Captain Frans Banning Cocq (dressed in black, with a red sash) and his lieutenant, Willem van Ruytenburch (dressed in yellow, with a white sash).
With effective use of sunlight and shade, Rembrandt leads the eye to the three most important characters among the crowd, the two gentlemen in the centre (from whom the painting gets its original title), and the small girl in the centre left background.
Behind them, the company's colours are carried by the ensign, Jan Visscher Cornelissen.
Rembrandt has displayed the traditional emblem of the Arquebusiers in the painting in a natural way: the girl in yellow dress in the background is carrying the main symbols.
She is a kind-of mascot herself: the claws of a dead chicken on her belt represent the "clauweniers" (arquebusiers); the pistol behind the chicken stands for 'clover'; and, she is holding the militia's goblet.
The man in front of her is wearing a helmet with an oak leaf, a traditional motif of the Arquebusiers.
The dead chicken is also meant to represent a defeated adversary.
The colour yellow is often associated with victory.
Another interpretation proposes that Rembrandt designed this painting with several layers of meaning, as was common among the most talented artists.
Thus, the" Night Watch" is symmetrically divided, firstly to illustrate the union between the Dutch Protestants and the Dutch Catholics, and secondly to evoke the war effort against the Spaniards.
For instance, accordingly to Rembrandt's multilayered design, the taller Captain (in black) symbolizes the Dutch Protestant leadership, loyally supported by the Dutch Catholics (represented by the shorter Lieutenant, in yellow).
Moreover, all characters of this painting were conceived to present double readings.
Article: Bacteria
Section: Origin and early evolution

Question: Can gene squences be used to reconstruct bacterial phylongeny

The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago.
For about 3 billion years, all organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life.
Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species.
However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage.
Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes.
Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea.
This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of alpha-proteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still found in all known Eukarya (sometimes in highly reduced form, e.g.
in ancient "amitochondrial" protozoa).
Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms.
This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.
There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events.
Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a "second-generation" plastid.
This is known as secondary endosymbiosis.
Article: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)
Section: Abstract

Question: Who wrote the song Stronger(What doesn't kill you)??

Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" is a song by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson and the titular song from her fifth studio album, "Stronger" (2011).
Originally titled as "What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)", the song served as the album's second single on January 17, 2012 through RCA Records.
Written by Jörgen Elofsson, Ali Tamposi, and David Gamson, with additional writing and production by Greg Kurstin, "Stronger" is an uptempo song which draws from the genres of pop rock, dance-pop, and electropop.
Its lyrical content mainly explores themes of empowerment and recovery following a heartbreak, with the chorus inspired by a Friedrich Nietzsche quotation: "That which does not kill us makes us stronger.
"Upon its release, "Stronger" was met with positive reviews from music critics, who considered it to be the musical highlight of "Stronger".
Clarkson's vocal performance and song's production received particular praise, while criticism targeted the song's lyrical content.
Commercially, "Stronger" became her most successful single to date.
In the United States, it became her third song to top the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for three non-consecutive weeks, surpassing "A Moment Like This" (2002) and "My Life Would Suck Without You" (2009) as her longest-running number one single on the chart.
It also topped fifteen other "Billboard" charts, including Adult Pop Songs, Adult Contemporary, Hot Dance Club Songs, and Pop Songs charts, more than any other song Clarkson has ever released.
Internationally, "Stronger" topped the national charts of Poland and Slovakia and attained a top-ten position in over fifteen countries around the world, eventually selling over five million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time.
Its success helped its parent album to sustain commercial longevity for over a year.
"Stronger" merited consideration for several industry awards—including three Grammy Award nominations, and a World Music Award nomination.
The song's accompanying music video was filmed by Shane Drake, which incorporates the theme of a global flash mob dance, featuring submitted videos of people dancing to the song.
The music video garnered positive reception from critics who felt that its overall impact was exuberant.
It earned Clarkson a nomination for a MuchMusic Video Award.
With its continued success, she performed "Stronger" on several live award shows and television appearances around the world, debuting it during the first season of the "The X Factor" (U.S.) and performing it on the 37th season of "Saturday Night Live", the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards, and the 2012 American Music Awards.
Clarkson also included the song in the set list of her Stronger Tour and on the encore set of her 2012 Summer Tour with The Fray.
Article: Balkan Wars
Section: Abstract

Question: Which treaty caused Bulgaria to loose most of its territories?

The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913.
Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the first war; one of the four, Bulgaria, was defeated in the second war.
The Ottoman Empire lost nearly all of its holdings in Europe.
Austria-Hungary, although not a combatant, was weakened as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples.
The war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus was a "prelude to the First World War.
"By the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large elements of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule.
In 1912, these countries formed the Balkan League.
There were three main causes of the First Balkan War.
The Ottoman Empire was unable to reform itself, govern satisfactorily, or deal with the rising ethnic nationalism of its diverse peoples.
Secondly the Great Powers quarreled amongst themselves and failed to ensure that the Ottomans would carry out the needed reforms.
This led the Balkan states to impose their own solution.
Most important, the Balkan League had been formed, and its members were confident that it could defeat the Turks.
The Ottoman Empire lost almost all its European territories to the west of the River Maritsa, drawing present day Turkey's western border.
A large influx of Turks started to flee into the Ottoman heartland as a result of the lost lands.
By 1914, the remaining core region of the Ottoman Empire had experienced a population increase of around 2.5 million because of the flood of immigration from the Balkans.
In Turkey, it is considered a major disaster ("Balkan harbi faciası") in the nation's history.
The unexpected fall and sudden relinquishing of Turkish-dominated European territories created a psycho-traumatic event amongst the Turks that is said to have triggered the ultimate collapse of the empire itself within five years.
Nazım Pasha, the chief of staff of the Ottoman army has been held responsible of the failure and was assassinated in 1913 by Young Turks.
The First Balkan War broke out when the League attacked the Ottoman Empire on 8 October 1912 and was ended seven months later by the Treaty of London.
After five centuries, the Ottoman Empire lost virtually all of its possessions in the Balkans.
The Second Balkan War broke out on 16 June 1913.
Bulgaria was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia, made in secret by its former allies, Serbia and Greece, and attacked them.
The Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked into Bulgaria, while Romania and the Ottoman Empire also attacked Bulgaria and gained (or regained) territory.
In the resulting Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria lost most of the territories it had gained in the First Balkan War.
Article: Wrestling
Section: Sambo

Question: Which martial art originated in 20th century Russia?

Sambo is a martial art that originated in the Soviet Union (specifically Russia) in the 20th century.
It is an acronym for "self-defence without weapons" in Russian and had its origins in the Soviet armed forces.
Its influences are varied, with techniques borrowed from sports ranging from the two international wrestling styles of Greco-Roman and freestyle to judo, jujitsu, European styles of folk wrestling, and even fencing.
The rules for sport sambo are similar to those in competitive judo, with a variety of leg locks and defense holds from the various national wrestling styles in the Soviet Union, while not allowing chokeholds.
Article: Toy Story 3
Section: Accolades

Question: When did Toy Story 3 receive a Kids' Choice Award nomination?

On January 25, 2011, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that "Toy Story 3" was not only nominated for Best Animated Feature, but also for Best Picture.
This makes "Toy Story 3" not only the first animated sequel in history to be nominated for Best Picture, but also the third animated film to be nominated for Best Picture (following "Beauty and the Beast" and "Up"), with "Toy Story 3" becoming the second Pixar film to be nominated for both awards.
"Toy Story 3" also became the first ever Pixar film - and the first animated feature film since "Shrek" - to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, though six of Pixar's previous films were nominated for the Best Original Screenplay: "Toy Story", "Finding Nemo", "The Incredibles", "Ratatouille", "WALL-E", and "Up".
In 2011, it was nominated for a Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie, but lost to "Despicable Me".
Article: Japan
Section: Culture

Question: Who has evolved greatly around its origins?

Japanese culture has evolved greatly from its origins.
Contemporary culture combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America.
Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and rakugo; and other practices, the tea ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen, Geisha and games.
Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures.
Sixteen sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, twelve of which are of cultural significance.
Article: The Holocaust
Section: The political left

Question: What law did Hitler use to justify himself as dictator?

German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the earliest domestic opponents of Nazism and were also among the first to be sent to concentration camps.
Hitler claimed that communism was a Jewish ideology which the Nazis termed "Judeo-Bolshevism".
Fear of communist agitation was used as justification for the Enabling Act of 1933, the law which gave Hitler his original dictatorial powers.
Hermann Göring later testified at the Nuremberg Trials that the Nazis' willingness to repress German communists prompted president Paul von Hindenburg and the German elite to cooperate with the Nazis.
MI6 assisted the Gestapo via "the exchange of information about Communism", and, as late as October 1937, the head of the British agency's Berlin station, Frank Foley, described his relationship with Heinrich Müller's so-called communism expert as "cordial".
Hitler and the Nazis also hated German leftists because of their resistance to the party's racism.
Many leaders of German leftist groups were Jews, and Jews were especially prominent among the leaders of the Spartacist uprising in 1919.
Hitler already referred to Marxism and "Bolshevism" as a means of "the international Jew" to undermine "racial purity" and survival of the Nordics or Aryans, as well as to stir up socioeconomic class tension and labor unions against the government or state-owned businesses.
Within the concentration camps such as Buchenwald, German communists were privileged in comparison to Jews because of their "racial purity".
Whenever the Nazis occupied a new territory, members of communist, socialist, or anarchist groups were normally to be the first persons detained or executed.
Evidence of this is found in Hitler's infamous Commissar Order, in which he ordered the summary execution of all political commissars captured among Soviet soldiers, as well as the execution of all Communist Party members in German-held territory.
"Einsatzgruppen" carried out these executions in the east.
Nacht und Nebel ("Night and Fog") was a directive () of Hitler on 7 December 1941 signed and implemented by Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Wilhelm Keitel, resulting in kidnapping and the disappearance of many political activists throughout Nazi Germany's occupied territories.
Article: Rules of Engagement (TV series)
Section: History

Question: When were the debuts of seasons 3 and 4 of the TV series "Rules of Engagement"?

The show was heavily promoted by CBS during Super Bowl XLI and launched the following night, the first of seven episodes in its first season.
The pilot episode remains the highest rated episode of the show.
The series was renewed for a second season which began as a midseason replacement for "The New Adventures of Old Christine" on Monday, September 24, 2007, with production halted after nine episodes on November 6, 2007, in the wake of a writers' strike.
After the strike ended, CBS announced that the show would return April 14, 2008, with a further six episodes.
Seasons three and four were both mid-season entries launched in March 2009 and March 2010.
On May 18, 2010, it was announced that CBS had renewed "Rules of Engagement" for a 5th season.
It was later announced that this season would start in September, in contrast to its usual midseason start, and received an expanded 24-episode order.
(The fifth season was the first and only season to have a full-season order.)
The first 15 episodes aired on Monday nights, usually in the 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central time slot following "How I Met Your Mother".
Then on February 24, 2011, the series moved to Thursdays at 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central, following "The Big Bang Theory", after the cancellation of "$h*!
My Dad Says".
On May 17, 2011, the series was renewed for a sixth season to begin airing in fall 2011.
One day later, CBS announced that "Rules of Engagement" would move to Saturday nights at 8:00 pm Eastern/7:00 pm Central as part of the network's new "Comedytime Saturday" block; the first time in six years that an original CBS program would air on that night.
It also marked the fourth night that the series would air on, with it previously airing on Mondays, Wednesdays (two airings), and Thursdays.
On October 7, 2011, however, it was announced that "Rules of Engagement" would move back to its 8:30PM EST Thursday timeslot following "The Big Bang Theory", replacing new sitcom "How to Be a Gentleman" which was moved to the new Saturday time slot.
Effective January 12, 2012, CBS removed "Rules of Engagement" from its Thursday lineup, replacing it with the new sitcom "Rob" starring Rob Schneider.
"Rules" would return to its Thursday 8:30 PM time slot on March 29, after "Rob" had finished airing its 8-episode order, resulting in a total of 15 episodes in season 6.
On May 21, 2012, CBS renewed "Rules of Engagement" for a seventh season of 13 episodes to air mid-season, bringing the total number of produced episodes to 100.
Season 7 began airing on Mondays at 8:30, starting February 4, 2013.
On May 10, 2013, "Rules of Engagement" was cancelled by CBS after seven seasons and 100 episodes.
The series finale episode aired on May 20, 2013.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the ninth highest grossing film of all time?

The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 British-American epic superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan, who co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Jonathan Nolan and the story with David S. Goyer.
Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the final installment in Nolan's "Batman" film trilogy, and it is the sequel to "Batman Begins" (2005) and "The Dark Knight" (2008).
Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, with a returning cast of his allies: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Gary Oldman as James Gordon, and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox.
The film introduces Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway), a sly, morally ambiguous cat burglar, and Bane (Tom Hardy), a mercenary bent on destroying Gotham City.
Drawn back into action by new threats facing the city, an older Bruce Wayne is forced to come out of retirement and become Batman once again.
Christopher Nolan was initially hesitant about returning to the series for a second time, but agreed to come back after developing a story with his brother and Goyer that he felt would conclude the series on a satisfactory note.
Nolan drew inspiration from Bane's comic book debut in the 1993 "" storyline, the 1986 series "The Dark Knight Returns", and the 1999 storyline "No Man's Land".
Filming took place in various locations, including Jodhpur, London, Nottingham, Glasgow, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, and Pittsburgh.
Nolan used IMAX cameras for much of the filming, including the first six minutes of the film, to optimize the quality of the picture.
A variation of the Batplane termed "The Bat", an underground prison set, and a new Batcave set were created specifically for the film.
As with "The Dark Knight", viral marketing campaigns began early during production to help promotion.
When filming concluded, Warner Bros. refocused its campaign: developing promotional websites, releasing the first six minutes of the film, screening theatrical trailers, and sending out information regarding the film's plot.
"The Dark Knight Rises" premiered in New York City on July 16, 2012.
The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on July 19, 2012, and in North America and the United Kingdom on July 20, 2012.
Upon release it received a favorable critical response and grossed over $1.081 billion worldwide.
It is currently the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time, the third-highest-grossing film of 2012, and the third-highest-grossing superhero film of all time.
Article: The Big Bang Theory
Section: "The Theorists" controversy

Question: Who plays Leonard's couterpart, "Seva"?

Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes, Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus.
Officially titled Теоретики ("The Theorists"), the show features "clones" of the main characters, a similar opening sequence, and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts.
Lorre expressed annoyance and described his inquiry with the Warner Brothers legal department about options.
The television production company and station's close relationship with the Belarus government was cited as the reason that any attempt to claim copyright infringement would be in vain because the company copying the episodes is operated by the government.
However, no legal action was required to end production of the other show: as soon as the word got out that the show was unlicensed, the actors quit and the producers cancelled it.
Dmitriy Tankovich (who plays Leonard's counterpart, "Seva") said in an interview: "I'm upset.
At first, the actors were told all legal issues were resolved.
We didn't know it wasn't the case, so when the creators of "The Big Bang Theory" started talking about the show, I was embarrassed.
I can't understand why our people first do, and then think.
I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career.
And I don't want to take part in a stolen show".
Article: Battle of Moscow
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the duration of the Battle of Moscow?

The Battle of Moscow is the name given by Soviet historians to two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front during World War II.
It took place between October 1941 and January 1942.
The Soviet defensive effort frustrated Hitler's attack on Moscow, capital of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the largest Soviet city.
Moscow was one of the primary military and political objectives for Axis forces in their invasion of the Soviet Union.
The German strategic offensive named Operation Typhoon was planned to conduct two pincer offensives, one to the north of Moscow against the Kalinin Front by the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies, simultaneously severing the Moscow–Leningrad railway, and another to the south of Moscow Oblast against the Western Front, south of Tula by the 2nd Panzer Army, while the 4th Army advanced directly towards Moscow from the west.
A separate operational German plan, codenamed "Operation Wotan", was included in the final phase of the German offensive.
Initially, the Soviet forces conducted a strategic defence of the Moscow Oblast by constructing three defensive belts, and deploying newly raised reserve armies as well as bringing troops from the Siberian and Far Eastern Military Districts.
Subsequently, as the German offensives were halted, a Soviet strategic counter-offensive and smaller-scale offensive operations were executed to force German armies back to the positions around the cities of Oryol, Vyazma and Vitebsk, nearly surrounding three German armies in the process.
Article: Yellowstone National Park
Section: Legal jurisdiction

Question: Who argued that it may be impossible to impanel a jury in compliance with the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment for a crime committed solely in the unpopulated Idaho portion of Yellowstone National Park?

The entire park is within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming, making it the only federal court district that includes portions of more than one state (Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming).
Law professor Brian C. Kalt has argued that it may be impossible to impanel a jury in compliance with the Vicinage Clause of the Sixth Amendment for a crime committed solely in the unpopulated Idaho portion of the park (and that it would be difficult to do so for a crime committed solely in the lightly populated Montana portion).
One defendant accused of a wildlife-related crime in the Montana portion of the park attempted to raise this argument.
He eventually pleaded guilty.