community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Donatello
Section: Major commissions in Florence

Question: Who made the claim that  Donatello made no secret of his homosexuality

Around 1430, Cosimo de' Medici, the foremost art patron of his era, commissioned from Donatello the bronze David (now in the Bargello) for the court of his Palazzo Medici.
This is now Donatello's most famous work.
At the time of its creation, it was the first known free-standing nude statue produced since ancient times.
Conceived fully in the round, independent of any architectural surroundings, and largely representing an allegory of the civic virtues triumphing over brutality and irrationality, it was the first major work of Renaissance sculpture.
Also from this period is the disquietingly small "Love-Atys", housed in the Bargello.
Some have perceived the David as having homo-erotic qualities, and have argued that this reflected the artist's own orientation.
Details of Donatello's relationships remain speculative.
The historian Paul Strathern makes the claim that Donatello made no secret of his homosexuality, and that his behaviour was tolerated by his friends.
This may not be surprising in the context of attitudes prevailing in the 15th- and 16th-century Florentine republic.
However, little detail is known with certainty about his private life, and no mention of his sexuality has been found in the Florentine archives (in terms of denunciations) albeit which during this period are incomplete.
The main evidence comes from anecdotes by Angelo Poliziano in his ""Detti piacevoli"".
When Cosimo was exiled from Florence, Donatello went to Rome, remaining until 1433.
The two works that testify to his presence in this city, the "Tomb of Giovanni Crivelli" at Santa Maria "in Aracoeli", and the "Ciborium" at St. Peter's Basilica, bear a strong stamp of classical influence.
Donatello's return to Florence almost coincided with Cosimo's.
In May 1434, he signed a contract for the marble pulpit on the facade of Prato cathedral, the last project executed in collaboration with Michelozzo.
This work, a passionate, pagan, rhythmically-conceived bacchanalian dance of half-nude putti, was the forerunner of the great "Cantoria", or singing tribune, at the Duomo in Florence on which Donatello worked intermittently from 1433 to 1440 and was inspired by ancient sarcophagi and Byzantine ivory chests.
In 1435, he executed the "Annunciation" for the Cavalcanti altar in Santa Croce, inspired by 14th-century iconography, and in 1437–1443, he worked in the Old Sacristy of the San Lorenzo in Florence, on two doors and lunettes portraying saints, as well as eight stucco tondoes.
From 1438 is the wooden statue of St. John the Evangelist for Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice.
Around 1440, he executed a bust of a "Young Man with a Cameo" now in the Bargello, the first example of a lay bust portrait since the classical era.
Article: The Night Watch
Section: Key elements

Question: What is the color yellow often associated with in relation to the painting "The Night Watch?"

The painting is renowned for three characteristics: its colossal size (), the effective use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro), and the perception of motion in what would have traditionally been a static military portrait.
The painting was completed in 1642, at the peak of the Dutch Golden Age.
It depicts the eponymous company moving out, led by Captain Frans Banning Cocq (dressed in black, with a red sash) and his lieutenant, Willem van Ruytenburch (dressed in yellow, with a white sash).
With effective use of sunlight and shade, Rembrandt leads the eye to the three most important characters among the crowd, the two gentlemen in the centre (from whom the painting gets its original title), and the small girl in the centre left background.
Behind them, the company's colours are carried by the ensign, Jan Visscher Cornelissen.
Rembrandt has displayed the traditional emblem of the Arquebusiers in the painting in a natural way: the girl in yellow dress in the background is carrying the main symbols.
She is a kind-of mascot herself: the claws of a dead chicken on her belt represent the "clauweniers" (arquebusiers); the pistol behind the chicken stands for 'clover'; and, she is holding the militia's goblet.
The man in front of her is wearing a helmet with an oak leaf, a traditional motif of the Arquebusiers.
The dead chicken is also meant to represent a defeated adversary.
The colour yellow is often associated with victory.
Another interpretation proposes that Rembrandt designed this painting with several layers of meaning, as was common among the most talented artists.
Thus, the" Night Watch" is symmetrically divided, firstly to illustrate the union between the Dutch Protestants and the Dutch Catholics, and secondly to evoke the war effort against the Spaniards.
For instance, accordingly to Rembrandt's multilayered design, the taller Captain (in black) symbolizes the Dutch Protestant leadership, loyally supported by the Dutch Catholics (represented by the shorter Lieutenant, in yellow).
Moreover, all characters of this painting were conceived to present double readings.
Article: Nebula
Section: Protoplanetary nebula

Question: What does the star emit during the AGB phase?

A protoplanetary nebula (PPN) is an astronomical object which is at the short-lived episode during a star's rapid stellar evolution between the late asymptotic giant branch (LAGB) phase and the following planetary nebula (PN) phase.
During the AGB phase, the star undergoes mass loss, emitting a circumstellar shell of hydrogen gas.
When this phase comes to an end, the star enters the PPN phase.
The PPN is energized by the central star, causing it to emit strong infrared radiation and become a reflection nebula.
Collaminated stellar winds from the central star shape and shock the shell into an axially symmetric form, while producing a fast moving molecular wind.
The exact point when a PPN becomes a planetary nebula (PN) is defined by the temperature of the central star.
The PPN phase continues until the central star reaches a temperature of 30,000 K, after which is it hot enough to ionize the surrounding gas.
Article: French fries
Section: France and other French-speaking countries

Question: When were french fries first mentioned?

In France and other French-speaking countries, fried potatoes are formally "pommes de terre frites", but more commonly "pommes frites", "patates frites", or simply "frites".
The word ""aiguillettes"" or "allumettes" is used when the chips are very small and thin.
One enduring origin story holds that French Fries were invented by street vendors on the Pont Neuf bridge in Paris in 1789, just before the outbreak of the French revolution.
Eating potatoes was promoted in France by Parmentier, but he did not mention fried potatoes in particular.
Many Americans attribute the dish to France and offer as evidence a notation by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson.
""Pommes de terre frites à cru, en petites tranches"" ("Potatoes deep-fried while raw, in small cuttings") in a manuscript in Thomas Jefferson's hand (circa 1801–1809) and the recipe almost certainly comes from his French chef, Honoré Julien.
In addition, from 1813 on, recipes for what can be described as French fries occur in popular American cookbooks.
By the late 1850s, one of these uses the term "French fried potatoes".
"Frites" are the main ingredient in the Canadian dish of Québécois descent known in both Canadian English and French as poutine, consisting of fried potatoes covered with cheese curds and gravy, a dish with a growing number of variations.
Article: Nigeria
Section: Ethno-linguistic groups

Question: How many ethnic groups does Nigeria have?

Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity.
The largest ethnic groups are the Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo and Fulani, accounting for more than 70% of the population, while the Edo, Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio, Ebira, Nupe, Gwari, Itsekiri, Jukun, Urhobo, Igala, Idoma and Tiv comprise between 25 and 30%; other minorities make up the remaining 5%.
The middle belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the Pyem, Goemai, and Kofyar.
The official population count of each of Nigeria's ethnicities has always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group (usually believed to be northern groups) numerical superiority.
There are small minorities of British, American, East Indian, Chinese (est.
50,000), white Zimbabwean, Japanese, Greek, Syrian and Lebanese immigrants in Nigeria.
Immigrants also include those from other West African or East African nations.
These minorities mostly reside in major cities such as Lagos and Abuja, or in the Niger Delta as employees for the major oil companies.
A number of Cubans settled in Nigeria as political refugees following the Cuban Revolution.
In the middle of the 19th century, a number of ex-slaves of Afro-Cuban and Afro-Brazilian descent and emigrants from Sierra Leone established communities in Lagos and other regions of Nigeria.
Many ex-slaves came to Nigeria following the emancipation of slaves in the Americas.
Many of the immigrants, sometimes called Saros (immigrants from Sierra Leone) and Amaro (ex-slaves from Brazil) later became prominent merchants and missionaries in these cities.
Article: Nigeria
Section: Civil war (1967-1970)

Question: How many are estimated dead from this civil war?

Civil war (1967-1970).
The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led in 1966 to several back-to-back military coups.
The first was in January and led by a collection of young leftists under Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu.
It was partially successful; the coup plotters murdered Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region.
Despite this, they could not set up a central government.
President Nwafor Orizu was then pressured to hand over government to the Nigeria Army, under the command of General JTU Aguyi-Ironsi.
The coup was counter-acted by another successful plot, supported primarily by Northern military officers and Northerners who favoured the NPC, it was engineered by Northern officers, which allowed Lt Colonel Yakubu Gowon to become head of state.
This sequence of events led to an increase in ethnic tension and violence.
The Northern coup, motivated by ethnic and religious reasons, resulted in the deaths of many military officers and civilians, especially those of Igbo descent.
The violence against the Igbo increased their desire for autonomy.
By May 1967, the Eastern Region voted to declare independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt Colonel Emeka Ojukwu.
The Nigerian Civil War began as the Nigerian (Western and Northern) side attacked Biafra (South-eastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem.
The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970.
Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war .
France, Egypt, Soviet Union, Britain and others were deeply involved in the civil war behind the scenes.
Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government while France and others helped the Biafrans.
Nigeria also used Egyptian pilots for their air force.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Controversy

Question: What year was the first Native American superintendent of the park appointed?

Mount Rushmore is controversial among Native Americans because the United States seized the area from the Lakota tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876.
The Treaty of Fort Laramie from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity.
Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971, naming it "Mount Crazy Horse".
Among the participants were young activists, grandparents, children and Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer, who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain.
Lame Deer said the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled.
"In 2004, the first Native American superintendent of the park was appointed.
Gerard Baker has stated that he will open up more "avenues of interpretation", and that the four presidents are "only one avenue and only one focus.
"The Crazy Horse Memorial is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate the famous Native American leader and as a response to Mount Rushmore.
It is intended to be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs; the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds.
However, this memorial is likewise the subject of controversy, even within the Native American community.
Article: Karate
Section: Philosophy

Question: Why is karate only to be used in real confrontations?

In "Karate-Do Kyohan," Funakoshi quoted from the Heart Sutra, which is prominent in Shingon Buddhism: "Form is emptiness, emptiness is form itself" ("shiki zokuze kū kū zokuze shiki").
He interpreted the "kara" of Karate-dō to mean "to purge oneself of selfish and evil thoughts ... for only with a clear mind and conscience can the practitioner understand the knowledge which he receives."
Funakoshi believed that one should be "inwardly humble and outwardly gentle."
Only by behaving humbly can one be open to Karate's many lessons.
This is done by listening and being receptive to criticism.
He considered courtesy of prime importance.
He said that "Karate is properly applied only in those rare situations in which one really must either down another or be downed by him."
Funakoshi did not consider it unusual for a devotee to use Karate in a real physical confrontation no more than perhaps once in a lifetime.
He stated that Karate practitioners must "never be easily drawn into a fight."
It is understood that one blow from a real expert could mean death.
It is clear that those who misuse what they have learned bring dishonor upon themselves.
He promoted the character trait of personal conviction.
In "time of grave public crisis, one must have the courage ... to face a million and one opponents."
He taught that indecisiveness is a weakness.
Article: Astrophysics
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe?

Astrophysics (from Greek "astron", ἄστρον "star", and "physis", φύσις "nature") is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, especially with "the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space."
Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background.
Their emissions are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition.
Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, "astrophysicists" typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.
In practice, modern astronomical research often involves a substantial amount of work in the realm(s) of theoretical and/or observational physics.
Highly elusive areas of study for astrophysicists, which are of immense interest to the public, include their attempts to determine: the properties of dark matter, dark energy, and black holes; whether or not time travel is possible, wormholes can form, or the multiverse exists; and the origin and ultimate fate of the universe.
Topics also studied by theoretical astrophysicists include: solar system formation and evolution; stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics.
Astrophysics can be studied at the bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. levels in physics or astronomy departments at many universities.
Many such programs retain the name "astronomy" for historical purposes.
Article: Man at the Crossroads
Section: Work

Question: Who is the famous figure shown among a multi-racial group of workers?

Rivera's composition depicted many aspects of contemporary social and scientific culture.
In the center, a workman was depicted controlling machinery.
Before him, a giant fist emerged holding an orb depicting the recombination of atoms and dividing cells in acts of chemical and biological generation.
From the central figure four propeller-like shapes stretched to the corner of the composition, depicting arcs of light created by giant lenses anchoring the left and right edges of the space.
Rivera described these as "elongated ellipses".
Within these, cosmological and biological forces such as exploding suns and cell-forms were depicted.
These represented the discoveries made possible by the telescope and the microscope.
Between and beyond the arcs were scenes of modern social life.
Wealthy society women are seen playing cards and smoking at the left.
Opposite, on the right, Lenin is seen holding hands with a multi-racial group of workers.
Soldiers and war machinery occupied the top left above the society women, and a Russian May Day rally with red flags was seen at the right, above Lenin.
For Rivera, this represented contrasting social visions: the "debauched rich" watched by the unemployed while war rages; and a socialist utopia ushered in by Lenin.
Beyond the giant lenses to left and right were depicted figures contemplating the central scene, behind which were gigantic classical statues.
The one on the left depicted an angry Jupiter, whose raised hand holding a thunderbolt has been stuck off by a lightening strike.
The one on the right was a headless seated Caesar.
For Rivera these represented the replacement of superstition by scientific mastery of nature, and the overthrow of authoritarian rule by liberated workers.
The bottom part of the painting was to depict the controlled growth of natural resources, in the form of a variety of plants emerging from their roots, visible in a cut-away view under the soil.
However, this section was never completed.
It exists only in the later recreation of the composition in Mexico.
Article: Physiology
Section: Animal physiology

Question: When was "Animal Physiology" by Hill, R.W., Wyse, G.A., Anderson, M. published?

 Hill, R.W., Wyse, G.A., Anderson, M. "Animal Physiology", 3rd ed.
Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2012.
 Moyes, C.D., Schulte, P.M. "Principles of Animal Physiology", second edition.
Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
Boston, MA, 2008.
 Randall, D., Burggren, W., and French, K. "Eckert Animal Physiology: Mechanism and Adaptation", 5th Edition.
W.H.
Freeman and Company, 2002.
 Schmidt-Nielsen, K. "Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment".
Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
 Withers, P.C.
"Comparative animal physiology".
Saunders College Publishing, New York, 1992.
Article: The Lion King
Section: Accolades

Question: How many Golden Globe awards were won by The Lion King?

"The Lion King" received four Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations.
The film would go on to win two Golden Globes; for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Original Score, as well as two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score (Hans Zimmer) and Best Original Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" by Elton John and Tim Rice.
The songs "Circle of Life" and "Hakuna Matata" were also nominated.
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" also won the BMI Film Music Award, and the Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance.
The film also won Annie Awards for Best Animated Feature, Best Achievement in Voice Acting (for Jeremy Irons) and Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution in the Field of Animation.
At the Saturn Awards, the film was nominated in two categories, Best Fantasy Film and Best Performance by a Younger Actor although it did not win in either category.
The film also received two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards, for Best Sound as well as the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music although it lost in both categories to "Speed" and "Backbeat" respectively.
The film received two BMI Film & TV Awards for Film Music and Most Performed Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight."
At the 1995 MTV Movie Awards the film received nominations for Best Villain and Best Song, though it lost in both categories.
"The Lion King" won the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at the 1995 Kids' Choice Awards.
In 2008, "The Lion King" was ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made by "Empire" magazine, and in June 2011, "TIME" named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".
In June 2008, the American Film Institute listed "The Lion King" as the 4th best film in the animation genre in its AFI's 10 Top 10 list.
AFI had also put "Hakuna Matata" as 99th on its AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs ranking.
Article: Donatello
Section: In Padua

Question: When was Donatello called to Padua?

In 1443, Donatello was called to Padua by the heirs of the famous condottiero Erasmo da Narni, who had died that year.
Completed in 1450 and placed in the square facing the Basilica of St. Anthony, his equestrian statue of Erasmo (better known as the "Gattamelata", or "Honey-Cat") was the first example of such a monument since ancient times.
(Other equestrian statues, from the 14th century, had not been executed in bronze and had been placed over tombs rather than erected independently, in a public place.)
This work became the prototype for other equestrian monuments executed in Italy and Europe in the following centuries.
For the Basilica of St. Anthony, Donatello created, most famously, the bronze Crucifix of 1444–1447 and additional statues for the choir, including a "Madonna with Child" and six saints, constituting a Holy Conversation, which is no longer visible since the renovation by Camillo Boito in 1895.
The "Madonna with Child" portrays the Child being displayed to the faithful, on a throne flanked by two sphinxes, allegorical figures of knowledge.
On the throne's back is a relief of Adam and Eve.
During this period—1446–50—Donatello also executed four extremely important reliefs with scenes from the life of St. Anthony for the high altar.
Article: Some Nights
Section: Track listing

Question: Which track on the album is the only one that is a remix?

Deluxe edition:
"Out on the Town" (4:21)
"We Are Young" (featuring Janelle Monáe) (acoustic) (4:32)
"Carry On" (acoustic) (4:08)
"Why Am I the One" (acoustic) (4:22)
"We Are Young" (featuring Janelle Monáe) (Alvin Risk Remix) (4:09)