community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Anatomy
Section: Vertebrate anatomy

Question: What parts of the body are found at the anterior end and the base of the tail?

All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column or notochord), with a hollow tube of nervous tissue, the spinal cord above it and the gastrointestinal tract below.
Nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm, connective tissues are derived from mesoderm, and gut is derived from the endoderm.
At the posterior end is a tail which continues the spinal cord and vertebrae but not the gut.
The mouth is found at the anterior end of the animal, and the anus at the base of the tail.
The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, in which the notochord has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints (intervertebral discs), which each contain a soft central core (nucleus pulposus), derived from the notochord of the embryo.
However, a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood.
These include the sturgeon and the coelacanth.
Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages, fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost.
The limbs of vertebrates are considered to be homologous because the same underlying skeletal structure was inherited from their last common ancestor.
This is one of the arguments put forward by Charles Darwin to support his theory of evolution.
Article: Jackson Pollock
Section: From naming to numbering

Question: What is the first and last name of Pollock's wife?

Continuing to evade the viewer's search for figurative elements in his paintings, Pollock abandoned titles and started numbering his works.
He said about this: "...look passively and try to receive what the painting has to offer and not bring a subject matter or preconceived idea of what they are to be looking for".
Pollock's wife, Lee Krasner, said Pollock "used to give his pictures conventional titles... but now he simply numbers them.
Numbers are neutral.
They make people look at a picture for what it is—pure painting."
Article: Ice cream
Section: Cryogenic

Question: When is ice cream dangerous to eat?

Using liquid nitrogen to freeze ice cream is an old idea and has been used for many years to harden ice cream.
The use of liquid nitrogen in the primary freezing of ice cream, that is to effect the transition from the liquid to the frozen state without the use of a conventional ice cream freezer, has only recently started to see commercialization.
Some commercial innovations have been documented in the National Cryogenic Society Magazine "Cold Facts".
The most noted brands are Dippin' Dots, Blue Sky Creamery, Project Creamery, and Sub Zero Cryo Creamery.
The preparation results in a column of white condensed water vapor cloud, reminiscent of popular depictions of witches' cauldrons.
The ice cream, dangerous to eat while still "steaming", is allowed to rest until the liquid nitrogen is completely vaporised.
Sometimes ice cream is frozen to the sides of the container, and must be allowed to thaw.
Making ice cream with liquid nitrogen has advantages over conventional freezing.
Due to the rapid freezing, the crystal grains are smaller, giving the ice cream a creamier texture, and allowing one to get the same texture by using less milkfat.
Such ice crystals will grow very quickly via the processes of recrystallization, thereby obviating the original benefits unless steps are taken to inhibit ice crystal growth.
For similar reasons, good results can also be achieved with the more readily available "dry ice" and authors such as Heston Blumenthal have published recipes to produce ice cream and sorbet using a simple blender.
Article: Vincent van Gogh
Section: Flowering Orchards

Question: When did Vincent wrote The Cherry Tree and how many orchards did he have?

The series of "Flowering Orchards", sometimes referred to as the "Orchards in Blossom" paintings, were among the first groups of work that Van Gogh completed after his arrival in Arles, Provence in February 1888.
The 14 paintings in this group are optimistic, joyous and visually expressive of the burgeoning Springtime.
They are delicately sensitive, silent, quiet and unpopulated.
About "The Cherry Tree" Vincent wrote to Theo on 21 April 1888 and said he had 10 orchards and: "one big (painting) of a cherry tree, which I've spoiled".
The following spring he painted another smaller group of orchards, including "View of Arles, Flowering Orchards".
Van Gogh was taken by the landscape and vegetation of the South of France, and often visited the farm gardens near Arles.
Because of the vivid light supplied by the Mediterranean climate his palette significantly brightened.
From his arrival, he was interested in capturing the effect of the seasons on the surrounding landscape and plant life.
Article: Gravitational wave
Section: Radiation from other sources

Question: In gravitational wave why is it important to understand mass?

Although the waves from the Earth-Sun system are minuscule, astronomers can point to other sources for which the radiation should be substantial.
One important example is the Hulse-Taylor binary — a pair of stars, one of which is a pulsar.
The characteristics of their orbit can be deduced from the Doppler shifting of radio signals given off by the pulsar.
Each of the stars has a mass about 1.4 times that of the Sun and the size of their orbit is about 1/75 of the Earth-Sun orbit.
This means the distance between the two stars is just a few times larger than the diameter of our own Sun.
The combination of greater masses and smaller separation means that the energy given off by the Hulse-Taylor binary will be far greater than the energy given off by the Earth-Sun system — roughly 1022 times as much.
The information about the orbit can be used to predict just how much energy (and angular momentum) should be given off in the form of gravitational waves.
As the energy is carried off, the stars should draw closer to each other.
This effect is called an inspiral, and it can be observed in the pulsar's signals.
The measurements on the Hulse-Taylor system have been carried out over more than 30 years.
It has been shown that the gravitational radiation predicted by general relativity allows these observations to be matched within 0.2 percent.
In 1993, Russell Hulse and Joe Taylor were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work, which was the first indirect evidence for gravitational waves.
Unfortunately, the orbital lifetime of this binary system before merger is about 1.84 billion years.
This is a substantial fraction of the age of the universe.
Inspirals are very important sources of gravitational waves.
Any time two compact objects (white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes) are in close orbits, they send out intense gravitational waves.
As they spiral closer to each other, these waves become more intense.
At some point they should become so intense that direct detection by their effect on objects on Earth or in space is possible.
This direct detection is the goal of several large scale experiments.
The only difficulty is that most systems like the Hulse-Taylor binary are so far away.
The amplitude of waves given off by the Hulse-Taylor binary as seen on Earth would be roughly "h" ≈ 10−26.
There are some sources, however, that astrophysicists expect to find with much larger amplitudes of "h" ≈ 10−20.
At least eight other binary pulsars have been discovered.
Article: Magnetic resonance imaging
Section: How MRI works

Question: How is the orientation of an MRI image controlled?

To perform a study the patient is positioned within an MRI scanner which forms a strong magnetic field around the area to be imaged.
Most medical applications rely on detecting a radio frequency signal emitted by excited hydrogen atoms in the body (present in any tissue containing water molecules) using energy from an oscillating magnetic field applied at the appropriate resonant frequency.
The orientation of the image is controlled by varying the main magnetic field using gradient coils.
As these coils are rapidly switched on and off they create the characteristic repetitive noises of an MRI scan.
The contrast between different tissues is determined by the rate at which excited atoms return to the equilibrium state.
Exogenous contrast agents may be given intravenously, orally or intra-articularly.MRI requires a magnetic field that is both strong and uniform.
The field strength of the magnet is measured in tesla – and while the majority of systems operate at 1.5T commercial systems are available between 0.2T–7T.
Most clinical magnets are superconducting which requires liquid helium.
The lower field strengths can be achieved with permanent magnets, which are often used in "open" MRI scanners for claustrophobic patients.
Article: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)
Section: Tributes

Question: Which star was the first to be remembered in a tribute song in Dancing with the Stars' season 9?

In seasons nine and ten, three tribute performances have been done in honour of some people.
The first was a tribute to recently deceased actor Patrick Swayze, on Sep 23, 2009.
"She's Like the Wind" from the "Dirty Dancing" soundtrack (originally written by Swayze for his film "Grandview USA"), "Unchained Melody" from his film "Ghost", and "(I've had) the Time of my Life" from "Dirty Dancing" were performed by select professional dancers of the Show.
On October 20, 2009, a tribute was done for singer and dancer, Michael Jackson.
"I Want You Back", "Man in the Mirror" and "Thriller" were performed—the first two by select professional dancers of the show, and all coming together for "Thriller".
In season ten, Professional Haitian dancers performed as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on March 30, 2010.
One of the male dancers had lost his son in the rubble.
They were dancing to "Dance Like This" by Wyclef Jean.
In season seventeen, in week eight, all dance numbers were done to guest judge Cher's hit songs.
She also performed live "Believe" and her newest single "I Hope You Find It" from her recent album "Closer to the Truth", after an eleven-year hiatus.
Article: South Korea
Section: Public health and safety

Question: Since 1950, has life expectancy changed in South Korea?

Although life expectancy has increased significantly since 1950, South Korea faces a number of important health-care issues.
Foremost is the impact of environmental pollution on an increasingly urbanized population.
According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, chronic diseases account for the majority of diseases in South Korea, a condition exacerbated by the health care system's focus on treatment rather than prevention.
The incidence of chronic disease in South Korea hovers around 24 percent.
Approximately 33 percent of all adults smoke.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rate of prevalence at the end of 2003 was less than 0.1 percent.
In 2001 central government expenditures on health care accounted for about 6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP).
The suicide rate in the nation was 26 per 100,000 in 2008, the highest in the industrialized world.
Young South Korean males were found to be the tallest in all of East Asia, resulting from healthy living conditions, economic development and changes in food culture.
Based on the Asia-Pacific Advisory Committee on Influenza (APACI), South Korea ranked the highest of influenza vaccination in Asia with 311 vaccines per 1,000 people.
South Korea has the highest suicide rate in the developed world.
Article: Pablo Picasso
Section: Recent major exhibitions

Question: How many pieces are in the Picasso exhibit in Paris?

"Picasso: Masterpieces from the Musée National Picasso, Paris," an exhibition of 150 paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints and photographs from the Musée National Picasso in Paris.
The exhibit touring schedule includes:
 8 October 2010 – 17 January 2011, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington, US.
 19 February 2011 – 15 May 2011, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia, US.
 11 June 2011 – 9 October 2011, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, California, US.
 12 November 2011 – 25 March 2012, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney.
 28 April 2012 – 26 August 2012, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Article: Marathon
Section: Wheelchair division

Question: When did the Division rule that wheelchair athletes could compete in the NYC Marathon?

Many marathons feature a wheelchair division.
Typically, those in the wheelchair racing division start their races earlier than their running counterparts.
The first wheelchair marathon was in 1974 in Toledo, Ohio, won by Bob Hall in 2:54.
Hall competed in the 1975 Boston Marathon and finished in 2:58, inaugurating the introduction of wheelchair divisions into the Boston Marathon.
From 1977 the race was declared the US National Wheelchair championship.
The Boston Marathon awards $10,000 to the winning push-rim athlete.
Ernst van Dyk has won the Boston Marathon wheelchair division nine times and holds the world record at 1:18:27, set in Boston in 2004.
Jean Driscoll won eight times (seven consecutively) and holds the women's world record at 1:34:22.
The New York City Marathon banned wheelchair entrants in 1977, citing safety concerns, but then voluntarily allowed Bob Hall to compete after the state Division of Human Rights ordered the marathon to show cause.
The Division ruled in 1979 that the New York City Marathon and New York Road Runners club had to allow wheelchair athletes to compete, and confirmed this at appeal in 1980, but the State Supreme Court ruled in 1981 that a ban on wheelchair racers was not discriminatory as the marathon was historically a foot race.
However, by 1986 14 wheelchair athletes were competing, and an official wheelchair division was added to the marathon in 2000.
Article: American Gothic
Section: Creation

Question: After getting permission from the Jones family, what did Grant Wool sketch?

In August 1930, Grant Wood, an American painter with European training, was driven around Eldon, Iowa by a young painter from Eldon, John Sharp, looking for inspiration.
Wood noticed the Dibble House, a small white house built in the Carpenter Gothic architectural style.
Sharp's brother suggested in 1973 that it was on this drive that Wood first sketched the house on the back of an envelope.
Wood's earliest biographer, Darrell Garwood, noted that Wood "thought it a form of borrowed pretentiousness, a structural absurdity, to put a Gothic-style window in such a flimsy frame house."
At the time, Wood classified it as one of the "cardboardy frame houses on Iowa farms" and considered it "very paintable".
After obtaining permission from the Jones family, the house's owners, Wood made a sketch the next day in oil on paperboard from the house's front yard.
This sketch displayed a steeper roof and a longer window with a more pronounced ogive than on the actual house, features which eventually adorned the final work.
Wood decided to paint the house along with "the kind of people I fancied should live in that house."
He recruited his sister Nan (1899–1990) to model the woman, dressing her in a colonial print apron mimicking 19th-century Americana.
The man is modeled on Wood's dentist, Dr. Byron McKeeby (1867–1950) from Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
The three-pronged hay fork is echoed in the stitching of the man's overalls, the Gothic window of the house, and the structure of the man's face.
However, Wood did not add figures to his sketch until he returned to his studio in Cedar Rapids.
He would not return to Eldon again before his death in 1942, although he did request a photograph of the home to complete his painting.
Article: Universal Orlando
Section: Universal's Super Star Shuttle

Question: Where does Super Star Shuttle provide transportation to?

The vicinity of Universal Orlando consists of several hotels and a major airport all located within 20 minutes of the resort.
Universal's Super Star Shuttle service is broken into two main routes.
One provides transportation to all thirty Universal Partner hotels while the newest route will begin service to Orlando International Airport in late 2012.
Universal's Super Star Shuttle also provides transportation between Universal Orlando, SeaWorld, and Wet 'n Wild.
The service is free for Universal Parks & Resorts Vacations Guests and onsite hotel guests.
The new airport route is expected to initially only be offered for onsite hotel guests.
The Super Star Shuttle is run through Mears Transportation.
Article: Algeria
Section: Politics

Question: What kind of government exists in Algeria?

Algeria is an authoritarian regime, according to the Democracy Index 2010.
The Freedom of the Press 2009 report gives it rating "Not Free".
Elected politicians are considered to have relatively little sway over Algeria.
Instead, a group of unelected civilian and military "décideurs", known as "le pouvoir" ("the power"), actually rule the country, even deciding who should be president.
The most powerful man may be Mohamed Mediène, head of the military intelligence.
In recent years, many of these generals have died or retired.
After the death of General Larbi Belkheir, Bouteflika put loyalists in key posts, notably at Sonatrach, and secured constitutional amendments that make him re-electable indefinitely.
The head of state is the president of Algeria, who is elected for a five-year term.
The president was formerly limited to two five-year terms, but a constitutional amendment passed by the Parliament on 11 November 2008 removed this limitation.
Algeria has universal suffrage at 18 years of age.
The President is the head of the army, the Council of Ministers and the High Security Council.
He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government.
The Algerian parliament is bicameral; the lower house, the People's National Assembly, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the Council of the Nation, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president.
According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender, profession or region".
In addition, political campaigns must be exempt from the aforementioned subjects.
Parliamentary elections were last held in May 2012, and were judged to be largely free by international monitors, though local groups alleged fraud and irregularities.
In the elections, the FLN won 221 seats, the military-backed National Rally for Democracy won 70, and the Islamist Green Algeria Alliance won 47.
Article: Call Me Maybe
Section: Music video

Question: How many nominations did  the "Call Me Maybe" music video recieve?

A music video for "Call Me Maybe" was written and directed by Ben Knechtel.
According to Knechtel, the main idea behind the concept was to have a "twist at the end", trying to get away from the idea of the classic "boy meets a girl" story.
The music video has over 450 million views on Vevo and YouTube as of April 27, 2013.
The video begins with Jepsen spying on her attractive tattooed neighbor, portrayed by Holden Nowell, as he is working on his lawn.
As he takes his shirt off and notices she is staring at him, Jepsen slips on her high heels and falls below her window.
She is reading the books "Love at First Sight (Men In Uniform)" by B.J.
Daniels and "Skylar's Outlaw" by Linda Warren.
The scene then cuts to her garage, where she is rehearsing the track with her band.
Following the rehearsals, her bandmates push her to go and wash her car, where she tries to gain her neighbor's attention with various provocative poses only to fall from the hood of the car.
She is briefly knocked out from the fall, during which she dreams of a romance novel-type encounter with her crush.
As she comes to, the neighbor then helps Jepsen to get up, and watches the band rehearse the track again.
After turning and writing down her telephone number, Jepsen sees her neighbor pass one of her male bandmates (Tavish Crowe) his own number, indicating he is attracted to the man instead.
The video received three nominations on the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards in the categories of UR Fave Video, Pop Video of the Year, and Video of the Year.
Article: Drive By (song)
Section: Credits and personnel

Question: In the song "Drive By", who served as engineers?

Recording
 Recorded at Integrated Studios, New York City and at Ruby Red Studios, Venice, Los Angeles
Personnel
 Patrick Monahan – songwriter, producer, vocals
 Espen Lind – songwriter, producer, engineer, additional guitars, bass, keyboards and backing vocals, programming
 Amund Bjørklund – songwriter, producer, programming
 Butch Walker – producer
 Mark Endert – mixing
 Francis Murray – engineer
 Jake Sinclair – engineer
 Jimmy Stafford – guitar
 Scott Underwood – drums
 Jerry Becker – keyboards
 Hector Maldonado – bass
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from "Drive By" CD single liner notes.
Article: Space Race
Section: World War II

Question: Who was at the head of the Ballistics and Munitions Branch of the German Army during WWII?

World War II.
The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles.
Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances.
The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons.
Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932.
Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology.
During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program.
They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943.
By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a range carrying a warhead at .
Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning.
Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945.
After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.
At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based.
Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs.
The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets.