community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Section: Photographs

Question: When was the department of photography founded?

The Met's collection of photographs, numbering more than 25,000 in total, is centered on five major collections plus additional acquisitions by the museum.
Alfred Stieglitz, a famous photographer himself, donated the first major collection of photographs to the museum, which included a comprehensive survey of Photo-Secessionist works, a rich set of master prints by Edward Steichen, and an outstanding collection of Stieglitz's photographs from his own studio.
The Met supplemented Stieglitz's gift with the 8,500-piece Gilman Paper Company Collection, the Rubel Collection, and the Ford Motor Company Collection, which respectively provided the collection with early French and American photography, early British photography, and post-WWI American and European photography.
The museum also acquired Walker Evans's personal collection of photographs, a particular coup considering the high demand for his works.
The department of photography was founded in 1992.
Though the department gained a permanent gallery in 1997, not all of the department's holdings are on display at any given time, due to the sensitive materials represented in the photography collection.
However, the Photographs department has produced some of the best-received temporary exhibits in the Met's recent past, including a Diane Arbus retrospective and an extensive show devoted to spirit photography.
In 2007, the museum designated a gallery exclusively for the exhibition of photographs made after 1960.
Article: Volleyball
Section: Origin of volleyball

Question: Where was basketball invented?

Origin of volleyball.
On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA), William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called "Mintonette" as a pastime to be played (preferably) indoors and by any number of players.
The game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball.
Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometers) away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before.
Mintonette was designed to be an indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort.
The first rules, written down by William G Morgan, called for a net high, a court, and any number of players.
A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents’ court.
In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed.
Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)—except in the case of the first-try serve.
After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896, played at the International YMCA Training School (now called Springfield College), the game quickly became known as "volleyball" (it was originally spelled as two words: ""volley ball"").
Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around the country to various YMCAs.
Article: Stonehenge
Section: Neopaganism

Question: When was the Battle of the Beanfield?

Throughout the 20th century, Stonehenge began to be revived as a place of religious significance, this time by adherents of Neopagan and New Age beliefs, particularly the Neo-druids.
The historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that "it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it."
The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the Ancient Order of Druids, who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905, in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation.
This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press, who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards.
Between 1972 and 1984, Stonehenge was the site of the Stonehenge Free Festival.
After the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985, this use of the site was stopped for several years and ritual use of Stonehenge is now heavily restricted.
Some Druids have arranged an assembling of monuments styled on Stonehenge in other parts of the world.
Article: Disney's Animal Kingdom
Section: Avatar: World of Pandora

Question: How much did the Avatar section of Disney Land cost to create?

In September 2011, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts announced plans to partner with filmmaker James Cameron, his Lightstorm Entertainment production company, and Fox Filmed Entertainment to develop attractions based on Cameron's "Avatar" film franchise exclusively for Disney theme parks.
The first installation is planned for Disney's Animal Kingdom in the form of an "Avatar"-based section of the park.
While no specifics were announced, the new area was described as being several acres in size and costing an estimated $400 million to build, a scale similar to Cars Land at Disney California Adventure Park in California.
Components from the upcoming second and third films in the "Avatar" series will be featured, along with new designs not seen in any of the films.
Construction began on January 10, 2014.
Article: Golden Gate Park
Section: Bison paddock

Question: At the point when was the paddock created?

Bison ("Bison bison") have been kept in Golden Gate Park since 1891, when a small herd was purchased by the park commission.
At the time, the animal's population in North America had dwindled to an all-time low, and San Francisco made a successful effort to breed them in captivity.
In 1899, the paddock in the western section of the park was created.
At its peak and through a successful captive breeding program, more than 100 calves were produced at Golden Gate Park, helping preserve the iconic bison population numbers in North America, which has been critical to the culture and livelihood of Native Americans.
In 1984, Mayor Dianne Feinstein's husband, Richard C. Blum, purchased a new herd as a birthday present for his wife.
The older bison in the paddock today are descendants of those animals.
In December 2011, after the number of bison in the paddock had dwindled to three, Assemblywoman Fiona Ma’s office led another preservation effort.
With donations from the Theodore Rosen Charitable Foundation, Richard C. Blum, and the Garen Wimer Ranch, Assemblywoman Ma’s office worked with the San Francisco Zoo and SF Recreation and Parks to add seven new bison to the existing herd.
The Paddock is currently open to the public for viewing.
Article: Amélie
Section: Musical adaptation

Question: Who said he would compose original music for the show?

On 23 August 2013 composer Dan Messe, one of the founders and members of the band Hem, confirmed speculation that he would be writing the score for a musical adaptation of Amelie to premiere on Broadway.
He will be collaborating with Craig Lucas and Nathan Tysen.
Messe also confirmed he would be composing all original music for the show and not using the Yann Tiersen score.
Jeunet distanced himself from the musical, saying he only sold the rights to raise funds for children's charity "Mecenat Chirurgie Cardiaque" (Cardiac Surgery Patronage).
Article: Bourbon Street
Section: Impact of Hurricane Katrina

Question: What was the year before Katrina and how many visitors did the city have that year?

Given Bourbon Street's high ground location in the French Quarter, it was mostly intact following 2005's Hurricane Katrina.
A major tourist attraction, Bourbon Street renovation was given high priority after the storm.
Despite these efforts, New Orleans was still experiencing a dearth of visitors.
In 2004, a year before Katrina, the city had 10.1 million visitors.
A year after the storm, that number was 3.7 million.
Attempts to draw tourists back to the city were undertaken by the New Orleans Tourism Marketing Corporation that featured Louisiana celebrities such as chef Emeril Lagasse and actress Patricia Clarkson with the slogan "Come Fall In Love With Louisiana All Over Again."
Attracting tourists was vital, as one third of the city's operating budget, approximately $6 billion, came from the tourism industry.
Officials saw tourists as vital for economic recovery in the city.
A major impedance for tourists were the mixed messages regarding the city's level of recovery.
Advertising campaigns gave the impression that the city was thriving.
At the same time, New Orleans was asking for increased federal assistance and National Guardsmen to combat crime waves in the city.
The tourism industry received a boom when the 2006 Mardi Gras went off without a hitch.
Popular Bourbon Street restaurants, such as Galatoire's, reopened around this time as well.
Reopening and rebuilding of popular tourist attractions led to a surge in post-Katrina tourists.
By 2009, the city attracted 7.9 million tourists.
Article: The Starry Night
Section: Interpretations

Question: Which literary source may have inspired Van Gogh?

Perhaps no other painting in Western Art has enjoyed such a varying array of intriguing interpretations.
Academic theories tend towards two schools: "the literal" and "the literary."
The "literal" includes both "he painted what he saw" and the "hallucinatory genius" arguments (as an individual's hallucinations are indistinguishable from real life) while the "literary" suggest that inspiration blossomed from some written source; most often cited for van Gogh's "Starry Night" are The Bible, Walt Whitman and Victor Hugo.
Legendary 20th century art historian Albert Boime is generally credited with the best "literal" theory by proving, in conjunction with three Astronomer colleagues at UCLA the position of the stars from van Gogh's window in the asylum at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence at 4 a.m. on June 19, 1889, the day van Gogh wrote his brother that he had completed the painting.
In a 1985 lecture to the American Astronomical Society, Boime compared the positions of the moon and Venus that night and showed that they corresponded to the positions of the celestial objects in the painting.
While Boime and his lead astronomer, Charles Whitney agreed the large star above the horizon is the Morning Star, they failed to agree on the arrangement of the other stars.
Boime claimed they constituted the constellation of Aries, while Whitney argued it was Cygnus.
Boime further attempted to make the argument that van Gogh had likely seen an image of a spiral galaxy from Camille Flammarion's "Astronomie populaire", in an attempt to explain the existence of van Gogh's celestial spiral jetty.
In his 800-plus existing letters, however, van Gogh makes no mention of ever reading Flammarion.
As to the leading "literary" theories: those about The Bible range from van Gogh painting a passage out of Genesis 37 describing a dream of Joseph to an apocalyptic depiction out of the twelfth book of Revelation to a "sublimated Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane"; while those from Whitman attempt to correlate the painting's poetic vision within Song of Myself; and (what has been mistakenly attributed to Hugo's Les Miserables) as an inspired depiction of God as "a lighthouse in eclipse.
"This bevy of interpretations has helped keep van Gogh's "Starry Night" firmly within the discussions and lively debates of both public and academic art history.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Ecology

Question: What are the names of Mount Rushmore Memorial's streams?

The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota.
Birds including the turkey vulture, bald eagle, hawk, and meadowlark fly around Mount Rushmore, occasionally making nesting spots in the ledges of the mountain.
Smaller birds, including songbirds, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, inhabit the surrounding pine forests.
Terrestrial mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule deer, yellow-bellied marmot, and American bison.
The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog, and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area.
In addition, several species of snakes inhabit the region.
Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout.
Mountain goats are not indigenous to the area but can also be found here.
They are descended from goats which were a gift from Canada to Custer State Park in 1924 but later escaped.
At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the Ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun.
Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and the cottonwood.
Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore.
There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet.
Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.
However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.
The area receives about of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life.
Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff.
Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals.
In addition, stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater, creating aquifers.
Through the study of tree rings, it has been determined that forest fires have occurred in the Ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years based on evidence of fire scars found within tree core samples.
Large conflagrations are not common.
Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris.
The area is a climax community.
Recent pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest.
Article: Vincent van Gogh
Section: Posthumous fame

Question: Which museum currently displays the "Sunset at Montmajour"?

Posthumous fame.
Following his first exhibitions in the late 1880s, Van Gogh's fame grew steadily among colleagues, art critics, dealers and collectors.
After his death, memorial exhibitions were mounted in Brussels, Paris, The Hague and Antwerp.
In the early 20th century, there were retrospectives in Paris (1901 and 1905), and Amsterdam (1905), and important group exhibitions in Cologne (1912), New York (1913) and Berlin (1914).
These had a noticeable impact on later generations of artists.
By the mid 20th century Van Gogh was seen as one of the greatest and most recognizable painters in history.
In 2007 a group of Dutch historians compiled the "Canon of Dutch History" to be taught in schools and included Van Gogh as one of the fifty topics of the canon, alongside other national icons such as Rembrandt and De Stijl.
Together with those of Pablo Picasso, Van Gogh's works are among the world's most expensive paintings ever sold, based on data from auctions and private sales.
Those sold for over US$100 million (today's equivalent) include Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Portrait of Joseph Roulin and Irises.
A Wheatfield with Cypresses was sold in 1993 for US$57 million, a spectacularly high price at the time, while his Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear was sold privately in the late 1990s for an estimated US$80/$90 million.
A newly discovered painting by the Dutch artist was publicly unveiled on September 10, 2013, after it was retrieved from the attic of a Norwegian collector who misjudged the work as a fraud following its purchase in 1908.
"Sunset at Montmajour" is a large oil landscape painting and, as of September 24, 2013, is displayed at Amsterdam's Van Gogh Museum.
Article: Party Rock Anthem
Section: Television, films and video games

Question: What year was Dance Central 2 released?

In popular culture.
Television, films and video games.
"Party Rock Anthem" was used in several TV series such as in the first episode of "Awkward", in the season 3, episode 8 of "Glee", in the season 5, episode 12 of "Gossip Girl", in the season 3 finale of "Parenthood", episode 5 of 2 Broke Girls, in season 4, episode 14 of "Parks and Recreation", in the eighth season of "So You Think You Can Dance" and in the "South Park" episode "City Sushi".
It was also used in the opening titles for the Australian reality game show, "The Renovators".
There is a spoof of the song in the popular YouTube web series "The Annoying Orange" episode "Party Rock".
The song was also used in a Bat Mitzvah sketch in a "Saturday Night Live" episode hosted by Channing Tatum and in Australia's Got Talent 2011 sung by Timomatic.
Quest Crew danced to it on the season 6 finale of "America's Best Dance Crew".
On the episode 8 of "America's Best Dance Crews season 7, contestants 8Flavahz danced to the song.
The song was covered by Alvin and the Chipmunks and The Chipettes with lyric changes in the 2011 film ' and appears on its .
It was also featured in the trailer for the 2011 Lionsgate film "Madea's Big Happy Family".
It is also heard in the video games "Just Dance 3" and "FIFA Street".
The videogame "Dance Central 2" uses it on the DLC, which was released on February 28, 2012.
In "World of Warcraft", the dance emote for the male Pandaren is based on this song's choreography.
Article: Finland
Section: Cabinet

Question: Who is the current prime minister?

After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the Finnish Government), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament.
The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens (the last time in 1957), as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament.
The cabinet exercises most executive powers, and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on.
It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland, and consists of him or her, of other ministers, and of the Chancellor of Justice.
The current prime minister is Jyrki Katainen (National Coalition Party).
Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy.
After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is the minister of finance.
As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions.
As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest.
Article: Jiro Dreams of Sushi
Section: Critical reception

Question: Which film critic likened the film to an experience of tunnel vision?

The film received very positive reviews from critics.
The film earned a rating of 99% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 70 reviews and an average rating of 7.8/10, with the critical consensus saying, "Beautiful, thoughtful, and engrossing, "Jiro Dreams of Sushi" should prove satisfying even for filmgoers who don't care for the cuisine."
It has a score of 77 on Metacritic based on 26 reviews.
Roger Ebert called it a "portrait of tunnel vision" and concluded:"While watching it, I found myself drawn into the mystery of this man.
Are there any unrealized wishes in his life?
Secret diversions?
Regrets?
If you find an occupation you love and spend your entire life working at it, is that enough?
Standing behind his counter, Jiro notices things.
Some customers are left-handed, some right-handed.
That helps determine where they are seated at his counter.
As he serves a perfect piece of sushi, he observes it being eaten.
He knows the history of that piece of seafood.
He knows his staff has recently started massaging an octopus for 45 minutes and not half an hour, for example.
Does he search a customer's eyes for a signal that this change has been an improvement?
Half an hour of massage was good enough to win three Michelin stars.
You realize the tragedy of Jiro Ono's life is that there are not, and will never be, four stars."
Article: Sailing
Section: Knots and line handling

Question: What does a clove hitch do and what is it?

The tying and untying of knots and hitches as well as the general handling of ropes and lines are fundamental to the art of sailing.
The RYA basic 'Start Yachting' syllabus lists the following knots and hitches:
figure-eight knot — stopper knot
round turn and two half hitches — secure the end of a rope to a fixed object
bowline — used to form a fixed loop at the end of a rope
It also lists securing a line around a cleat and the use of winches and jamming cleats.
The RYA Competent Crew syllabus adds the following to the list above, as well as knowledge of the correct use of each: 
clove hitch — securing lines running along a series of posts
rolling hitch — rigging a stopper to relax the tension on a sheet
reef knot — joining two ends of a single line to bind around an object
single and double sheet bend — joining two ropes of different diameters
In addition it requires competent crewmembers to understand 'taking a turn' around a cleat and to be able to make cleated lines secure.
Lines and halyards need to be coiled neatly for stowage and reuse.
Dock lines need to be thrown and handled safely and correctly when coming alongside, up to a buoy, and when anchoring, as well as when casting off and getting under way.
Article: Austria
Section: History

Question: In what year was the Duchy of Styria acquired by the Babenbergs?

Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes.
The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province.
Present day Petronell-Carnuntum in Eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province.
Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years.
After the fall of the Roman Empire the area was invaded by Bavarians, Slavs and Avars.
Charlemagne conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonisation and introduced Christianity.
As part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg.
The area was known as the "marchia Orientalis" and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976.
The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as "Ostarrîchi", referring to the territory of the Babenberg March.
In 1156 the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy.
In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria.
With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished.
As a result Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia.
His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278.
Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.
Article: American Dad!
Section: DVD releases

Question: What are the 3 episodes of American Dad that include explicit material?

 The "Volume One" release was retitled "Season One" for the Region 2 and 4 releases, however the subsequent releases retained the "Volume" titles.
 On the packaging for the "Season 1" release on Region 2 DVD, there was no mention of audio commentaries or some of the bonus features, leading many to mistakenly believe they had been omitted from the release.
 The Region 2 and 4 DVDs do not have censored audio tracks on any episodes; however, "Volume 3" has so-called "uncensored tracks" on the set (probably an error from the transfer because the tracks are already automatically uncensored on the set).
 The Volume 4 DVD release blurb contained information on the episode "Phantom of the Telethon", which was instead featured on Volume 5.
 On Volume 6, despite claims of being uncensored, the bleeps from "Home Adrone", "My Morning Straitjacket", and "G-String Circus" are not removed.