community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: United Kingdom
Section: Energy

Question: How many tonnes of coal did the UK produce in 2011?

In 2006, the UK was the world's ninth-largest consumer of energy and the 15th largest producer.
The UK is home to a number of large energy companies, including two of the six oil and gas "supermajors" – BP and Royal Dutch Shell – and BG Group.
In 2011, 40% of the UK's electricity was produced by gas, 30% by coal, 19% by nuclear power and 4.2% by wind, hydro, biofuels and wastes.
In 2009, the UK produced 1.5 million barrels per day (bbl/d) of oil and consumed 1.7 million bbl/d.
Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of oil since 2005. the UK had around 3.1 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves, the largest of any EU member state.
In 2009, 66.5% of the UK's oil supply was imported.
In 2009, the UK was the 13th largest producer of natural gas in the world and the largest producer in the EU.
Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004.
In 2009, half of British gas was supplied from imports and this is expected to increase to at least 75% by 2015, as domestic reserves are depleted.
Coal production played a key role in the UK economy in the 19th and 20th centuries.
In the mid-1970s, 130 million tonnes of coal was being produced annually, not falling below 100 million tonnes until the early 1980s.
During the 1980s and 1990s the industry was scaled back considerably.
In 2011, the UK produced 18.3 million tonnes of coal.
In 2005 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 171 million tons.
The UK Coal Authority has stated there is a potential to produce between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes of coal through underground coal gasification (UCG) or 'fraking', and that, based on current UK coal consumption, such reserves could last between 200 and 400 years.
However, environmental and social concerns have been raised over chemicals getting into the water table and minor earthquakes damaging homes.
In the late 1990s, nuclear power plants contributed around 25% of total annual electricity generation in the UK, but this has gradually declined as old plants have been shut down and ageing-related problems affect plant availability.
In 2012, the UK had 16 reactors normally generating about 19% of its electricity.
All but one of the reactors will be retired by 2023.
Unlike Germany and Japan, the UK intends to build a new generation of nuclear plants from about 2018.
Article: Where Have You Been
Section: Credits and personnel

Question: The individual nicknamed "Big Juice" was in charge of what aspect of the production?

Recording
Recorded at Eightysevenfourteen Studios, Los Angeles, California; Eyeknowasecret Studio, Brentwood, California.
Sample
Contains elements from the composition "I've Been Everywhere", written by Geoff Mack under Unichappel Music Inc (BMI).
Personnel
Vocals - Rihanna
Songwriting – Ester Dean, Lukasz Gottwald, Calvin Harris, Henry Walter, Geoff Mack
Production, instruments, programming  – Dr. Luke, Cirkut, Calvin Harris
Vocal engineering and recording – Kuk Harrell, Marcos Tovar
Assistant vocal recording – Jennifer Rosales
Engineering – Aubry "Big Juice" Delaine, Clint Gibbs
Mixing – Serban Ghenea
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Talk That Talk", Def Jam Recordings, SRP Records.
Article: Battle of Moscow
Section: Casualties

Question: What was the estimated total of casualties?

Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates.
Not all historians agree on what should be considered the "Battle of Moscow" in the timeline of World War II.
While the start of the battle is usually regarded as the beginning of Operation "Typhoon" on 30 September 1941 (or sometimes on 2 October 1941), there are two different dates for the end of the offensive.
In particular, some sources (such as Erickson and Glantz) exclude the Rzhev offensive from the scope of the battle, considering it as a distinct operation and making the Moscow offensive "stop" on 7 January 1942—thus lowering the number of casualties.
Other historians, who include the Rzhev and Vyazma operations in the scope of the battle (thus making the battle end in May 1942), give higher casualty numbers.
There are also significant differences in figures from various sources.
John Erickson, in his "Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies", gives a figure of 653,924 Soviet casualties between October 1941 and January 1942.
Glantz, in his book "When Titans Clashed", gives a figure of 658,279 for the defense phase alone, plus 370,955 for the winter counteroffensive until 7 January 1942.
The estimate of 400,000 German casualties by January 1942 reported in the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", published in 1973–1978, is clearly inflated.
A much more accurate estimate is provided in the "Moscow Encyclopedia", published in 1997; its authors, based on various sources, give a figure of 145,000 German and 900,000 Soviet casualties for the defensive phase, along with 103,000 German and 380,000 Soviet casualties for the counteroffensive until 7 January 1942.
Many of the Soviet casualties, however, consisted of captured men.
On the other hand, Wehrmacht daily casualty reports show 35,757 killed in action, 128,716 wounded, and 9,721 missing in action for the entire Army Group Center between 1 October 1941 and 10 January 1942.
Therefore, total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 174,000 and 248,000 for the "Wehrmacht" (Wehrmacht reports / Moscow encyclopedia estimate) and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army (Erickson / Moscow encyclopedia estimate).
Regardless of these disagreements, the Battle of Moscow is considered among the most lethal battles in world history.
Article: Pathology
Section: France

Question: Anatomical pathology and Clinical pathology residences stayed for a toal of four years

In France, Pathology is separate in two distinct specialties, Anatomical pathology and Clinical pathology.
Residencies both lasts four years.
Residency in anatomical pathology is open to physicians only, while clinical pathology is open to both physicians and pharmacists.
Anatomical pathology in France is integrated in the internal medicine specialty track.
At the end of the second year of clinical pathology residency, residents can choose between general Clinical pathology and a specialization in one of the disciplines, but they can not practise Anatomical pathology.
And conversely, Anatomical pathology residents can not practise Clinical pathology.
Article: Henry Moore
Section: Abstract

Question: Henry Spencer Moore is best know for which style?

Henry Spencer Moore (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986) was an English sculptor and artist.
He was best known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art.
His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures.
Moore's works are usually suggestive of the female body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups.
His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces.
Many interpreters liken the undulating form of his reclining figures to the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire.
Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a coal miner.
He became well-known through his carved marble and larger-scale abstract cast bronze sculptures, and was instrumental in introducing a particular form of modernism to the United Kingdom.
His ability in later life to fulfill large-scale commissions made him exceptionally wealthy.
Yet he lived frugally and most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation, which continues to support education and promotion of the arts.
Article: Japan
Section: Culture

Question: What is the number of Japanese sites on the UNESCO world heritage list?

Japanese culture has evolved greatly from its origins.
Contemporary culture combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America.
Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and rakugo; and other practices, the tea ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen, Geisha and games.
Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures.
Sixteen sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, twelve of which are of cultural significance.
Article: Eiffel Tower
Section: Communications

Question: When was the first radio transmission sent from the Eiffel Tower?

The tower has been used for radio transmission since the beginning of the 20th century.
Until the 1950s, sets of antenna wires ran from the summit to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars.
These were connected to long-wave transmitters in small bunkers; in 1909 a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar, which still exists today.
On 20 November 1913 the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory which used an antenna in Arlington, Virginia.
The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C. Today, both radio and television stations broadcast their signals from the top of the Eiffel Tower.
Article: Donatello
Section: Last years in Florence

Question: Where was Donatello buried?

Donatello returned to Florence in 1453.
The Judith and Holofernes, begun for the Duomo di Siena date from 1455 to 1460 but were later acquired by the Medici.
Until 1461, Donatello remained in Siena, where he created a "St. John the Baptist", also for the Duomo, and models for its gates, now lost.
For his last commission in Florence, Donatello produced reliefs for the bronze pulpits in the church of San Lorenzo, with help from students Bartolomeo Bellano and Bertoldo di Giovanni.
Donatello provided the general design and personally executed the "Martyrdom of St. Lawrence" and the "Deposition from the Cross"; he worked on the reliefs of "Christ before Pilate" and "Christ before Caiphus", with Bellano.
This work is characterized by an intense, free, indeed sketchy and suggestively unfinished — in Italian a "non-finito" — technique that heightens the dramatic effect of the scenes and emphasizes their spiritual intensity.
Donatello died in Florence in 1466 and was buried in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, next to Cosimo de' Medici the Elder.
Article: Mexico
Section: Science and technology

Question: What year was the National Autonomous University of Mexico founded?

The National Autonomous University of Mexico was officially established in 1910, and the university become one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico.
UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering.
Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as National Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1936), were established during the first half of the 20th century.
Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM.
Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973.
In 1959, the Mexican Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.
In 1995 the Mexican chemist Mario J. Molina shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood Rowland for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.
Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science.
In recent years, the largest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the Large Millimeter Telescope (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world's largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range.
It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust.
Article: Chemical reaction
Section: History

Question: Who first applied chemical theory?

Chemical reactions such as combustion in the fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity.
Initial theories of transformation of materials were developed by Greek philosophers, such as the Four-Element Theory of Empedocles stating that any substance is composed of the four basic elements – fire, water, air and earth.
In the Middle Ages, chemical transformations were studied by Alchemists.
They attempted, in particular, to convert lead into gold, for which purpose they used reactions of lead and lead-copper alloys with sulfur.
The production of chemical substances that do not normally occur in nature has long been tried, such as the synthesis of sulfuric and nitric acids attributed to the controversial alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān.
The process involved heating of sulfate and nitrate minerals such as copper sulfate, alum and saltpeter.
In the 17th century, Johann Rudolph Glauber produced hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid and sodium chloride.
With the development of the lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process, allowing large-scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate, respectively, chemical reactions became implemented into the industry.
Further optimization of sulfuric acid technology resulted in the contact process in 1880s, and the Haber process was developed in 1909–1910 for ammonia synthesis.
From the 16th century, researchers including Jan Baptist van Helmont, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton tried to establish theories of the experimentally observed chemical transformations.
The phlogiston theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher.
It postulated the existence of a fire-like element called "phlogiston", which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion.
This proved to be false in 1785 by Antoine Lavoisier who found the correct explanation of the combustion as reaction with oxygen from the air.
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac recognized in 1808 that gases always react in a certain relationship with each other.
Based on this idea and the atomic theory of John Dalton, Joseph Proust had developed the law of definite proportions, which later resulted in the concepts of stoichiometry and chemical equations.
Regarding the organic chemistry, it was long believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be obtained synthetically.
According to the concept of vitalism, organic matter was endowed with a "vital force" and distinguished from inorganic materials.
This separation was ended however by the synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.
Other chemists who brought major contributions to organic chemistry include Alexander William Williamson with his synthesis of ethers and Christopher Kelk Ingold, who, among many discoveries, established the mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Article: Sailing
Section: Other terms

Question: "Made fast" or "belayed refer to what?

Walls are called "bulkheads" or "ceilings", while the surfaces referred to as ceilings on land are called 'overheads'or 'deckheads'.
Floors are called 'soles' or "decks".
"Broken up" was the fate of a ship that hit a "rocky point" or was simply no longer wanted.
The toilet is traditionally called the 'head', the kitchen is the "galley".
When lines are tied off, this may be referred to as 'made fast' or 'belayed.'
Sails in different sail plans have unchanging names, however.
For the naming of sails, see sail-plan.
Article: Kung Fu Panda
Section: Critical response

Question: What was the score for Kung Fu Panda on Rotten Tomatoes?

Critical response.
"Kung Fu Panda" has received positive reviews from critics.
Rotten Tomatoes reported that 88% of 164 critics gave the film a positive review.
The film has an approval rating of 76% from a select group of critics and an approval rating of 83% from users of the site.
Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 73 out of 100, based on 33 reviews.
Richard Corliss of "Time Magazine" gave "Kung Fu Panda" a positive review, stating the picture "provides a master course in cunning visual art and ultra-satisfying entertainment".
"The New York Times" said, "At once fuzzy-wuzzy and industrial strength, the tacky-sounding "Kung Fu Panda" is high concept with a heart," and the review called the film "consistently diverting" and "visually arresting".
Chris Barsanti of "Filmcritic.com" commented, "Blazing across the screen with eye-popping, sublime artwork, "Kung Fu Panda" sets itself apart from the modern domestic animation trend with its sheer beauty [...] the film enters instant classic status as some of the most gorgeous animation Hollywood has produced since the golden age of Disney."
Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" called the film "one of the few comedies of 2008 in any style or genre that knows what it’s doing".
However, Tom Charity of CNN criticized the action for " to blur into a whirlwind of slapstick chaos" and considered the character of Po similar to others played by Black.
Peter Howell of "The Toronto Star" awarded the film two and a half stars, considering it to have a "lack of story" that "frequently manages to amuse, if not entirely to delight".
Article: Chile
Section: 21st century

Question: Who succeeded Frei Ruiz-Tagle?

Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist Ricardo Lagos, who won the presidency in an unprecedented runoff election against Joaquín Lavín of the rightist Alliance for Chile.
In January 2006, Chileans elected their first female president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party, defeating Sebastián Piñera, of the National Renewal party, extending the "Concertación" governance for another four years.
In January 2010, Chileans elected Sebastián Piñera as the first rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle of the "Concertación", for a four-year term succeeding Bachelet.
On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 MW earthquake, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time.
More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing tsunami) and over a million people lost their homes.
The earthquake was also followed by multiple aftershocks.
Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15–30 billion, around 10 to 15 percent of Chile's real gross domestic product.
Chile achieved global recognition for the successful rescue of 33 trapped miners in 2010.
On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San Jose copper and gold mine in the Atacama Desert near Copiapó in northern Chile, trapping 33 men below ground.
A rescue effort organized by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later.
All 33 men were brought to the surface on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the world.
Article: Grand Canyon
Section: Upper Sonoran and Transition

Question: The Grand Canyon has how many bird species that breed in the coniferous forests?

The Upper Sonoran Life Zone includes most of the inner canyon and South Rim at elevations from .
This zone is generally dominated by blackbrush, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper woodlands.
Elevations of are in the Mojave Desert Scrub community of the Upper Sonoran.
This community is dominated by the four-winged saltbush and creosote bush; other important plants include Utah agave, narrowleaf mesquite, ratany, catclaw, and various cacti species.
Approximately 30 bird species breed primarily in the desert uplands and cliffs of the inner canyon.
Virtually all bird species present breed in other suitable habitats throughout the Sonoran and Mohave deserts.
The abundance of bats, swifts, and riparian birds provides ample food for peregrines, and suitable eyrie sites are plentiful along the steep canyon walls.
Also, several critically endangered California Condors that were re-introduced to the Colorado Plateau on the Arizona Strip, have made the eastern part of the Park their home.
The conifer forests provide habitat for 52 mammal species.
Porcupines, shrews, red squirrels, tassel eared Kaibab and Abert's squirrels, black bear, mule deer, and elk are found at the park's higher elevations on the Kaibab Plateau.
Above the desert scrub and up to is a pinyon pine forest and one seed juniper woodland.
Within this woodland one can find big sagebrush, snakeweed, Mormon tea, Utah agave, banana and narrowleaf Yucca, winterfat, Indian ricegrass, dropseed, and needlegrass.
There are a variety of snakes and lizards here, but one species of reptile, the mountain short-horned Lizard, is a particularly abundant inhabitant of the piñon-juniper and ponderosa pine forests.
Ponderosa pine forests grow at elevations between , on both North and South rims in the Transition life zone.
The South Rim includes species such as gray fox, mule deer, bighorn sheep, rock squirrels, pinyon pine and Utah juniper.
Additional species such as Gambel oak, New Mexico locust, mountain mahogany, elderberry, creeping mahonia, and fescue have been identified in these forests.
The Utah tiger salamander and the Great Basin spadefoot toad are two amphibians that are common in the rim forests.
Of the approximately 90 bird species that breed in the coniferous forests, 51 are summer residents and at least 15 of these are known to be neotropical migrants.