community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Henri Matisse
Section: Gertrude Stein, Académie Matisse, and the Cone sisters

Question: How long did Matisse spend studying in Morocco?

Around April 1906 he met Pablo Picasso, who was 11 years younger than Matisse.
The two became lifelong friends as well as rivals and are often compared; one key difference between them is that Matisse drew and painted from nature, while Picasso was much more inclined to work from imagination.
The subjects painted most frequently by both artists were women and still life, with Matisse more likely to place his figures in fully realised interiors.
Matisse and Picasso were first brought together at the Paris salon of Gertrude Stein and her companion Alice B. Toklas.
During the first decade of the twentieth century, the Americans in Paris— Gertrude Stein, her brothers Leo Stein, Michael Stein and Michael's wife Sarah—were important collectors and supporters of Matisse's paintings.
In addition Gertrude Stein's two American friends from Baltimore, the Cone sisters Claribel and Etta, became major patrons of Matisse and Picasso, collecting hundreds of their paintings and drawings.
The Cone collection is now exhibited in the Baltimore Museum of Art.
While numerous artists visited the Stein salon, many of these artists were not represented among the paintings on the walls at 27 rue de Fleurus.
Where Renoir, Cézanne, Matisse, and Picasso's works dominated Leo and Gertrude Stein's collection, Sarah Stein's collection particularly emphasised Matisse.
Contemporaries of Leo and Gertrude Stein, Matisse and Picasso became part of their social circle and routinely joined the gatherings that took place on Saturday evenings at 27 rue de Fleurus.
Gertrude attributed the beginnings of the Saturday evening salons to Matisse, remarking:"More and more frequently, people began visiting to see the Matisse paintings—and the Cézannes: Matisse brought people, everybody brought somebody, and they came at any time and it began to be a nuisance, and it was in this way that Saturday evenings began.
"'Among Pablo Picasso's acquaintances who also frequented the Saturday evenings were: Fernande Olivier (Picasso's mistress), Georges Braque, André Derain, the poets Max Jacob and Guillaume Apollinaire, Marie Laurencin (Apollinaire's mistress and an artist in her own right), and Henri Rousseau.
His friends organised and financed the "Académie Matisse" in Paris, a private and non-commercial school in which Matisse instructed young artists.
It operated from 1907 until 1911.
Hans Purrmann and Sarah Stein were amongst several of his most loyal students.
Matisse spent seven months in Morocco from 1912 to 1913, producing about 24 paintings and numerous drawings.
His frequent orientalist topics of later paintings, such as odalisques, can be traced to this period.
Article: Falling Skies
Section: Ratings

Question: How many people watched the 1st season finale of Falling Skies?

The two-hour premiere of "Falling Skies" was watched by 5.9 million viewers, making it cable television's biggest series launch of the year, with more than 2.6 million adults 18–49 and 3.2 million adults 25–54.
The eighth episode was watched by 4.31 million viewers and scored a 1.5 ratings share among adults 18-49 and "Falling Skies" became TNT's highest rated series in target demos.
The first season finale received 5.6 million viewers, the highest rated episode since the series premiere; with 2.5 million viewers in the 18–49 demographic.
The first season tied with the FX series "American Horror Story" as the biggest new cable series of the year among adults 18-49.
In the UK, it premiered on non-terrestrial channel FX, with 402,000 viewers.
Article: Protestant Reformation
Section: Zwingli

Question: What doctrine did Luther and Zwingli disagree on and what was their disagreement?

Reformation outside Germany.
Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in the Swiss Confederation under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli.
Zwingli was a scholar and preacher who moved to Zurich – the then-leading city state – in 1518, a year after Martin Luther began the Reformation in Germany with his 95 Theses.
Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, some unresolved differences kept them separate.
A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism.
Although Zwinglianism does hold uncanny resemblance to Lutheranism (it even had its own equivalent of the 95 Theses, called the 67 Conclusions), historians have been unable to prove that Zwingli had any contact with Luther's publications before 1520, and Zwingli himself maintained that he had prevented himself from reading them.
The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther, seeing strength in a united Protestant front.
A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its complete failure.
The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.
Although Luther preached consubstantiation in the Eucharist over transubstantiation, he believed in the spiritual presence of Christ at the mass.
Zwingli believed that the mass was only representative and memorial – Christ was not present.
Luther became so angry that he famously carved into the meeting table 'Hoc Est Corpus Meum' – a Biblical quotation from the Last Supper meaning 'this is my body'.
Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative, and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists.
One famous incident illustrating this was when radical Zwinglians fried and ate sausages during Lent in Zurich city square by way of protest against the Church teaching of good works.
Other Protestant movements grew up along lines of mysticism or humanism (cf.
Erasmus), sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches.
Article: The Matrix
Section: Sound effects and music

Question: Who created the sound effects in the film The Matrix?

Dane A. Davis was responsible for creating the sound effects for the film.
The fight scenes sound effects, such as the whipping sounds of punches, came from using junk to create noises and capturing them, then editing the sounds.
The sound of the pod containing a human baby closing required almost fifty sounds put together.
The film's score was composed by Don Davis.
He noted that mirrors appear frequently in the film: reflections of the blue and red pills are seen in Morpheus's glasses; Neo's capture by Agents is viewed through the rear-view mirror of Trinity's Triumph Speed Triple motorcycle; Neo observes a broken mirror mending itself; reflections warp as a spoon is bent; the reflection of a helicopter is visible as it approaches a skyscraper.
Davis focused on this theme of reflections when creating his score, alternating between sections of the orchestra and attempting to incorporate contrapuntal ideas.
Davis' score combines orchestral, choral and synthesizer elements; the balance between these elements varies depending on whether humans or machines are the dominant subject of a given scene.
In addition to Davis' score, "The Matrix" soundtrack also features music from acts such as Rammstein, Rob Dougan, Rage Against the Machine, Propellerheads, Ministry, Deftones, Monster Magnet, The Prodigy, Rob Zombie, Meat Beat Manifesto, and Marilyn Manson.
Article: Climate change
Section: Orbital variations

Question: When seawater temperature changes, what else changes?

External forcing mechanisms.
Orbital variations.
Slight variations in Earth's orbit lead to changes in the seasonal distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface and how it is distributed across the globe.
There is very little change to the area-averaged annually averaged sunshine; but there can be strong changes in the geographical and seasonal distribution.
The three types of orbital variations are variations in Earth's eccentricity, changes in the tilt angle of Earth's axis of rotation, and precession of Earth's axis.
Combined together, these produce Milankovitch cycles which have a large impact on climate and are notable for their correlation to glacial and interglacial periods, their correlation with the advance and retreat of the Sahara, and for their appearance in the stratigraphic record.
The IPCC notes that Milankovitch cycles drove the ice age cycles, CO2 followed temperature change "with a lag of some hundreds of years," and that as a feedback amplified temperature change.
The depths of the ocean have a lag time in changing temperature (thermal inertia on such scale).
Upon seawater temperature change, the solubility of CO2 in the oceans changed, as well as other factors impacting air-sea CO2 exchange.
Article: Epcot
Section: World Showcase

Question: When the park opened, which pavilions were not present?

World Showcase is a large area reminiscent of a permanent world's fair containing eleven pavilions, each themed and dedicated to represent a specific country.
The eleven pavilions surround the World Showcase Lagoon, a large man-made lake located in the center of World Showcase with a perimeter of 1.2 miles.
In clockwise order, the eleven pavilions include:
 Mexico
 Norway
 China
 Germany
 Italy
 United States
 Japan
 Morocco
 France
 United Kingdom
 Canada
Of the eleven pavilions, Norway and Morocco were not present at the park's opening, and were added later after park opening.
Each pavilion contains themed architecture, landscapes, streetscapes, attractions, shops, and restaurants representing the respective country's culture and cuisine.
In an effort to maintain the authenticity of the represented countries, the pavilions are primarily staffed by citizens of the respective countries as part of the Cultural Representative Program through J-1 visa agreements.
Some pavilions also contain themed rides, shows, and live entertainment representative of the respective country.
The only pavilion that is directly sponsored by the government of its respective country is Morocco, the remaining pavilions are primarily sponsored by private companies with affiliations to the represented countries.
Pavilions for Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Venezuela, United Arab Emirates, and Israel have occasionally been rumored as potential future pavilions but have never made it past the planning phases to date.
A small African themed refreshment shop known as The Outpost currently resides in the last remaining vacant undeveloped parcel that may potentially one day be developed into a new pavilion area.
Article: Watergate scandal
Section: Abstract

Question: Who unanimously ruled that the president had to hand over the tapes?

The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement.
The term "Watergate" has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration.
Those activities included "dirty tricks" such as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious.
Nixon and his close aides ordered harassment of activist groups and political figures, using the FBI, CIA, and the Internal Revenue Service.
The scandal led to the discovery of multiple abuses of power by the Nixon administration, articles of impeachment, and the resignation of Republican Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, on August 9, 1974—the only resignation of a U.S. president to date.
The scandal also resulted in the indictment, trial, conviction, and incarceration of 43 people, dozens of whom were Nixon's top administration officials.
The affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate complex on June 17, 1972.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) connected cash found on the burglars to a slush fund used by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, the official organization of Nixon's campaign.
In July 1973, as evidence mounted against the president's staff, including testimony provided by former staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee, it was revealed that President Nixon had a tape-recording system in his offices and he had recorded many conversations.
After a protracted series of bitter court battles, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president had to hand over the tapes to government investigators; he ultimately complied.
Recordings from these tapes implicated the president, revealing he had attempted to cover up the questionable goings-on that had taken place after the break-in.
Facing near-certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974.
His successor, Gerald Ford, then issued a pardon to him on September 8, 1974.
The name "Watergate" and the suffix "-gate" have since become synonymous with political scandals in the United States and in other English- and non-English-speaking nations as well.
Article: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)
Section: Abstract

Question: Who was the co-host in season 1?

Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition show airing since 2005 on ABC in the United States, and CTV/CTV Two in Canada.
The show is the American version of the British television series "Strictly Come Dancing".
Tom Bergeron is the Emmy-winning host, alongside Erin Andrews, who is the new co-host for season eighteen.
Lisa Canning was co-host in season one, Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke-Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen.
The contestant pairs consist of a celebrity paired with a professional dancer.
Past celebrity contestants include professional and Olympic athletes, supermodels, actors, singers, astronauts, and teen-heartthrobs.
Each couple performs predetermined dances and competes against the others for judges' points and audience votes.
The couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges' points and audience votes is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains.
In 2012, GSN picked up rerun rights to seasons four to thirteen, but due to low ratings the network stopped airing the show after airing for three months from January 2012 to April 2012 in two different seasons aired mostly on weekends.
Article: Luge
Section: Artificial tracks

Question: What speed do luger usually race at?

Artificial luge tracks have specially-designed and -constructed banked curves plus walled-in straights.
Most tracks are artificially refrigerated, but artificial tracks without artificial cooling also exist (for example, in St. Moritz).
Tracks tend to be very smooth.
The athletes ride in a flat, aerodynamic position on the sled, keeping their heads low to minimize air resistance.
They steer the sled mainly with their calves by applying pressure on the runners--right calf to turn left, left calf to turn right.
It takes a precise mix of shifting body weight, applying pressure with calves and rolling the shoulders.
There are also handles for minor adjustments.
A successful luger maintains complete concentration and relaxation on the sled while traveling at high speeds.
Most lugers "visualize" the course in their minds before sliding.
Fastest times result from following the perfect "line" down the track.
Any slight error, such as a brush of the wall, costs time.
Track conditions are also important.
Softer ice tends to slow speeds, while harder ice tends to lead to faster times.
Lugers race at speeds averaging 120–145 km/h (75–90 mph) around high banked curves while experiencing a centripetal acceleration of up to 5g.
Men's Singles have their start locations near where the bobsled and skeleton competitors start at most tracks, while both the Doubles and Women's Singles competition have their starthouse located further down the track.
Artificial track luge is the fastest and most agile sledding sport.
Article: Gossip Girl
Section: Casting

Question: What characters did Caroline Lagerfelt portray?

Featuring nine regular speaking roles, the majority of the ensemble cast was assembled from February to April 2007.
Leighton Meester and Blake Lively - who started auditioning in December 2006 - were the first two actresses to be chosen in February for the lead roles of Blair Waldorf and Serena van der Woodsen, respectively.
Penn Badgley, who had previously worked with Stephanie Savage on "The Mountain", Taylor Momsen, Chace Crawford, Kelly Rutherford and Connor Paolo also auditioned successfully and landed roles in the series in March, as did Florencia Lozano who appeared only in the pilot, and was replaced by Margaret Colin.
Badgley had initially turned down the part of Dan.
Actors for the roles of Chuck Bass and Rufus Humphrey were found in April when English actor Ed Westwick, and Matthew Settle were cast.
Westwick first read for the role of Nate but was then asked to try Chuck.
As rumors swirled about the impending cancellation of "Veronica Mars", it was revealed at The CW's 2007 Upfronts on May 17, 2007 that Kristen Bell had narrated the pilot, thus making her the title character of another show on the network.
Jessica Szohr was signed on to portray the recurring role of Vanessa Abrams and received regular status during the fourteenth episode of the first season.
Kaylee DeFer joined the series in the eighteenth episode of the fourth season and was promoted to series regular for the show's fifth season.
At the conclusion of the fourth season, Momsen, who went on an indefinite hiatus during the season while retaining regular billing, and Jessica Szhor both left the show.
Throughout the series' run, Connor Paolo consistently declined to elevate his recurring role of Eric van der Woodsen to regular status, citing personal reasons for his decision.
After becoming a regular on the ABC series "Revenge", Paolo confirmed his departure from "Gossip Girl" in August 2011.
As the show progressed, numerous recurring guest stars appeared in the show.
Michelle Trachtenberg signed on to portray Georgina Sparks.
The role had previously been offered to Mischa Barton who passed.
Francie Swift and Sam Robards took the parental roles of Anne and Howard Archibald, respectively.
Caroline Lagerfelt portrayed Celia "CeCe" Rhodes, Serena and Eric's grandmother and Lily's mother.
Sebastian Stan made several appearances as Carter Baizen throughout the show's first three seasons.
Article: Union Station (Washington, D.C.)
Section: Architecture

Question: What was the number of centurions they made for Union Station in Washington, DC?

Architect Daniel H. Burnham, assisted by Pierce Anderson, was inspired by a number of different architectural styles.
Classical elements included the Arch of Constantine (exterior, main façade) and the great vaulted spaces of the Baths of Diocletian (interior); prominent siting at the intersection of two of Pierre L'Enfant's avenues, with an orientation that faced the United States Capitol just five blocks away; a massive scale, including a façade stretching more than 600 feet and a waiting room ceiling 96 feet above the floor; stone inscriptions and allegorical sculpture in the Beaux-Arts style; expensive materials such as marble, gold leaf, and white granite from a previously unused quarry.
In the Attic block, above the main cornice of the central block, stand six colossal statues (modeled on the Dacian prisoners of the Arch of Constantine) created by Louis St. Gaudens.
These are entitled "The Progress of Railroading" and their iconography expresses the confident enthusiasm of the American Renaissance movement: Prometheus (for Fire), Thales (for Electricity), Themis (for Freedom and Justice), Apollo (for Imagination and Inspiration), Ceres (for Agriculture) and Archimedes (for Mechanics).
The substitution of Agriculture for Commerce in a railroad station iconography vividly conveys the power of a specifically American lobbying bloc.
St. Gaudens also created the 26 centurions for the station's main hall.
Burnham drew upon a tradition, launched with the 1837 Euston railway station in London, of treating the entrance to a major terminal as a triumphal arch.
He linked the monumental end pavilions with long arcades enclosing loggias in a long series of bays that were vaulted with the lightweight fireproof Guastavino tiles favored by American Beaux-Arts architects.
The final aspect owed much to the Court of Heroes at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, where Burnham had been coordinating architect.
The setting of Union Station’s façade at the focus of converging avenues in a park-like green setting is one of the few executed achievements of the City Beautiful movement: elite city planning that was based on the "goosefoot" ("patte d'oie") of formal garden plans made by Baroque designers such as André Le Nôtre.
The station held a full range of dining rooms and other services, including barber shops and a mortuary.
Union Station was equipped with a presidential suite which is now occupied by a restaurant.
Article: Global warming
Section: Surveys of public opinion

Question: What percentage of people regard global warming as one of the top perceived global threats?

Researchers at the University of Michigan have found that the public's belief as to the causes of global warming depends on the wording choice used in the polls.
In 2007–2008 Gallup Polls surveyed 127 countries.
Over a third of the world's population was unaware of global warming, with people in developing countries less aware than those in developed, and those in Africa the least aware.
Of those aware, Latin America leads in belief that temperature changes are a result of human activities while Africa, parts of Asia and the Middle East, and a few countries from the Former Soviet Union lead in the opposite belief.
There is a significant contrast of the opinions of the concept and the appropriate response between Europe and the United States.
Nick Pidgeon of Cardiff University said that "results show the different stages of engagement about global warming on each side of the Atlantic", adding, "The debate in Europe is about what action needs to be taken, while many in the US still debate whether climate change is happening."
A 2010 poll by the Office of National Statistics found that 75% of UK respondents were at least "fairly convinced" that the world's climate is changing, compared to 87% in a similar survey in 2006.
A January 2011 ICM poll in the UK found 83% of respondents viewed climate change as a current or imminent threat, while 14% said it was no threat.
Opinion was unchanged from an August 2009 poll asking the same question, though there had been a slight polarisation of opposing views.
By 2010, with 111 countries surveyed, Gallup determined that there was a substantial decrease in the number of Americans and Europeans who viewed global warming as a serious threat.
In the US, a little over half the population (53%) now viewed it as a serious concern for either themselves or their families; this was 10% below the 2008 poll (63%).
Latin America had the biggest rise in concern, with 73% saying global warming was a serious threat to their families.
That global poll also found that people are more likely to attribute global warming to human activities than to natural causes, except in the USA where nearly half (47%) of the population attributed global warming to natural causes.
A March–May 2013 survey by Pew Research Center for the People & the Press polled 39 countries about global threats.
According to 54% of those questioned, global warming featured top of the perceived global threats.
In a January 2013 survey, Pew found that 69% of Americans say there is solid evidence that the Earth's average temperature has been getting warmer over the past few decades, up six points since November 2011 and 12 points since 2009.