community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Claude Monet
Section: Vétheuile

Question: Monet had how many children?

After several difficult months following the death of Camille, Monet began to create some of his best paintings of the 19th century.
During the early 1880s, Monet painted several groups of landscapes and seascapes in what he considered to be campaigns to document the French countryside.
These began to evolve into series of pictures in which he documented the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons.
Monet's friend Ernest Hoschedé became bankrupt, and left in 1878 for Belgium.
After the death of Camille Monet in September 1879, and while Monet continued to live in the house in Vétheuil, Alice Hoschedé helped Monet to raise his two sons, Jean and Michel.
She took them to Paris to live alongside her own six children, Blanche, (who married Jean Monet), Germaine, Hoschedé, Marthe, Jean-Pierre, and Jacques.
In the spring of 1880, Alice Hoschedé and all the children left Paris and rejoined Monet at Vétheuil.
In 1881, all of them moved to Poissy, which Monet hated.
In April 1883, looking out the window of the little train between Vernon and Gasny, he discovered Giverny in Normandy.
Monet, Alice Hoschedé and the children moved to Vernon, then to the house in Giverny, where he planted a large garden and where he painted for much of the rest of his life.
Following the death of her estranged husband, Monet married Alice Hoschedé in 1892.
Article: Chemistry
Section: Bonding

Question: When atoms combine in a way where they each have eight electrons, what rule are they following?

Atoms sticking together in molecules or crystals are said to be bonded with one another.
A chemical bond may be visualized as the multipole balance between the positive charges in the nuclei and the negative charges oscillating about them.
More than simple attraction and repulsion, the energies and distributions characterize the availability of an electron to bond to another atom.
A chemical bond can be a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond or just because of Van der Waals force.
Each of these kinds of bonds is ascribed to some potential.
These potentials create the interactions which hold atoms together in molecules or crystals.
In many simple compounds, Valence Bond Theory, the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model (VSEPR), and the concept of oxidation number can be used to explain molecular structure and composition.
An ionic bond is formed when a metal loses one or more of its electrons, becoming a positively charged cation, and the electrons are then gained by the non-metal atom, becoming a negatively charged anion.
The two oppositely charged ions attract one another, and the ionic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between them.
For example, sodium (Na), a metal, loses one electron to become an Na+ cation while chlorine (Cl), a non-metal, gains this electron to become Cl-.
The ions are held together due to electrostatic attraction, and that compound sodium chloride (NaCl), or common table salt, is formed.
In a covalent bond, one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two atoms: the resulting electrically neutral group of bonded atoms is termed a molecule.
Atoms will share valence electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas electron configuration (eight electrons in their outermost shell) for each atom.
Atoms that tend to combine in such a way that they each have eight electrons in their valence shell are said to follow the octet rule.
However, some elements like hydrogen and lithium need only two electrons in their outermost shell to attain this stable configuration; these atoms are said to follow the "duet rule", and in this way they are reaching the electron configuration of the noble gas helium, which has two electrons in its outer shell.
Similarly, theories from classical physics can be used to predict many ionic structures.
With more complicated compounds, such as metal complexes, valence bond theory is less applicable and alternative approaches, such as the molecular orbital theory, are generally used.
See diagram on electronic orbitals.
Article: Marathon
Section: Origin

Question: Who is the author of "On the Glory of Athens"?

The name "Marathon" comes from the legend of Pheidippides, a Greek messenger.
The legend states that he was sent from the battlefield of Marathon to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated in the Battle of Marathon (in which he had just fought), which took place in August or September, 490 BC.
It is said that he ran the entire distance without stopping and burst into the assembly, exclaiming ("nenikekamen", "we have wοn"), before collapsing and dying.
The account of the run from Marathon to Athens first appears in Plutarch's "On the Glory of Athens" in the 1st century AD which quotes from Heraclides Ponticus's lost work, giving the runner's name as either Thersipus of Erchius or Eucles.
Lucian of Samosata (2nd century AD) also gives the story but names the runner Philippides (not Pheidippides).
There is debate about the historical accuracy of this legend.
The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who ran from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then ran back, a distance of over each way.
In some Herodotus manuscripts the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as Philippides.
Herodotus makes no mention of a messenger sent from Marathon to Athens, and relates that the main part of the Athenian army, having fought and won the grueling battle, and fearing a naval raid by the Persian fleet against an undefended Athens, marched quickly back from the battle to Athens, arriving the same day.
In 1879, Robert Browning wrote the poem .
Browning's poem, his composite story, became part of late 19th century popular culture and was accepted as a historic legend.
Mount Penteli stands between Marathon and Athens, which means that, if Pheidippides actually made his famous run after the battle, he had to run around the mountain, either to the north or to the south.
The latter and more obvious route matches almost exactly the modern Marathon-Athens highway, which follows the lie of the land southwards from Marathon Bay and along the coast, then takes a gentle but protracted climb westwards towards the eastern approach to Athens, between the foothills of Mounts Hymettus and Penteli, and then gently downhill to Athens proper.
This route, as it existed when the Olympics were revived in 1896, was approximately long, and this was the approximate distance originally used for marathon races.
However there have been suggestions that Pheidippides might have followed another route: a westward climb along the eastern and northern slopes of Mount Penteli to the pass of Dionysos, and then a straight southward downhill path to Athens.
This route is considerably shorter, some , but includes a very steep initial climb of more than .
Article: Sushi
Section: Nigirizushi

Question: In which way are toppings served in sushi?

"Nigirizushi" (, "hand-pressed sushi") consists of an oblong mound of "sushi rice" that the chef presses into a small rectangular box between the palms of the hands, usually with a bit of "wasabi", and a topping (the "neta") draped over it.
"Neta" are typically fish such as salmon, tuna or other seafood.
Certain toppings are typically bound to the rice with a thin strip of "nori", most commonly octopus ("tako"), freshwater eel ("unagi"), sea eel ("anago"), squid ("ika"), and sweet egg ("tamago").
"Gunkanmaki" (, "warship roll") is a special type of "nigirizushi": an oval, hand-formed clump of sushi rice that has a strip of "nori" wrapped around its perimeter to form a vessel that is filled with some soft, loose or fine-chopped ingredient that requires the confinement of "nori" such as roe, "nattō", oysters, "uni" (sea urchin roe), corn with mayonnaise, scallops, and quail eggs.
"Gunkan-maki" was invented at the "Ginza Kyubey" restaurant in 1941; its invention significantly expanded the repertoire of soft toppings used in sushi.
"Temarizushi" (, "ball sushi") is a ball-shaped sushi made by pressing rice and fish into a ball-shaped form by hand using a plastic wrap.
Article: Watergate scandal
Section: Release of the tapes

Question: What was the name of Nixon's personal secretary?

The tapes revealed several crucial conversations that took place between the President and his counsel, John Dean, on March 21, 1973.
In this conversation, Dean summarized many aspects of the Watergate case, and focused on the subsequent coverup, describing it as a "cancer on the presidency."
The burglary team was being paid hush money for their silence and Dean stated: "That's the most troublesome post-thing, because Bob is involved in that; John [Ehrlichman is involved in that; I am involved in that; Mitchell is involved in that.
And that's an obstruction of justice."
Dean continues and states that Howard Hunt is blackmailing the White House, demanding money immediately, and President Nixon replies that the blackmail money should be paid: "…just looking at the immediate problem, don't you have to have – handle Hunt's financial situation damn soon?
[…] you've got to keep the cap on the bottle that much, in order to have any options.
"At the time of the initial congressional impeachment, it was not known if Nixon had known and approved of the payments to the Watergate defendants earlier than this conversation.
Nixon's conversation with Haldeman on August 1, 1972, is one of several that establishes this.
Nixon states: "Well…they have to be paid.
That's all there is to that.
They have to be paid."
During the congressional debate on impeachment, some believed that impeachment required a criminally indictable offense.
President Nixon's agreement to make the blackmail payments was regarded as an affirmative act to obstruct justice.
On December 7, 1973, it was found that an 18½ minute portion of one recorded tape had been erased.
Nixon's longtime personal secretary, Rose Mary Woods, said she had accidentally erased the tape by pushing the wrong pedal on her tape player when answering the phone.
The press ran photos showing that it was unlikely for Woods to answer the phone and keep her foot on the pedal.
Later forensic analysis determined that the tape had been erased in several segments – at least five, and perhaps as many as nine.
Article: South Park
Section: Abstract

Question: When are episodes of South Park typically written and produced?

South Park is an American adult animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for the Comedy Central television network.
Intended for mature audiences, the show has become famous for its crude language and dark, surreal humor that satirizes a wide range of topics.
The ongoing narrative revolves around four boys—Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick—and their bizarre adventures in and around the titular Colorado town.
Parker and Stone developed the show from two animated shorts they created in 1992 and 1995.
The latter became one of the first Internet viral videos, which ultimately led to its production as a series.
"South Park" debuted in August 1997 with great success, consistently earning the highest ratings of any basic cable program.
Subsequent ratings have varied but it remains one of Comedy Central's highest rated shows, and is slated to air through at least 2016.
The pilot episode was produced using cutout animation.
All subsequent episodes are created with software that emulates the cutout technique.
Parker and Stone perform most of the voice acting.
Since 2000, each episode is typically written and produced during the week preceding its broadcast, with Parker serving as the primary writer and director.
There have been a total of episodes over the course of the show's 17 seasons.
The series has received numerous accolades, including five Primetime Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, and numerous inclusions in various publications' lists of greatest television shows.
The show's popularity resulted in a feature-length theatrical film, "" which was released in June 1999, less than two years after the show's premiere, and became a commercial and critical success.
In 2013, "TV Guide" ranked "South Park" the tenth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time.
Article: Rice
Section: Europe

Question: Where was rice imported from to the Classical world?

Rice was known to the Classical world, being imported from Egypt, and perhaps west Asia.
It was known to Greece by returning soldiers from Alexander the Great's military expedition to Asia.
Large deposits of rice from the first century A.D. have been found in Roman camps in Germany.
The Moors brought Asiatic rice to the Iberian Peninsula in the 10th century.
Records indicate it was grown in Valencia and Majorca.
In Majorca, rice cultivation seems to have stopped after the Christian conquest, although historians are not certain.
Muslims also brought rice to Sicily, where it was an important crop long before it is noted in the plain of Pisa (1468) or in the Lombard plain (1475), where its cultivation was promoted by Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, and demonstrated in his model farms.
After the 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France, later propagating to all the continents during the age of European exploration.
In European Russia, a short-grain, starchy rice similar to the Italian varieties, has been grown in the Krasnodar Krai, and known in Russia as "Kuban Rice" or "Krasnodar Rice".
In the Russian Far East several "japonica" cultivars are grown in Primorye around the Khanka lake.
Increasing scale of rice production in the region has recently brought criticism towards growers' alleged bad practices in regards to the environment.
Article: Bedroom in Arles
Section: Abstract

Question: What did Van Gogh name the Bedroom in Arles?

Bedroom in Arles (; ) is the title given to each of three similar paintings by 19th-century Dutch Post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh.
Van Gogh's own title for this composition was simply "The Bedroom" (French: "La Chambre à coucher").
There are three authentic versions described in his letters, easily discernible from one another by the pictures on the wall to the right.
The painting depicts Van Gogh's bedroom at 2, Place Lamartine in Arles, Bouches-du-Rhône, France, known as his Yellow House.
The door to the right was opening to the upper floor and the staircase; the door to the left served the guest room he held prepared for Gauguin.
The window in the front wall was looking to Place Lamartine and its public gardens.
This room was not rectangular but trapezoid with an obtuse angle in the left hand corner of the front wall and an acute angle at the right.
Van Gogh evidently did not spend much time on this problem, he simply indicated that there was a corner, somehow.
Article: Leaning Tower of Pisa
Section: Alternative candidates

Question: What angle does The Leaning Tower of Wanaka make with the ground?

Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lop-sided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen.
"Guinness World Records" measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees.
In June 2010, "Guinness World Records" certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower".
The Capital Gate tower has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant.
The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.
Article: Life Is Beautiful
Section: Reception

Question: When was Life is Beautiful released?

"Life is Beautiful" became commercially successful.
After Miramax Films released the film on 23 October 1998 in the United States, the film went on to gross $57,563,264 in North America, and $171,600,000 internationally, with a worldwide gross of $229,163,264.
It is the highest grossing movie to be made in Italy, and the second highest grossing foreign film in the United States.
The film also received mostly positive reviews, with the film aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes giving the film a "Fresh" 80% rating.
Despite its acclaim, actor-director Roberto Benigni received criticism for its comedic elements incorporated into the backdrop of the Holocaust.
Roger Ebert gave the film 3 1/2 stars, stating, "At Cannes, it offended some left-wing critics with its use of humor in connection with the Holocaust.
What may be most offensive to both wings is its sidestepping of politics in favor of simple human ingenuity.
The film finds the right notes to negotiate its delicate subject matter."
Article: Space Race
Section: Project Gemini

Question: When was the project 'Gemini' first introduced?

Focused by the commitment to a moon landing, in January 1962 the US introduced Project Gemini, a two-crew-member spacecraft that would support Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, Extra-vehicular Activity for extended periods, and accomplishing useful work rather than just "walking in space."
Although Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, Gemini took advantage of the USSR's two-year hiatus after Voskhod, which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight.
Gemini achieved several significant firsts during the course of ten piloted missions:
 On Gemini 3 (March 1965), astronauts Virgil "Gus" Grissom and John W. Young became the first to demonstrate their ability to change their craft's orbit.
 On Gemini 5 (August 1965), astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles "Pete" Conrad set a record of almost eight days in space, long enough for a piloted lunar mission.
 On Gemini 6A (December 1965), Command Pilot Wally Schirra achieved the first space rendezvous with Gemini 7, accurately matching his orbit to that of the other craft, station-keeping for three consecutive orbits at distances as close as .
 Gemini 7 also set a human spaceflight endurance record of fourteen days for Frank Borman and James A. Lovell, which stood until both nations started launching space laboratories in the early 1970s.
 On Gemini 8 (March 1966), Command Pilot Neil Armstrong achieved the first docking between two spacecraft, his Gemini craft and an Agena target vehicle.
 Gemini 11 (September 1966), commanded by Conrad, achieved the first direct-ascent rendezvous with its Agena target on the first orbit, and used the Agena's rocket to achieve an apogee of .
 On Gemini 12 (November 1966), Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin spent over five hours working comfortably during three (EVA) sessions, finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft.
(This proved to be the most difficult goal to achieve.
)
Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions.
In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions.
Article: September 11 attacks
Section: FBI

Question: Were there any September 11 attackers who were originally from Egypt?

Immediately after the attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation started PENTTBOM, the largest criminal inquiry in the history of the United States.
At its height, more than half of the FBI's agents worked on the investigation and followed a half-million leads.
The FBI concluded that there was "clear and irrefutable" evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks.
The FBI was quickly able to identify the hijackers, including leader Mohamed Atta, when his luggage was discovered at Boston's Logan Airport.
Atta had been forced to check two of his three bags due to space limitations on the 19-seat commuter flight he took to Boston.
Due to a new policy instituted to prevent flight delays, the luggage failed to make it aboard American Airlines Flight 11 as planned.
The luggage contained the hijackers' names, assignments and al-Qaeda connections.
"It had all these Arab-language (sic) papers that amounted to the Rosetta stone of the investigation", said one FBI agent.
Within hours of the attacks, the FBI released the names and in many cases the personal details of the suspected pilots and hijackers.
By midday, the U.S. National Security Agency and German intelligence agencies had intercepted communications pointing to Osama bin Laden.
On September 27, 2001, the FBI released photos of the 19 hijackers, along with information about possible nationalities and aliases.
Fifteen of the men were from Saudi Arabia, two from the United Arab Emirates, one (Atta) from Egypt, and one from Lebanon.
Article: Vegetable
Section: Color pigments

Question: When the pH is neatral, what occurs?

The green color of leaf vegetables is due to the presence of the green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is affected by the pH, and it changes to olive green in acid conditions, and to bright green in alkaline conditions.
Some of the acids are released in steam during cooking, particularly if cooked without a cover.
The yellow/orange colors of fruits and vegetables are due to the presence of carotenoids, which are also affected by normal cooking processes or changes in pH.
The red/blue coloring of some fruits and vegetables (e.g., blackberries and red cabbage) are due to anthocyanins, which are sensitive to changes in pH.
When the pH is neutral, the pigments are purple, when acidic, red, and when alkaline, blue.
These pigments are quite water-soluble.
This property can be used in rudimentary testing of pH.
Article: Man at the Crossroads
Section: Commission

Question: For work on the Rockefeller Center, what was Rivera paid?

The Rockefellers wanted to have a mural put on the ground-floor wall of Rockefeller Center.
Nelson Rockefeller wanted Henri Matisse or Pablo Picasso to do it because he favored their modern style, but neither was available.
Diego Rivera was one of Nelson Rockefeller's mother's favorite artists and therefore was commissioned to create the huge mural.
He was given a theme: "Man at the Crossroads Looking with Hope and High Vision to the Choosing of a New and Better Future."
Rockefeller wanted the painting to make people pause and think.
Rivera was to be paid $21,000 for the work.
He was officially commissioned by Todd-Robertson-Todd Engineering, the development agents for the building.
The full commission envisaged three murals.
"Man at the Crossroads" would be in the center.
It would be flanked by "The Frontier of Ethical Evolution" and "The Frontier of Material Development".
The central composition was intended to contrast Capitalism and Socialism.
This basic compositional idea was approved by Rockefeller.
Article: Cheese
Section: Health and nutrition

Question: How much calcium is contained in a serving of Cheddar cheese?

The nutritional value of cheese varies widely.
Cottage cheese may consist of 4% fat and 11% protein; some whey cheeses 15% fat and 11% protein,; and some triple-crème cheeses 36% fat and 7% protein.
In general, cheese supplies a great deal of calcium, protein, phosphorus and fat.
A serving of Cheddar cheese contains about of protein and 200 milligrams of calcium.
Nutritionally, cheese is essentially concentrated milk: it takes about of milk to provide that much protein, and to equal the calcium.