community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Pablo Picasso
Section: Blue Period

Question: In what year was the Blue period of Picasso?

Picasso's Blue Period (1901–1904), characterized by somber paintings rendered in shades of blue and blue-green, only occasionally warmed by other colours, began either in Spain in early 1901, or in Paris in the second half of the year.
Many paintings of gaunt mothers with children date from the Blue Period, during which Picasso divided his time between Barcelona and Paris.
In his austere use of color and sometimes doleful subject matter – prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects – Picasso was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas.
Starting in autumn of 1901 he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas, culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting "La Vie" (1903), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art.
The same mood pervades the well-known etching "The Frugal Repast" (1904), which depicts a blind man and a sighted woman, both emaciated, seated at a nearly bare table.
Blindness is a recurrent theme in Picasso's works of this period, also represented in "The Blindman's Meal" (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art) and in the portrait of "Celestina" (1903).
Other works include "Portrait of Soler" and "Portrait of Suzanne Bloch".
Article: Switzerland
Section: Federal state

Question: How long did the civil war of 1847 last in Switzerland?

The restoration of the power to the patriciate was only temporary.
After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war broke out in 1847 when some of the Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the "Sonderbundskrieg").
The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire.
However minor the Sonderbundskrieg seems to be when compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century, it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland.
The war convinced most Swiss of the need for unity and strength towards its European neighbours.
Swiss people from all strata of society, whether Catholic or Protestant, from the liberal or conservative current, realised that the cantons would profit more if their economic and religious interests were merged.
Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example.
This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues.
Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Swiss Council of States, 2 representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council of Switzerland, representatives elected from across the country).
Referenda were made mandatory for any amendment of this constitution.
A system of single weights and measures was introduced and in 1850 the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency.
Article 11 of the constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad, though the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies with Swiss Guards present at the Siege of Gaeta in 1860, marking the end of foreign service.
An important clause of the constitution was that it could be re-written completely if this was deemed necessary, thus enabling it to evolve as a whole rather than being modified one amendment at a time.
This need soon proved itself when the rise in population and the Industrial Revolution that followed led to calls to modify the constitution accordingly.
An early draft was rejected by the population in 1872 but modifications led to its acceptance in 1874.
It introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level.
It also established federal responsibility for defense, trade, and legal matters.
In 1891, the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements of direct democracy, which remain unique even today.
Article: Once Upon a Time (TV series)
Section: Ratings

Question: How many people viewed the pilot episode of Once Upton a Time?

The first season premiered as the top-rated drama series.
The pilot episode was watched by 13 million viewers and received a 4.0 rating/share among 18–49 year olds.
It was the season's highest-rated drama debut among the age range and ABC's biggest debut in five years.
With DVR viewers, the premiere climbed to 15.5 million viewers and a 5.2 rating/share in adults 18–49.
The show's next three episodes had consistent ratings every week with over 11 million viewers.
The series has become the number one non-sports program with viewers and young adults on Sunday nights.
Article: Tunisia
Section: Language

Question: How many people in Tunisia spoke french in 2010.

Arabic is the official language, and Tunisian Arabic, known as Derja, is the local, vernacular variety of Arabic and is used by the public.
There is also a small minority of speakers of Shelha, a Berber language.
French also plays a major role in Tunisian society, despite having no official status.
It is widely used in education (e.g., as the language of instruction in the sciences in secondary school), the press, and in business.
In 2010, there were 6,639,000 French-speakers in Tunisia, or about 64% of the population.
Italian is understood and spoken by a small part of the Tunisian population.
Shop signs, menus and road signs in Tunisia are generally written in both Arabic and French.
There are also thousands of English or 20% of the population can speak or at least make a conversation with the language specifically those who are in 20s of their ages do speak the language fluently.
Article: We Are Young
Section: Composition and lyrical interpretation

Question: Which genres does "We Are Young" combine?

"We Are Young" is a power ballad that combines the genres of indie pop, alternative rock, and power pop.
The song is written in the key of F major, based almost entirely on the 50s progression (I vi IV V) with the exception of its bridge, and follows a tempo of 116 beats per minute, changing to 92 bpm from the pre chorus to the end.
The song has a slow hip hop groove from the first chorus onward, and the song in its entirety is in common time.
The instrumentation of the original mix session consists of drums, bass guitar, synth bass, electric guitars, synths, piano, horns and other brass, and a hugh amount of vocal tracks, as well as the rough mix and two reference tracks, by Queen and Kanye West, that are both muted in the final master.
In the song, "careful arrangements layer sharp, bright piano melodies with big, booming drums and multiple vocal harmonies."
Ruess shifts from "vulnerable verbal tumbling in the song's sonically sparse intro to the grandiose declaration, 'Tonight, we are young / So let's set the world on fire / We can burn brighter than the sun' in the massive chorus."
According to "Spin", the song incorporates a "marrying fist-pump stadium rock to the prim indie-pop of Grizzly Bear's "Two Weeks," keeping the deliberate beats and soaring melodies but replacing choirboy primness with a percussive whomp."
Andrew Unterberger of "Popdust" compared the song's chorus to that of Pat Benatar's "Love Is a Battlefield" and Supergrass' "Alright," and noted that nearly every word in the chorus is imbued with maximum passion and importance.
Tim Jonze Guardian.co.uk described the chorus as anthemic and compared it to work done by Arcade Fire and stated that the lyrics were "life-affirming and fit for a teen movie soundtrack.
"Lead singer Nate Ruess says the lyrics were inspired by one specific night, after "my worst drinking night of all time."
Ruess told "Rolling Stone" that he was kicked out of a taxi cab for puking all over it.
"The cabbie was demanding all this money, and all I could do was stand on the corner with my head against the wall.
It took me another day before I was a functioning adult and could actually write down the verses," he said.
Article: Juice
Section: Abstract

Question: What exactly is juice?

Juice is a liquid that is naturally contained in fruit and vegetables.
It can also refer to liquids that are flavored with these or other biological food sources such as meat and seafood.
It is commonly consumed as a beverage or used as an ingredient or flavoring in foods.
Article: Cycling
Section: Bicycle Touring

Question: In cycling, what is another name for a long organized ride?

Bicycle Touring.
Bicycles are used for recreation at all ages.
Bicycle touring, also known as cyclotourism, involves touring and exploration or sightseeing by bicycle for leisure.
A brevet or randonnée is an organized long-distance ride.
One popular Dutch pleasure is the enjoyment of relaxed cycling in the countryside of the Netherlands.
The land is very flat and full of public bicycle trails where cyclists are not bothered by cars and other traffic, which makes it ideal for cycling recreation.
Many Dutch people subscribe every year to an event called "fietsvierdaagse" — four days of organised cycling through the local environment.
Paris–Brest–Paris (PBP), which began in 1891, is the oldest bicycling event still run on a regular basis on the open road, covers over and imposes a 90-hour time limit.
Similar if smaller institutions exist in many countries.
Article: The Holocaust
Section: Jehovah's Witnesses

Question: How many Jehovah's Witnesses were forced to wear a purple triangle and be put in camps?

Refusing to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or to serve in the military, roughly 12,000 Jehovah's Witnesses were forced to wear a purple triangle and were placed in camps where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority.
Between 2,500 and 5,000 were killed.
Historian Detlef Garbe, director at the Neuengamme (Hamburg) Memorial, writes that "no other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism with comparable unanimity and steadfastness."
Article: Modern Family
Section: Ratings

Question: The show's second season became the highest rated show on what day of the week?

Since its premiere, the series has remained popular.
In its first season, the show became the sixth highest-rated scripted show in America among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, and the third-highest rated new show.
Aided by winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, the show's second season became the highest rated show on Wednesday on premiere week and also rose 34% from the previous season among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.
The show frequently ranked as television's top scripted series in adults 18–49 as well.
The success of the show has been positively compared to "The Cosby Show".
During the 2010–2011 season, "Modern Family" was the highest rated scripted show in the 18–49 demographic, and the third highest rated overall sitcom behind CBS's "The Big Bang Theory" and "Two and a Half Men".
The season also ranked first among DVR viewers.
The third season premiere became ABC's top-rated season premiere in six years.
The series' success in ratings has also led to the series being credited for reviving sitcoms.
Article: Chocolate
Section: Etymology

Question: What is the origin of the word "chocolate" in English?

The word "chocolate" entered the English language from Spanish.
How the word came into Spanish is less certain, and there are competing explanations.
Perhaps the most cited explanation is that "chocolate" comes from Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, from the word "chocolātl", which many sources derived from "xocolātl" , from "xococ" 'sour' or 'bitter', and "ātl" 'water' or 'drink'.
However, as William Bright noted, the word "chocolatl" does not occur in central Mexican colonial sources, making this an unlikely derivation.
Santamaria gives a derivation from the Yucatec Maya word "chokol" meaning 'hot', and the Nahuatl "atl" meaning 'water'.
Sophie and Michael D. Coe agree with this etymology.
Pointing to various sources dating from the time of the Spanish conquest, they identify "cacahuatl" ("cacao water") as the original Nahuatl word for the cold beverage consumed by the Aztecs.
Noting that using a word with "caca" in it to describe a thick brown beverage would not have gone over well with most speakers of Spanish because "caca" means 'faeces' in Spanish, the Coes suggest that the Spanish colonisers combined the Nahuatl "atl" with the Yucatec Maya "chocol", for, unlike the Aztec, the Maya tended to drink chocolate heated.
The Spanish preferred the warm Mayan preparation of the beverage to the cold Aztec one, and so the colonisers substituted "chocol" in place of the culturally unacceptable "caca".
More recently, Dakin and Wichmann derive it from another Nahuatl term, "chicolatl" from eastern Nahuatl, meaning "beaten drink".
They derive this term from the word for the frothing stick, "chicoli".
However, the Coes write that "xicalli" referred to the gourd out of which the beverage was consumed and that the use of a frothing stick (known as a "molinillo") was a product of creolisation between the Spanish and Aztec; the original frothing method used by the indigenous people was simply pouring the drink from a height into another vessel.
Article: Medicine
Section: Criticism of modern medicine

Question: Who wrote a book in 1954 finding statistical methods superior to diagnostic methods?

According to Paul Farmer, the main problem for modern medicine is lack of access in poor regions.
There is an "outcome gap" between the rich and poor that is most noticeable with expensive-to-treat diseases like AIDS and tuberculosis.
The majority of medical resources and therapies are concentrated in the rich, low-incidence regions such as the West.
On the other hand, countries in the developing world have high rates of HIV but lack the necessary resources to treat them.
Medical errors and overmedication and other forms of iatrogenesis (harms caused by medical treatment) are also the focus of complaints and negative coverage.
Practitioners of human factors engineering believe that there is much that medicine may usefully gain by emulating concepts in aviation safety, where it is recognized that it is dangerous to place too much responsibility on one "superhuman" individual and expect him or her not to make errors.
Reporting systems and checking mechanisms are becoming more common in identifying sources of error and improving practice.
Clinical versus statistical, algorithmic diagnostic methods were famously examined in psychiatric practice in a 1954 book by Paul E. Meehl, which found statistical methods superior.
A 2000 meta-analysis comparing these methods in both psychology and medicine found that statistical or "mechanical" diagnostic methods were, in general, although not always, superior.
Disparities in quality of care given among local demographics are often an additional cause of controversy.
For example, elderly mentally ill patients received poorer care during hospitalization in a 2008 study.
Rural poor African-American men were used in an infamous study of syphilis that denied them basic medical care.
Article: Body of Proof
Section: Overview and production

Question: What was the original name of the series "Body of Proof"?

The series stars Dana Delany as Dr. Megan Hunt, a medical examiner.
The show focuses on Hunt's efforts to balance the demands of her professional life, dealing with solving cases and analyzing bodies, with her personal life, trying to reconnect with her estranged daughter.
Hunt was a top-flight neurosurgeon, until she had a life-changing automobile accident and then accidentally killed a patient on the operating table.
This resulted in her resignation, and retirement from the profession altogether.
Though set in Philadelphia, the first season of "Body of Proof" was filmed in Providence, Rhode Island and some other locations including Woonsocket and Warwick, Rhode Island.
The series was originally titled "Body of Evidence" but was later renamed "Body of Proof".
It was announced that the second season of the show would be filmed in Los Angeles to take advantage of a $7 million tax credit.
"Body of Proof" is the third ABC television series starring Dana Delany in a main character role, the first being the role of Colleen McMurphy in "China Beach" and the second being Katherine Mayfair in "Desperate Housewives".
While filming, real life technical advisers made sure that the procedures were correct.
Jeri Ryan said, "We've got technical advisers that will be with us on set, so we can keep all of science realistic".
Article: Vietnam War
Section: American nurses

Question: Who was the only female nurse to be killed by enemy gunfire?

Women in the Vietnam War.
American nurses.
During the Vietnam War, American women served on active duty doing a variety of jobs.
Early in 1963, the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) launched Operation Nightingale, an intensive effort to recruit nurses to serve in Vietnam.
Most nurses who volunteered to serve in Vietnam came from predominantly working or middle-class families with histories of military service.
The majority of these women were white Catholics and Protestants.
Because the need for medical aid was great, many nurses underwent a concentrated four-month training program before being deployed to Vietnam in the ANC.
Due to the shortage of staff, nurses usually worked twelve-hour shifts, six days per week and often suffered from exhaustion.
First Lieutenant Sharon Lane was the only female military nurse to be killed by enemy gunfire during the war, on 8 June 1969.
At the start of the Vietnam War, it was commonly thought that American women had no place in the military.
Their traditional place had been in the domestic sphere, but with the war came opportunity for the expansion of gender roles.
In Vietnam, women held a variety of jobs which included operating complex data processing equipment and serving as stenographers.
Although a small number of women were assigned to combat zones, they were never allowed directly in the field of battle.
The women who served in the military were solely volunteers.
They faced a plethora of challenges, one of which was the relatively small number of female soldiers.
Living in a male-dominated environment created tensions between the sexes.
While this high male to female ratio was often uncomfortable for women, many men reported that having women in the field with them boosted their morale.
Although this was not the women's purpose, it was one positive result of the their service.
By 1973, approximately 7,500 women had served in Vietnam in the Southeast Asian theater.
In that same year, the military lifted the prohibition on women entering the armed forces.
American women serving in Vietnam were subject to societal stereotypes.
Many Americans either considered females serving in Vietnam masculine for living under the army discipline, or judged them to be women of questionable moral character who enlisted for the sole purpose of seducing men.
To address this problem, the ANC released advertisements portraying women in the ANC as "proper, professional and well protected."
(26) This effort to highlight the positive aspects of a nursing career reflected the ideas of second-wave feminism that occurred during the 1960s–1970s in the United States.
Although female military nurses lived in a heavily male environment, very few cases of sexual harassment were ever reported.
In 2008, by contrast, approximately one-third of women in the military felt that they had been sexually harassed compared with one-third of men.
Article: Free Bird
Section: Origins

Question: What was the name of the keyboardist?

According to guitarist Gary Rossington, for two years after Allen Collins wrote the initial chords, vocalist Ronnie Van Zant insisted that there were too many for him to create a melody in the belief that the melody needed to change alongside the chords.
After Collins played the unused sequence at rehearsal one day, Van Zant asked him to repeat it, then wrote out the melody and lyrics in three or four minutes.
The guitar solos that finish the song were added in originally to give Van Zant a chance to rest, as the band was playing several sets per night at clubs at the time.
Soon afterward, the band learned piano-playing roadie Billy Powell had written an intro to the song; upon hearing it, they included it as the finishing touch and had him formally join as their keyboardist.
The song was originally written in memory of Duane Allman.
Allen Collins's then-girlfriend, Kathy, whom he later married, asked him, "If I leave here tomorrow, would you still remember me?"
Collins noted the question and it eventually became the opening line of "Free Bird".
Article: Electromagnetism
Section: Abstract

Question: What does the electromagnetic force play a major role in?

Electromagnetism, or the electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature, the other three being the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.
This force is described by electromagnetic fields, and has innumerable physical instances including the interaction of electrically charged particles and the interaction of uncharged magnetic force fields with electrical conductors.
The word "electromagnetism" is a compound form of two Greek terms, ἢλεκτρον, "ēlektron", "amber", and μαγνήτης, "magnetic", from "magnítis líthos" (μαγνήτης λίθος), which means "magnesian stone", a type of iron ore.
The science of electromagnetic phenomena is defined in terms of the electromagnetic force, sometimes called the Lorentz force, which includes both electricity and magnetism as elements of one phenomenon.
During the quark epoch, the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak force.
The electromagnetic force plays a major role in determining the internal properties of most objects encountered in daily life.
Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces between individual molecules in matter.
Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules.
This governs the processes involved in chemistry, which arise from interactions between the electrons of neighboring atoms, which are in turn determined by the interaction between electromagnetic force and the momentum of the electrons.
There are numerous mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field.
In classical electrodynamics, electric fields are described as electric potential and electric current in Ohm's law, magnetic fields are associated with electromagnetic induction and magnetism, and Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents.
The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, in particular the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the "medium" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905.
Article: Pathology
Section: France

Question: Describe the track that includes anatomical pathology in France.

In France, Pathology is separate in two distinct specialties, Anatomical pathology and Clinical pathology.
Residencies both lasts four years.
Residency in anatomical pathology is open to physicians only, while clinical pathology is open to both physicians and pharmacists.
Anatomical pathology in France is integrated in the internal medicine specialty track.
At the end of the second year of clinical pathology residency, residents can choose between general Clinical pathology and a specialization in one of the disciplines, but they can not practise Anatomical pathology.
And conversely, Anatomical pathology residents can not practise Clinical pathology.