community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Nordic combined
Section: Ski jumping equipment

Question: Which run-direction should bindings be mounted, parallel or perpendicular?

 Bindings
 The binding must be mounted parallel to the run-direction.
The binding must be placed in such a way that a maximum 57% of the entire ski length is used as the front part.
 Boots
 High-backed, flexible yet firm boots with a low cut at the front.
They are designed to allow the skier to lean forward during flight.
 Connection cord
 Part of the binding; a cord that attaches the ski to the boot and prevents the wobbling of skis during flight.
 Ski jumping suit
 All portions of the ski jumping suit must be made of the same material and must show a certain air permeability.
The size of the suit must conform to the body shape in an upright position with certain tolerances.
 Jumping skis
 Jumping skis are manufactured especially for use on ski jumping hills.
Skis with a length of a maximum 146% of the total body height of the competitor may be used.
The curvature and shape of the skis is restricted by certain geometric features.
Article: The Avengers (2012 film)
Section: Promotional partners

Question: Does Disney promote using fast food companies?

Paul Gitter, Marvel Entertainment's president of consumer products, commented that the build-up to the film helped strengthen retail partnerships: "Retailers have been less tolerant with property films, so we decided that if we started on this coordinated strategy several years ago, retailers would give us shelf space throughout the years and we would have a more sustainable position in the marketplace".
In September 2011, set photos of Robert Downey Jr. driving a new model Acura were published online.
An Acura spokesperson later released a statement confirming the company's involvement with the film, "As you may know, Acura has been in the Marvel Comics Universe films as the official car of their fictional law enforcement agency called S.H.I.E.L.D.
That relationship continues for "The Avengers".
The open-top sports car that was photographed yesterday is a one-off, fictional car that was made just for the movie and will not be produced.
That said, as you may also know, our CEO has said publicly that we are studying the development of a new sportscar, but we can't say any more about it at this time."
In December 2011, Acura announced that a new NSX styled along the lines of the concept built for "The Avengers" would be unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show.
A series of 10 S.H.I.E.L.D.
SUVs, based on the Acura MDX with modifications by Cinema Vehicle Services, were also made for the film.
In February 2012, it was announced that Marvel has partnered with fragrance company JADS to promote "The Avengers" with character-based fragrances.
The announcement was just ahead of the Toy Industry Association's annual February exhibition, where representatives held a sampling booth of the products.
Other promotional partners include bracelet-maker Colantotte, Dr Pepper, Farmers Insurance, Harley-Davidson, Hershey, Land O'Frost lunchmeats, Oracle, Red Baron pizza, Symantec, Visa and Wyndham Hotels & Resorts.
In total, Marvel and its parent-company Disney secured an estimated $100 million in worldwide marketing support for the film.
Notable exclusions include Baskin-Robbins, Burger King and Dunkin' Donuts, who had partnered with Marvel in the past when their films were distributed by Paramount.
Disney does not generally promote through fast food outlets.
Article: Boxing
Section: Professional vs. amateur boxing

Question: Amateur boxing became an Olympic event in what year?

Throughout the 17th through 19th centuries, boxing bouts were motivated by money, as the fighters competed for prize money, promoters controlled the gate, and spectators bet on the result.
The modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur sports, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in 1908.
In their current form, Olympic and other amateur bouts are typically limited to three or four rounds, scoring is computed by points based on the number of clean blows landed, regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective headgear, reducing the number of injuries, knockdowns, and knockouts.
Currently scoring blows in amateur boxing are subjectively counted by ringside judges, but the Australian Institute for Sport has demonstrated a prototype of an Automated Boxing Scoring System, which introduces scoring objectivity, improves safety, and arguably makes the sport more interesting to spectators.
Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport globally, though amateur boxing is dominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics.
For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at the Olympics, serves to develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career.
Article: Kebab
Section: In China

Question: In making Chuanr, what meats are traditionally used?

Chuanr (), often referred to as "chua'r" in Pekingese and throughout the North, or kawap (كاۋاپ) in Uyghur, is a variation of kebab originating from the Uyghurs in the Western province of Xinjiang and a popular dish in Chinese Islamic cuisine.
The dish has since spread across the rest of the country and become a popular street food.
Although the most traditional form of chuanr uses lamb or mutton, other types of meat, such as chicken, beef, pork, and seafood, may be used as well.
Small pieces of meat are skewered and either roasted or deep-fried.
Common spices and condiments include cumin called "ziran", pepper, sesame, and sesame oil.
During Chinese New Year, it is common to find fruit kebabs candied and covered with a hard candy sugar coating.
At the famous Wángfǔjǐng in Beijing, it is very common to find many kinds of fruit kebabs of everything from bananas, strawberries, and seasonal Chinese fruits, as well as scorpions, squids, and various Japanese-flavored kebabs all year long.
Article: Marathon
Section: Origin

Question: Who wrote "On the Glory of Athens"?

The name "Marathon" comes from the legend of Pheidippides, a Greek messenger.
The legend states that he was sent from the battlefield of Marathon to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated in the Battle of Marathon (in which he had just fought), which took place in August or September, 490 BC.
It is said that he ran the entire distance without stopping and burst into the assembly, exclaiming ("nenikekamen", "we have wοn"), before collapsing and dying.
The account of the run from Marathon to Athens first appears in Plutarch's "On the Glory of Athens" in the 1st century AD which quotes from Heraclides Ponticus's lost work, giving the runner's name as either Thersipus of Erchius or Eucles.
Lucian of Samosata (2nd century AD) also gives the story but names the runner Philippides (not Pheidippides).
There is debate about the historical accuracy of this legend.
The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who ran from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then ran back, a distance of over each way.
In some Herodotus manuscripts the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as Philippides.
Herodotus makes no mention of a messenger sent from Marathon to Athens, and relates that the main part of the Athenian army, having fought and won the grueling battle, and fearing a naval raid by the Persian fleet against an undefended Athens, marched quickly back from the battle to Athens, arriving the same day.
In 1879, Robert Browning wrote the poem .
Browning's poem, his composite story, became part of late 19th century popular culture and was accepted as a historic legend.
Mount Penteli stands between Marathon and Athens, which means that, if Pheidippides actually made his famous run after the battle, he had to run around the mountain, either to the north or to the south.
The latter and more obvious route matches almost exactly the modern Marathon-Athens highway, which follows the lie of the land southwards from Marathon Bay and along the coast, then takes a gentle but protracted climb westwards towards the eastern approach to Athens, between the foothills of Mounts Hymettus and Penteli, and then gently downhill to Athens proper.
This route, as it existed when the Olympics were revived in 1896, was approximately long, and this was the approximate distance originally used for marathon races.
However there have been suggestions that Pheidippides might have followed another route: a westward climb along the eastern and northern slopes of Mount Penteli to the pass of Dionysos, and then a straight southward downhill path to Athens.
This route is considerably shorter, some , but includes a very steep initial climb of more than .
Article: The Scream
Section: Sources of inspiration

Question: What is the original German title of "The Scream"

The original German title given to the work by Munch is "Der Schrei der Natur" ("The Scream of Nature").
The Norwegian word "skrik" usually is translated as "scream", but is cognate with the English "shriek".
Occasionally, the painting also has been called "The Cry".
In his diary in an entry headed, "Nice 22 January 1892", Munch described his inspiration for the image:This memory was later rendered by Munch as a poem, which he hand-painted onto the frame of the 1895 pastel version of the work:Among theories advanced to account for the reddish sky in the background is the artist's memory of the effects of the powerful volcanic eruption of Krakatoa, which deeply tinted sunset skies red in parts of the Western hemisphere for months during 1883 and 1884, about a decade before Munch painted "The Scream".
This explanation has been disputed by scholars, who note that Munch was an expressive painter and was not primarily interested in literal renderings of what he had seen.
Alternatively, it has been suggested that the proximity of both a slaughterhouse and a lunatic asylum to the site depicted in the painting may have offered some inspiration.
The scene was identified as being the view from a road overlooking Oslo, the Oslofjord and Hovedøya, from the hill of Ekeberg.
At the time of painting the work, Munch's manic depressive sister Laura Catherine was a patient at the asylum at the foot of Ekeberg.
In 1978, the Munch scholar Robert Rosenblum suggested that the strange, sexless creature in the foreground of the painting was inspired by a Peruvian mummy, which Munch could have seen at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris.
This mummy, which was buried in a fetal position with its hands alongside its face, also struck the imagination of Munch's friend Paul Gauguin: it stood as a model for the central figure in his painting, "Human misery (Grape harvest at Arles)" and for the old woman at the left in his painting, "Where Do We Come From?
What Are We?
Where Are We Going?".
More recently, an Italian anthropologist speculated that Munch might have seen a mummy in Florence's Museum of Natural History, which bears an even more striking resemblance to the painting.
The imagery of "The Scream" has been compared to that which an individual suffering from depersonalization disorder experiences, a feeling of distortion of the environment and one's self, and also facial pain.
Article: Anatomy
Section: Research and practice

Question: What are differences between anatomy and physiology?

Human anatomy.
Research and practice.
Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy and histology, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.
It differs from physiology in that anatomy is about the morphology of biological structures, while physiology is the way those structures actually work.
Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, prosthetists and orthotists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials, and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers.
The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope.
Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school.
Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format, in line with modern teaching methods.
A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by physicians, especially surgeons and doctors working in some diagnostic specialties, such as histopathology and radiology.
Academic human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools or teaching hospitals.
They are often involved in teaching anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells.
Article: Pike Place Market
Section: Before the Market

Question: Why were farmers forced to sell their produce on consignment through wholesalers at The Lots?

Before the Market.
Before the creation of the Pike Place Market in 1907, local Seattle area farmers sold their goods to the public in a three-square block area called The Lots, located at Sixth Avenue and King Street.
Most produce sold at The Lots would then be brought to commercial wholesale houses on Western Avenue, which became known as Produce Row.
Most farmers, due to the amount of time required to work their farms, were forced to sell their produce on consignment through the wholesalers on Western Avenue.
The farmers typically received a percentage of the final sale price for their goods.
They would sell to the middleman on commission, as most farmers would often have no time to sell direct to the public, and their earnings would be on marked up prices and expected sales.
In some cases, the farmers made a profit, but just as often found themselves breaking even, or getting no money at all due to the business practices of the wholesalers.
During the existence of the wholesale houses, which far predated the Market, there were regular rumors as well as instances of corruption in denying payment to farmers.
Article: Looper (film)
Section: Toronto International Film Festival

Question: What kind of review did Todd McCarthy give Looper?

James Mottram of "Total Film" gave "Looper" 5 stars out of 5, concluding that it was "the best sci-fi movie since "Moon".
The best time-travel yarn since "12 Monkeys".
And one of the best films of 2012.
"Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, calling it "an engaging, neatly worked-out time-travel sci-fi thriller", but also criticizing the effects involved in making Gordon-Levitt resemble Willis: "At first, the effect is a bit odd, and you can't quite put your finger on what's off; then it feels downright weird to be looking at a version of Gordon-Levitt who is no longer the actor you've known for a few years now.
"Peter Debruge of "Variety" also gave the film a positive review, writing that writer-director Johnson's "grandly conceived, impressively mounted third feature shows a giddy, geeky interest in science-fiction, then forces it into the back seat and lets the multidimensional characters drive.
In a genre infamous for loose ends, this thinking man's thriller marshals action, romance and a dose of very dark comedy toward a stunning payoff."
Article: It Will Rain
Section: Credits and personnel

Question: Who mastered the song "It Will Rain"?

 Recording
Engineered at: Levcon Studios in Los Angeles, California; mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood, California.
Personnel
Songwriting – Ari Levine, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence 
Production – The Smeezingtons
Engineer – Ari Levine
Arrangement by (string arrangement)– Phredley Brown
Mixing – Manny Marroquin 
 Mixed By (assisted by)– Chris Galland, Erik Madrid
Mastering – David Kutch 
Bass– Oscar Hidalgo
Conductor– Suzie Katayama
Viola– Andrew Duckles
Violin– Charlie Bisharat, Josefina Vergara
Article: I Won't Give Up
Section: Background

Question: How many weeks was "I'm Yours" on the top Billboard 100 chart?

After "I'm Yours" remained at the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for a record 76 weeks ending in October 2009 (peaking at number 6), Mraz headed to the Gulf of Mexico in the summer of 2010 to help with efforts to clean the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Later, he went to a trip to Ghana to fight child slavery alongside the nonprofit Free the Slaves.
Later, Mraz was in Antarctica, spending time with Al Gore and learning about climate change aboard the National Geographic Explorer.
During his activist outings, Mraz wrote and recorded his fourth album, "Love Is a Four Letter Word", with producer Joe Chiccarelli.
In an interview for "Billboard", he confessed that he was less interested in following up his biggest hit than using the power that "I'm Yours" gave him to fuel positive change.
He further elaborated: "The pressure I put on myself, or what I hope my 'I Won't Give Up' does, is to make a difference in people's lives .
.
.
With 'I'm Yours,' I got to go out and set my feet on different continents, and expose myself to different cultures and causes.
I wanted to see who I was, outside of music.
"Mraz explained the track, in a "track-by-track" commentary for "Billboard":"'I Won't Give Up' was written selfishly.
As many of my songs are, I write for the purpose of understanding what the hell's going on in my life, my position in the world, processing that lesson and that miracle that I'm learning.
Seeing it on the page, proving to myself that I understand the lesson, that I'm applying it to my life, and that I can move on.
Ultimately it was about, you know, regardless of what happens in this relationship, I don't have to give up on loving this person, or loving myself, or give up on whatever my dreams are.
Even though its written through the filter of relationships, it's not necessarily specific for relationships.
For me, the true meaning exists in the bridge saying 'I don't want to be someone who walks away so easily, I'm here to stay and make a difference.'
That is for all of us.
We all have something that we're fighting for or that we're striving for.
Whether we want to coach our soccer team to victory or lose five pounds in a month, whatever it is, there's nothing too small worth fighting for and there's nothing too big worth going after."
Article: Battle of Midway
Section: Background

Question: What island did bomber attacks take place?

Japan had attained its initial strategic goals quickly, taking the Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia); the latter, with its vital oil resources, was particularly important to Japan.
Because of this, preliminary planning for a second phase of operations commenced as early as January 1942.
However, there were strategic disagreements between the Imperial Army and Imperial Navy, and infighting between the Navy's GHQ and Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's Combined Fleet, such that a follow-up strategy was not formed until April 1942.
Admiral Yamamoto finally succeeded in winning the bureaucratic struggle with a thinly veiled threat to resign, after which his plan for the Central Pacific was adopted.
Yamamoto's primary strategic goal was the elimination of America's carrier forces, which he perceived as the principal threat to the overall Pacific campaign.
This concern was acutely heightened by the Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942, in which 16 US Army Air Forces B-25 Mitchell bombers launched from bombed targets in Tokyo and several other Japanese cities.
The raid, while militarily insignificant, was a severe psychological shock to the Japanese and showed the existence of a gap in the defenses around the Japanese home islands as well as the accessibility of Japanese territory to American bombers.
This, and other successful hit-and-run raids by American carriers in the South Pacific, showed that they were still a threat, although seemingly reluctant to be drawn into an all-out battle.
Yamamoto reasoned that another attack on the main U.S Naval base at Pearl Harbor would induce all of the American fleet to sail out to fight, including the carriers.
However, due to the strength of American land-based air power on the Hawaiian Islands, he judged that it was too risky to attack Pearl Harbor directly.
Instead, Yamamoto selected Midway, a tiny atoll at the extreme northwest end of the Hawaiian Island chain, approximately from Oahu.
Midway was not especially important in the larger scheme of Japan's intentions, but the Japanese felt the Americans would consider Midway a vital outpost of Pearl Harbor and would therefore be compelled to defend it vigorously.
The U.S. did consider Midway vital; after the battle, establishment of a U.S. submarine base on Midway allowed submarines operating from Pearl Harbor to refuel and reprovision, extending their radius of operations by .
In addition to serving as a seaplane base, Midway's airstrips also served as a forward staging point for bomber attacks on Wake Island.
Article: The Starry Night
Section: Subject matter

Question: What village is shown in the center part of the painting under a swirling sky?

The center part shows the village of Saint-Rémy under a swirling sky, in a view from the asylum towards north.
The Alpilles far to the right fit to this view, but there is little rapport of the actual scene with the intermediary hills which seem to be derived from a different part of the surroundings, south of the asylum.
The cypress tree to the left was added into the composition.
Of note is the fact Van Gogh had already, during his time in Arles, repositioned Ursa Major from the north to the south in his painting "Starry Night Over the Rhone".
In a letter to his brother Theo, Van Gogh wrote of it:
Article: France
Section: Administrative divisions

Question: What year were the arrondissements abolished?

France is divided into 27 administrative regions, 22 in metropolitan France (including the territorial collectivity of Corsica), and five located overseas.
The regions are further subdivided into 101 departments, which are numbered mainly alphabetically.
This number is used in postal codes and vehicle number plates amongst others.
The 101 departments are subdivided into 341 arrondissements which are, in turn, subdivided into 4,051 cantons.
These cantons are then divided into 36,697 communes, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council.
There are 2,588 intercommunal entities grouping 33,414 of the 36,697 communes (i.e.
91.1% of all the communes).
Three communes, Paris, Lyon and Marseille are subdivided into 45 municipal arrondissements.
The regions, departments and communes are all known as territorial collectivities, meaning they possess local assemblies as well as an executive.
Arrondissements and cantons are merely administrative divisions.
However, this was not always the case.
Until 1940, the arrondissements were territorial collectivities with an elected assembly, but these were suspended by the Vichy regime and definitely abolished by the Fourth Republic in 1946.