community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Volleyball
Section: Set

Question: Where do setters toss the ball?

The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball.
The main goal of setting is to put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent's court.
The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately decides which player will actually attack the ball.
As with passing, one may distinguish between an overhand and a bump set.
Since the former allows for more control over the speed and direction of the ball, the bump is used only when the ball is so low it cannot be properly handled with fingertips, or in beach volleyball where rules regulating overhand setting are more stringent.
In the case of a set, one also speaks of a front or back set, meaning whether the ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing or behind the setter.
There is also a jump set that is used when the ball is too close to the net.
In this case the setter usually jumps off his or her right foot straight up to avoid going into the net.
The setter usually stands about ⅔ of the way from the left to the right of the net and faces the left (the larger portion of net that he or she can see).
Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the ball for a teammate to perform an attack and tries to play it directly onto the opponent's court.
This movement is called a "dump".
This can only be performed when the setter is in the front row, otherwise it constitutes an illegal back court attack.
The most common dumps are to 'throw' the ball behind the setter or in front of the setter to zones 2 and 4.
More experienced setters toss the ball into the deep corners or spike the ball on the second hit.
Article: The Creation of Adam
Section: Popular culture

Question: Which Steven Spielberg film poster parodied the famous artwork "The Creation of Adam?"

"The Creation of Adam" is one of the most well-known and famous artworks of all time, and as such has been the subject of a number of references and parodies.
Some of these parodies have become famous in their own right, in particular, John Alvin's poster for Steven Spielberg's film "E.T.
the Extra-Terrestrial", and Niklaas Jansen's artwork "Touched by His Noodly Appendage", in which God is replaced by Bobby Henderson's Flying Spaghetti Monster.
Parodies have appeared on many well-known television programs including "The Simpsons", "The Muppets", "Sesame Street", and "Arrested Development".
Article: Wushu (sport)
Section: Traditional weapons routines

Question: What are the weapons categories of Wushu?

There is also a traditional weapons category, which often includes the following:
Changsuijian (長穗劍) – Long-Tasseled Sword
Shuangshoujian (雙手劍) – Two-Handed Sword
Jiujiebian (九節鞭) – Nine Section Whip
Sanjiegun (三節棍) – Three Section Staff
Shengbiao (繩鏢) – Rope Dart
Dadao (大刀) – Great Sword
Pudao (撲刀) – Horse Knife
Emeici (峨嵋刺) – Emei Daggers
Shuangdao (雙刀) – Double Broadsword
Shuangjian (雙劍) – Double Straight-Sword
Shuangbian (雙鞭) – Double Nine Section Whips
Shuanggou (雙鈎) – Double Hook-sword
Article: Cricket
Section: Fielding

Question: What is a wicket-keeper and what does it do?

All eleven players on the fielding side take the field together.
One of them is the wicket-keeper "aka" "keeper" who operates behind the wicket being defended by the batsman on strike.
Wicket-keeping is normally a specialist occupation and his primary job is to gather deliveries that the batsman does not hit, so that the batsmen cannot run byes.
He wears special gloves (he is the only fielder allowed to do so), a box over the groin, and pads to cover his lower legs.
Owing to his position directly behind the striker, the wicket-keeper has a good chance of getting a batsman out caught off a fine edge from the bat.
He is the only player who can get a batsman out stumped.
Apart from the one currently bowling, the other nine fielders are tactically deployed by the team captain in chosen positions around the field.
These positions are not fixed but they are known by specific and sometimes colourful names such as "slip", "third man", "silly mid on" and "long leg".
There are always many unprotected areas.
The captain is the most important member of the fielding side as he determines all the tactics including who should bowl (and how); and he is responsible for "setting the field", though usually in consultation with the bowler.
In all forms of cricket, if a fielder gets injured or becomes ill during a match, a substitute is allowed to field instead of him.
The substitute cannot bowl, act as a captain or keep wicket.
The substitute leaves the field when the injured player is fit to return.
Article: Astrophysics
Section: Theoretical astrophysics

Question: What serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large scale structures?

Theoretical astrophysicists use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes to approximate the behaviors of a star) and computational numerical simulations.
Each has some advantages.
Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on.
Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen.
Theorists in astrophysics endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models.
This helps allow observers to look for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between several alternate or conflicting models.
Theorists also try to generate or modify models to take into account new data.
In the case of an inconsistency, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model to fit the data.
In some cases, a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to total abandonment of a model.
Topics studied by theoretical astrophysicists include: stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics.
Astrophysical relativity serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large scale structures for which gravitation plays a significant role in physical phenomena investigated and as the basis for black hole ("astro")physics and the study of gravitational waves.
Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astrophysics, now included in the Lambda-CDM model are the Big Bang, Cosmic inflation, dark matter, dark energy and fundamental theories of physics.
Wormholes are examples of hypotheses which are yet to be proven (or disproven).
Article: Gravitational wave
Section: Introduction

Question: Why would cosmologists interested in gravitational waves?

In Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is treated as a phenomenon resulting from the curvature of spacetime.
This curvature is caused by the presence of mass.
Generally, the more mass that is contained within a given volume of space, the greater the curvature of spacetime will be at the boundary of this volume.
As objects with mass move around in spacetime, the curvature changes to reflect the changed locations of those objects.
In certain circumstances, accelerating objects generate changes in this curvature, which propagate outwards at the speed of light in a wave-like manner.
These propagating phenomena are known as gravitational waves.
As a gravitational wave passes a distant observer, that observer will find spacetime distorted by the effects of strain.
Distances between free objects increase and decrease rhythmically as the wave passes, at a frequency corresponding to that of the wave.
This occurs despite such free objects never being subjected to an unbalanced force.
The magnitude of this effect decreases inversely with distance from the source.
Inspiralling binary neutron stars are predicted to be a powerful source of gravitational waves as they coalesce, due to the very large acceleration of their masses as they orbit close to one another.
However, due to the astronomical distances to these sources the effects when measured on Earth are predicted to be very small, having strains of less than 1 part in 1020.
Scientists are attempting to demonstrate the existence of these waves with ever more sensitive detectors.
The current most sensitive measurement is about one part in (as of 2012) provided by the LIGO and VIRGO observatories.
The lack of detection in these observatories provides an upper limit on the frequency of such powerful sources.
A space based observatory, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, is currently under development by ESA.
Gravitational waves should penetrate regions of space that electromagnetic waves cannot.
It is hypothesized that they will be able to provide observers on Earth with information about black holes and other exotic objects in the distant Universe.
Such systems cannot be observed with more traditional means such as optical telescopes and radio telescopes.
In particular, gravitational waves could be of interest to cosmologists as they offer a possible way of observing the very early universe.
This is not possible with conventional astronomy, since before recombination the universe was opaque to electromagnetic radiation.
Precise measurements of gravitational waves will also allow scientists to test the general theory of relativity more thoroughly.
In principle, gravitational waves could exist at any frequency.
However, very low frequency waves would be impossible to detect and there is no credible source for detectable waves of very high frequency.
Stephen W. Hawking and Werner Israel list different frequency bands for gravitational waves that could be plausibly detected, ranging from 10−7 Hz up to 1011 Hz.
Article: Snorkeling
Section: Variants and related activities

Question: What is the difference between Free-diving and Scuba diving?

Bog snorkelling: An individual sport, popular in the United Kingdom and Australia.
Finswimming: An individual sport, the most popular competitive sport of CMAS, the only of this federation present in World Games.
Finswimmers use a slightly different snorkel, suited for hydrodynamics and speed.
Free-diving: Any form of diving without breathing apparatus, but often referring to competitive apnea as a sport.
Scuba diving: A form of untethered diving using a self-contained portable breathing apparatus, frequently as a pastime.
Spearfishing: Fishing with a spear often with snorkelling equipment, either for competitive sport or to obtain food.
Underwater hockey: A competitive team-sport played in swimming pools using snorkelling equipment, sticks and a puck.
Underwater rugby: A competitive team-sport played in deeper swimming pools using snorkelling equipment, baskets and a ball.
Article: Fruit
Section: Nonfood uses

Question: What fruit can eventually produce a candle?

Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, different cultures have developed many different uses for various fruits that they do not depend on as being edible.
Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements, such as unicorn plant, lotus, wheat, annual honesty and milkweed.
Ornamental trees and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits, including holly, pyracantha, viburnum, skimmia, beautyberry and cotoneaster.
Fruits of opium poppy are the source of opium which contains the drugs morphine and codeine, as well as the biologically inactive chemical theabaine from which the drug oxycodone is synthesized.
Osage orange fruits are used to repel cockroaches.
Bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to make candles.
Many fruits provide natural dyes, e.g.
walnut, sumac, cherry and mulberry.
Dried gourds are used as decorations, water jugs, bird houses, musical instruments, cups and dishes.
Pumpkins are carved into Jack-o'-lanterns for Halloween.
The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the inspiration for the invention of Velcro.
Coir is a fiber from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes, mattresses, floortiles, sacking, insulation and as a growing medium for container plants.
The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make souvenir heads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses.
Fruit is often used as a subject of still life paintings.
Article: We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together
Section: Europe and Oceania

Question: At what number did "We Are Never Getting Back Together" appear on the charts in Spain?

"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" gave Swift's second top ten hit in the United Kingdom after it debuted at number five, and eventually ascended to number four.
As of January 2013, the single has sold 465,000 copies in the UK.
It charted in United Kingdom for twenty-nine weeks; ten weeks of it is within the top ten.
The single is certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry for downloads exceeding 400,000 copies and ranked as the twenty-sixth best selling single of 2012.
In Ireland, the song jumped at number four on its second week after debuting at number eleven, became Swift's second top ten hit after her 2009 hit "Love Story."
"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" also Swift's second top ten hit in Norway after it reached number seven in its third week.
It also appeared in Netherlands at number sixteen, in Spain at number nine.
"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" became Swift's sixth top ten hit in Australia after it vaulted from number thirteen to number three in its second week.
It stayed at the top ten for seven weeks and charted for a total of twenty-four weeks.
The single is certified quintuple platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association for the shipment of over 350,000 copies, her highest certified song in the region.
In New Zealand, it debuted at number two, the highest debut of the week, and on its second week it rose to the number-one spot, making it Swift's first single to top the chart.
It stayed at the top ten for nine weeks, charted for a total of nineteen weeks and placed at number nineteen in New Zealand's 2012 year-end chart.
Article: Solar System
Section: Venus

Question: Does venus have any natural satellites?

 Venus (0.7 AU from the Sun) is close in size to Earth (0.815 Earth masses) and, like Earth, has a thick silicate mantle around an iron core, a substantial atmosphere, and evidence of internal geological activity.
It is much drier than Earth, and its atmosphere is ninety times as dense.
Venus has no natural satellites.
It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752°F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
No definitive evidence of current geological activity has been detected on Venus, but it has no magnetic field that would prevent depletion of its substantial atmosphere, which suggests that its atmosphere is frequently replenished by volcanic eruptions.
Article: All I Want for Christmas Is You
Section: Critical reception

Question: who recognized "alliwant for christmas" as an accomplishment?

Critical reception.
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" was very well received by music critics.
Parisien called the song "well-crafted", complimenting its instrumentation and melody.
Steve Morse, editor of "The Boston Globe", wrote that Carey sang with a lot of soul.
According to Barry Schwarz from Stylus Magazine, "to say this song is an instant classic somehow doesn't capture its amazingicity; it's a modern standard: joyous, exhilarating, loud, with even a hint of longing."
Schwartz praised the song's lyrics as well, describing them as "beautifully phrased," and calling Carey's voice "gorgeous" and "sincere."
Bill Lamb from About.com called it a "contemporary classic."
Kyle Anderson from MTV labeled the track "a majestic anthem full of chimes, sleigh bells, doo-wop flourishes, sweeping strings and one of the most dynamic and clean vocal performances of Carey's career".
While reviewing the 2009 remix version, Becky Bain from Idolator called the song a "timeless classic" and wrote, "We love the original song to pieces—we blast it while decorating our Christmas tree and lighting our Menorah."
In his review for Carey's "Merry Christmas II You", Thomas Connor from the "Chicago Sun-Times" called the song "a simple, well-crafted chestnut and one of the last great additions to the Christmas pop canon".
Shona Craven of Scotland's "The Herald", said, "[it's] a song of optimism and joy that maybe, just maybe, hints at the real meaning of Christmas."
Additionally, she felt the main reason it was so successful is the subject "you" in the lyrics, explaining, "Perhaps what makes the song such a huge hit is the fact that it's for absolutely everyone."
Craven opened her review with a bold statement: "Bing Crosby may well be turning in his grave, but no child of the 1980s will be surprised to see Mariah Carey's sublime All I Want For Christmas Is You bounding up the charts after being named the nation's top festive song."
In a 2006 retrospective look at Carey's career, Sasha Frere-Jones of "The New Yorker" said, the "charming" song was one of Carey's biggest accomplishments, calling it "one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon".
Dan Hancox, editor of "The National", quoted and agreed with Jones' statement, calling the song "perfection".
In 2010, "Rolling Stone" ranked "All I Want for Christmas Is You" fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list, calling it a "holiday standard."
Article: DNA
Section: Information storage

Question: How many kilobytes of data was the group able to encode?

In a paper published in Nature in January, 2013, scientists from the European Bioinformatics Institute and Agilent Technologies proposed a mechanism to use DNA's ability to code information as a means of digital data storage.
The group was able to encode 739 kilobytes of data into DNA code, synthesize the actual DNA, then sequence the DNA and decode the information back to its original form, with a reported 100% accuracy.
The encoded information consisted of text files and audio files.
A prior experiment was published in August 2012.
It was conducted by researchers at Harvard University, where the text of a 54,000-word book was encoded in DNA.
Article: Terminator Salvation
Section: Release

Question: What did Sony push back the release date?

The film was released in North America on May 21, 2009 with Warner Bros. setting the American premiere on May 14, 2009 at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.
Elsewhere, Sony Pictures Entertainment released the film in most overseas territories on different dates in June.
One exception was Mexico, however, because of the swine flu outbreak in the country, which forced Sony to push the release date to July 31, 2009.
It is rated PG-13 by the Motion Picture Association of America for "intense sequences of sci-fi violence, action, and language," unlike the previous R-rated films.
The decision to release the film with a PG-13 rating has met with much criticism from fans, as well as the media.
The rating decision was made after McG cut out a shot of Marcus stabbing a thug with a screwdriver, as the director felt disallowing the young audience due to that one shot was unfair.
He also deleted a topless scene for Moon Bloodgood because, "It was a soft moment between a man and a woman that was designed to echo the Kelly McGillis/Harrison Ford moment in "Witness" in the end, it felt more like a gratuitous moment of a girl taking her top off in an action picture, and I didn't want that to convolute the story or the characters."
The producers had expected the rating because of the modern leniency towards violence in PG-13 films, such as the 2007 action film, "Live Free or Die Hard".
Article: Six Flags
Section: Abstract

Question: how many guests did Six Flags host in 2009?

Six Flags Entertainment Corp. is the world's largest amusement park corporation based on number of properties, and the fifth-most popular in terms of attendance.
The company maintains 18 properties throughout North America consisting of theme parks, thrill parks, water parks, and family entertainment centers.
In 2009, Six Flags properties hosted 23.9 million guests.
The company was founded in Texas and took its name from its first property, Six Flags Over Texas.
The company maintains a corporate office in Midtown Manhattan, New York City and its headquarters are in Grand Prairie, Texas.
On June 13, 2009, the corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and successfully exited the restructuring on May 3, 2010.
Article: Aurora
Section: Forms and magnetism

Question: The magnetic pole is how far away from the "auroral zone"?

Typically the aurora appears either as a diffuse glow or as "curtains" that approximately extend in the east-west direction.
At some times, they form "quiet arcs"; at others ("active aurora"), they evolve and change constantly.
Each curtain consists of many parallel rays, each lined up with the local direction of the magnetic field lines, suggesting that auroras are shaped by Earth's magnetic field.
Indeed, satellites show that electrons are guided by magnetic field lines, spiraling around them while moving toward Earth.
The similarity to curtains is often enhanced by folds called "striations".
When the field line guiding a bright auroral patch leads to a point directly above the observer, the aurora may appear as a "corona" of diverging rays, an effect of perspective.
Although it was first mentioned by Ancient Greek explorer/geographer Pytheas, Hiorter and Celsius first described in 1741 evidence for magnetic control, namely, large magnetic fluctuations occurred whenever the aurora was observed overhead.
This indicates (it was later realized) that large electric currents were associated with the aurora, flowing in the region where auroral light originated.
Kristian Birkeland (1908) deduced that the currents flowed in the east-west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside toward (approximately) midnight were later named "auroral electrojets" (see also Birkeland currents).
Still more evidence for a magnetic connection are the statistics of auroral observations.
Elias Loomis (1860) and later in more detail Hermann Fritz (1881) and S. Tromholt (1882) established that the aurora appeared mainly in the "auroral zone", a ring-shaped region with a radius of approximately 2500 km around Earth's magnetic pole.
It was hardly ever seen near the geographic pole, which is about 2000 km away from the magnetic pole.
The instantaneous distribution of auroras ("auroral oval") is slightly different, centered about 3–5 degrees nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator about an hour before midnight.
The aurora can be seen best at this time, called magnetic midnight, which occurs when an observer, the magnetic pole in question and the Sun are in alignment.
In the 1970s, astrophysicist Joan Feynman deduced that auroras are a product of the interaction between the Earth's magnetosphere and the magnetic field of the solar wind.
Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft.
On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms.
Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.
Dr. Vassilis Angelopoulos of the University of California, Los Angeles, the principal investigator for the THEMIS mission, claimed, "Our data show clearly and for the first time that magnetic reconnection is the trigger."