community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Boxing
Section: Medical concerns

Question: Is a boxer able to differentiate between the force required to knock a person out and the force required to kill them?

Knocking a person unconscious or even causing concussion may cause permanent brain damage.
There is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out and the force likely to kill a person.
Since 1980, more than 200 amateur boxers, professional boxers and Toughman fighters have died due to ring or training injuries.
In 1983, the "Journal of the American Medical Association" called for a ban on boxing.
The editor, Dr. George Lundberg, called boxing an "obscenity" that "should not be sanctioned by any civilized society."
Since then, the British, Canadian and Australian Medical Associations also have called for bans on boxing.
Supporters of the ban state that boxing is the only sport where hurting the other athlete is the goal.
Dr. Bill O'Neill, boxing spokesman for the British Medical Association, has supported the BMA's proposed ban on boxing: "It is the only sport where the intention is to inflict serious injury on your opponent, and we feel that we must have a total ban on boxing."
Opponents respond that such a position is misguided opinion, stating that amateur boxing is scored solely according to total connecting blows with no award for "injury".
They observe that many skilled professional boxers have had rewarding careers without inflicting injury on opponents by accumulating scoring blows and avoiding punches winning rounds scored 10-9 by the 10-point must system, and they note that there are many other sports where concussions are much more prevalent.
In 2007, one study of amateur boxers showed that protective headgear did not prevent brain damage, and another found that amateur boxers faced a high risk of brain damage.
The Gothenburg study analyzed temporary levels of neurofiliment light in cerebral spinal fluid which they conclude is evidence of damage, even though the levels soon subside.
More comprehensive studies of neurologiocal function on larger samples performed by Johns Hopkins University and accident rates analyzed by National Safety Council show amateur boxing is a comparatively safe sport.
In 1997, the American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians was established to create medical protocols through research and education to prevent injuries in boxing.
Professional boxing is forbidden in Norway, Iceland, Iran and North Korea.
It was banned in Sweden until 2007 when the ban was lifted but strict restrictions, including four three-minute rounds for fights, were imposed.
It was banned in Albania from 1965 till the fall of Communism in 1991; it is now legal.
Article: Sien (Van Gogh series)
Section: Public soup kitchen

Question: Where did Van Gogh and George Hendrik Breitner sketch together?

Quite poor, Sien's family often relied upon the public soup kitchen for food.
Hulsker called the signed drawing "The Public Soup Kitchen" (F1020a below) important and attractive.
Van Gogh and his contemporary George Hendrik Breitner had sketched together at a soup kitchen in the Geest (it is not known which of the several possibilities it was).
After going to the trouble and expense of installing shutters in his windows to adust the light and to recreate the scene itself in his studio, van Gogh was able to study his models at lesisure.
In this way he was able to introduce more "chiaroscuro" (light and dark) in his drawing, which he executed with the natural ('mountain') chalk that Theo had sent him and whose properties he lauds in his letters.
All the models are from Sien's family: her mother and baby on the left, her sister, back turned, and her daughter, hair cropped as a precaution against lice, in the center, with Sien herself, superbly executed in profile, on the right.
The watercolor F1020b (below) is much less successful as van Gogh himself acknowledged, blaming the paper in part for not being right for the job.
Article: Ski jumping
Section: Abstract

Question: When is ski jumping in the Olympics?

Ski jumping is a sport in which skiers go down a take-off ramp, jump, and attempt to fly as far as possible.
Judges award points for technique (often referred to as style points).
The skis used for ski jumping are wide and long ().
Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport, performed on snow, and is part of the Winter Olympic Games, but can also be performed in summer on artificial surfaces – porcelain or frost rail track on the inrun, plastic on the landing hill.
Ski jumping belongs to the Nordic type of competitive skiing.
Article: Canada
Section: Aboriginal peoples

Question: What are the characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies?

Aboriginal peoples.
Archaeological studies and genetic analyses have indicated a human presence in the northern Yukon region from 24,500 BC, and in southern Ontario from 7500 BC.
The Paleo-Indian archeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.
The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements,agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.
Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.
The aboriginal population at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health.
As a consequence of the European colonization, Canada's aboriginal peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty- to eighty-percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.
Aboriginal peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.
The Métis are a mixed-blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers.
In general, the Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period.
Article: Grand Canyon
Section: Geography

Question: Where in the Grand Canyon does it commonly rain in the summer months?

The Grand Canyon is a big fissure in the Colorado Plateau that exposes uplifted Proterozoic and Paleozoic strata, and is also one of the 19 distinct physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau province.
It is not the deepest canyon in the world (Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal is far deeper), however, the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape.
Geologically it is significant because of the thick sequence of ancient rocks that is beautifully preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon.
These rock layers record much of the early geologic history of the North American continent.
Uplift associated with mountain formation later moved these sediments thousands of feet upward and created the Colorado Plateau.
The higher elevation has also resulted in greater precipitation in the Colorado River drainage area, but not enough to change the Grand Canyon area from being semi-arid.
The uplift of the Colorado Plateau is uneven, and the Kaibab Plateau that Grand Canyon bisects is over a thousand feet higher at the North Rim (about ) than at the South Rim.
Almost all runoff from the North Rim (which also gets more rain and snow) flows toward the Grand Canyon, while much of the runoff on the plateau behind the South Rim flows away from the canyon (following the general tilt).
The result is deeper and longer tributary washes and canyons on the north side and shorter and steeper side canyons on the south side.
Temperatures on the North Rim are generally lower than those on the South Rim because of the greater elevation (averaging 8,000 ft/2,438 m above sea level).
Heavy rains are common on both rims during the summer months.
Access to the North Rim via the primary route leading to the canyon (State Route 67) is limited during the winter season due to road closures.
Article: Suburgatory
Section: Development and production

Question: What was Cheryl Hines' character's name?

The series first appeared on ABC's development slate in October 2010.
On January 14, 2011, ABC placed a pilot order, written by Emily Kapnek and directed by Michael Fresco, who also serve as executive producers.
The half-hour comedy is produced by Warner Bros. Television.
Casting announcements began in February 2011, with Jane Levy the first actor cast, playing the role of Tessa Altman, a Manhattan teen who has been raised for the last fifteen years by a single father, George.
Tessa dreads the idea of living in the suburbs.
Next to join the series was Alan Tudyk in the role of Noah Werner, George's college buddy and a dentist who moved to the suburbs some years earlier.
Allie Grant then joined the series as Lisa Shay, a socially awkward girl at school who befriends Tessa.
Jeremy Sisto and Carly Chaikin followed with Sisto playing George Altman, Tessa's architect father who moves her from Manhattan to the suburbs, and Chaikin playing Dalia Royce, Tessa's neighbor who quickly becomes her nemesis at school.
Cheryl Hines was next cast in the role of Dallas Royce, a well-to-do housewife and the mother of Dalia.
She tells George that her absentee husband (Jay Mohr) "travels a lot".
Rex Lee was the last actor cast, playing Mr. Wolfe, Tessa's clueless high school guidance counselor.
He was originally a guest star but was upped to a series regular after the pilot.
"Saturday Night Live" ("SNL") alumna Ana Gasteyer plays the Altmans' domineering neighbor, Sheila Shay, whom they vainly try to avoid.
Fellow "SNL" alum Chris Parnell plays Fred, her husband, who toes the line.
The Shays have two children: Lisa, who is Tessa's closest thing to a friend, and Ryan (Parker Young).
On May 13, 2011, ABC ordered the pilot to series, to air in the fall of the 2011–12 United States network television schedule.
"Suburgatory" premiered on September 28, 2011 and currently airs on Wednesday nights at 8:30/7:30 central following "The Middle".
After initially ordering 11 episodes, ABC picked up "Suburgatory" for a full season on October 13, 2011.
On December 16, 2011, it was announced that Alicia Silverstone would have a recurring role as Eden, a potential love interest for single father George.
This marked the third time Silverstone and Jeremy Sisto had worked together, since first working on the 1995 American comedy film "Clueless", and the 1995 thriller "Hideaway".
On March 23, 2012, ABC announced that the series was renewed for the 2012–2013 television season.
It would air after "Modern Family", on 9:30/8:30 central timeslot replacing the new series "The Neighbors" which was originally scheduled to air in that timeslot.
Article: Astrophysics
Section: Theoretical astrophysics

Question: If an astrophysicist wants to study the existence of certain phenomena and unseen effects, which analytical model would he use?

Theoretical astrophysicists use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes to approximate the behaviors of a star) and computational numerical simulations.
Each has some advantages.
Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on.
Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen.
Theorists in astrophysics endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models.
This helps allow observers to look for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between several alternate or conflicting models.
Theorists also try to generate or modify models to take into account new data.
In the case of an inconsistency, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model to fit the data.
In some cases, a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to total abandonment of a model.
Topics studied by theoretical astrophysicists include: stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics.
Astrophysical relativity serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large scale structures for which gravitation plays a significant role in physical phenomena investigated and as the basis for black hole ("astro")physics and the study of gravitational waves.
Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astrophysics, now included in the Lambda-CDM model are the Big Bang, Cosmic inflation, dark matter, dark energy and fundamental theories of physics.
Wormholes are examples of hypotheses which are yet to be proven (or disproven).
Article: Henry Moore
Section: Art market

Question: What was the selling price of "Reclining Figure:Festival"?

By the end of his career, Moore was the world's most successful living artist at auction.
In 1982, four years before his death, Sotheby's in New York sold a 6 ft "Reclining Figure" (1945), for $1.2 million to collector Wendell Cherry.
Although a first record of $4.1 million was set in 1990, Moore's market slumped during the recession that followed.
His eight-foot bronze, "Reclining Figure: Festival" (1951) sold for a record £19.1 million at Christie's, making him the second most expensive 20th-century British artist after Francis Bacon.
Article: Fencing
Section: History

Question: When did modern fencing originate?

The ancestor of modern fencing originated in Spain, where several books on fencing were written.
"Treatise on Arms" was written by Diego de Valera between 1458 and 1471 and is one of the oldest surviving manuals on western fencing shortly before dueling came under official ban by the Catholic Monarchs.
In conquest, the Spanish forces carried fencing around the world, particularly southern Italy, one of the major areas of strife between both nations.
The mechanics of modern fencing originated in the 18th century in an Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and, under their influence, was improved by the French school of fencing.
The Spanish school of fencing stagnated and was replaced by the Italian and French schools.
Nowadays, these two schools are the most influential around the world.
Dueling went into sharp decline after World War I.
After World War II, dueling went out of use in Europe except for very rare exceptions.
Training for duels, once fashionable for males of aristocratic backgrounds (although fencing masters such as Hope suggest that many people considered themselves trained from taking only one or two lessons), all but disappeared, along with the classes themselves.
Fencing continued as a sport, with tournaments and championships.
However, the need to actually prepare for a duel with "sharps" vanished, changing both training and technique.
Starting with épée in 1936, side-judges were replaced by an electrical scoring apparatus, with an audible tone and a red or green light indicating when a touch landed.
Foil first embraced electronic scoring in 1956, sabre in 1988.
The scoring box reduced the bias in judging, and permitted more accurate scoring of faster actions, lighter touches, and more touches to the back and flank than before.
Article: Maple syrup
Section: Grades

Question: When is freshly-harvested syrup lighter in color?

In Canada, maple syrup is classified by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as one of three grades, each with several colour classes: Canada No.
1, including Extra Light, Light, and Medium; No.
2 Amber; and finally No.
3 Dark or any other ungraded category.
Producers in Ontario or Québec may follow either federal or provincial grading guidelines.
Québec's and Ontario's guidelines differ slightly from the federal: there are two "number" categories in Québec (Number 1, with four colour classes, and 2, with five colour classes).
As in Québec, Ontario's producers have two "number" grades: 1, with three colour classes; and 2, with one colour class, which is typically referred to as "Ontario Amber" when produced and sold in that province only.
A typical year's yield for a maple syrup producer will be about 25 to 30 percent of each of the #1 colours, 10 percent #2 Amber, and 2 percent #3 Dark.
The United States uses different grading standards.
Maple syrup is divided into two major grades: Grade A and Grade B. Grade A is further divided into three subgrades: Light Amber (sometimes known as Fancy), Medium Amber, and Dark Amber.
The Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets uses a similar grading system of colour, and is roughly equivalent, especially for lighter syrups, but using letters: "AA", "A", etc.
The Vermont grading system differs from the US system in maintaining a slightly higher standard of product density (measured on the Baumé scale).
New Hampshire maintains a similar standard, but not a separate state grading scale.
The Vermont-graded product has 0.9 percent more sugar and less water in its composition than US-graded.
One grade of syrup not for table use, called commercial or Grade C, is also produced under the Vermont system.
Vermont inspectors enforce strict syrup grading regulations, and can fine producers up to US$1000 for labeling syrup incorrectly.
Extra Light and Grade A typically have a milder flavour than Grade B, which is very dark, with a rich maple flavour.
The dark grades of syrup are used primarily for cooking and baking, although some specialty dark syrups are produced for table use.
Syrup harvested earlier in the season tends to yield a lighter color.
The classification of maple syrup in the US depends ultimately on its translucence.
US Grade A Light Amber has to be more than 75 percent translucent, US Grade A Medium Amber has to be 60.5 to 74.9 percent translucent, US Grade A Dark Amber has to be 44.0 to 60.4 percent translucent, and US Grade B is any product less than 44.0 percent translucent.
The International Maple Syrup Institute has been working on international grading standards so that all producers will use the same grading system.
Transition to the new system is expected in the coming years.
Article: Seafood
Section: In religion

Question: What forbids the eating of shellfish and eels?

For the most part Islamic dietary laws allow the eating of seafood, though the Hanbali forbid eels, the Shafi forbid frogs and crocodiles, and the Hanafi forbid bottom feeders such as shellfish and carp.
The Jewish laws of Kashrut forbid the eating of shellfish and eels.
According to the King James version of the bible, it is alright to eat finfish, but shellfish and eels are an abomination and should not be eaten.
Since early times, the Catholic church has forbidden the practice of eating meat, eggs and dairy products at certain times.
Thomas Aquinas argued that these "afford greater pleasure as food fish, and greater nourishment to the human body, so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter, which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust."
In the United States, the Catholic practice of abstaining from meat on Fridays has popularized the Friday fish fry, and parishes often sponsor a fish fry during Lent.
In predominantly Roman Catholic areas, restaurants may adjust their menus during Lent by adding seafood items to the menu.
Article: The Mindy Project
Section: Main

Question: Who take the role as optimistic receptionist in The mindy Project?

 Mindy Kaling as Dr. Mindy Lahiri, a romantically frustrated OB/GYN at Shulman & Associates.
 Chris Messina as Dr. Danny Castellano, another OB/GYN at the same office; Mindy's main frenemy; both doctors ignore the obvious romantic chemistry between them and settle for lesser choices in the interim.
 Ed Weeks as Dr. Jeremy Reed, Mindy and Danny's somewhat hapless supervisor at the office.
 Zoe Jarman as Betsy Putch, the optimistic receptionist at the office.
 Ike Barinholtz as Morgan Tookers (Episodes 13, 15-onwards; recurring 2–12 and 14), a registered nurse at the office.
 Beth Grant as Beverley Janoszewski (Episodes 15-onwards; guest episode 2), former nurse turned receptionist at the office.
 Xosha Roquemore as Tamra (season 2-onwards, recurring episodes 22-24), a sassy nurse at the office.
 Adam Pally as Dr. Peter Prentice (season 2-onwards; guest season 2, episodes 3-4), a new gynecologist at the office.
 Anna Camp as Gwen Grandy (Main cast episodes 1–12; guest episode 17), Mindy's long-time friend who has settled down with a family.
Amanda Setton as Shauna Dicanio (Episodes 1–12), was a receptionist at the office.
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Marc Shulman (Episodes 1–8), the former senior partner of the practice.
Article: Baseball
Section: Abstract

Question: Is it true or false that by the late 19th century baseball was recognized as the national sport of the United states?

Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players who take turns batting and fielding.
The offense attempts to score runs by hitting a ball thrown by the pitcher with a bat and moving counter-clockwise around a series of four bases: first, second, third and home plate.
A run is scored when the runner advances around the bases and returns to home plate.
Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways.
A player on the batting team can stop at any of the bases and later advance on a teammate's hit or other means.
The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs.
One turn at bat for both teams, beginning with the visiting team, constitutes an inning, and nine innings a game.
The team with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins.
Evolving from older bat-and-ball games, an early form of baseball was being played in England by the mid-18th century.
This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed.
By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States.
Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America and the Caribbean, East Asia and Europe.
In the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are divided into the National League (NL) and American League (AL), each with three divisions: East, West, and Central.
The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series.
The top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central League and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League.