community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Napoleonic Wars
Section: War between Britain and France, 1803–1814

Question: By what year was the British Army playing a central role in the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo?

Unlike its many coalition partners, Britain remained at war throughout the period of the Napoleonic Wars.
Protected by naval supremacy (in the words of Admiral Jervis to the House of Lords "I do not say, my Lords, that the French will not come.
I say only they will not come by sea"), Britain maintained low-intensity land warfare on a global scale for over a decade.
The British government paid out large sums of money to other European states, so that they could pay armies in the field against France.
These payments are colloquially known as the Golden Cavalry of St George.
The British Army provided long-term support to the Spanish rebellion in the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, assisted by Spanish guerrilla ('little war') tactics.
Anglo-Portuguese forces under Arthur Wellesley supported the Spanish, which campaigned successfully against the French armies, eventually driving them from Spain, thus allowing Britain to invade southern France.
By 1815, the British Army played the central role in the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo.
In 1802, Napoleon victoriously brought to an end the War of the Second Coalition, with only Great Britain remaining formally at war.
Isolated, Britain reluctantly agreed to end hostilities under the Treaty of Amiens (25 March 1802).
Bonaparte tried to exploit the brief peace at sea to restore French colonial rule in Haiti.
The expedition, though initially successful, would soon turn to a disaster, with the French commander Charles Leclerc, dying of yellow fever and almost his entire force destroyed by the disease.
Napoleon gave up his New World dreams and sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803.
Great Britain violated the terms of the Treaty of Amiens by occupying Malta and gathered a Third Coalition against France.
The French intervention in the Swiss civil strife, a breach of the Treaty of Lunéville (1801) between France and the Holy Roman Empire which guaranteed Swiss sovereignty, was taken as a pretext by the British to break the peace of Amiens and declare war on France on 18 May 1803.
The Coalition's war aims changed over the course of the conflict: a general desire to restore the French monarchy became closely linked to the struggle to stop Bonaparte.
Beyond minor naval actions against British imperial interests, the Napoleonic Wars were much less global in scope than preceding conflicts such as Seven Years' War, which historians term a "world war".
Article: Fight Club
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the release date for "The Graduate"

Fight Club is a 1999 American film based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk.
The film was directed by David Fincher and stars Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, and Helena Bonham Carter.
Norton plays the unnamed protagonist, an "everyman" who is discontented with his white-collar job.
He forms a "fight club" with soap maker Tyler Durden, played by Pitt, and they are joined by men who also want to fight recreationally.
The narrator becomes embroiled in a relationship with Durden and a dissolute woman, Marla Singer, played by Bonham Carter.
Palahniuk's novel was optioned by 20th Century Fox producer Laura Ziskin, who hired Jim Uhls to write the film adaptation.
Fincher was one of four directors the producers considered.
They hired him because of his enthusiasm for the film.
Fincher developed the script with Uhls and sought screenwriting advice from the cast and others in the film industry.
The director and the cast compared the film to "Rebel Without a Cause" (1955) and "The Graduate" (1967).
Fincher intended "Fight Club"s violence to serve as a metaphor for the conflict between a generation of young people and the value system of advertising.
The director copied the homoerotic overtones from Palahniuk's novel to make audiences uncomfortable and keep them from anticipating the twist ending.
Studio executives did not like the film and they restructured Fincher's intended marketing campaign to try to reduce anticipated losses.
"Fight Club" failed to meet the studio's expectations at the box office and received polarized reactions from critics.
It was cited as one of the most controversial and talked-about films of 1999.
However, the film over the years found critical and commercial success with its DVD release, which established "Fight Club" as a cult film.
Article: Track and field
Section: Javelin throw

Question: The first Javelin throw was in the Olympics when?

As an implement of war and hunting, javelin throwing began in prehistoric times.
Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon.
Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance.
It was the latter type from which the modern event derives.
In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an "ankyle" (thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance.
The javelin throw gained much popularity in Scandinavia in the late 18th century and athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in men's competitions.
The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line.
The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's competition was introduced in 1932.
The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but in the 1950s, former athlete Bud Held introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of which increased throwers performances.
Another former athlete, Miklós Németh invented the rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia.
The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward pitching moment to allow for easier measurement.
Rough-tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books.
The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999.
The current javelin specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in length and 800 grams in weight for men, and between 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women.
Article: Subatomic particle
Section: Dividing an atom

Question: What scientific theories describe the behavior of subatomic particles?

The negatively-charged electron has a mass equal to of that of a hydrogen atom.
The remainder of the hydrogen atom's mass comes from the positively charged proton.
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus.
Neutrons are neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of the proton.
Different isotopes of the same element contain the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.
The mass number of an isotope is the total number of nucleons (neutrons and protons collectively).
Chemistry concerns itself with how electron sharing binds atoms into structures such as crystals and molecules.
Nuclear physics deals with how protons and neutrons arrange themselves in nuclei.
The study of subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, and their structure and interactions, requires quantum mechanics.
Analyzing processes that change the numbers and types of particles requires quantum field theory.
The study of subatomic particles "per se" is called particle physics.
The term "high-energy physics" is nearly synonymous to "particle physics" since creation of particles requires high energies: it occurs only as a result of cosmic rays, or in particle accelerators.
Particle phenomenology systematizes the knowledge about subatomic particles obtained from these experiments.
Article: The Office
Section: Awards and honors

Question: In 2006, who won the 2006 Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series?

"Selected major awards won only"
UK version: 2004 Golden Globes for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy and Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy (Ricky Gervais); 2001, 2002 and 2003 British Academy Television Awards for Situation Comedy and Best Comedy Performance (Ricky Gervais)
US version: 2006 Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy (Steve Carell); 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series; 2007 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series; 2007 Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (Greg Daniels)
German version: 2006 Grimme Award for Fiction/Entertainment – Series/Miniseries
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: Canadian side

Question: What year was the Whirlpool Aero Car built?

On the Canadian side, Queen Victoria Park features manicured gardens, platforms offering spectacular views of both the American and Horseshoe Falls, and underground walkways leading into observation rooms that yield the illusion of being within the falling waters.
The observation deck of the nearby Skylon Tower offers the highest overhead view of the falls, and in the opposite direction gives views as far as distant Toronto.
Along with the Minolta Tower (formerly the Seagrams Tower and the Konica Minolta Tower, now called the Tower Hotel), it is one of two towers in Canada with a view of the falls.
Along the Niagara River, the Niagara River Recreational Trail runs the 35 miles (56 km) from Fort Erie to Fort George, and includes many historical sites from the War of 1812.
The Whirlpool Aero Car, built in 1916 from a design by Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, is a cable car that takes passengers over the Niagara Whirlpool on the Canadian side.
The "Journey Behind the Falls"—accessible by elevators from the street level entrance—consists of an observation platform and series of tunnels near the bottom of the Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side.
There are two casinos on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, the Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort and Casino Niagara.
The former is situated in the Fallsview Tourist Area, alongside many of the area's hotels, whilst the latter is adjacent to Clifton Hill, on Falls Avenue, a major tourist promenade.
Article: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Section: 1968 election

Question: If Kennedy had survived the assassination attempt would he have gone on to receive his party's nomination in 1968?

At the time of his death, Kennedy was substantially behind Humphrey in convention delegate support, but many believe that Kennedy would have ultimately secured the nomination following his victory in the California primary.
Only thirteen states held primaries that year, meaning that most delegates at the Democratic convention could choose a candidate based on their personal preference.
Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and others have argued that Kennedy's broad appeal and charisma would have been sufficiently convincing at the 1968 Democratic National Convention to give him the nomination.
Historian Michael Beschloss believed, however, that Kennedy would not have secured the nomination.
Humphrey, after a National Convention in Chicago marred by violence in the streets, was far behind in opinion polls but gained ground.
He ultimately lost the general election to Republican Richard Nixon by the narrow popular vote margin of 43.4% to 42.7%.
Nixon won by a more decisive 301-191 margin in the electoral vote.
Article: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Section: Public view and title

Question: Who lent the exhibition space at 26 rue d"antin?

From 16 to 31 July 1916 "Les Demoiselles" was exhibited to the public for the first time at the Salon d'Antin, an exhibition organized by André Salmon titled "L'Art moderne en France".
The exhibition space at 26 rue d'Antin was lent by the famous couturier and art collector Paul Poiret.
The larger Salon d'Automne and Salon des Indépendants had been closed due to World War I, making this the only Cubists exhibition in France since 1914.
A review was published in "Le Cri de Paris": The Cubists are not waiting for the war to end to recommence hostilities against good sense.
They are exhibiting at the Galerie Poiret naked women whose scattered parts are represented in all four corners of the canvas: here an eye, there an ear, over there a hand, a foot on top, a mouth below.
M. Picasso, their leader, is possibly the least disheveled of the lot.
He has painted, or rather daubed, five women who are, if the truth be told, all hacked up, and yet their limbs somehow manage to hold together.
They have, moreover, piggish faces with eyes wandering negligently above their ears.
An enthusiastic art-lover offered the artist 20,000 francs for this masterpiece.
M. Picasso wanted more.
The art-lover did not insist.
Picasso referred to his only entry at the Salon d'Antin as his Brothel painting calling it "Le Bordel d'Avignon" but André Salmon retitled it "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" so as to lessen its scandalous impact on the public.
Picasso never liked the title, however, preferring "las chicas de Avignon," but Salmon's title stuck.
The only other time the painting might have been exhibited to the public prior to a 1937 showing in New York was in 1918, in an exhibition dedicated to Picasso and Matisse at Galerie Paul Guillaume in Paris, though very little information exists about this exhibition or the presence (if at all) of "Les Demoiselles".
Afterwards, the painting was rolled up and remained with Picasso until 1924 when, with urging and help from Breton and Louis Aragon (1897–1982), he sold it to designer Jacques Doucet (1853–1929), for 25,000 francs.
Article: Italy
Section: Cinema

Question: What was directed by Sorrentino?

The history of Italian cinema began a few months after the Lumière brothers began motion picture exhibitions.
The first Italian film was a few seconds, showing Pope Leo XIII giving a blessing to the camera.
The Italian film industry was born between 1903 and 1908 with three companies: the Società Italiana Cines, the Ambrosio Film and the Itala Film.
Other companies soon followed in Milan and in Naples.
In a short time these first companies reached a fair producing quality, and films were soon sold outside Italy.
Cinema was later used by Benito Mussolini, who founded Rome's renowned Cinecittà studio for the production of Fascist propaganda until World War II.
After the war, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline around the 1980s.
Notable Italian film directors from this period include Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Sergio Leone, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni and Dario Argento.
Movies include world cinema treasures such as "La dolce vita", "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" and "Bicycle Thieves".
The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of neorealist films, reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.
As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and other film genres, such as sword-and-sandal followed as spaghetti westerns, were popular in the 1960s and 1970s.
In recent years, the Italian scene has received only occasional international attention, with movies like "La vita è bella" directed by Roberto Benigni, "Il postino" with Massimo Troisi and "La grande bellezza" directed by Paolo Sorrentino
Article: Victoria Falls
Section: Vegetation

Question: Which is the most abundant woodland savannah in the area?

Mopane woodland savannah predominates in the area, with smaller areas of Miombo and Rhodesian Teak woodland and scrubland savannah.
Riverine forest with palm trees lines the banks and islands above the falls.
The most notable aspect of the area's vegetation though is the rainforest nurtured by the spray from the falls, containing plants rare for the area such as pod mahogany, ebony, ivory palm, wild date palm and a number of creepers and lianas.
Vegetation has suffered in recent droughts, and so have the animals that depend on it, particularly antelope.
Article: Quantum
Section: Abstract

Question: Does a quantized electron bond make an atom more stable?

In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction.
Behind this, one finds the fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized," referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization".
This means that the magnitude can take on only certain discrete values.
A photon is a single quantum of light, and is referred to as a "light quantum".
The energy of an electron bound to an atom is quantized, which results in the stability of atoms, and hence of matter in general.
As incorporated into the theory of quantum mechanics, this is regarded by physicists as part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing nature at the smallest length-scales.
Article: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)
Section: The "Repetitions", January 1889

Question: What was added to the Tokyo version of Van Gogh's Sunflowers?

Both "repetitions" of the 4th version are no longer in their original state.
In the Amsterdam version a strip of wood was added at the top—probably by Van Gogh himself.
The Tokyo version, however, was enlarged on all sides with strips of canvas, which were added at a later time—presumably by the first owner, Emile Schuffenecker.
The series is perhaps his best known and most widely reproduced.
In recent years, there has been debate regarding the authenticity of one of the paintings, and it has been suggested that this version may have been the work of Émile Schuffenecker or of Paul Gauguin.
Most experts, however, conclude that the work is genuine.
Article: The Shawshank Redemption
Section: Music

Question: Who composed the music for the "Letter Duet" which features in a prominent scene in the film?

The score was composed by Thomas Newman and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1994, which was his first Oscar nomination.
The majority of the score consists of dark piano music, which plays along the main character's role at Shawshank.
The main theme ("End Titles" on the soundtrack album) is perhaps best known to modern audiences as the inspirational sounding music from many movie trailers dealing with inspirational, dramatic, or romantic films in much the same way that James Horner's driving music from the end of "Aliens" is used in many movie trailers for action films.
A central scene in the film features the "Letter Duet" ("Canzonetta sull'aria") from Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro."
Article: Parks and Recreation
Section: Websites

Question: What is the official homepage of the city of Pawnee?

http://www.pawneeindiana.com/  — Fictional city of Pawnee website.
http://www.hoosiermate.com/  — Dating website featured in the third season episode "Soulmates.
"
http://www.scarecrowboat.com/  — Website for Andy's band Mouse Rat (formerly Scarecrow Boat), Pawnee, Indiana's #1 band.
http://www.entertainment720.com/  — Website for Tom and Jean-Ralphio's failed business venture, Entertainment 7wenty.
http://www.awesomesaucewedding.com/  — Andy and April's wedding site.
http://www.knope2012.com/  — Knope 2012 campaign site.
http://www.snakeholelounge.com/  — Website for the Snakehole Lounge, "Pawnee's sickest nightclub.
"
https://www.twitter.com/munchmeat2015  — Twitter account featured in "The Debate.
"
http://annsolo.tumblr.com  — Ann's personal blog (Tumblr), seen in the fifth season episode "Ann's Decision.
"
http://www.rentaswag.com   — Tom's high-end clothes rental for teens, tweens and everything in betweens
http://www.ronswansongrill.com   — Ron Swanson's grilling webpage
Article: Forbidden City
Section: Influence

Question: What 1918 movie was inspired by the Forbidden City landmark?

The Forbidden City, the culmination of the two-thousand-year development of classical Chinese and East Asian architecture, has been influential in the subsequent development of Chinese architecture, as well as providing inspiration for many artistic works.
Some specific examples include:
Depiction in art, film, literature and popular culture
The Forbidden City has served as the scene to many works of fiction.
In recent years, it has been depicted in films and television series.
Some notable examples include:
 "The Forbidden City" (1918), a fiction film about a Chinese emperor and an American.
 "The Last Emperor" (1987), a biographical film about Puyi, was the first feature film ever authorised by the government of the People's Republic of China to be filmed in the Forbidden City.
 "Marco Polo" a joint NBC and RAI TV miniseries broadcast in the early 1980s, was filmed inside the Forbidden City.
Note, however, that the present Forbidden City did not exist in the Yuan dynasty, when Marco Polo met Kublai Khan.
Performance venue
The Forbidden City has also served as a performance venue.
However, its use for this purpose is strictly limited, due to the heavy impact of equipment and performance on the ancient structures.
Almost all performances said to be "in the Forbidden City" are held outside the palace walls.
 Giacomo Puccini's opera, "Turandot", the story of a Chinese princess, was performed at the Imperial Shrine just outside the Forbidden City for the first time in 1998.
 In 1997, Greek-born composer and keyboardist Yanni performed a live concert in front of the Forbidden City.
The concert was recorded and later released as part of the "Tribute" album.
 In 2001, the Three Tenors, Spanish singers Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and the Italian singer Luciano Pavarotti sang in front of Forbidden City main gate as one of their performances.
 In 2004, the French musician Jean Michel Jarre performed a live concert in front of the Forbidden City, accompanied by 260 musicians, as part of the "Year of France in China" festivities.
Article: Grand Canyon
Section: Upper Sonoran and Transition

Question: How many bird species breed live primarily in the desert uplands and cliffs of the inner canyon?

The Upper Sonoran Life Zone includes most of the inner canyon and South Rim at elevations from .
This zone is generally dominated by blackbrush, sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper woodlands.
Elevations of are in the Mojave Desert Scrub community of the Upper Sonoran.
This community is dominated by the four-winged saltbush and creosote bush; other important plants include Utah agave, narrowleaf mesquite, ratany, catclaw, and various cacti species.
Approximately 30 bird species breed primarily in the desert uplands and cliffs of the inner canyon.
Virtually all bird species present breed in other suitable habitats throughout the Sonoran and Mohave deserts.
The abundance of bats, swifts, and riparian birds provides ample food for peregrines, and suitable eyrie sites are plentiful along the steep canyon walls.
Also, several critically endangered California Condors that were re-introduced to the Colorado Plateau on the Arizona Strip, have made the eastern part of the Park their home.
The conifer forests provide habitat for 52 mammal species.
Porcupines, shrews, red squirrels, tassel eared Kaibab and Abert's squirrels, black bear, mule deer, and elk are found at the park's higher elevations on the Kaibab Plateau.
Above the desert scrub and up to is a pinyon pine forest and one seed juniper woodland.
Within this woodland one can find big sagebrush, snakeweed, Mormon tea, Utah agave, banana and narrowleaf Yucca, winterfat, Indian ricegrass, dropseed, and needlegrass.
There are a variety of snakes and lizards here, but one species of reptile, the mountain short-horned Lizard, is a particularly abundant inhabitant of the piñon-juniper and ponderosa pine forests.
Ponderosa pine forests grow at elevations between , on both North and South rims in the Transition life zone.
The South Rim includes species such as gray fox, mule deer, bighorn sheep, rock squirrels, pinyon pine and Utah juniper.
Additional species such as Gambel oak, New Mexico locust, mountain mahogany, elderberry, creeping mahonia, and fescue have been identified in these forests.
The Utah tiger salamander and the Great Basin spadefoot toad are two amphibians that are common in the rim forests.
Of the approximately 90 bird species that breed in the coniferous forests, 51 are summer residents and at least 15 of these are known to be neotropical migrants.