community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Football
Section: Irish and Australian varieties

Question: Auskick is defined by what?

 Australian rules football — officially known as "Australian football", and informally as "football", "footy" or "Aussie rules".
In some areas it is referred to as "AFL", the name of the main organising body and competition
* Auskick — a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children
* Metro footy (or Metro rules footy) — a modified version invented by the USAFL, for use on gridiron fields in North American cities (which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches)
* Kick-to-kick – informal versions of the game
* 9-a-side footy — a more open, running variety of Australian rules, requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area (includes contact and non-contact varieties)
* Rec footy — "Recreational Football", a modified non-contact variation of Australian rules, created by the AFL, which replaces tackles with tags
* Touch Aussie Rules — a non-contact variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom
* Samoa rules — localised version adapted to Samoan conditions, such as the use of rugby football fields
* Masters Australian football (a.k.a.
"Superules") — reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age
* Women's Australian rules football — women's competition played with a smaller ball and (sometimes) reduced contact
 Gaelic football — Played predominantly in Ireland.
Commonly referred to as "football" or "Gaelic"
*Ladies Gaelic football
 International rules football — a compromise code used for games between Gaelic and Australian Rules players
Article: Eiffel Tower
Section: Accommodation

Question: When first built how many restaurants were on the first level of the Eiffel tower?

When built, the first level contained three restaurants (one French, one Russian and one Flemish) and an "Anglo-American Bar".
After the exposition closed the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 seat theatre.
A promenade ran around the outside.
On the third level there were laboratories for various experiments and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests.
This is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike models of Gustave and some guests.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Alpine Snowboarding

Question: What equipment is used in Alpine snowboarding?

Sometimes called freecarving, this takes place on hard packed snow or groomed runs and focuses on carving linked turns, much like surfing or longboarding.
Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline.
Alpine Snowboarding consists of a small portion of the general snowboard population, that has a well connected social community and its own specific board manufacturers.
Alpine Snowboard equipment is a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is stiffer and narrower to manage linking turns with greater forces and speed.
Shaped skis can thank these "freecarve" snowboards for the cutting-edge technology leading to their creation.
Highlights of alpine snowboarding includes a unique sensation felt through each carved turn.
A skilled alpine snowboarder can link numerous turns into a run placing their body very close to the ground each turn, similar to a motogp turn or waterski carve.
Depending on factors including stiffness, turning radius and personality this can be done slowly or fast.
Carvers make perfect half-circles out of each turn, changing edges when the snowboard is perpendicular to the fall line and starting every turn on the downhill edge.
Carving on a snowboard is like riding a roller coaster, because the board will lock into a turn radius and provide what feels like multiple Gs of acceleration.
Article: Space Race
Section: Project Gemini

Question: Project Gemini was introduced in what year?

Focused by the commitment to a moon landing, in January 1962 the US introduced Project Gemini, a two-crew-member spacecraft that would support Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, Extra-vehicular Activity for extended periods, and accomplishing useful work rather than just "walking in space."
Although Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, Gemini took advantage of the USSR's two-year hiatus after Voskhod, which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight.
Gemini achieved several significant firsts during the course of ten piloted missions:
 On Gemini 3 (March 1965), astronauts Virgil "Gus" Grissom and John W. Young became the first to demonstrate their ability to change their craft's orbit.
 On Gemini 5 (August 1965), astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles "Pete" Conrad set a record of almost eight days in space, long enough for a piloted lunar mission.
 On Gemini 6A (December 1965), Command Pilot Wally Schirra achieved the first space rendezvous with Gemini 7, accurately matching his orbit to that of the other craft, station-keeping for three consecutive orbits at distances as close as .
 Gemini 7 also set a human spaceflight endurance record of fourteen days for Frank Borman and James A. Lovell, which stood until both nations started launching space laboratories in the early 1970s.
 On Gemini 8 (March 1966), Command Pilot Neil Armstrong achieved the first docking between two spacecraft, his Gemini craft and an Agena target vehicle.
 Gemini 11 (September 1966), commanded by Conrad, achieved the first direct-ascent rendezvous with its Agena target on the first orbit, and used the Agena's rocket to achieve an apogee of .
 On Gemini 12 (November 1966), Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin spent over five hours working comfortably during three (EVA) sessions, finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft.
(This proved to be the most difficult goal to achieve.
)
Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions.
In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions.
Article: Human swimming
Section: Sport

Question: How long are competition pools for FINA events?

Swimming as a sport predominantly involves competition among participants to be the fastest over a given distance under self propulsion.
Different distances are swum in different levels of competition.
For example, swimming has been part of Olympic Swimming since 1896, and the current program contains events from 50m to 1500m in length, across all four main strokes and medley.
The sport is governed internationally by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), and competition pools for FINA events are 25 or 50 metres in length.
In the United States of America, USA Swimming is the governing body and a pool 25 yards in length is commonly used for competition.
There are other swimming and water related sporting disciplines including diving, synchronised swimming and water polo, as well as sports which include a swimming element, such as triathlon and modern pentathlon.
Article: All I Want for Christmas Is You
Section: Critical reception

Question: Who said in 2006 that "All I Want for Christmas" was one of Carey's biggest accomplishments?

Critical reception.
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" was very well received by music critics.
Parisien called the song "well-crafted", complimenting its instrumentation and melody.
Steve Morse, editor of "The Boston Globe", wrote that Carey sang with a lot of soul.
According to Barry Schwarz from Stylus Magazine, "to say this song is an instant classic somehow doesn't capture its amazingicity; it's a modern standard: joyous, exhilarating, loud, with even a hint of longing."
Schwartz praised the song's lyrics as well, describing them as "beautifully phrased," and calling Carey's voice "gorgeous" and "sincere."
Bill Lamb from About.com called it a "contemporary classic."
Kyle Anderson from MTV labeled the track "a majestic anthem full of chimes, sleigh bells, doo-wop flourishes, sweeping strings and one of the most dynamic and clean vocal performances of Carey's career".
While reviewing the 2009 remix version, Becky Bain from Idolator called the song a "timeless classic" and wrote, "We love the original song to pieces—we blast it while decorating our Christmas tree and lighting our Menorah."
In his review for Carey's "Merry Christmas II You", Thomas Connor from the "Chicago Sun-Times" called the song "a simple, well-crafted chestnut and one of the last great additions to the Christmas pop canon".
Shona Craven of Scotland's "The Herald", said, "[it's] a song of optimism and joy that maybe, just maybe, hints at the real meaning of Christmas."
Additionally, she felt the main reason it was so successful is the subject "you" in the lyrics, explaining, "Perhaps what makes the song such a huge hit is the fact that it's for absolutely everyone."
Craven opened her review with a bold statement: "Bing Crosby may well be turning in his grave, but no child of the 1980s will be surprised to see Mariah Carey's sublime All I Want For Christmas Is You bounding up the charts after being named the nation's top festive song."
In a 2006 retrospective look at Carey's career, Sasha Frere-Jones of "The New Yorker" said, the "charming" song was one of Carey's biggest accomplishments, calling it "one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon".
Dan Hancox, editor of "The National", quoted and agreed with Jones' statement, calling the song "perfection".
In 2010, "Rolling Stone" ranked "All I Want for Christmas Is You" fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list, calling it a "holiday standard."
Article: Microscope
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the science of investigating small objects?

A microscope (from the , "mikrós", "small" and , "skopeîn", "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.
The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy.
Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.
There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is the optical microscope which uses light to image the sample.
Other major types of microscopes are the electron microscope (both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types of scanning probe microscope.
Article: Lacrosse
Section: International lacrosse

Question: Where was the United States team accepted to in 1990?

Lacrosse has been played for the most part in Canada and the United States, with small but dedicated lacrosse communities in the United Kingdom and Australia.
Recently, however, lacrosse has begun to flourish at an international level, with teams being established particularly in Europe and east Asia.
With lacrosse not having been an official Olympic sport since 1908, the pinnacle of international lacrosse competition consists of the quadrennial World Championships.
Begun in 1968, world championships began as a four-team invitational tournament sponsored by the International Lacrosse Federation.
Until 1986, lacrosse world championships had been contested only by the US, Canada, England, and Australia.
Scotland and Wales had teams competing in the women's edition.
They are now held for lacrosse at senior men, senior women, under 19 men and under 19 women levels.
With the expansion of the game internationally, the 2006 Men's World Championship was contested by 21 countries and the Iroquois Nationals, representing the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy.
They are the only Native American/First Nations team to compete internationally.
The 2009 Women's World Cup was competed for by 16 nations.
In 2003, the first World Indoor Lacrosse Championship was contested by six nations at four sites in Ontario.
Canada won the championship in a final game against the Iroquois Nationals, 21-4.
The 2007 WILC was held in Halifax from May 14–20, and also won by Canada.
Competition included the Iroquois Nationals and teams from Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, England, Ireland, Scotland, and the United States.
The World Lacrosse Championships have been dominated by the United States, particularly in the men's game.
Its only world championship game losses at either level was in the 1978 final and 2006 final, both to Canada.
The USA has won 9 of the 11 senior men's and all six under-19 men's tournaments to date.
In the women's game, Australia has provided stiffer competition, having won 6 of 14 games against the USA at senior world championships, including one draw.
The USA has won 6 of the 8 senior women's, and 2 of the 3 under-19 women's tournaments to date, with the other world championships won by Australia.
The Iroquois Nationals are a team with members representing the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy.
The team was admitted to the International Lacrosse Federation (ILF) in 1990.
It is the only First Nations team sanctioned to compete in any sport internationally.
The Nationals placed fourth in the 1998, 2002 and 2006 World Lacrosse Championships.
In 2008, the Iroquois were admitted as the Haudenosunee Nation to the International Federation of Women's Lacrosse Associations (IFWLA), since merged with the FIL (see below).
Article: Lacrosse
Section: European Lacrosse Foundation

Question: Where was the ELF Championship held in 2012?

The next largest international field lacrosse competition are the European Lacrosse Championships, held for both men and women's teams.
Since 1995, the European Lacrosse Federation (ELF) has been running the European Championships.
Before 2001 they held the Championships annually, but that year the ELF changed the format to every four years, between the World Championships.
Before 2004, only seven nations had ever participated.
In 2004 a record number of countries participated, fielding 12 men's and 6 women's teams, making it the largest international lacrosse event of the year.
In 2008 the European Lacrosse Championships were held in Lahti, Finland, with 18 competing countries.
England placed first with the Netherlands and Germany placing second and third, respectively.
The most recent ELF Championships were held in Amsterdam in 2012.
England was victorious over Ireland in the championship game, and Sweden took third place.
Article: Subatomic particle
Section: Dividing an atom

Question: How is the atomic number of an element related to the number of protons in its nucleus?

The negatively-charged electron has a mass equal to of that of a hydrogen atom.
The remainder of the hydrogen atom's mass comes from the positively charged proton.
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus.
Neutrons are neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of the proton.
Different isotopes of the same element contain the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.
The mass number of an isotope is the total number of nucleons (neutrons and protons collectively).
Chemistry concerns itself with how electron sharing binds atoms into structures such as crystals and molecules.
Nuclear physics deals with how protons and neutrons arrange themselves in nuclei.
The study of subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, and their structure and interactions, requires quantum mechanics.
Analyzing processes that change the numbers and types of particles requires quantum field theory.
The study of subatomic particles "per se" is called particle physics.
The term "high-energy physics" is nearly synonymous to "particle physics" since creation of particles requires high energies: it occurs only as a result of cosmic rays, or in particle accelerators.
Particle phenomenology systematizes the knowledge about subatomic particles obtained from these experiments.
Article: Lacrosse
Section: Box Lacrosse

Question: How many cities ultimately contained lacrosse clubs throughout the US and Canada?

Up until the 1930s, all lacrosse was played on large fields outdoors.
The owners of Canadian hockey arenas invented a reduced-size version of the game, called box lacrosse, as a means to make more profit from their arena investments, and because severe winter weather in many areas limits outdoor play.
Since 1985, when the Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association (CUFLA) began operating a collegiate men's league, field lacrosse has witnessed a revival in Canada.
There are now 12 varsity teams.
In 1994, Canada declared lacrosse its national summer sport in the .
In 1987, a men's professional box lacrosse league was started, called the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League.
This league changed its name to the Major Indoor Lacrosse League, then later to the Lacrosse League.
It grew to encompass men's lacrosse clubs in 14 cities throughout the United States and Canada.
Article: The Shawshank Redemption
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the title of the movie about Andy Dufresne, a man imprisoned at Shawshank despite claims of innocence?

The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 American drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont and starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman.
Adapted from the Stephen King novella "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption", the film tells the story of Andy Dufresne, a banker who spends 19 years in Shawshank State Prison for the murder of his wife and her lover despite his claims of innocence.
During his time at the prison, he befriends a fellow inmate, Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding, and finds himself protected by the guards after the warden begins using him in his money laundering operation.
Despite a lukewarm box office reception that barely recouped its budget, the film received multiple award nominations and favorable reviews from critics for its acting and realism.
It has since enjoyed a remarkable life on cable television, VHS, DVD, and Blu-ray.
It was included in the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition.
Article: Nucleic acid sequence
Section: Sequence determination

Question: What is an inosine read as?

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a given DNA fragment.
The sequence of the DNA of a living thing encodes the necessary information for that living thing to survive and reproduce.
Therefore, determining the sequence is useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects.
Because of the importance of DNA to living things, knowledge of a DNA sequence may be useful in practically any biological research.
For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases.
Similarly, research into pathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases.
Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.RNA is not sequenced directly.
Instead, it is copied to a DNA by reverse transcriptase, and this DNA is then sequenced.
Current sequencing methods rely on the discriminatory ability of DNA polymerases, and therefore can only distinguish four bases.
An inosine (created from adenosine during RNA editing) is read as a G, and 5-methyl-cytosine (created from cytosine by DNA methylation) is read as a C. With current technology, it is difficult to sequence small amounts of DNA, as the signal is too weak to measure.
This is overcome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.
Article: South Park
Section: Recognitions and awards

Question: What year was South Park voted the 3rd greatest cartoon ever?

In 2004, Channel 4 voted "South Park" the third-greatest cartoon of all time.
In 2007, "Time" magazine included the show on its list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time", proclaiming it as "America's best source of rapid-fire satire for past decade".
The same year, "Rolling Stone" declared it to be the funniest show on television since its debut 10 years prior.
In 2008, "South Park" was named the 12th-greatest TV show of the past 25 years by "Entertainment Weekly", while AOL declared it as having the "most astute" characters of any show in history when naming it the 16th-best television comedy series of all time.
In 2011, "South Park" was voted number one in the "25 Greatest Animated TV Series" poll by "Entertainment Weekly".
The character of Cartman ranked 10th on TV Guide's 2002 list of the "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters", 198th on VH1's "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons", 19th on Bravo's "100 Greatest TV Characters" television special in 2004, and second on MSNBC's 2005 list of TV's scariest characters behind Mr. Burns from "The Simpsons".
In 2006, Comedy Central received a Peabody Award for "South Park"'s "stringent social commentary" and "undeniably fearless lampooning of all that is self-important and hypocritical in American life".
In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked "South Park" at number 63 among the "101 Best-Written Shows Ever".
Also in 2013, TV Guide listed the show at number 10 among the "60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time".
"South Park" won the CableACE Award for Best Animated Series in 1997, the last year the awards were given out.
In 1998, "South Park" was nominated for the Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program.
It was also nominated for the 1998 GLAAD Award for Outstanding TV – Individual Episode for "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride".
"South Park" has been nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ten times (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2013).
The show has won the award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour) four times, for the 2005 episode "Best Friends Forever", the 2006 episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft", the 2009 episode "Margaritaville", and the 2012 episode "Raising the Bar".
The Imaginationland trilogy of episodes won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour Or More) in 2008.