community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Track and field
Section: Combined events

Question: How are track and field athletes ranked in the Olympics

Combined (or multi-discipline) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event, which adds to a total points score.
Outdoors, the most common combined events are the men's decathlon and the women's heptathlon.
Due to stadium limitations, indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events, resulting in the men's heptathlon and the women's pentathlon.
Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system, such as the decathlon scoring table.
The Ancient Olympic pentathlon (comprising long jump, javelin, discus, the "stadion" race and wrestling) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the 1906 Summer Olympics (Intercalated Games).
A men's decathlon was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics, albeit contested between five American and two British athletes.
Article: Pho
Section: From Cantonese

Question: How did Chinese vendors advertise Pho?

Hue and Eugèn Gouin (1957) both define ' by itself as an abbreviation of '.
Elucidating on the 1931 dictionary, Gouin and Lê Ngọc Trụ (1970) both give ' as a corruption of ' (), which was commonly sold by Chinese immigrants in Hanoi.
Some scholars argue that pho (the dish) evolved from ', a Vietnamese dish common in Hanoi at the turn of the century.
Originally eaten by commoners near the Red River, it consisted of stir fried strips of water buffalo meat served in broth atop rice vermicelli.
Around 1908–1909, the shipping industry brought an influx of laborers.
Vietnamese and Chinese cooks set up ' to serve them ' but later switched to inexpensive scraps of beef set aside by butchers who sold to the French.
Chinese vendors advertised this ' by crying out, "Beef and noodles!"
().
Eventually the street cry became "Meat and noodles!"
(), with the last syllable elongated.
The French author Jean Marquet spells it "!"
in his 1919 novel "Du village-à-la cité".
This is likely what the Vietnamese poet Tản Đà calls "" in "" ("Gambling"), written around 1915–1917.
Article: Cricket
Section: Overs

Question: How do umpires switch positions in Cricket?

The bowler bowls the ball in sets of six deliveries (or "balls") and each set of six balls is called an over.
This name came about because the umpire calls "Over!"
when six balls have been bowled.
At this point, another bowler is deployed at the other end, and the fielding side changes ends while the batsmen do not.
A bowler cannot bowl two successive overs, although a bowler can bowl unchanged at the same end for several overs.
The batsmen do not change ends and so the one who was non-striker is now the striker and vice-versa.
The umpires also change positions so that the one who was at square leg now stands behind the wicket at the non-striker's end and "vice-versa".
Article: Ice hockey
Section: Head injuries

Question: What is a check to the head in Ice Hockey?

According to the Hughston Health Alert, "Lacerations to the head, scalp, and face are the most frequent types of injury hockey."
(Schmidt 6) Even a shallow cut to the head results in a loss of a large amount of blood.
Most concussions occur during player to player contact (49%) rather than when a player is checked into the boards (35%).
Not only are lacerations common, “it is estimated that direct trauma accounts for 80% of all injuries.
Most of these injuries are caused by player contact, falls and contact with a puck, high stick and occasionally, a skate blade.” (Schmidt 3) One of the causes of head injury is checking from behind.
Due to the danger of delivering a check from behind, many leagues, including the NHL have made this a major and gross misconduct penalty (called "boarding").
Another type of check that accounts for many of the player to player contact concussions is a check to the head.
A check to the head can be defined as delivering a hit while the receiving player’s head is down and their waist is bent and the aggressor is targeting the receiving player's head.
Checks to the head have accounted for nearly 50% of concussions that players in the National Hockey League have suffered.
Concussions that players suffer may go unreported because there are no obvious physical signs if a player is not knocked unconscious.
This can prove to be dangerous if a player decides to return to play without receiving proper medical attention.
In recent years there has been debate over whether or not a check to head should be deemed an acceptable hit in hockey.
In March 2011, the NHL instituted a new concussion testing protocol to help improve detection of concussions during gameplay
Article: Epcot
Section: Future World

Question: What is the definition of "Future World"?

Future World consists of a variety of pavilions that explore innovative aspects and applications including technology and science.
Future World also serves as the park's main entrance and features the park's iconic landmark, Spaceship Earth, a large geodesic sphere structure which houses a themed attraction inside.
Originally, each pavilion of Future World featured a unique circular logo which was featured on park signage and the attractions themselves.
The logos, including that of Epcot itself, have been phased out over recent years, but some remnants still remain scattered throughout the park, the pavilions are now instead identified by name and recognized by the main attraction(s) housed inside.
The various pavilions located in Future World include the following:
Spaceship Earth
Innoventions East
Innoventions West
Universe of Energy
Test Track
The Seas with Nemo and Friends
The Land
Imagination!
Wonders of Life/Festival Center (Seasonal Operation)
Article: Cake
Section: Abstract

Question: What type of food is cake?

Cake is a form of bread or bread-like food.
In its modern forms, it is typically a sweet baked dessert.
In its oldest forms, cakes were normally fried breads or cheesecakes, and normally had a disk shape.
Determining whether a given food should be classified as bread, cake, or pastry can be difficult.
Modern cake, especially layer cakes, normally contain a combination of flour, sugar, eggs, and butter or oil, with some varieties also requiring liquid (typically milk or water) and leavening agents (such as yeast or baking powder).
Flavorful ingredients like fruit purées, nuts, dried or candied fruit, or extracts are often added, and numerous substitutions for the primary ingredients are possible.
Cakes are often filled with fruit preserves or dessert sauces (like pastry cream), iced with buttercream or other icings, and decorated with marzipan, piped borders or candied fruit.
Cake is often the dessert of choice for meals at ceremonial occasions, particularly weddings, anniversaries, and birthdays.
There are countless cake recipes; some are bread-like, some rich and elaborate, and many are centuries old.
Cake making is no longer a complicated procedure; while at one time considerable labor went into cake making (particularly the whisking of egg foams), baking equipment and directions have been simplified so that even the most amateur cook may bake a cake.
Article: Snowboarding
Section: Films

Question: When was "The Crash Reel" premiered?

Snowboarding films have become a main part of progression in the sport.
Each season, many films are released, usually in Autumn.
These are made by many snowboard specific video production companies as well as manufacturing companies that use these films as a form of advertisement.
Snowboarding videos usually contain video footage of professional riders sponsored by companies.
An example of commercial use of snowboarding films would be "The White Album", a film by snowboarding legend and filmmaker Dave Seoane about Shaun White, that includes cameos by Tony Hawk and was sponsored by PlayStation, Mountain Dew and Burton Snowboards.
Snowboarding films are also used as documentation of snowboarding and showcasing of current trends and styles of the sport.
However, sometimes the snowboarding industry is not supportive of all snowboarding-themed films.
In 2013, "The Crash Reel", a feature-length documentary by filmmaker Lucy Walker about former Shaun White rival Kevin Pearce, premiered on the film festival circuit to critical acclaim and was subsequently broadcast on HBO.
Using Pearce's career-ending traumatic brain injury and subsequent recovery as a backdrop, the film examines the physical dangers inherent to pro snowboarders and other extreme sports professional athletes under pressure by sponsors and the media to perform increasingly spectacular feats.
Although there are significant references to various brands in the film, Walker is "adamant" that the snowboarding industry did not sponsor the film in any way and in fact has been unsupportive, despite the film's mainstream media success.
Article: Louisiana Purchase
Section: Abstract

Question: How much of the continent did the Louisiana territory cover?

The Louisiana Purchase ( "Sale of Louisiana") was the acquisition by the United States of America in 1803 of of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana.
The U.S. paid 50 million francs ($11,250,000) plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ($3,750,000), for a total sum of 15 million dollars (around 4 cents per acre) for the Louisiana territory ($ million in dollars, less than 42 cents per acre).
The Louisiana territory encompassed all or part of 15 present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces.
The land purchased contained all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; parts of Minnesota that were west of the Mississippi River; most of North Dakota; most of South Dakota; northeastern New Mexico; northern Texas; the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, including the city of New Orleans; and small portions of land that would eventually become part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.
France controlled this vast area from 1699 until 1762, the year it gave the territory to its ally Spain.
Under Napoleon Bonaparte, France took back the territory in 1800 in the hope of building an empire in North America.
A slave revolt in Haiti and an impending war with Britain, however, led France to abandon these plans and sell the entire territory to the United States, which had originally intended only to seek the purchase of New Orleans and its adjacent lands.
The purchase of the territory of Louisiana took place during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson.
At the time, the purchase faced domestic opposition because it was thought to be unconstitutional.
Although he agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain provisions for acquiring territory, Jefferson decided to go ahead with the purchase anyway in order to remove France's presence in the region and to protect both U.S. trade access to the port of New Orleans and free passage on the Mississippi River.
Article: Life Is Beautiful
Section: Awards

Question: What awards show did Life is Beautiful win at for Best Music, Original Dramatic Score, and Best Foreign Language Film?

"Life is Beautiful" was shown at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival, and went on to win the Grand Prix.
At the 71st Academy Awards, the film won awards for Best Music, Original Dramatic Score, and Best Foreign Language Film, with Benigni winning Best Actor for his role.
The film also received Academy Award nominations for Directing, Film Editing, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Picture.
Article: Popcorn
Section: Popping mechanism

Question: What's in a popcorn kernel

Each kernel of popcorn contains a certain amount of moisture and oil.
Unlike most other grains, the outer hull of the popcorn kernel is both strong and impervious to moisture and the starch inside consists almost entirely of a hard, dense type.
As the oil and the water around the kernel are heated, they turn the moisture in the kernel, which has a moisture-proof hull, into a superheated pressurized steam.
Under these conditions, the starch inside the kernel gelatinizes, softens, and becomes pliable.
The pressure continues to increase until the breaking point of the hull is reached: a pressure of about and a temperature of .
The hull ruptures rapidly, causing a sudden drop in pressure inside the kernel and a corresponding rapid expansion of the steam, which expands the starch and proteins of the endosperm into airy foam.
As the foam rapidly cools, the starch and protein polymers set into the familiar crispy puff.
Special varieties are grown to give improved popping yield.
Some wild types will pop, but the cultivated strain is "Zea mays everta", which is a special kind of flint corn.
Article: Starships (song)
Section: Live performances

Question: When was Starships performed on American Idol

On February 26, 2012, Minaj performed the single live for the first time along with "Moment 4 Life", "Turn Me On" and "Super Bass" at the 2012 NBA All-Star Game.
Minaj also performed the single on the eleventh season of "American Idol" results show on March 29, 2012, and on "Today" on April 6.
Minaj performed the song in a mash-up with "Right by My Side" at "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on May 10, 2012.
Minaj also performed the single on her Pink Friday Tour.
The song was also the encore song of Minaj's .
Article: Impression, Sunrise
Section: History

Question: Why did Monet refer to his art as impressionism?

Dated 1872, its subject is the harbour of Le Havre in France, using very loose brush strokes that suggest rather than delineate it.
Monet explained the title later:Landscape is nothing but an impression, and an instantaneous one, hence this label that was given us, by the way because of me.
I had sent a thing done in Le Havre, from my window, sun in the mist and a few masts of boats sticking up in the foreground.
...
They asked me for a title for the catalogue, it couldn't really be taken for a view of Le Havre, and I said: 'Put "Impression".'
It was first displayed in 1874 during the first independent art show of the Impressionists (who were not yet known by that name).
Critic Louis Leroy, inspired by the painting's name, titled his hostile review of the show in "Le Charivari" newspaper, "The Exhibition of the Impressionists", thus inadvertently naming the new art movement.
He wrote:Impression—I was certain of it.
I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it … and what freedom, what ease of workmanship!
Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape.
The painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan Monet in 1985 by Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun but recovered in 1990.
Since 1991 it has been back on display in the museum.
Article: Singapore
Section: History

Question: What is the range of lives lost during the Sook Ching massacre?

Temasek ('sea town'), a second century outpost of the Sumatran Srivijaya empire, is the earliest known settlement on Singapore.
The island was part of the Sri Vijaya Empire when it was invaded by the south Indian Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the Chola Empire in the 11th century.
In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement and the island sank into obscurity for the next two centuries.
Nominally, it belonged to the Johor Sultanate during this period.
In 1819, Thomas Stamford Raffles arrived and signed a treaty with Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor on behalf of the British East India Company to develop the southern part of Singapore as a British trading post.
In 1824, the entire island became a British possession under a further treaty with the Sultan and the Temenggong.
In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, becoming the regional capital in 1836.
Before Raffles arrived, there were approximately 1,000 people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese.
By 1860, the population exceeded 80,000 and more than half was Chinese.
Many immigrants came to work at rubber plantations and, after the 1870s, the island became a global centre for rubber exports.
During World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded British Malaya, culminating in the Battle of Singapore.
The British were defeated, and surrendered on 15 February 1942.
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called this "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history".
The Sook Ching massacre of ethnic Chinese after the fall of Singapore claimed between 5,000 and 25,000 lives.
The Japanese occupied Singapore until the British repossessed it in September 1945, after the Surrender of Japan.
Singapore's first general election in 1955 was won by David Marshall, the pro-independence leader of the Labour Front.
He led a delegation to London to demand complete self-rule but was turned down by the British.
He subsequently resigned and was replaced by Lim Yew Hock, whose policies convinced Britain to grant Singapore full internal self-government for all matters except defence and foreign affairs.
During the May 1959 elections, the People's Action Party won a landslide victory.
Singapore became an internally self-governing state within the Commonwealth and Lee Kuan Yew became the country's first Prime Minister.
Governor Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode served as the first Yang di-Pertuan Negara ("Head of State"), and was succeeded by Yusof bin Ishak who became the first President of Singapore in 1965.
During the 1950s, Chinese Communists with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools carried out an armed uprising against the government, leading to the Malayan Emergency and later, the Communist Insurgency War.
The 1954 National Service Riots, Chinese middle schools riots and Hock Lee bus riots in Singapore were all linked to these events.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Identification

Question: How are stem cells primarily identified?

In practice, stem cells are identified by whether they can regenerate tissue.
For example, the defining test for bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is the ability to transplant the cells and save an individual without HSCs.
This demonstrates that the cells can produce new blood cells over a long term.
It should also be possible to isolate stem cells from the transplanted individual, which can themselves be transplanted into another individual without HSCs, demonstrating that the stem cell was able to self-renew.
Properties of stem cells can be illustrated "in vitro", using methods such as clonogenic assays, in which single cells are assessed for their ability to differentiate and self-renew.
Stem cells can also be isolated by their possession of a distinctive set of cell surface markers.
However, "in vitro" culture conditions can alter the behavior of cells, making it unclear whether the cells will behave in a similar manner "in vivo".
There is considerable debate as to whether some proposed adult cell populations are truly stem cells.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Geology

Question: For what reason did Borglum choose this site?

Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite.
The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Harney Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore.
The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, roughly 1.6 billion years ago.
Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Harney Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents.
The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian.
Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago.
The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome.
Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist.
Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington.
The tallest mountain in the region is Harney Peak ().
Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons.
The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite.
The durable granite erodes only every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure.
The mountain's height of above sea level made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day.
Article: Part of Me (Katy Perry song)
Section: Live performances

Question: When did Katy Perry give her first live performance of "Part Of Me"?

"Part of Me" was given its first live performance on February 12, 2012, at the 54th Grammy Awards.
An abbreviated version of "E.T."
(2011) ended partway through the chorus, with electronic sound effects and a darkened stage.
Wearing a metallic bodysuit with the appearance of golden armor, a blue-haired Perry descended from the roof of the venue in a transparent cube.
The object shattered, fireworks went off around the stage, and Perry began "Part of Me" as the dancers present during "E.T."
reappeared, lifted her up, and performed a routine behind her.
On March 19, 2012, Perry performed "Part of Me" as part of a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1, along with "The One That Got Away" (2011), "Firework" (2011), "Thinking of You" (2009) and a censored version of "Niggas in Paris" (2011).
The performances were closely similar, through their depiction of Perry as a superhero and their theme of self-empowerment.
Katie Brine of MTV commented that "Even when Katy is getting serious, there's always fun to be had.
"On April 26, 2012, Perry performed the track for season 11 of "American Idol".
This was similar to her previous performances and the video, but was pre-taped due to illness.
After a short, introductory military-style video, Perry made a simulated airdrop onto a military base peopled by female background dancers, all clad in military clothing.
It was met with mixed reviews from critics and fans, who criticized Perry's decisions to pre-tape her performance and to lipsync.
However, the complexity and originality of the performance were praised.
Brian Mansfield, of "USA Today", called it a "pretty impressive production", but criticized Perry's vocal abilities.
Perry included the song in the set list of her June 9, 2012 performance at Capital FM's Summertime Ball festival, during which she wore a fifties-style black and white polka dot dress and a black fringe haircut.
DJ Earworm had also made a mashup called "Fly" for the Summertime Ball and included "Part of Me" and Perry's previous single, "The One That Got Away" in the mashup.
On June 26, 2012 Perry performed "Part of Me" in her set list at the premiere for her July 2012, 3D autobiographical documentary-concert film "" on Hollywood Boulevard as part of Pepsi's "Summer Beats" concert series.
During the performance, Perry emerged from a large box of popcorn, wearing a shirt that resembled a film reel with the stage decorated with life-sized lollipops and neon lights.
This was Perry's final performance prior to her taking a musical hiatus after two years of continuous promotion for "Teenage Dream".
Article: The Amazing Race 21
Section: Prizes

Question: How does a team have to place to win each leg of the race?

The prize for each leg is awarded to the first place team for that leg.
Trips are sponsored by Travelocity.
 Leg 1 – The "Double Your Money" prize – if the team that wins the first leg of the race also wins the final leg, the prize for winning the race will be doubled from its standard amount to .
 Leg 2 – The "Express Pass" – an item that can be used on the race to skip any one task of the team's choosing.
 Leg 3 – A trip for two to Fiji
 Leg 4 – A trip for two to Antigua
 Leg 5 – A trip for two to Malaysia
 Leg 6 – A trip for two to Australia
 Leg 7 – A trip for two to Maui, Hawaii
 Leg 8 – A trip for two to Costa Rica
 Leg 9 – each
 Leg 10 – A trip for two to the Riviera Maya
 Leg 11 – A 2013 Ford Escape for each racer
 Leg 12 –