community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Popcorn
Section: Expansion and yield

Question: Which type of popcorn kernel is pointed on both ends?

Popping results are sensitive to the rate at which the kernels are heated.
If heated too quickly, the steam in the outer layers of the kernel can reach high pressures and rupture the hull before the starch in the center of the kernel can fully gelatinize, leading to partially popped kernels with hard centers.
Heating too slowly leads to entirely unpopped kernels: the tip of the kernel, where it attached to the cob, is not entirely moisture-proof, and when heated slowly, the steam can leak out of the tip fast enough to keep the pressure from rising sufficiently to break the hull and cause the pop.
Producers and sellers of popcorn consider two major factors in evaluating the quality of popcorn: what percentage of the kernels will pop, and how much each popped kernel expands.
Expansion is an important factor to both the consumer and vendor.
For the consumer, larger pieces of popcorn tend to be more tender and are associated with higher quality.
For the grower, distributor, and vendor, expansion is closely correlated with profit: vendors such as theaters buy popcorn by weight and sell it by volume.
For both these reasons, higher-expansion popcorn fetches a higher profit per unit weight.
Popcorn will pop when freshly harvested, but not well: its high moisture content leads to poor expansion and chewy pieces of popcorn.
Kernels with a high moisture content are also susceptible to mold when stored.
For these reasons, popcorn growers and distributors dry the kernels until they reach the moisture level at which they expand the most.
This differs by variety and conditions, but is generally in the range of 14–15% moisture by weight.
If the kernels are over-dried, the expansion rate will suffer and the percentage of kernels that pop at all will decline.
When the popcorn has finished popping, sometimes unpopped kernels remain.
Known in the popcorn industry as "old maids", the kernels don't pop because they do not have enough moisture to create enough steam for an explosion.
Rehydrating prior to popping usually results in eliminating the unpopped kernels.
Popcorn varieties are broadly categorized by the shape of the kernels, the color of the kernels, or the shape of the popped corn.
While the kernels may come in a variety of colors, the popped corn is always off-yellow or white as it is only the hull (or pericarp) that is colored.
"Rice" type popcorns have a long kernel pointed at both ends; "pearl" type kernels are rounded at the top.
Commercial popcorn production has moved mostly to pearl types.
Historically, pearl popcorns were usually yellow and rice popcorns usually white.
Today both shapes are available in both colors, as well as others including black, red, and variegated.
Commercial production is dominated by white and yellow.
Article: Portugal
Section: Transport

Question: What exactly is the primary flag carrier in Portugal?

By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation.
Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways.
Today, the country has a road network, of which almost are part of system of 44 motorways.
Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5).
But, although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented.
In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways.
On many highways, toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde.
Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe.
Continental Portugal's territory is serviced by three international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja.
Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country.
The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country.
The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity.
Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.
A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal.
Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the of railway lines currently in service, of which are electrified and about allow train speeds greater than .
The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses (CP), both public companies.
In 2006 the CP carried 133 million passengers and of goods.
The major seaports are located in Sines, Lisbon, Leixões, Setúbal, Aveiro, Figueira da Foz, and Faro.
The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and "Metro Sul do Tejo" in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than of lines.
In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the "Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa" (Carris), for over a century.
In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remain, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula).
All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.
Article: Czech Republic
Section: Literature

Question: Which languages other then Czech have been used in Czech literature?

Czech literature is the literature written by Czechs, mostly in the Czech language, although other languages like Old Church Slavonic, Latin or German have been also used, especially in the past.
Non-Czech inhabitants of the Czech lands who had written in German and other languages, such as Franz Kafka, are usually excluded from the corpus of Czech literature, regardless of their own national self-identification.
Czech literature is divided into several main time periods: the Middle Ages; the Hussite period; the years of re-Catholicization and the baroque; the Enlightenment and Czech reawakening in the 19th century; the avantgarde of the interwar period; the years under Communism and the Prague Spring; and the literature of the post-Communist Czech Republic.
Czech literature and culture played a major role on at least two occasions, when Czechs lived under oppression and political activity was suppressed.
On both of these occasions, in the early 19th century and then again in the 1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary effort to strive for political freedom, establishing a confident, politically aware nation.
A famous antiwar comedy novel "The Good Soldier Švejk" by Jaroslav Hašek is the most translated Czech book in history.
It was depicted by Karel Steklý in two color films "The Good Soldier Schweik" in 1956 and 1957.
Article: We Found Love
Section: North America

Question: We found love appeared at what spot on the US Hot Digital Songs list?

In the United States, the song debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart on September 28, 2011, at number 16.
"We Found Love" became the singer's second highest debut on the chart out of her 31 Hot 100 chart entries, with the highest being Rihanna's collaboration with Eminem, "Love the Way You Lie", which debuted at number two in July 2010.
The following week, "We Found Love" rose to number nine, giving Rihanna the record for a solo artist to have amassed twenty top-ten singles in the history of the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the shortest amount of time.
Rihanna achieved the feat in a time span of six years and four months, surpassing the record previously held by Madonna who managed the achievement in a time span of six years and nine months.
In its sixth week on the chart, the song reached number one, giving Rihanna her eleventh number-one single thus making her only the seventh artist in the 53-year history of the chart to amass at least eleven number-one singles, behind The Beatles (20), Mariah Carey (18), Michael Jackson (13), Madonna (12), The Supremes (12) and tying with Whitney Houston.
Additionally, Rihanna moved into third place, tied with Houston, for the female artist with the most number-one singles on the chart, behind Carey and Madonna.
"We Found Love" spent 10 consecutive weeks and two additional weeks (after 3 weeks at number two) at the top of the "Billboard" Hot 100, surpassing "Umbrella" as Rihanna's longest number-one single in the country, and was the longest-running number one of 2011.
It was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping more than 4 million digital copies.
As of May 2013, the song has sold 5 million digital copies in the US.
On August 1, 2013, "Billboard" announced that "We Found Love" is the 24th biggest Hot 100 hit of all time in the chart's 55 year history.
"We Found Love" debuted at number seven on the US Hot Digital Songs chart, with digital download sales of 117,000 after only four days according to Nielsen SoundScan.
In its fifth week, the song rose to number one, with sales of 231,000 copies, giving Rihanna her eleventh number-one song on the chart, further extending her record as the artist with the most number ones.
The song spent a second week at number one on the chart, with sales of 243,000 copies, bringing total sales to 1,057,000 copies sold, marking Rihanna's twentieth download to reach the million-selling milestone, extending her record for the most such downloads among women.
On October 12, 2011, the song debuted at number 39 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and number 21 on the Pop Songs chart.
It eventually reached number one on both charts.
It is, as of 2013, the most recent song to spend at least two consecutive weeks atop the US Hot Dance Club chart.
"We Found Love" also peaked at numbers three and two on the US Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts, becoming Rihanna's highest-charting single on both charts.
Furthermore, the song reached the top spot on the Canadian Hot 100 chart.
Article: Toy Story
Section: Music

Question: How long did it take for Randy Newman to compose "You've Got a Friend in Me?"

Disney was concerned with Lasseter's position on the use of music.
Unlike other Disney films of the time, Lasseter did not want the film to be a musical, saying it was a buddy film featuring "real toys."
Joss Whedon agreed saying, "It would have been a really bad musical, because it's a buddy movie.
It's about people who won't admit what they want, much less sing about it.
...
Buddy movies are about sublimating, punching an arm, 'I hate you.'
It's not about open emotion."
However, Disney favored the musical format, claiming "Musicals are our orientation.
Characters breaking into song is a great shorthand.
It takes some of the onus off what they're asking for."
Disney and Pixar reached a compromise: the characters in "Toy Story" would not break into song, but the film would use songs over the action, as in "The Graduate", to convey and amplify the emotions that Buzz and Woody were feeling.
Disney tapped Randy Newman to compose the film.
The edited "Toy Story" was due to Randy Newman and Gary Rydstrom in late September 1995 for their final work on the score and sound design, respectively.
Lasseter claimed "His songs are touching, witty, and satirical, and he would deliver the emotional underpinning for every scene."
Newman developed the film's signature song "You've Got a Friend in Me" in one day.
Article: Kung Fu Panda
Section: Online games

Question: Who voices the character of Po?

Two popular online games, "The Adversary" and "The Field of Fiery Danger", were created by Playniac to accompany the movie release.
"The Adversary" is based on the moment where the main character Po, voiced by Jack Black, attacks a punchbag and underestimates its response.
"The Field of Fiery Danger" is based on scenes where Po accidentally falls into the pit of fire spouting tubes and also the moment where the kung fu master Shifu realizes that the only way to get through to Po is with food.
Both games have 20 challenging levels and were featured as game of the week on the Nickelodeon web site.
Article: Henri Matisse
Section: Legacy

Question: Name the The US copyright representative for Les Heritiers Matisse

The first painting of Matisse acquired by a public collection was "Still Life with Geraniums" (1910), exhibited in the Pinakothek der Moderne.
His "The Plum Blossoms" (1948) was purchased on 8 September 2005, for the Museum of Modern Art by Henry Kravis and the new president of the museum, Marie-Josée Drouin.
Estimated price was US$25 million.
Previously, it had not been seen by the public since 1970.
In 2002, a Matisse sculpture, "Reclining Nude I (Dawn)," sold for US$9.2 million, a record for a sculpture by the artist.
Matisse's daughter Marguerite often aided Matisse scholars with insights about his working methods and his works.
She died in 1982 while compiling a catalogue of her father's work.
Matisse's son, Pierre Matisse, (1900–1989) opened a modern art gallery in New York City during the 1930s.
The Pierre Matisse Gallery which was active from 1931 until 1989 represented and exhibited many European artists and a few Americans and Canadians in New York often for the first time.
He exhibited Joan Miró, Marc Chagall, Alberto Giacometti, Jean Dubuffet, André Derain, Yves Tanguy, Le Corbusier, Paul Delvaux, Wifredo Lam, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Balthus, Leonora Carrington, Zao Wou Ki, Sam Francis, sculptors Theodore Roszak, Raymond Mason and Reg Butler, and several other important artists, including the work of Henri Matisse.
Henri Matisse's grandson, Paul Matisse, is an artist and inventor living in Massachusetts.
Matisse's great-granddaughter Sophie Matisse is active as an artist.
Les Heritiers Matisse functions as his official Estate.
The US copyright representative for Les Heritiers Matisse is the Artists Rights Society.
Article: Statue of Liberty
Section: Closures and reopening (2001–present)

Question: Who was the superintendent of the Statue of Liberty National Monument?

Closures and reopening (2001–present).
Following the September 11 attacks, the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public.
The island reopened at the end of 2001, while the pedestal and statue remained off-limits.
The pedestal reopened in August 2004, but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency.
The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration.
New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue's reopening a personal crusade.
On May 17, 2009, President Barack Obama's Secretary of the Interior, Ken Salazar, announced that as a "special gift" to America, the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4, but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day.
The statue, including the pedestal and base, closed on October 29, 2011 (the day after celebrations to mark the statue's 125th anniversary), for installation of new elevators and staircases, and to bring other facilities, such as restrooms, up to code.
The statue was closed to the public until October 28, 2012.
A day after the reopening, the statue closed again due to the effects of Hurricane Sandy.
Although the storm did not harm the statue, it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island, severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue.
On November 8, 2012, a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done.
Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island, a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night.
The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument, David Luchsinger, whose home on the island was severely damaged, stated that it would be "optimistically ... months" before the island was reopened to the public.
The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013, though Ellis Island remains closed.
For part of October 2013, Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013, along with other publicly funded museums, parks, monuments, construction projects and buildings.
Article: China
Section: Ethnic groups

Question: What is the percentage of ethnic minorities in China?

China officially recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, the largest ofwhich are the Han Chinese, who constitute about 91.51% of the totalpopulation.
The Han Chinese – the world's largest single ethnic group – outnumber other ethnic groups in every provincial-level division except Tibet and Xinjiang.
Ethnic minorities account for about 8.49% of the population of China, according tothe 2010 census.
Compared with the 2000 population census, the Han population increased by 66,537,177 persons, or 5.74%, while the population of the 55 national minorities combined increased by 7,362,627 persons, or 6.92%.
The 2010 census recorded a total of 593,832 foreign citizens living in China.
The largest such groups were from South Korea (120,750), theUnited States (71,493) and Japan (66,159).
Article: Aurora
Section: Solar wind and the magnetosphere

Question: How wide is earth's magnetosphere?

The Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a rarefied flow of hot plasma (gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree heat of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona.
The solar wind usually reaches Earth with a velocity around 400 km/s, density around 5 ions/cm3 and magnetic field intensity around 2–5 nT (nanoteslas; Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT).
These are typical values.
During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger.
The IMF originates on the Sun, related to the field of sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind.
That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun skews them (at Earth) by about 45 degrees, so that field lines passing Earth may actually start near the western edge ("limb") of the visible Sun.
Earth's magnetosphere is formed by the impact of the solar wind on the Earth's magnetic field.
It forms an obstacle to the solar wind, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re), forming a bow shock 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream.
The width of the magnetosphere abreast of Earth, is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long "magnetotail" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re).
The magnetosphere is full of trapped plasma as the solar wind passes the Earth.
The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with increases in solar wind density and speed, with increase in the southward component of the IMF and with increases in turbulence in the solar wind flow.
The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is from the magnetotail toward the Earth, around the Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side.
In addition to moving perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travel down along the Earth's magnetic field lines and lose energy to the atmosphere in the auroral zones.
Magnetospheric electrons accelerated downward by field-aligned electric fields cause the bright aurora features.
The un-accelerated electrons and ions cause the dim glow of the diffuse aurora.
Article: The Terminator
Section: Release

Question: What did Orion pictures fear about 'The Terminator?'

Orion Pictures did not have faith in "The Terminator" performing well at the box office and feared a negative critical reception.
At an early screening of the film, the actors' agents insisted to the producers that the film should be screened for critics.
Orion only held one press screening for the film.
The film was premiered on October 26, 1984.
On its opening week, "The Terminator" played at 1,005 theaters and grossed $4,020,663 making it number one in the box office.
The film remained at number one in its second week.
It lost its number one spot in the third week to "Oh, God!
You Devil".
Cameron noted that "The Terminator" was a hit "relative to its market, which is between the summer and the Christmas blockbusters.
But it's better to be a big fish in a small pond than the other way around.
"Writer Harlan Ellison stated that he "loved the movie, was just blown away by it", but believed that the screenplay was based on an episode of "The Outer Limits" he had written, titled "Soldier".
Orion gave Ellison an undisclosed amount of money and an acknowledgment credit in later prints of the film.
Some accounts of the settlement state that "Demon with a Glass Hand", another "Outer Limits" episode written by Ellison, was also claimed to have been plagiarized by the film, but Ellison has explicitly stated that "The Terminator" "was a ripoff" of "Soldier" rather than "Demon with a Glass Hand".
Cameron was against Orion's decision and was told that if he did not agree with the settlement, they would have Cameron pay for any damages if Orion lost Ellison's suit.
Cameron replied that he "had no choice but to agree with the settlement.
Of course there was a gag order as well, so I couldn't tell this story, but now I frankly don't care.
It's the truth.
Harlan Ellison is a parasite who can kiss my ass."
Article: Leaning Tower of Pisa
Section: Timeline

Question: What year did Giorgio Vasari write "Guglielmo" ?

 On January 5, 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the "Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie".
The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.
 On August 9, 1173, the foundations of the Tower were laid.
 Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa.
"
 Giorgio Vasari indicates that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry between 1360 and 1370.
 On December 27, 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower.
 On February 23, 1260, Guido Speziale, son of Giovanni, a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore, was elected to oversee the building of the Tower.
 On April 12, 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble.
The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. Francesco.