community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Lady with an Ermine
Section: Provenance

Question: When did the Nazis take over Poland?

The painting was acquired in Italy by Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, the son of Princess Izabela Czartoryska and Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski in 1798, and incorporated it into the Czartoryskis’ family collections at Puławy in 1800.
The inscription on the top-left corner of the painting, LA BELE FERONIERE.
LEONARD DAWINCI., probably was added by a restorer shortly after its arrival in Poland, and before the background was overpainted.
Czartoryski was clearly aware it was a Leonardo, although the painting had never been discussed in print; unfortunately, no record exists of any previous owner.
The "Belle Ferronière" is the Leonardo portrait in the Louvre, whose sitter bears such a close resemblance, the Czartoryskis considered this sitter to be the same.
The painting travelled extensively during the 19th century; Princess Czartoryska rescued it in advance of the invading Russian army in 1830, hid it, then sent it to Dresden and on to the Czartoryski place of exile in Paris, the Hôtel Lambert, returning it to Kraków in 1882.
In 1939, almost immediately after the German occupation of Poland, it was seized by the Nazis and sent to the Kaiser Friedrich Museum in Berlin.
In 1940, Hans Frank, the Governor General of Poland, requested it be returned to Kraków, where it hung in his suite of offices.
At the end of the Second World War it was discovered by Allied troops in Frank's country home in Bavaria.
It has since been returned to Poland at the Czartoryski Museum in Kraków.
Currently the painting is in Old Town, Kraków, on display at the Wawel Castle.
Article: All Is Lost
Section: Critical response

Question: How well received was the movie "All Is Lost"?

"All Is Lost" has received critical acclaim.
Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 93% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 194 reviews, with an average score of 7.9/10.
The site's consensus states: "Anchored by another tremendous performance in a career full of them, "All Is Lost" offers a moving, eminently worthwhile testament to Robert Redford's ability to hold the screen."
On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 87 based on 45 reviews, considered to be "universal acclaim".
After the screening of the film at the Cannes Film Festival, Redford received a standing ovation.
Writing for "The Independent", Geoffrey Macnab said the film was "utterly compelling viewing".
Andrew Pulver, writing for "The Guardian", said that "Redford delivers a tour de force performance: holding the screen effortlessly with no acting support whatsoever."
Justin Chang of "Variety" said of Redford's performance that he "holds the viewer’s attention merely by wincing, scowling, troubleshooting and yelling the occasional expletive".
Robbie Collin of "The Telegraph" said, "The film's scope is limited, but as far as it goes, "All Is Lost" is very good indeed: a neat idea, very nimbly executed.
"Peter Bradshaw writing also for The Guardian says the "near-mute performance as a mysterious old man of the sea" to be "a bold, gripping thriller."
Being an ambiguous and challenging metaphor, he concludes: “What a strikingly bold and thoughtful film.”Alan Scherstuhl of "The Village Voice" writes that the film is "a genuine nail-biter, scrupulously made and fully involving, elemental in its simplicity."
David Morgan of CBS News gave the film a positive review, stating, "Four decades ago Redford demonstrated a similar capacity for survival skills as the mountain man Jeremiah Johnson.
Today, at age 77, without a supporting cast and performing virtually all of his water stunts himself, Redford proves he is still up to the task, shining in what is an extremely physical but also an intellectually demanding role.
"Steve Pulaski of "Influx Magazine" gave the film an A-, commenting, ""All is Lost" is a strong film in terms of mood and score.
I have no idea what audiences will think of it.
Some will hail it[...]and others will loathe it for not getting more to the bottom of things and leaving each scene with some element of ambiguity."
Article: Cake
Section: History

Question: Are different cakes made with different things?

The term "cake" has a long history.
The word itself is of Viking origin, from the Old Norse word "kaka".
Although clear examples of the difference between cake and bread are easy to find, the precise classification has always been elusive.
For example, banana bread may be properly considered either a quick bread or a cake.
The Greeks invented beer as a leavener, frying fritters in olive oil, and cheesecakes using goat's milk.
In ancient Rome, basic bread dough was sometimes enriched with butter, eggs, and honey, which produced a sweet and cake-like baked good.
Latin poet Ovid refers to the birthday of him and his brother with party and cake in his first book of exile, "Tristia".
Early cakes in England were also essentially bread: the most obvious differences between a "cake" and "bread" were the round, flat shape of the cakes, and the cooking method, which turned cakes over once while cooking, while bread was left upright throughout the baking process.
Sponge cakes, leavened with beaten eggs, originated during the Renaissance, possibly in Spain.
Article: Vegetable
Section: Etymology

Question: In what century did the term "vegetable" become associated with a plant grown for food?

The word "vegetable" was first recorded in English in the early 15th century from Old French, and was in origin applied to any plant.
This is still the sense of the adjective "vegetable" in biological context.
The word is taken from Medieval Latin "vegetabilis" "growing, flourishing" (i.e.
of a plant), a semantic change from a Late Latin meaning "to be enlivening, quickening", a derivation of the verb "vegetare" "enliven", which is derived from "vegetus" "to be alive, active" (related to "vigor"), in reference to the process of a plant growing.
In 1767, the meaning of the term "vegetable" was specified to mean "plant cultivated for food, edible herb or root."
The year 1955 noted the first use of the shortened, slang term "veggie".
As an adjective, the word "vegetable" is used in scientific and technical contexts with a different and much broader meaning, namely of "related to plants" in general, edible or not — as in "vegetable matter", "vegetable kingdom", "vegetable origin", etc.
The meaning of "vegetable" as "plant grown for food" was not established until the 18th century.
Article: Fruitvale Station
Section: Plot

Question: What event occurs after Oscar and his friends are taken off the train by the police?

The film tells the story of Oscar Grant III, a 22-year-old from Hayward, California and his experiences on the last day of his life, before he was fatally shot by BART Police in the early morning hours of New Year's Day 2009.
The story begins with Oscar and his girlfriend Sophina dropping off their daughter Tatiana at day care.
Oscar stops by his old job at the deli counter of a grocery store from which he had been fired two weeks prior.
He discards his stash of marijuana in an effort to get on a good path, and then attends his mother's birthday party.
She encourages him to take BART to the festivities in San Francisco, which Oscar and his friends do.
The train to the festivities is stalled temporarily, but Oscar and his friends turn the train into a party scene.
On the return train, a customer from the grocery store recognizes Oscar and calls out his name, which leads him to be identified by a former fellow inmate, leading to a scuffle.
The police pull Oscar and his friends off the train, and one of the officers shoots Oscar in the back while Oscar is being held down.
Oscar's friends are released and they convene with Oscar's mother and girlfriend at the hospital, where they are told that he has died.
Sophina picks up Tatiana from Sophina's sister's house where she spent the night, and the movie ends as Tatiana asks where her father is.
Article: Watergate scandal
Section: Resignation

Question: How many Senators wanted acquittal?

The release of the "smoking gun" tape destroyed Nixon politically.
The 10 congressmen who voted against all three articles of impeachment in the House Judiciary Committee announced they would all support impeachment when the vote was taken in the full House.
On the night of August 7, 1974, Senators Barry Goldwater and Hugh Scott and Congressman John Jacob Rhodes met with Nixon in the Oval Office and told him that his support in Congress had all but disappeared.
Rhodes told Nixon that he would face certain impeachment when the articles came up for vote in the full House.
Goldwater and Scott told the president that there were not only enough votes in the Senate to convict him, but that no more than 15 Senators were willing to vote for acquittal.
Realizing that he had no chance of staying in office, Nixon decided to resign.
In a nationally televised address from the Oval Office on the evening of August 8, 1974, the president said, in part:The morning that his resignation was to take effect, the President, with Mrs. Nixon and their family, said farewell to the White House staff in the East Room.
A helicopter carried them from the White House to Andrews Air Force base in Maryland.
Nixon later wrote that he thought, "As the helicopter moved on to Andrews, I found myself thinking not of the past, but of the future.
What could I do now?…" At Andrews, he and his family boarded Air Force One to El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in California, and then were transported to his home in San Clemente.
Article: Eiffel Tower
Section: Restaurants

Question: What is the number of restaurants in the Eiffel tower?

The tower has two restaurants: "Le 58 tour Eiffel", on the first floors and the "Le Jules Verne", a gourmet restaurant on the second floor, with a private lift.
This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide.
It is run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse.
Article: Photoelectric effect
Section: Experimental observations of photoelectric emission

Question: Why does the quantity of electrons change as an aftereffect of photoelectric outflow?

The theory of the photoelectric effect must explain the experimental observations of the emission of electrons from an illuminated metal surface.
For a given metal, there exists a certain minimum frequency of incident radiation below which no photoelectrons are emitted.
This frequency is called the "threshold frequency".
Increasing the frequency of the incident beam, keeping the number of incident photons fixed (this would result in a proportionate increase in energy) increases the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted.
Thus the stopping voltage increases.
The number of electrons also changes because the probability that each photon results in an emitted electron is a function of photon energy.
If the intensity of the incident radiation is increased, there is no effect on the kinetic energies of the photoelectrons.
Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron depends on the frequency of the incident light, but is independent of the intensity of the incident light so long as the latter is not too high.
For a given metal and frequency of incident radiation, the rate at which photoelectrons are ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light.
Increase in intensity of incident beam (keeping the frequency fixed) increases the magnitude of the photoelectric current, though stopping voltage remains the same.
The time lag between the incidence of radiation and the emission of a photoelectron is very small, less than 10−9 second.
The direction of distribution of emitted electrons peaks in the direction of polarization (the direction of the electric field) of the incident light, if it is linearly polarized.
Article: Tug of war
Section: Risk of Injury

Question: In tug of war, what types of injuries occur?

In addition to injuries from falling and back strains, (some of which may be serious), catastrophic injuries may result in the form of finger, hand or even arm amputations.
Amputations or avulsions may result from two causes: looping or wrapping the rope around a hand or wrist, and from the elastic recoil of the broken rope if the rope breaks.
Amateur organizers of tugs of war may underestimate the forces generated, or overestimate the breaking strength of common ropes, and may thus be unaware of the possible consequences if a rope parts in peoples' hands under tons of tension.
The broken ends of an elastic polymer such as common nylon reach high speeds and can easily sever fingers.
For this reason, specially engineered tug of war ropes exist that can withstand the forces generated.
Some notable tug of war accidents include:
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, June 13, 1978, rope parted, five teenagers lost fingers or fingertips, 200 other injuries.
Chattanooga, Tennessee, June 9, 1995, a man had his hand torn off (avulsion) by sudden pull (his hand was in a loop).
Taipei, Taiwan, October 25, 1997, rope parted, two men suffered arm amputations (details below).
Australia, September, 2002, 11-year-old boy had several fingers cut to the bone and nearly severed.
Denver, Colorado, October 12, 2007, two teenage boys, rope looped around hands, suffered hand amputations.
Digby, Nova Scotia, October 25, 2010, rope looped around hand, man lost four fingers.
El Monte, California, February 4, 2013, rope parted, teenage boy and girl each suffered multi-finger amputations.
Budapest, Hungary, September 17, 2013, rope parted, seven student injured, three of them severely.
Article: Grand Bazaar, Istanbul
Section: Architecture

Question: How many piers are in the Sandal Bedesten?

The Iç Bedesten has a rectangular plan (43.30 m x 29.50 m).
Two rows of stone piers, four in each row, sustain three rows of bays, five in each row.
Each bay is surmounted by a brick dome with blind drum.
In the inner and in the outer walls have been built 44 cellars (), vaulted rooms without external openings.
The sunlight in Bedesten comes from rectangular windows placed right under the roof: they can be accessed through a wooden ambulatory.
Due to the scarce illumination, the edifice was kept open only some hours each day, and was devoted to the trade of luxury goods, above all textiles.
Moreover, the Bedesten's Mahzen were also used as safes.
The building can be accessed through four gates: 
 “Second-hand Book Sellers’ Gate” () in the north, 
 “Skullcap Sellers’ Gate” () in the south,
 “Jewellers’ Gate” () in the east, and;
 “Women’s Clothiers’ Gate” () in the west.
The Sandal Bedesten has also a rectangular plan (40.20 m × 42.20 m), with 12 stone piers bearing 20 bays surmounted by brick domes with blind drum.
In this case shops are carved only in the outer walls.
In both edifices, each bay is tied to the others through brick arches tied by juniper beams, and masonry is made with rubble.
Both buildings were closed by Iron gates.
Aside the Bedesten, originally the Grand Bazaar structures were built with wood, and only after the 1700 fire, they were rebuilt in stone and brickwork, and covered.
All the bazaar edifices, except the fur dealers market (), a later addition which is two-story, are one story.
The roofs are mainly covered with tiles, while the part burnt in 1954 uses now tarmac.
In the bazaar no artificial light was foreseen, also to prevent fires, and smoking was strictly prohibited.
The roads outside the inner Bedesten are roughly parallel to it.
Anyway, the damages caused by the many fires and quakes along the centuries, together with the repairs done without a general plan, gave to the market - especially in its western part - a picturesque appearance, with its maze of roads and lanes crossing each other at various angles.
Article: Family Guy
Section: Early history and cancellation

Question: How many viewers did "Family Guy" premier to?

"Family Guy" officially premiered after Fox's broadcast of Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31, 1999, with "Death Has a Shadow".
The show debuted to 22 million viewers, and immediately generated controversy regarding its adult content.
The show returned on April 11, 1999, with "I Never Met the Dead Man".
"Family Guy" garnered decent ratings in Fox's 8:30 pm slot on Sunday, scheduled between "The Simpsons" and "The X-Files".
At the end of its first season, the show was No.
33 in the Nielsen ratings, with 12.8 million households tuning in.
The show launched its second season in a new time slot, Thursday at 9 pm, on September 23, 1999.
"Family Guy" was pitted against NBC's "Frasier", and the series' ratings declined sharply.
Fox removed "Family Guy" from the network's permanent schedule, and began airing episodes irregularly.
The show returned on March 7, 2000, at 8:30 pm on Tuesdays, but was constantly beaten in the ratings by the new breakout hit "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire", coming in at No.
114 in the Nielsen Ratings with 6.320 million households tuning in.
Fox announced that the show had been canceled in 2000, at the end of the second season.
However, following a last-minute reprieve, Fox announced on July 24, 2000, its intention to order 13 additional episodes of "Family Guy" to form a third season.
The show returned November 8, 2001, once again in a tough time slot: Thursday nights at 8:00 pm ET.
This slot brought it into competition with "Survivor" and "Friends".
(This situation was later referenced in "").
During its second- and third-season runs, Fox frequently moved the show around to different days and time slots with little or no notice and, consequently, the show's ratings suffered.
Upon Fox's annual unveiling of its 2002 fall line-up on May 15, 2002, "Family Guy" was absent.
Fox announced that the show had been officially canceled shortly thereafter.
Article: Seafood
Section: Health benefits

Question: Name some benefits for older people eating oily fish.

Research over the past few decades has shown that the nutrients and minerals in seafood can make improvements in brain development and reproduction and has highlighted the role for seafood in the functions of the human body.
Doctors have known of strong links between fish and healthy hearts ever since they noticed that fish-eating Inuit populations in the Arctic had low levels of heart disease.
One study has suggested that adding one portion of fish a week to your diet can cut your chances of suffering a heart attack by half.
Fish is thought to protect the heart because eating less saturated fat and more Omega-3 can help to lower the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood – two fats that, in excess, increase the risk of heart disease.
Omega-3 fats also have natural built-in anti-oxidants, which are thought to stop the thickening and damaging of artery walls.
Regularly eating fish oils is also thought to reduce the risk of arrhythmia – irregular electrical activity in the heart which increases the risk of sudden heart attacks.10-12% of the human brain is composed of lipids, including the Omega-3 fat DHA.
Recent studies suggest that older people can boost their brain power by eating more oily fish, what with regular consumers being able to remember better and think faster than those who don't consume at all.
Other research has also suggested that adding more DHA to the diet of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder can reduce their behavioural problems and improve their reading skills, while there have also been links suggested between DHA and better concentration.
Separate studies have suggested that older people who eat fish at least once a week could also have a lower chance of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Including fish as a regular part of a balanced diet has been shown to help the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis – a painful condition that causes joints to swell up, reducing strength and mobility.
Studies also show that sufferers feel less stiff and sore in the morning if they keep their fish oil intake topped up.
Recent research has also found a link between Omega-3 fats and a slowing down in the wearing of cartilage that leads to osteoarthritis, opening the door for more research into whether eating more fish could help prevent the disease.
Fish is high in minerals such as zinc, iodine and selenium, which keep the body running smoothly.
Iodine is essential for the thyroid gland, which controls growth and metabolism, while selenium is used to make enzymes that protect cell walls from cancer-causing free radicals, and helps prevent DNA damage caused by radiation and some chemicals.
Fish is also a source of vitamin A, which is needed for healthy skin and eyes, and vitamin D, which is needed to help the body absorb calcium to strengthen teeth and bones.
Article: Sausage
Section: Chile

Question: Which two cities are known for having the best longanizas?

"Longaniza" is the most common type of sausage, or at least the most common name in Chile for sausages that also could be classified as chorizo.
The Chilean variety is made of four parts pork to one part bacon (or less) and seasoned with finely ground garlic, salt, pepper, cumin, oregano, paprika and chilli sauce.
The cities of Chillán and San Carlos are known among Chileans for having the best "longanizas".
Another traditional sausage is the "prieta", the Chilean version of blood sausage, generally known elsewhere in Latin America as "morcilla".
In Chile, it contains onions, spices and sometimes walnut or rice and is usually eaten at "asados" or accompanied by simple boiled potatoes.
It sometimes has a very thick skin so is cut open lengthwise before eating.
"Vienesa"s or Vienna sausages are also very common and are mainly used in the "completo", the Chilean version of the hot dog.
Article: Rice
Section: Caribbean and Latin America

Question: Who introduced rice to the Americas?

Rice is not native to the Americas but was introduced to Latin America and the Caribbean by European colonizers at an early date with Spanish colonizers introducing Asian rice to Mexico in the 1520s at Veracruz and the Portuguese and their African slaves introducing it at about the same time to Colonial Brazil.
Recent scholarship suggests that enslaved Africans played an active role in the establishment of rice in the New World and that African rice was an important crop from an early period.
Varieties of rice and bean dishes that were a staple dish along the peoples of West Africa remained a staple among their descendants subjected to slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, Brazil and elsewhere in the Americas.
The Native Americans of what is now the Eastern United States may have practiced extensive agriculture with forms of wild rice.