community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Black hole
Section: Event horizon

Question: What can escape from the inside of an event horizon of a black hole?

The defining feature of a black hole is the appearance of an event horizon—a boundary in spacetime through which matter and light can only pass inward towards the mass of the black hole.
Nothing, not even light, can escape from inside the event horizon.
The event horizon is referred to as such because if an event occurs within the boundary, information from that event cannot reach an outside observer, making it impossible to determine if such an event occurred.
As predicted by general relativity, the presence of a mass deforms spacetime in such a way that the paths taken by particles bend towards the mass.
At the event horizon of a black hole, this deformation becomes so strong that there are no paths that lead away from the black hole.
To a distant observer, clocks near a black hole appear to tick more slowly than those further away from the black hole.
Due to this effect, known as gravitational time dilation, an object falling into a black hole appears to slow down as it approaches the event horizon, taking an infinite time to reach it.
At the same time, all processes on this object slow down, for a fixed outside observer, causing emitted light to appear redder and dimmer, an effect known as gravitational redshift.
Eventually, at a point just before it reaches the event horizon, the falling object becomes so dim that it can no longer be seen.
On the other hand, an indestructible observer falling into a black hole does not notice any of these effects as he crosses the event horizon.
According to his own clock, which appears to him to tick normally, he crosses the event horizon after a finite time without noting any singular behaviour.
In particular, he is unable to determine exactly when he crosses it, as it is impossible to determine the location of the event horizon from local observations.
The shape of the event horizon of a black hole is always approximately spherical.
For non-rotating (static) black holes the geometry is precisely spherical, while for rotating black holes the sphere is somewhat oblate.
Article: United States
Section: Sports

Question: How many Olympic games have taken place in the US?

The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.
Baseball has been regarded as the national sport since the late 19th century, while American football is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport.
Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports.
These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different, but overlapping, times of the year.
College football and basketball attract large audiences.
Boxing and horse racing were once the most watched individual sports, but they have been eclipsed by golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR.
In the 21st century, televised mixed martial arts has also gained a strong following of regular viewers.
While soccer is less popular in the United States than in many other nations, the men's national soccer team has been to the past six World Cups and the women are #1 in the women's world rankings.
While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, snowboarding, and cheerleading are American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries.
Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact.
Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States.
The United States has won 2,400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, more than any other country, and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games, the second most by 2014.
Article: I Won't Give Up
Section: Chart performance

Question: What placement on the BillboardHot 100 chart did the song, "I Won't Give Up," debut?

While the song debuted at number 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, it immediately hit the top spot on the Hot Digital Songs chart selling 229,000 downloads for its first week.
On the Hot 100, the track's launch is the highest for a male pop/rock singer-songwriter since David Cook burst in at number 3 with "The Time of My Life" the week of June 7, 2008, after he was crowned "American Idol" champion.
On Adult Pop Songs it began at number 36.
On the week of October 18, 2012, the song became the "Greatest Gainer" on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart, reaching number 7.
After the success, his manager Bill Silva commented: "What surprised us is how the fans reacted.
We didn't pre-promote the single, we didn't go to radio with it, and this song did 229,000 units its first week in the U.S.
There was clearly something resonant about the song, and it immediately shifted the strategy for what the rollout of the album was going to be."
The song has sold 3,113,000 copies in the US.
Internationally, the song also achieved success.
In Austria, the song debuted at number 23 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart, on March 23, 2012.
Later, the song jumped to number 22, before falling for two consecutive weeks, until it reached again number 22, on April 20, 2012.
Later, the song reached number 20, before climbing to number 17.
On May 11, 2012, the song fell to number 21, but the next week the song peaked at number 12.
It spent 22 weeks on the chart.
In Netherlands, the song was a big hit, debuting at number 52 on the Dutch Top 40 chart, on January 7, 2012.
After climbing the charts for six consecutive weeks and reaching number 11, the song fell for two consecutive weeks, until it climbed to number 10.
The song kept on climbing for 2 weeks, until it peaked at number 3, on April 21, 2012.
It spent a total of 32 consecutive weeks on the chart.
In the UK, the song debuted at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart week of March 24, 2012, and peaked at number 11.
It remained for 30 weeks on the chart and became the 46th biggest selling single of 2012.
Article: Colosseum
Section: Interior seating

Question: Immum is wealthy summum is poor

According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000.
They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society.
Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena.
Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or "podium" for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs.
The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.
The tier above the senators, known as the "maenianum primum", was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights ("equites").
The next level up, the "maenianum secundum", was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens ("plebeians") and was divided into two sections.
The lower part (the "immum") was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the "summum") was for poor citizens.
Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on.
Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them.
Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.
Another level, the "maenianum secundum in legneis", was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian.
This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women.
It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches.
Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.
Each tier was divided into sections ("maeniana") by curved passages and low walls ("praecinctiones" or "baltei"), and were subdivided into "cunei", or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria.
Each row ("gradus") of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.
Article: Amélie
Section: Abstract

Question: Who is the writer of Amelie?

Amélie ( (); "The Fabulous Destiny of Amélie Poulain") is a 2001 romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet.
Written by Jeunet with Guillaume Laurant, the film is a whimsical depiction of contemporary Parisian life, set in Montmartre.
It tells the story of a shy waitress, played by Audrey Tautou, who decides to change the lives of those around her for the better, while struggling with her own isolation.
The film was an international co-production between companies in France and Germany.
Grossing over $33 million in limited theatrical release, it is still the highest-grossing French-language film released in the United States.
The film met with critical acclaim and was a major box-office success.
"Amélie" won Best Film at the European Film Awards; it won four César Awards (including Best Film and Best Director), two BAFTA Awards (including Best Original Screenplay), and was nominated for five Academy Awards.
A Broadway adaptation is in development.
Article: World War II
Section: Axis advance stalls (1942–43)

Question: Which government wanted to build a "ring" around Germany?

Axis advance stalls (1942–43).
In January, the United States, Britain, Soviet Union, China, and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations, thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter, and agreeing to not to sign separate peace with the Axis powers.
During 1942 Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue.
All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective.
The Americans favoured a straightforward, large-scale attack on Germany through France.
The Soviets were also demanding a second front.
The British, on the other hand, argued that military operations should target peripheral areas in order to throw a "ring" around Germany which would wear out German strength, lead to increasing demoralisation, and bolster resistance forces.
Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign.
An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large-scale armies.
Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa.
At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 the Allies issued a declaration declaring that they would not negotiate with their enemies and demanded their unconditional surrender.
The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes.
Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943 the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944.
Article: Peking duck
Section: History

Question: What year did China start roasting ducks?

Duck has been roasted in China since the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
A variation of roast duck was prepared for the Emperor of China in the Yuan Dynasty.
The dish, originally named "Shaoyazi" (燒鴨子), was mentioned in the "Complete Recipes for Dishes and Beverages" (飲膳正要) manual in 1330 by Hu Sihui (忽思慧), an inspector of the imperial kitchen.
The Peking Roast Duck that came to be associated with the term was fully developed during the later Ming Dynasty, and by then, Peking Duck was one of the main dishes on imperial court menus.
The first restaurant specialising in Peking Duck, Bianyifang, was established in the Xianyukou, Qianmen area of Beijing in 1416.
By the Qianlong Period (1736–1796) of the Qing Dynasty, the popularity of Peking Duck spread to the upper classes, inspiring poetry from poets and scholars who enjoyed the dish.
For instance, one of the verses of "Duan Zhu Zhi Ci", a collection of Beijing poems was, "Fill your plates with roast duck and suckling pig".
In 1864, the Quanjude (全聚德) restaurant was established in Beijing.
Yang Quanren (楊全仁), the founder of Quanjude, developed the hung oven to roast ducks.
With its innovations and efficient management, the restaurant became well known in China, introducing the Peking Duck to the rest of the world.
By the mid-20th century, Peking Duck had become a national symbol of China, favored by tourists and diplomats alike.
For example, Henry Kissinger, the Secretary of State of the United States, met Premier Zhou Enlai in the Great Hall of the People on July 10, during his first visit to China.
After a round of inconclusive talks in the morning, the delegation was served Peking Duck for lunch, which became Kissinger's favourite.
The Americans and Chinese issued a joint statement the following day, inviting President Richard Nixon to visit China in 1972.
Peking Duck was hence considered one of the factors behind the rapprochement of the United States to China in the 1970s.
Following Zhou's death in 1976, Kissinger paid another visit to Beijing to savor Peking Duck.
Peking Duck, at the Quanjude in particular, has also been a favorite dish for various political leaders ranging from Cuban revolutionary Fidel Castro to former German chancellor Helmut Kohl.
Article: Wake in Fright
Section: Plot

Question: What makes John Grant feel disgruntled?

John Grant is a middle-class teacher from the big city.
He feels disgruntled because of the onerous terms of a financial bond which he signed with the government in return for receiving a tertiary education.
The bond has forced him to accept a post to the tiny school at Tiboonda, a remote township in the arid Australian Outback.
It is the start of the Christmas school holidays and Grant plans on going to Sydney to visit his girlfriend but first, however, he must travel by train to the nearby mining town of Bundanyabba (known as “The Yabba”) in order to catch a Sydney-bound flight.
At "The Yabba", Grant encounters several disconcerting residents including a policeman, Jock Crawford, who encourages Grant to drink repeated glasses of beer before introducing him to the local obsession with the gambling game of two-up.
Hoping to win enough money to pay off his bond and escape his "slavery" as an outback teacher, Grant at first has a winning streak playing two-up but then loses all his cash.
Unable now to leave "The Yabba", Grant finds himself dependent on the charity of bullying strangers while being drawn into the crude and hard-drinking lifestyle of the town's residents.
Grant reluctantly goes drinking with a resident named Tim Hynes (Al Thomas) and goes to Tim's house.
Here he meets Tim's daughter, Janette.
While he and Janette talk, several men who have gathered at the house for a drinking session question Grant's masculinity, asking: “What's the matter with him?
He'd rather talk to a woman than drink beer.” Janette then tries to initiate an awkward sexual episode with Grant, who vomits.
Grant finds refuge of a sort, staying at the shack of an alcoholic medical practitioner known as "Doc" Tydon.
Doc tells him that he and many others have had sex with Janette.
He also gives Grant pills from his medical kit, ostensibly to cure Grant's hangover.
Later, a drunk Grant participates in a barbaric kangaroo hunt with Doc and Doc's friends Dick and Joe.
The hunt culminates in Grant clumsily stabbing a wounded kangaroo to death, followed by a pointless drunken brawl between Dick and Joe and the vandalizing of a bush pub.
At night's end, Grant returns to Doc's shack, where Doc apparently initiates a homosexual encounter between the two.
A repulsed Grant leaves the next morning and walks across the desert.
He tries to hitch-hike to Sydney, but accidentally boards a truck that takes him straight back to "The Yabba".
He contemplates shooting Doc, but instead attempts suicide.
Grant recovers in hospital from his suicide attempt and Doc sees him off at "The Yabba's" rail station.
He returns to Tiboonda for the new school year.
Article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Section: Memphis

Question: What is the name of Martin Luther King's last speech?

King travelled to Memphis, Tennessee in support of striking African American sanitation workers.
The workers had staged a walkout on February 11, 1968, to protest unequal wages and working conditions imposed by then-mayor Henry Loeb.
At the time, Memphis paid black workers significantly lower wages than whites.
In addition, unlike white people, black people received no pay if they stayed home during bad weather; consequently, most black people were compelled to work even in driving rain and snow storms.
On April 3, King returned to Memphis to address a gathering at the Mason Temple (World Headquarters of the Church of God in Christ).
His airline flight to Memphis was delayed by a bomb threat against his plane.
With a thunderstorm raging outside, King delivered the last speech of his life, now known as the "I've Been to the Mountaintop" address.
As he neared the close, he made reference to the bomb threat:
Article: The Mindy Project
Section: Recurring

Question: Who does Jay Duplass play as in "The Mindy Project"?

 Tommy Dewey as Josh Daniels, a lawyer; Mindy's former boyfriend.
 Utkarsh Ambudkar as Rishi Lahiri, Mindy's younger brother, an aspiring rapper.
 Kelen Coleman as Alex, a friend of Mindy.
 Mark Duplass as Brendan Deslaurier, a male midwife.
 Jay Duplass as Duncan Deslaurier, a male midwife.
 Bill Hader as Tom McDougall, a dentist; former boyfriend of Mindy.
 Anders Holm as Casey Peerson, a Christian minister; Mindy's former fiancé.
 Chloë Sevigny as Christina, Danny's ex-wife.
 Ellie Kemper as Heather, Josh's ex-girlfriend and Mindy's neighbor.
 Glenn Howerton as Cliff Gilbert, a handsome lawyer in the same building as Shulman & Associates'.
Article: Table tennis
Section: Ball

Question: After which Olympic year was the 40mm ball introduced?

The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball.
The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 24–26 cm when dropped from a height of 30.5 cm onto a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of restitution of 0.89 to 0.92.
The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games.
However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning since the new type of balls has a slower speed, while at that time most Chinese players were playing with fast attack and smashes.
A 40 mm table tennis ball is slower and spins less than the original 38 mm (1.5 inch) one.
The ball is made of a high-bouncing air-filled celluloid or similar plastics material, colored white or orange, with a matte finish.
The choice of ball color is made according to the table color and its surroundings.
For example, a white ball is easier to see on a green or blue table than it is on a gray table.
Some Table Tennis balls have ball rated in stars so that more professional players can know which ball to use.
Manufacturers often indicate the quality of the ball with a star-rating system, usually from one to three, three being the highest grade.
As this system is not standard across manufacturers, the only way a ball may be used in official competition is upon ITTF approval.
The ITTF approval can be seen printed on the ball.
Article: Rembrandt
Section: Etchings

Question: When did Rembrandt produce etchings?

Rembrandt produced etchings for most of his career, from 1626 to 1660, when he was forced to sell his printing-press and virtually abandoned etching.
Only the troubled year of 1649 produced no dated work.
He took easily to etching and, though he also learned to use a burin and partly engraved many plates, the freedom of etching technique was fundamental to his work.
He was very closely involved in the whole process of printmaking, and must have printed at least early examples of his etchings himself.
At first he used a style based on drawing, but soon moved to one based on painting, using a mass of lines and numerous bitings with the acid to achieve different strengths of line.
Towards the end of the 1630s, he reacted against this manner and moved to a simpler style, with fewer bitings.
He worked on the so-called "Hundred Guilder Print" in stages throughout the 1640s, and it was the "critical work in the middle of his career", from which his final etching style began to emerge.
Although the print only survives in two states, the first very rare, evidence of much reworking can be seen underneath the final print and many drawings survive for elements of it.
In the mature works of the 1650s, Rembrandt was more ready to improvise on the plate and large prints typically survive in several states, up to eleven, often radically changed.
He now uses hatching to create his dark areas, which often take up much of the plate.
He also experimented with the effects of printing on different kinds of paper, including Japanese paper, which he used frequently, and on vellum.
He began to use "surface tone," leaving a thin film of ink on parts of the plate instead of wiping it completely clean to print each impression.
He made more use of drypoint, exploiting, especially in landscapes, the rich fuzzy burr that this technique gives to the first few impressions.
His prints have similar subjects to his paintings, although the twenty-seven self-portraits are relatively more common, and portraits of other people less so.
There are forty-six landscapes, mostly small, which largely set the course for the graphic treatment of landscape until the end of the 19th century.
One third of his etchings are of religious subjects, many treated with a homely simplicity, whilst others are his most monumental prints.
A few erotic, or just obscene, compositions have no equivalent in his paintings.
He owned, until forced to sell it, a magnificent collection of prints by other artists, and many borrowings and influences in his work can be traced to artists as diverse as Mantegna, Raphael, Hercules Segers, and Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione.
Article: Leaning Tower of Pisa
Section: Builders

Question: Who completed the belfry tower?

 One possible builder is Gerardo di Gerardo.
His name appears as a witness to the above legacy of Berta di Bernardo as "Master Gerardo", and as a worker whose name was Gerardo.
 A more probable builder is Diotisalvi, because of the construction period and the structure's affinities with other buildings in Pisa.
But he usually signed his works, and there is no signature by him in the bell tower.
 Giovanni di Simone was heavily involved in the completion of the tower, under the direction of Giovanni Pisano, who at the time was master builder of the Opera di Santa Maria Maggiore.
He could be the same Giovanni Pisano who completed the belfry tower.