community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Climate change
Section: Glaciers

Question: What is the most sensitive indicator of climate change?

Glaciers are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change.
Their size is determined by a mass balance between snow input and melt output.
As temperatures warm, glaciers retreat unless snow precipitation increases to make up for the additional melt; the converse is also true.
Glaciers grow and shrink due both to natural variability and external forcings.
Variability in temperature, precipitation, and englacial and subglacial hydrology can strongly determine the evolution of a glacier in a particular season.
Therefore, one must average over a decadal or longer time-scale and/or over a many individual glaciers to smooth out the local short-term variability and obtain a glacier history that is related to climate.
A world glacier inventory has been compiled since the 1970s, initially based mainly on aerial photographs and maps but now relying more on satellites.
This compilation tracks more than 100,000 glaciers covering a total area of approximately 240,000 km2, and preliminary estimates indicate that the remaining ice cover is around 445,000 km2.
The World Glacier Monitoring Service collects data annually on glacier retreat and glacier mass balance.
From this data, glaciers worldwide have been found to be shrinking significantly, with strong glacier retreats in the 1940s, stable or growing conditions during the 1920s and 1970s, and again retreating from the mid-1980s to present.
The most significant climate processes since the middle to late Pliocene (approximately 3 million years ago) are the glacial and interglacial cycles.
The present interglacial period (the Holocene) has lasted about 11,700 years.
Shaped by orbital variations, responses such as the rise and fall of continental ice sheets and significant sea-level changes helped create the climate.
Other changes, including Heinrich events, Dansgaard–Oeschger events and the Younger Dryas, however, illustrate how glacial variations may also influence climate without the orbital forcing.
Glaciers leave behind moraines that contain a wealth of material—including organic matter, quartz, and potassium that may be dated—recording the periods in which a glacier advanced and retreated.
Similarly, by tephrochronological techniques, the lack of glacier cover can be identified by the presence of soil or volcanic tephra horizons whose date of deposit may also be ascertained.
Article: Korean War
Section: Media

Question: In the in the multimedia project "Land of the Morning Calm Canadians in Korea" what type of people were interviewed?

 The Korean War You Never Knew & Life in the Korean War – slideshows by "Life magazine"
 QuickTime sequence of 27 maps adapted from the West Point Atlas of American Wars
 Animation for operations in 1950
 Animation for operations in 1951
 US Army Korea Media Center official Korean War online image archive
 Rare pictures of the Korean War from the U.S. Library of Congress and National Archives
 "Land of the Morning Calm Canadians in Korea" – multimedia project including veteran interviews
 Pathé Online newsreel archive featuring films on the war
 CBC Digital Archives—Forgotten Heroes: Canada and the Korean War
Article: Telescope
Section: Types of mount

Question: What is one kind of tracking mount

A telescope mount is a mechanical structure which supports a telescope.
Telescope mounts are designed to support the mass of the telescope and allow for accurate pointing of the instrument.
Many sorts of mounts have been developed over the years, with the majority of effort being put into systems that can track the motion of the stars as the Earth rotates.
The two main types of tracking mount are:
 Altazimuth mount
 Equatorial mount
Article: Physics
Section: Application and influence

Question: What term is used in physics research that is intended for a particular use?

Applied physics is a general term for physics research which is intended for a particular use.
An applied physics curriculum usually contains a few classes in an applied discipline, like geology or electrical engineering.
It usually differs from engineering in that an applied physicist may not be designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving a problem.
The approach is similar to that of applied mathematics.
Applied physicists can also be interested in the use of physics for scientific research.
For instance, people working on accelerator physics might seek to build better particle detectors for research in theoretical physics.
Physics is used heavily in engineering.
For example, statics, a subfield of mechanics, is used in the building of bridges and other static structures.
The understanding and use of acoustics results in sound control and better concert halls; similarly, the use of optics creates better optical devices.
An understanding of physics makes for more realistic flight simulators, video games, and movies, and is often critical in forensic investigations.
With the standard consensus that the laws of physics are universal and do not change with time, physics can be used to study things that would ordinarily be mired in uncertainty.
For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward and backward in time and so predict prior and future conditions.
It also allows for simulations in engineering which drastically speed up the development of a new technology.
But there is also considerable interdisciplinarity in the physicist's methods and so many other important fields are influenced by physics, e.g.
the fields of econophysics and sociophysics.
Article: Wrestling
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the required amount of people for wrestling?

Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds.
A wrestling bout is a physical competition, between two (occasionally more) competitors or sparring partners, who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position.
There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles.
Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems.
The term "wrestling" is attested in late Old English, as "wræstlunge" (glossing "palestram").
Article: Space Needle
Section: Abstract

Question: Where can I find the location of the Space Needle?

The Space Needle is an observation tower in Seattle, Washington, a landmark of the Pacific Northwest, and a symbol of Seattle.
Built in the Seattle Center for the 1962 World's Fair, which drew over 2.3 million visitors, nearly 20,000 people a day used its elevators.
Once the tallest structure west of the Mississippi River, it is high, wide, and weighs 9,550 tons.
It is built to withstand winds of up to and earthquakes of up to 9.1 magnitude, as strong as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake.
It also has 25 lightning rods.
It has an observation deck at and a gift shop with the rotating SkyCity restaurant at .
From the top of the Needle, one can see not only the downtown Seattle skyline but also the Olympic and Cascade Mountains, Mount Rainier, Mount Baker, Elliott Bay, and surrounding islands.
Photographs of the Seattle skyline often show the Space Needle prominently, above the rest of the skyscrapers and Mount Rainier.
Visitors can reach the top of the Space Needle by elevators that travel at .
The trip takes 41 seconds, and some tourists wait in hour-long lines.
On windy days, the elevators slow to .
On April 19, 1999, the city's Landmarks Preservation Board designated it a historic landmark.
Article: The Holocaust
Section: Persons of color

Question: When the Nazi's first took over Germany, how many black people were in the country?

The number of black people in Germany when the Nazis came to power is variously estimated at 5,000–25,000.
It is not clear whether these figures included Asians.
According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., "The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder.
However, there was no systematic program for their elimination as there was for Jews and other groups."
Meanwhile, Afrikaaners, Berbers, Iranians and Pre-Partition Indians were classified as Aryans, so not persecuted (see main article).
Racial restrictions were relaxed to the extent that Turkic peoples, Arabs and South Asians were recruited by the German military due to the shortage of manpower.
Article: Salad
Section: History

Question: In what way does a "Salad Bar" function in a restaurant?

The Romans and ancient Greeks ate mixed greens with dressing.
In his 1699 book, "Acetaria: A Discourse on Sallets", John Evelyn attempted with little success to encourage his fellow Britons to eat fresh salad greens.
Mary, Queen of Scots, ate boiled celery root over greens covered with creamy mustard dressing, truffles, chervil, and slices of hard-boiled eggs.
The United States popularized mixed greens salads in the late 19th century; other regions of the world adopted them throughout the second half of the 20th century.
From Europe and the Americas to China, Japan, and Australia, salads are sold in supermarkets, at restaurants and at fast food chains.
In the US market, restaurants will often have a "Salad Bar" laid out with salad-making ingredients, which the customers will use to put together their salad.
Article: Sweden
Section: Language

Question: Why are Swedish dialects in Scania influenced by Danish?

The official language of Sweden is Swedish, a North Germanic language, related and very similar to Danish and Norwegian, but differing in pronunciation and orthography.
Norwegians have little difficulty understanding Swedish, and Danes can also understand it, with slightly more difficulty than the Norwegians.
The same goes for standard Swedish speakers, who find it far easier to understand Norwegian than Danish.
The dialects spoken in Scania, the southernmost part of the country, are influenced by Danish because the region traditionally was a part of Denmark and is nowadays situated closely to it.
Sweden Finns are Sweden's largest linguistic minority, comprising about 5% of Sweden's population, and Finnish is recognized as a minority language.
Along with Finnish, four other minority languages are also recognized: Meänkieli, Sami, Romani and Yiddish.
Swedish became Sweden's official language on 1 July 2009, when a new language law was implemented.
The issue of whether Swedish should be declared the official language has been raised in the past, and the Riksdag voted on the matter in 2005, but the proposal narrowly failed.
In varying degrees, depending largely on frequency of interaction with English, a majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, understand and speak English owing to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films, and the relative similarity of the two languages which makes learning English easier.
In a 2005 survey by Eurobarometer, 89% of Swedes reported the ability to speak English.
English became a compulsory subject for secondary school students studying natural sciences as early as 1849, and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since the late 1940s.
Depending on the local school authorities, English is currently a compulsory subject between first grade and ninth grade, with all students continuing in secondary school studying English for at least another year.
Most students also study one and sometimes two additional languages.
These include (but are not limited to) German, French and Spanish.
Some Danish and Norwegian is at times also taught as part of Swedish courses for native speakers.
Article: The Kid with a Bike
Section: Production

Question: What was the character Samantha's occupation?

Luc Dardenne said that he and his brother Jean-Pierre had for a long time had the idea of a film about "a woman who helps a boy emerge from the violence that holds him prisoner."
Writing the screenplay took one year including a few breaks.
In the earliest drafts, the character Samantha was a doctor and not a hairdresser.
The script was structured with a fairytale in mind, where the boy would lose his illusions and Samantha would appear as a fairy-like figure.
By not explaining much about the characters' past and psychology, the brothers aimed to avoid sentimentality.
Throughout the writing process the brothers strove to maintain a strong clarity in the overall work and to avoid gloom, which is why the brothers, according to Jean-Pierre, decided to omit "any form of vulgarity in the teenagers' language, even though they're street criminals.
"The film is a co-production with 46% investment from its directors' Belgian company Les Films du Fleuve, 44% from its French Archipel 35, and 10% from Italy's Lucky Red.
It received further funding from the CNC, Eurimages, Wallimage, Radio Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française, and the Belgian French Community.Cécile de France was offered the role of Samantha soon after the screenplay was finished, as the brothers believed she would be able to portray the kindness of the character with her body and face alone.
For the casting of the boy, Cyril, the production team held around 100 auditions.
Thomas Doret was the fifth applicant the brothers met, and according to Jean-Pierre, "it clicked right away."
The team rehearsed for a month on the actual sets in full costume.
The 55-day shoot commenced in Belgium in August and ended 15 October 2010.
It was the first time the Dardenne brothers made a film in the summer.
The film was made under the production title "Délivrez-moi!"
which means "Set me free!
"Unusually for a film by the Dardenne brothers, there is music in the film.
According to Luc, they hesitated for a long time, but eventually decided that music would serve the film's structure: "In a fairytale there has to be a development, with emotions and new beginnings.
It seemed to us that music, at certain points, could act like a calming caress for Cyril."
Article: Romania
Section: Social welfare

Question: How soon are mothers entitled with a vacation after childbirth?

In 1990, after the fall of the communist regime, the whole system was reformed.
It was divided into multiple categories (healthcare, child care, adults and elderly), and the concept of generalized social welfare became reduced in scale.
Families or mothers do not pay for giving birth, which is subsidized by state tax revenues.
As soon as mothers give birth, they are entitled to vacation.
They receive aid which amounts 75% of their net income, without a limit being set.
After the age of two, children receive an allowance of approximately €9 per month up until the age of 18, although they must attend school in order to receive it.
Adults are also able to apply for unemployment aid.
The amount varies from case to case, but is generally comparable to the minimum wage.
The unemployment aid can be granted if the payer has contributed and if they can prove they are actively seeking for a job.
The unemployment aid is granted on a time-limited, individually determined basis.
The unemployment rate in Romania has been relatively low in recent years and stands at around 5% in 2011.
The pension system was also reformed.
The current average retirement age (55 years for women and 57 years for men) will be gradually increased until 2014 to 60 years for women and 65 years for men.
Pension is granted nonetheless of the contributions made during one's lifetime.
It increases proportionally with the contribution a person made during their working age.
Some retirees have pensions that overcome the medium salary, but a third of them live off with a pension equal to or under the minimum wage.
Pension is provided by the state.
Article: Inside Llewyn Davis
Section: Cast

Question: Who played Marty Green?

 Oscar Isaac as Llewyn Davis
 Carey Mulligan as Jean Berkey
 John Goodman as Roland Turner
 Garrett Hedlund as Johnny Five
 Justin Timberlake as Jim Berkey
 F. Murray Abraham as Bud Grossman
 Stark Sands as Troy Nelson
 Jeanine Serralles as Joy
 Adam Driver as Al Cody
 Ethan Phillips as Mitch Gorfein
 Alex Karpovsky as Marty Green
 Max Casella as Pappi Corsicato
 Chris Eldridge as Mike Timlin
 Benjamin Pike as young Bob Dylan
Article: Enough Said (film)
Section: Top 10 Lists

Question: Which film was critiqued by Dana Stevens?

Many top critics have listed the film among their 10 best of the year.
 Bill Goodykoontz, "Arizona Republic": 6th
 Chris Nashawaty, "Entertainment Weekly": 6th
 David Sexton, "Evening Standard" (London): 7th
 Brian Johnson, "Maclean's": 8th
 Connie Ogle, "Miami Herald": 5th
 A. O. Scott, "New York Times": 4th
 Steven Rea, "Philadelphia Inquirer": Top 10
 Moira MacDonald, "Seattle Times": Top 10
 Dana Stevens, "Slate": Top 10
 Anne Thompson, "Thompson on Hollywood": 8th
 Mara Reinstein, "Us Weekly": 4th
 Claudia Puig, "USA Today": Top 10
 Richard Lawson, "Vanity Fair": 8th
 Ann Hornday, "Washington Post": 4th
Article: Blackfish (film)
Section: Critical reception

Question: How did "Desert News" react to the film?

The review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes said 98% of 94 critics gave the film a positive review, with the site's consensus stating, ""Blackfish" is an aggressive, impassioned documentary that will change the way you look at performance killer whales."
The "Deseret News" called it "a gripping example of documentary filmmaking at its finest".
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 83 based on 33 reviews.
After the film's release, former SeaWorld trainer Bridgette Pirtle said the final film was "a complete ‘180’ from what was originally presented to me."
Mark Simmons, one of Tilikum's first trainers, believed few of his interview comments were used "ecause the things I said flew in the face of the movie’s clear agenda.
What I contributed did not support Gabriela or Tim Zimmerman’s intent with the film.”In January 2014, the family of the late trainer Dawn Brancheau said neither it nor the foundation named after her were affiliated with the film, and that they did not believe it accurately reflected Brancheau or her experiences.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Scientific accuracy

Question: How many scenes from Breaking Bad were put under scrutiny?

Donna Nelson, a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Oklahoma, checked scripts and provided dialogue.
She also drew chemical structures and wrote chemical equations which were used as props.
According to creator Vince Gilligan, "Dr. Donna Nelson from the University of Oklahoma approached us several seasons back and said, 'I really like this show, and if you ever need help with the chemistry, I'd love to lend a hand.'
She's been a wonderful advisor.
We get help wherever we need it, whether it's chemistry, electrical engineering, or physics.
We try to get everything correct.
There's no full-time on set, but we run certain scenes by these experts first."
"[Because Walter White was talking to his students, I was able to dumb down certain moments of description and dialogue in the early episodes which held me until we had some help from some honest-to-God chemists," says Gilligan.
According to Gilligan, Nelson "vets our scripts to make sure our chemistry dialogue is accurate and up to date.
We also have a chemist with the Drug Enforcement Administration based out of Dallas who has just been hugely helpful to us."
Nelson spoke of Gilligan's interest in having the science right: " said it made a difference to him.
"In 2013, two scenes from the first season of "Breaking Bad" were put under scrutiny in a "Mythbusters" "Breaking Bad" Special.
Despite several modifications to what was seen in the show, both myths were busted.
Jason Wallach of Vice magazine commended the accuracy of the cooking methods presented in the series.
In early episodes, a once common clandestine route, the Nagai red phosphorus/iodine method, is depicted, which uses pseudoephedrine as a precursor to d-(+)-methamphetamine.
By the seventh episode of season 1 "A No Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" Walt chooses to use a different synthetic route based on the difficulty of acquiring enough pseudoephedrine to produce on the larger scale required.
The new method Walt chooses is a reductive amination reaction, relying on phenyl-2-propanone and methylamine.
On the show the phenyl-2-propane, otherwise known as phenylacetone or P2P is produced from phenylacetic acid and acetic acid using a tube furnace and thorium dioxide or ThO2 as a catalyst as mentioned in episodes "A No Rough-Stuff-Type Deal" and "Más".
P2P and methylamine form an imine intermediate, reduction of this P2P-methylamine imine intermediate is performed using mercury aluminum amalgam as shown in several episodes including "Hazard Pay".
Article: Eiffel Tower
Section: Restaurants

Question: How many restaurants are in the Eiffel tower?

The tower has two restaurants: "Le 58 tour Eiffel", on the first floors and the "Le Jules Verne", a gourmet restaurant on the second floor, with a private lift.
This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide.
It is run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse.
Article: Norway
Section: Kalmar Union

Question: How old was Magnus Erikson when he inherited the throne as King Magnus VII of Norway?

Upon the death of Haakon V, King of Norway, in 1319, Magnus Erikson, at just three years old, inherited the throne as King Magnus VII of Norway.
At the same time a movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful.
(At this time both the kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles.)
Thus, with his election to the throne of Sweden, both Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus VII.
In 1349, the Black Death radically altered Norway, killing between 50% and 60% of its population and leaving it in a period of social and economic decline.
The plague left Norway very poor.
Although the death rate was comparable with the rest of Europe, economic recovery took much longer because of the small, scattered population.
Before the plague, the population was only about 500,000 people.
After the plague, many farms lay idle while the population slowly increased.
The few surviving farms' tenants found their bargaining positions with their landlords greatly strengthened.
King Magnus VII ruled Norway until 1350, when his son, Haakon, was placed on the throne as Haakon VI.
In 1363, Haakon VI married Margaret, the daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark.
Upon the death of Haakon VI, in 1379, his son, Olaf IV, was only 10 years old.
Olaf had already been elected to the throne of Denmark on 3 May 1376.
Thus, upon Olaf's accession to the throne of Norway, Denmark and Norway entered personal union.
Olaf's mother and Haakon's widow, Queen Margaret, managed the foreign affairs of Denmark and Norway during the minority of Olaf IV.
Margaret was working toward a union of Sweden with Denmark and Norway by having Olaf elected to the Swedish throne.
She was on the verge of achieving this goal when Olaf IV suddenly died.
However, Denmark made Margaret temporary ruler upon the death of Olaf.
On 2 February 1388 Norway followed suit and crowned Margaret.
Queen Margaret knew that her power would be more secure if she were able to find a king to rule in her place.
She settled on Eric of Pomerania, grandson of her sister.
Thus at an all-Scandinavian meeting held at Kalmar, Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of all three Scandinavian countries.
Thus, royal politics resulted in personal unions between the Nordic countries, eventually bringing the thrones of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden under the control of Queen Margaret when the country entered into the Kalmar Union.