community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Climate change
Section: Precipitation

Question: How long has satellite data been available?

Past precipitation can be estimated in the modern era with the global network of precipitation gauges.
Surface coverage over oceans and remote areas is relatively sparse, but, reducing reliance on interpolation, satellite data has been available since the 1970s.
Quantification of climatological variation of precipitation in prior centuries and epochs is less complete but approximated using proxies such as marine sediments, ice cores, cave stalagmites, and tree rings.
Climatological temperatures substantially affect precipitation.
For instance, during the Last Glacial Maximum of 18,000 years ago, thermal-driven evaporation from the oceans onto continental landmasses was low, causing large areas of extreme desert, including polar deserts (cold but with low rates of precipitation).
In contrast, the world's climate was wetter than today near the start of the warm Atlantic Period of 8000 years ago.
Estimated global land precipitation increased by approximately 2% over the course of the 20th century, though the calculated trend varies if different time endpoints are chosen, complicated by ENSO and other oscillations, including greater global land precipitation in the 1950s and 1970s than the later 1980s and 1990s despite the positive trend over the century overall.
Similar slight overall increase in global river runoff and in average soil moisture has been perceived.
Article: Salad
Section: Abstract

Question: What are palate cleansing salads for?

Salad is a popular ready-to-eat dish often containing leafy vegetables, usually served chilled or at a moderate temperature and often served with a sauce or dressing.
Salads may also contain ingredients such as fruit, grain, meat, seafood and sweets.
Though many salads use raw ingredients, some use cooked ingredients.
Most salads are served cold, although some, such as south German potato salad, are served warm.
Some consider the warmth of a dish a factor that excludes it from the salad category calling the warm mixture a casserole, a sandwich topping or more specifically, name it for the ingredients which comprise it.
Leafy vegetable salads are generally served with a dressing, as well as various garnishes such as nuts or croutons, and sometimes with meat, fish, pasta, cheese, eggs, or whole grains.
Salads may be served at any point during a meal, such as:
Appetizer salads, light salads to stimulate the appetite as the first course of the meal.
Side salads, to accompany the main course as a side dish.
Main course salads, usually containing a portion of heartier fare, such as chicken breast or slices of beef.
Palate-cleansing salads, to settle the stomach after the main course.
Dessert salads, sweet versions often containing fruit, gelatin and/or whipped cream.
Article: Medicine
Section: Specialties

Question: What is the definition of "medicine"?

In the broadest meaning of "medicine", there are many different specialties.
In the UK, most specialities have their own body or college, which have its own entrance examination.
These are collectively known as the Royal Colleges, although not all currently use the term "Royal".
The development of a speciality is often driven by new technology (such as the development of effective anaesthetics) or ways of working (such as emergency departments); the new specialty leads to the formation a unifying body of doctors and the prestige of administering their own examination.
Within medical circles, specialities usually fit into one of two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery."
"Medicine" refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most of its subspecialties require preliminary training in Internal Medicine.
In the UK, this was traditionally evidenced by passing the examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) or the equivalent college in Scotland or Ireland.
"Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in General Surgery, which in the UK leads to membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS).
At present, some specialties of medicine do not fit easily into either of these categories, such as radiology, pathology, or anesthesia.
Most of these have branched from one or other of the two camps above; for example anaesthesia developed first as a faculty of the Royal College of Surgeons (for which MRCS/FRCS would have been required) before becoming the Royal College of Anaesthetists and membership of the college is attained by sitting the examination of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Anesthetists (FRCA).
Article: Battle of Britain
Section: The Dowding System

Question: What is the name of the person that forwarded information of interest to Group Headquarters?

RAF strategy.
The Dowding System.
During early tests of the Chain Home system, the slow flow of information from the CH radars and observers to the aircraft often caused them to miss their "bandits".
The solution, today known as the "Dowding system", was to create a set of reporting chains to move information from the various observation points to the pilots in their fighters.
It was named after its chief architect, "Stuffy" Dowding.
Reports from CH radars and the Royal Observer Corps were sent directly to Fighter Command Headquarters (FCHQ) where they were "filtered" to combine multiple reports of the same formations into single tracks.
Telephone operators would then forward only the information of interest to the Group headquarters, where the map would be re-created.
This process was repeated to produce another version of the map at the Sector level, covering a much smaller area.
Looking over their maps, Group level commanders could select squadrons to attack particular targets.
From that point the Sector operators would give commands to the fighters to arrange an interception, as well as return them to base.
Sector stations also controlled the anti-aircraft batteries in their area; an army officer sat beside each fighter controller and directed the gun crews when to open and cease fire.
The Dowding system dramatically improved the speed and accuracy of the information that flowed to the pilots.
During the early war period it was expected that an average interception mission might have a 30% chance of ever seeing their target.
During the Battle, the Dowding system maintained an average rate over 75%, with several examples of 100% rates - every fighter dispatched found and intercepted its target.
Luftwaffe fighters randomly found targets and often returned home having never seen an enemy aircraft.
The result is what is now known as an example of "force multiplication"; RAF fighters were as effective as two or more Luftwaffe fighters, greatly offsetting, or overturning, the disparity in actual numbers.
Article: Chemotherapy
Section: Cytotoxics and targeted therapies

Question: What are the new class of cancer drugs called, which avoid the side effects of cytotoxics.

Targeted therapies are a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics.
They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies.
The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs.
They will kill any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal.
Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells.
This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues.
As different proteins are utilised by different cancer types, the targeted therapy drugs are used on a cancer type specific, or even on a patient specific basis.
Although the side effects are often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur.
Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein.
Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind.
An example target for targeted therapy is the protein produced by the Philadelphia chromosome, a genetic lesion found commonly in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
This fusion protein has enzyme activity that can be inhibited by imatinib, a small molecule drug.
Article: Telescope
Section: History

Question: When was the first recorded use of a telescope?

The earliest recorded working telescopes were the refracting telescopes that appeared in the Netherlands in 1608.
Their development is credited to three individuals: Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, who were spectacle makers in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar.
Galileo heard about the Dutch telescope in June 1609, built his own within a month, and greatly improved upon the design in the following year.
The idea that the objective, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope.
The potential advantages of using parabolic mirrors—reduction of spherical aberration and no chromatic aberration—led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build reflecting telescopes.
In 1668, Isaac Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the Newtonian reflector.
The invention of the achromatic lens in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes.
Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing speculum metal mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857, and aluminized mirrors in 1932.
The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40 inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors.
The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10 m (33 feet).
The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of wavelengths from radio to gamma-rays.
The first purpose built radio telescope went into operation in 1937.
Since then, a tremendous variety of complex astronomical instruments have been developed.
Article: Periodic table
Section: Blocks

Question: How are the regions of the periodic table referenced ?

The different regions of the periodic table are sometimes referred to as "blocks" in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled.
Each block is named according to the subshell in which the "last" electron notionally resides.
The s-block comprises the first two groups (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals) as well as hydrogen and helium.
The p-block comprises the last six groups which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC (3A to 8A in American) and contains, among other elements, all of the metalloids.
The d-block comprises groups 3 to 12 in IUPAC (or 3B to 2B in American group numbering) and contains all of the transition metals.
The f-block, usually offset below the rest of the periodic table, comprises the lanthanides and actinides.
Article: Every Breath You Take
Section: Legacy

Question: What year did BMI list "Every Breath You Take" on their top 100 songs og the century?

In 1999, "Every Breath You Take" was listed as one of the Top 100 Songs of the Century by BMI.
In 2003, VH1 ranked the song the #2 greatest Break-up song of all time.
And also as of 2003, Sting was still taking in an average of $2000 per day in royalties for the then 20-year-old song "Every Breath You Take.
"In October 2007, Sting was awarded a Million-Air certificate for 9 million airplays of "Every Breath You Take" at the prestigious BMI Awards show in London, with only Van Morrison's "Brown Eyed Girl" a close second at 8 million air plays.
Sting performed the song in front of an audience of 1.9 billion people at Live Aid in 1985, with Phil Collins providing additional vocals.
Sting performed it again, 20 years later, at Live 8.
Article: Equestrianism
Section: Haute École

Question: What leading haute ecole demonstration team is based in Queluz, Portugal?

The "haute école" (F. "high school"), an advanced component of Classical dressage, is a highly refined set of skills seldom used in competition but often seen in demonstration performances.
Leading haute ecole demonstration teams include:
 The Cadre Noir in Saumur, France.
 The Spanish Riding School in Vienna, Austria.
 The Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre in Queluz, Portugal.
Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain.
South African Lipizzaners of Midrand in South Africa.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Abstract

Question: whos the protagonist in dark knight rises?

The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 British-American epic superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan, who co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Jonathan Nolan and the story with David S. Goyer.
Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the final installment in Nolan's "Batman" film trilogy, and it is the sequel to "Batman Begins" (2005) and "The Dark Knight" (2008).
Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, with a returning cast of his allies: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Gary Oldman as James Gordon, and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox.
The film introduces Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway), a sly, morally ambiguous cat burglar, and Bane (Tom Hardy), a mercenary bent on destroying Gotham City.
Drawn back into action by new threats facing the city, an older Bruce Wayne is forced to come out of retirement and become Batman once again.
Christopher Nolan was initially hesitant about returning to the series for a second time, but agreed to come back after developing a story with his brother and Goyer that he felt would conclude the series on a satisfactory note.
Nolan drew inspiration from Bane's comic book debut in the 1993 "" storyline, the 1986 series "The Dark Knight Returns", and the 1999 storyline "No Man's Land".
Filming took place in various locations, including Jodhpur, London, Nottingham, Glasgow, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, and Pittsburgh.
Nolan used IMAX cameras for much of the filming, including the first six minutes of the film, to optimize the quality of the picture.
A variation of the Batplane termed "The Bat", an underground prison set, and a new Batcave set were created specifically for the film.
As with "The Dark Knight", viral marketing campaigns began early during production to help promotion.
When filming concluded, Warner Bros. refocused its campaign: developing promotional websites, releasing the first six minutes of the film, screening theatrical trailers, and sending out information regarding the film's plot.
"The Dark Knight Rises" premiered in New York City on July 16, 2012.
The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on July 19, 2012, and in North America and the United Kingdom on July 20, 2012.
Upon release it received a favorable critical response and grossed over $1.081 billion worldwide.
It is currently the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time, the third-highest-grossing film of 2012, and the third-highest-grossing superhero film of all time.
Article: SeaWorld
Section: History

Question: How many parks did Anheuser-Busch buy from HBJ in 1989

SeaWorld was opened in 1964 by Milton C. Shedd, Ken Norris, David Demott, and George Millay.
The four graduates of UCLA originally set out to build an underwater restaurant and marine life show.
When the underwater restaurant concept was deemed unfeasible, they scrapped those plans and decided to build a park instead, and SeaWorld San Diego was opened on March 21, 1964.
With only a few dolphins, sea lions, 6 attractions and , the park proved to be a success and more than 400,000 guests visited in the first 12 months.
After considering other locations in the midwest, including the Lake Milton/Newton Falls area west of Youngstown, Ohio, it was decided that Aurora, Ohio would be the new home of a SeaWorld.
The Aurora site was approximately northwest of the Lake Milton site, and southeast of Cleveland.
By this time the founders of the company had captured a few more species of animals, including a killer whale that was brought to the new facility.
The harsh winter climate permitted the park to be open only from mid-May until mid-September.
The Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida opened near the end of the second operating season of SeaWorld of Ohio.
The success of Disney in Orlando provided a location that was already popular with tourists.
SeaWorld Orlando opened in 1973.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. (HBJ) purchased the company in 1976 and 12 years later they began a venture in Texas.
In 1988, SeaWorld San Antonio opened just a few miles outside of San Antonio.
Growth has pushed the city outwards, and now SeaWorld San Antonio lies in the Westover Hills community in West San Antonio.
The park was open year-round like its sister parks in California and Florida in 1988 and 1989, then went to a seasonal schedule.
The stress and financial resources it took to build and maintain a state-of-the-art marine mammal facility in the late '80s eventually took its toll on the company.
HBJ, whose primary focus was producing school books, needed to reduce its assets in order to avoid a bankruptcy.
The Anheuser-Busch Company made an offer to purchase the SeaWorld parks.
However, HBJ also owned and operated two other parks, Cypress Gardens and Boardwalk and Baseball, and out of fear of not being able to find a buyer for the two other parks, HBJ refused to sell the parks individually.
Despite a long negotiation, Anheuser-Busch bought all six parks in 1989: SeaWorld in San Diego, Aurora, Orlando and San Antonio as well as Cypress Gardens in Winter Haven and Boardwalk and Baseball in Haines City.
Soon after the sale was final, Busch sold Cypress Gardens to the park's management and closed Boardwalk and Baseball.
Anheuser-Busch put millions of dollars back into the parks to revive and to prolong their longevity.
Article: Forrest Gump
Section: Soundtrack

Question: When did the score for the film Forrest Gump get released?

The 32-song soundtrack from the film was released on July 6, 1994.
With the exception of a lengthy suite from Alan Silvestri's score, all the songs are previously released; the soundtrack includes songs from Elvis Presley, Fleetwood Mac, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Aretha Franklin, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Three Dog Night, The Byrds, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, The Mamas & the Papas, Aileen Quinn, The Doobie Brothers, Simon & Garfunkel, Bob Seger, Buffalo Springfield, and Michael McDonald among others.
Music producer Joel Sill reflected on compiling the soundtrack: "We wanted to have very recognizable material that would pinpoint time periods, yet we didn't want to interfere with what was happening cinematically."
The two-disc album has a variety of music from the 1950s–1980s performed by American artists.
According to Sills, this was due to Zemeckis' request, "All the material in there is American.
Bob (Zemeckis) felt strongly about it.
He felt that Forrest wouldn't buy anything but American.
"The soundtrack reached a peak of number 2 on the "Billboard" album chart.
The soundtrack went on to sell twelve million copies, and is one of the top selling albums in the United States.
The score for the film was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri and released on August 2, 1994.
Article: We Found Love
Section: Composition

Question: Fill in the blank: "Shine a light through an open ___"

"We Found Love" is an electro house and dance-pop song.
It also displays elements of Europop, pop, techno, trance, and Eurodisco.
According to the digital music sheet published at musicnotes.com, the song is written in the key of E♭ minor and it is set at a tempo of 128 beats per minute.
The instrumentation of "We Found Love" consists of alarm bells, a keyboard, repetitive pumped-up synthesizers and 4/4 beats.
Rihanna's vocal range in the song spans one octave, from the lower note of C♯4 to the higher note of C♯5.
Priya Elan of "NME" commented that Rihanna sounds "extremely relaxed" and Bill Lamb of About.com wrote that her vocals are simple and unaffected.
Leah Collins of "The Vancouver Sun" wrote that Rihanna's vocals on "We Found Love" were similar to her own ones on "Fly".
According to Elan, the keyboard work in the song bears resemblance to that in from "Only Girl (In the World)" and the melody is similar to that of "Complicated", a track included in Rihanna's 2010 studio album "Loud".
Similarly, Michael Cragg of "The Guardian" noted that "We Found Love" is in the same vein as "Only Girl (In the World)", with regard to its dance beat.
The lyrical content of the song is spare and largely revolves around Rihanna chanting the song's hook line, "We found love in a hopeless place".
Jody Rosen of "Rolling Stone" described it as "half-baked romantic".
Rihanna starts the song in a falsetto airy voice as she sings, "Yellow diamonds in the light / And we’re standing side by side / As your shadow crosses mine / What it takes to come alive."
Michael Cragg commented that the first chorus is almost being sidelined in favor of a large chunk of Harris's riff, before they join on the second chorus.
The hook repeatedly rings throughout the song.
In the second verse, she sings: "Shine a light through an open door / Love and life are real divine / Turn away cause I need you more / Feel the heartbeat in my mind / It’s the way I’m feeling I just can’t deny / But I’ve gotta let it go".
Article: SeaWorld
Section: SeaWorld Ohio sale, re-birth, and eventual transition

Question: What time does the name "Geuaga Lake" go back to?

 Ohio sale, re-birth, and eventual transition.
In February 2001, Anheuser-Busch sold the SeaWorld Ohio park to Six Flags, Inc., operators of neighboring "Six Flags Ohio" (Geauga Lake until the end of 1999, reverting to the "Geauga Lake" name in 2004).
Upon completion of the sale, the two parks were combined in spring 2001 as the so-called "mega-park" "Six Flags Worlds Of Adventure", which boasted its "Three parks in one" uniqueness: a waterpark, an amusement park, and a wildlife animal park - all included in one price of admission.
SeaWorld executives replied that their park had been sold because of the short season of the animal park, because of Northeastern Ohio's cold winter months, and also because they were not able to get the rights to build roller coasters like the other SeaWorld properties had been able to.
In March 2004, Six Flags, Inc., announced that it had sold "Six Flags Worlds of Adventure" to Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, the operators of the Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio.
Cedar Fair took the park back to its original "Geauga Lake" name, which had a history dating back to 1888.
Since the Six Flags company retained ownership of the animals, the majority of the animal portion of the park, including all of the exhibits and animal stadiums, was either emptied or fenced off for the 2004 season.
After a nearly season-long wait, the Cedar Fair company announced its plans for the non-operational side of the former SeaWorld Ohio/Six Flags Worlds of Adventure-Wildlife Side.
That entire portion of the land would become an immense waterpark, named "Wildwater Kingdom", opening in two phases, with the first phase in 2005, followed by the second phase in 2006.
This decision marked the end of the marine-life park permanently.
All of the animal stadiums and buildings were next torn down or converted into other venues.
Some of the SeaWorld property remained intact, albeit hidden or modified.
What remained included the former seal and sea lion area, the Ski Stadium (to be used in a Lumberjack show in 2006), the Aquarium (to be used for unknown purposes), and two movie theater houses/simulators, once housing 3D/4D movies.
The Ski Stadium was removed in off-season 2008 to make way for "Coconut Cove", a refreshment station/observation area.
All of these, except for Wildwater Kingdom, closed in 2007.