community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Baseball
Section: No clock to kill

Question: What was the average length of a baseball game between AL teams in 1997?

In clock-limited sports, games often end with a team that holds the lead killing the clock rather than competing aggressively against the opposing team.
In contrast, baseball has no clock; a team cannot win without getting the last batter out and rallies are not constrained by time.
At almost any turn in any baseball game, the most advantageous strategy is some form of aggressive strategy.
In contrast, again, the clock comes into play even in the case of multi-day Test and first-class cricket: the possibility of a draw often encourages a team that is batting last and well behind to bat defensively, giving up any faint chance at a win to avoid a loss.
Baseball offers no such reward for conservative batting.
While nine innings has been the standard since the beginning of professional baseball, the duration of the average major league game has increased steadily through the years.
At the turn of the 20th century, games typically took an hour and a half to play.
In the 1920s, they averaged just less than two hours, which eventually ballooned to 2:38 in 1960.
By 1997, the average American League game lasted 2:57 (National League games were about 10 minutes shorter—pitchers at the plate making for quicker outs than designated hitters).
In 2004, Major League Baseball declared that its goal was an average game of merely 2:45.
The lengthening of games is attributed to longer breaks between half-innings for television commercials, increased offense, more pitching changes, and a slower pace of play with pitchers taking more time between each delivery, and batters stepping out of the box more frequently.
Other leagues have experienced similar issues.
In 2008, Nippon Professional Baseball took steps aimed at shortening games by 12 minutes from the preceding decade's average of 3:18.
Article: Part of Me (Katy Perry song)
Section: Live performances

Question: Which season of "American Idol" did Perry perform "Part of Me" for?

"Part of Me" was given its first live performance on February 12, 2012, at the 54th Grammy Awards.
An abbreviated version of "E.T."
(2011) ended partway through the chorus, with electronic sound effects and a darkened stage.
Wearing a metallic bodysuit with the appearance of golden armor, a blue-haired Perry descended from the roof of the venue in a transparent cube.
The object shattered, fireworks went off around the stage, and Perry began "Part of Me" as the dancers present during "E.T."
reappeared, lifted her up, and performed a routine behind her.
On March 19, 2012, Perry performed "Part of Me" as part of a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1, along with "The One That Got Away" (2011), "Firework" (2011), "Thinking of You" (2009) and a censored version of "Niggas in Paris" (2011).
The performances were closely similar, through their depiction of Perry as a superhero and their theme of self-empowerment.
Katie Brine of MTV commented that "Even when Katy is getting serious, there's always fun to be had.
"On April 26, 2012, Perry performed the track for season 11 of "American Idol".
This was similar to her previous performances and the video, but was pre-taped due to illness.
After a short, introductory military-style video, Perry made a simulated airdrop onto a military base peopled by female background dancers, all clad in military clothing.
It was met with mixed reviews from critics and fans, who criticized Perry's decisions to pre-tape her performance and to lipsync.
However, the complexity and originality of the performance were praised.
Brian Mansfield, of "USA Today", called it a "pretty impressive production", but criticized Perry's vocal abilities.
Perry included the song in the set list of her June 9, 2012 performance at Capital FM's Summertime Ball festival, during which she wore a fifties-style black and white polka dot dress and a black fringe haircut.
DJ Earworm had also made a mashup called "Fly" for the Summertime Ball and included "Part of Me" and Perry's previous single, "The One That Got Away" in the mashup.
On June 26, 2012 Perry performed "Part of Me" in her set list at the premiere for her July 2012, 3D autobiographical documentary-concert film "" on Hollywood Boulevard as part of Pepsi's "Summer Beats" concert series.
During the performance, Perry emerged from a large box of popcorn, wearing a shirt that resembled a film reel with the stage decorated with life-sized lollipops and neon lights.
This was Perry's final performance prior to her taking a musical hiatus after two years of continuous promotion for "Teenage Dream".
Article: Bacteria
Section: Pathogens

Question: What do organisms cause in humans?

If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens.
Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis.
A pathogenic cause for a known medical disease may only be discovered many years after, as was the case with "Helicobacter pylori" and peptic ulcer disease.
Bacterial diseases are also important in agriculture, with bacteria causing leaf spot, fire blight and wilts in plants, as well as Johne's disease, mastitis, salmonella and anthrax in farm animals.
Each species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts.
Some organisms, such as "Staphylococcus" or "Streptococcus", can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and death.
Yet these organisms are also part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease at all.
Other organisms invariably cause disease in humans, such as the Rickettsia, which are obligate intracellular parasites able to grow and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms.
One species of Rickettsia causes typhus, while another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
"Chlamydia", another phylum of obligate intracellular parasites, contains species that can cause pneumonia, or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease.
Finally, some species such as "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "Burkholderia cenocepacia", and "Mycobacterium avium" are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people suffering from immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis.
Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth.
There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host.
An example of how antibiotics produce selective toxicity are chloramphenicol and puromycin, which inhibit the bacterial ribosome, but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome.
Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth, where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations.
Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters.
Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent contamination by bacteria.
Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection.
Article: Pho
Section: Development

Question: When did vendors begin experimenting with sesame oil and tofu?

In the late 1920s, various vendors experimented with (a seasoning made of ground cinnamon, star anise, , and clove), sesame oil, tofu, and even "Lethocerus indicus" extract ("").
This "" failed to enter the mainstream.
"", served with beef cooked rare, had been introduced by 1930.
Chicken pho appeared in 1939, possibly because beef was not sold at the markets on Mondays and Fridays at the time.
With the Partition of Vietnam in 1954, over a million people fled North Vietnam for the South.
Pho, previously unpopular in the South, suddenly took off.
No longer confined to northern culinary traditions, variations in meat and broth appeared, and additional garnishes, such as lime, bean sprouts, culantro ('), cinnamon basil ('), and Hoisin sauce ('), became standard fare. '
also began to rival fully cooked "" in popularity.
Meanwhile, in North Vietnam, private pho restaurants were nationalized ("") and began serving pho noodles made from old rice, while street vendors were expected to use noodles made of imported potato flour.
During the so-called "" after the War, state-owned pho eateries served a meatless variety of the dish known as "pilotless pho" ('), in reference to the U.S. military's .
The broth consisted of boiled water with MSG added for taste, as there were often shortages on various foodstuffs like meat and rice during that period.
Bread or cold rice was often served as a side dish, leading to the present-day practice of dipping ' in pho.
Article: Glee (TV series)
Section: Promotion

Question: Which season's promotional posters have the stars throwing slushies at the camera in pairs?

Prior to the second episode's premiere, "Glee"'s cast went on tour at several Hot Topic stores across the nation.
The cast sang the U.S. national anthem at the third game of the 2009 World Series.
Macy's invited them to perform at the 2009 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, but host broadcaster NBC declined because "Glee" aired on a rival network.
Murphy commented on the cast's exclusion: "I completely understand NBC's position, and look forward to seeing a Jay Leno float.
"The show's success sent the cast on a concert tour, Glee Live!
In Concert!
after the first season's wrapup.
They visited Phoenix, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York.
The cast also recorded a cover of Wham!
's "Last Christmas", which was released as a single in late 2009 but didn't appear in the show until "A Very Glee Christmas" on December 10, 2010.
Morrison, Lynch, Michele, Monteith, and Colfer reprised their roles as Will, Sue, Rachel, Finn, and Kurt respectively for a cameo appearance in an episode of "The Cleveland Show" that aired January 16, 2011.
Michele, Monteith, and Riley appeared as campers in the twenty-second season premiere of "The Simpsons".
Lynch, Colfer, Monteith, and Riley appeared at the 2010 MTV VMAs on September 12, 2010.
When Agron, Michele, and Monteith posed for a set of risqué photos for the November 2010 edition of "GQ" magazine, Parents Television Council (PTC) criticized the show; PTC president Tim Winter commented that "Glee" has many young fans, and that "by authorizing this kind of near-pornographic display, the creators of the program have established their intentions on the show’s direction.
And it isn't good for families.
"The promotional posters for the first season have the show's stars using their right hands to make an "L" to fill in the "L" of the word "Glee".
The second season's promotional posters have the stars throwing slushies at the camera in pairs.
The third season's promotional posters have the stars getting dodgeballs thrown at them by Sue Sylvester.
While the cast concert tour, Glee Live!
In Concert!, began on May 15, 2010, and presented concerts in four cities in the US that month, the second edition, with an almost-entirely new set list, toured for four weeks in the US and Canada from May 21 through June 18, 2011, and followed with twelve days in England and Ireland, from June 22 through July 3, 2011.
The cast also performed on the seventh season of "The X Factor" on December 5, 2010.
Article: Party Rock Anthem
Section: Track listings

Question: Is there a dubstep remix for Party rock Anthem?

;Download
"Party Rock Anthem" – 4:28
;CD single
"Party Rock Anthem" (Album Version) – 4:23
"Party Rock Anthem" (Audiobot Remix) – 6:01
;Remixes
"Party Rock Anthem" (Wideboys Radio Edit) – 3:25
"Party Rock Anthem" (Wideboys Club Mix) – 5:49
"Party Rock Anthem" (Benny Benassi Radio Edit) – 3:36
"Party Rock Anthem" (Benny Benassi Club Mix) – 6:17
"Party Rock Anthem" (Christopher Lawrence Radio Edit) – 3:38
"Party Rock Anthem" (Christopher Lawrence Club Mix) – 7:11
"Party Rock Anthem" (Arion Dubstep Remix) – 3:23
"Party Rock Anthem" (Russ Chimes Dub) – 6:25
"Party Rock Anthem" (Alesso Remix) – 5:49
"Party Rock Anthem" (Avollo Remix) - 6.17
"Party Rock Anthem" (DJ Enferno Remix) – 4:52
"Party Rock Anthem" (Kim Fai Remix) – 6:53
"Party Rock Anthem" (Millions Like Us Dubstep Remix) – 4:38
"Party Rock Anthem" (Alyn's Goin Hard Remix) – 4:20
"Party Rock Anthem" (Mt Parahaki Dubstep Remix) – 4:22
"Party Rock Anthem" (DJ Bent Dutch Remix) - 5:54
Article: 2 Broke Girls
Section: Series synopsis

Question: How much money does Sophie lend the girls in season two of 2 Broke Girls?

The series chronicles the lives of two waitresses in their mid twenties—Max Black (Kat Dennings), who comes from a poor working-class family, and Caroline Channing (Beth Behrs), who was born rich but is now disgraced and penniless due to her father, Martin Channing, getting caught operating a Bernard Madoff-esque Ponzi scheme—working together at a Brooklyn restaurant.
The two become friends and build toward their dream of one day opening a cupcake shop.
Among those working with them at the restaurant are their Korean boss, Han Lee (Matthew Moy); Oleg (Jonathan Kite), an upbeat but perverted Ukrainian cook; and Earl (Garrett Morris), a 75-year-old black cashier.
Also featured starting late in the first season is their neighbor and part-time boss Sophie (Jennifer Coolidge), a Polish immigrant who runs the housecleaning company Sophie's Choice.
During most of the first season Max is also a part-time nanny for the twin babies of Peach Landis (Brooke Lyons), who during the season adopts Caroline's horse Chestnut.
At the end of each episode a tally shows how much they have made toward their goal of $25,000 needed to open their business (it was original stated in the pilot to be the more realistic amount of $250,000).
Early in the second season, Sophie lends the girls $20,000, which is enough for them to start their business.
However, the business fails, and in the 18th episode they are forced to give up the lease of their cupcake shop with just enough money to pay off Sophie's loan, resetting the end of episode tally to $1.00.
During the third season, the girls reopen the business in the back room of the diner, using the window as a walk up window.
Max also enrolls in, and Caroline goes to work for, the Manhattan School of Pastry.
Article: Colosseum
Section: Interior seating

Question: What is the Colosseum's seating capacity?

According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000.
They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society.
Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena.
Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or "podium" for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs.
The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.
The tier above the senators, known as the "maenianum primum", was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights ("equites").
The next level up, the "maenianum secundum", was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens ("plebeians") and was divided into two sections.
The lower part (the "immum") was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the "summum") was for poor citizens.
Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on.
Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them.
Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.
Another level, the "maenianum secundum in legneis", was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian.
This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women.
It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches.
Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.
Each tier was divided into sections ("maeniana") by curved passages and low walls ("praecinctiones" or "baltei"), and were subdivided into "cunei", or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria.
Each row ("gradus") of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.
Article: Gangnam Style
Section: Song

Question: What was Time magazine's best song for 2012?

Year-end media picks.
"Gangnam Style" was ranked No.
25 on the "Rolling Stone"s 50 best songs of 2012 list and No.
8 on "SPIN"s 40 best songs of the year.
The song also took the No.
8 spot on the 2012 "Billboard" 20 best K-Pop songs list by Jeff Benjamin and Jessica Oak, who commented "song stands out not only for its slick, electronic production but also for its deeper critique on high-class society."
According to MTV's list of the 2012 best songs, the song was ranked No.
8 with MTV news staff James Montgomery's comment: "'Gangnam' is either the track we, as a culture needed right now, or the track we, as a culture, deserved".
"TIME" magazine chose it as the second best song of 2012 after Usher's "Climax", writing "The YouTube meme, a good-natured, mind-bendingly catchy lampoon [...] turned into a global obsession".
The song was one of the best songs of the year on "The New York Times" pop critics' list and "E!
Online"s No.
1 pick on the top 10 pop songs of 2012 list.
Digital Spy ranked the song No.
20 among the 20 best singles of the year.
It was voted the 12th best single of 2012 by "The Village Voice"s 40th annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll.
Music critic Robert Christgau placed "Gangnam Style" as the No.
2 single on his 2012 Dean's List.
Article: As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song)
Section: Abstract

Question: On what date was As Long As You Love Me released by Justin Bieber?

As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song)"As Long as You Love Me" is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber, from his third studio album, "Believe" (2012).
The track was produced by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins and Andre Lindal.
It was written by Rodney Jerkins, Andre Lindal, Nasri Atweh, Sean Anderson and Justin Bieber.
It was first released on June 11, 2012 as a promotional single from the album, and one month later it was released as the album's second single.
The track features American rapper Big Sean.
The song has since charted in the United Kingdom first at number thirty as a promo single with first week sales of 11,598, and then after being released as a single it improved its position on the UK Singles Chart reaching number 22.
On "Billboard"s Rhythmic Airplay Chart, the single reached number one, giving Bieber his first number one single on an American airplay music chart.
It also reached the number one position on "Billboard"s Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, making Bieber the fifth Canadian artist to reach that position after Martin Solveig featuring Dragonette's "Hello" in 2011.
The song has sold 2,240,000 copies in the US as December 2012.
The music video features actor Michael Madsen.
Article: Algeria
Section: Hydrocarbons

Question: This country not only has the 10th-largest reserve of natural gas, but also is the 6th-largest gas exporter.

Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an OPEC member since 1969.
Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe.
Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings.
Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the sixth-largest gas exporter.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005, Algeria had of proven natural-gas reserves.
It also ranks 16th in oil reserves.
Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%.
To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries.
High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large international reserves position.
Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downwards.
Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume, continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011.
Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962, and 70% of budgetary receipts, or USD 71.4 billion.
The Algerian national oil company is Sonatrach, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria.
All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements.
Article: World War I
Section: New states under war zone

Question: What year was the Transcaucasian Federative Republic created?

In the late spring of 1918, three new states were formed in the South Caucasus: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which declared their independence from the Russian Empire.
Two other minor entities were established, the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic (the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian-British task force in early 1919).
With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917–18, the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance, which commenced in the early months of 1918.
Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918, but this collapsed in May, when the Georgians asked and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance.
Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full-fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks.
Article: Ramen
Section: Instant ramen

Question: What does ramen generally refer to?

Instant ramen noodles were exported from Japan by Nissin Foods starting in 1971, bearing the name "Oodles of Noodles".
One year later, it was re-branded "Nissin Cup Noodles," packaged in a foam food container, and subsequently saw a growth in international sales.
Over time, the term "ramen" became used in North America to refer to other instant noodles, even those not technically ramen.