community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Mongolia
Section: Architecture

Question: What are the styles of architecture as categorized by Chultem?

The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as a "ger".
In the past it was known by the Russian term "yurt", but this is changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known among English-speaking countries.
According to Mongolian artist and art critic N. Chultem, the "ger" was the basis for development of traditional Mongolian architecture.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country.
Many of them started as "ger"-temples.
When they needed to be enlarged to accommodate the growing number of worshippers, the Mongolian architects used structures with 6 and 12 angles with pyramidal roofs to approximate to the round shape of a "ger".
Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples.
The roofs were made in the shape of marquees.
The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent.
Chultem distinguished three styles in traditional Mongolian architecture: Mongolian, Tibetan and Chinese as well as combinations of the three.
Among the first quadratic temples was Batu-Tsagaan (1654) designed by Zanabazar.
An example of the "ger"-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar.
The temple Lavrin (18th century) in the Erdene Zuu lamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition.
An example of a temple built in the Chinese tradition is the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), which is a museum today.
The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulaanbaatar is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition.
The temple of Maitreya (disassembled in 1938) is an example of the Tibeto-Mongolian architecture.
Dashi-Choiling monastery has commenced a project to restore the temple and the sculpture of Maitreya.
Article: Invasion of Normandy
Section: German leadership

Question: Why was Von Rundstedt removed from his command?

German commanders at all levels failed to react to the assault phase in a timely manner.
Communications problems exacerbated the difficulties caused by Allied air and naval firepower.
Local commanders also seemed incapable of the task of fighting an aggressive defense on the beach, as Rommel envisioned.
The German High Command remained fixated on the Calais area, and von Rundstedt was not permitted to commit the armoured reserve.
When it was finally released late in the day, any chance of success was much more difficult.
Overall, despite considerable Allied material superiority, the Germans kept the Allies bottled up in a small beachhead for nearly two months, aided immeasurably by terrain factors.
Although there were several known disputes among the Allied commanders, their tactics and strategy were essentially determined by agreement between the main commanders.
By contrast, the German leaders were bullied and their decisions interfered with by Hitler, controlling the battle from a distance with little knowledge of local conditions.
Field Marshals von Rundstedt and Rommel repeatedly asked Hitler for more discretion but were refused.
Von Rundstedt was removed from his command on 29 June after he bluntly told the Chief of Staff at Hitler's Armed Forces HQ (Field Marshal Keitel) to "Make peace, you idiots!"
Rommel was severely injured by Allied aircraft on 17 July.
The German commanders also suffered in the quality of the available troops.
Sixty thousand of the 850,000 in Rundstedt's command were raised from the many prisoners of war captured on the Eastern Front.
These "Ost" units had volunteered to fight against Stalin, but when instead unwisely used to defend France against the Western Allies, ended up being unreliable.
Many surrendered or deserted at the first available opportunity.
Article: Curry
Section: Curry in South Africa and a few other

Question: Where does curry appear in a stew called Wat?

 in South Africa and a few other.
African curries, Cape Malay curries and Natal curries including the Traditional Natal Curry, the Durban curry, the Bunny chow and Roti Rolls.
The history of South African curries go back as far as 250 years ago when the first Indians arrived on the shores of the Natal Colony, well before the boom of British Curries.
Durban has the largest single population of Indians outside of India and as a result have been developing traditional Natal curries ever since.
Natal curries are mostly based on South Indian dishes and mostly consist of simple spiced lamb and chicken dishes (with large amounts of ghee and oils) to very complex and elaborate seafood, chicken and lamb specialities (the chicken and prawn curry is a Natal favourite).
European recipes have also evolved alongside Indian South African curries.
European versions use mainly traditional recipes with the addition of red wine, milk, cream, vanilla or butter instead of ghee.
The famous Bunny chow, a South African standard, has spread in popularity throughout the country, into other southern African countries and countries with large South African immigrant populations.
It consists of either lamb, chicken or bean curry poured into a tunnelled out loaf of bread to be eaten with one's fingers.
The roti roll is another classic take-away curry that could either be a curry in a very flat roti bread (similar to a kebab bread) or the classic "Chip, cheese and curry" roll which basically consists of fried chips with melted cheese and the gravy of your favourite curry rolled into a roti roll.
 Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga: Generally known as "kare" or "kale," the spice is a popular ingredient in curried lamb, mutton, and chicken stew.
Often prepared with coconut milk and accompanied by rice or taro.
 Ethiopia: Wat, a thick, heavily spiced stew.
 Germany: Currywurst.
 Central Africa: Groundnut stew, though not technically a curry, is a similar style
 Central Europe: Goulash is a spicy stew or soup usually made with paprika, garlic, potatoes, beef or pork and dill.
Not served with rice.
 Mexico: Mole, which also originally meant sauce, features different regional variations and combinations of chilies, spices, and chocolate.
Curry powder is used as an incidental ingredient in other cuisines, including for example a "curry sauce" ("sauce au curry", sometimes even "au cari") variation of the classic French béchamel.
Article: Pathology
Section: Abstract

Question: What is pathologization?

Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease.
The word "pathology" is from Ancient Greek , "pathos" which may be translated into English as either "experience" or "suffering", and , "-logia", "an account of" or "the study of".
"Pathologization", to pathologize, refers to the process of defining a condition or behavior as pathological, e.g.
pathological gambling.
Pathologies (or pathoses) is synonymous with diseases.
The prefix "path" is used to indicate a state of disease, and may be used to indicate psychological (e.g.
psychopath) or physical disease (e.g.
cardiomyopathy).
A physician practicing pathology is called a pathologist.
Pathology addresses four components of disease: cause/etiology, mechanisms of development (pathogenesis), structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes), and the consequences of changes (clinical manifestations).
Pathology is further separated into divisions, based on either the system being studied (e.g.
dermatopathology) or the focus of the examination (e.g.
forensic pathology and determining the cause of death).
Article: Chocolate brownie
Section: History

Question: When did the word "brownie" first appear?

A chef at Chicago's Palmer House Hotel created the confection after Bertha Palmer requested a dessert for ladies attending the Chicago 1893 World Fair; it should be, she said, smaller than a piece of cake, though still retaining cake-like characteristics and easily eaten from boxed lunches.
These first brownies featured an apricot glaze and walnuts, and they are still being made at the hotel according to the original recipe.
The earliest published recipes for a brownie like those of today appeared in the "Home Cookery" (1904, Laconia, NH), "Service Club Cook Book" (1904, Chicago, IL), "The Boston Globe" (April 2, 1905 p. 34) and the 1906 edition of "The Boston Cooking School Cook Book" by Fannie Merritt Farmer.
These recipes produced a relatively mild and cake-like brownie.
The name "brownie" first appeared in the 1896 version of the cookbook, but this was in reference to molasses cakes baked individually in tin molds, not true brownies.
A second recipe appeared in 1907 in "Lowney’s Cook Book", by Maria Willet Howard and published by the Walter M. Lowney Company of Boston, Massachusetts.
This recipe added an extra egg and an additional square of chocolate to the Boston Cooking School recipe, creating a richer, fudgier brownie.
The recipe was named Bangor Brownies, possibly because it was created by a woman in Bangor, Maine.
The Bangor Brownie went on to be rated third in the top 10 snacks a few years later.
Article: Climate change
Section: Precipitation

Question: How many decades has satellite data been available for precipitation?

Past precipitation can be estimated in the modern era with the global network of precipitation gauges.
Surface coverage over oceans and remote areas is relatively sparse, but, reducing reliance on interpolation, satellite data has been available since the 1970s.
Quantification of climatological variation of precipitation in prior centuries and epochs is less complete but approximated using proxies such as marine sediments, ice cores, cave stalagmites, and tree rings.
Climatological temperatures substantially affect precipitation.
For instance, during the Last Glacial Maximum of 18,000 years ago, thermal-driven evaporation from the oceans onto continental landmasses was low, causing large areas of extreme desert, including polar deserts (cold but with low rates of precipitation).
In contrast, the world's climate was wetter than today near the start of the warm Atlantic Period of 8000 years ago.
Estimated global land precipitation increased by approximately 2% over the course of the 20th century, though the calculated trend varies if different time endpoints are chosen, complicated by ENSO and other oscillations, including greater global land precipitation in the 1950s and 1970s than the later 1980s and 1990s despite the positive trend over the century overall.
Similar slight overall increase in global river runoff and in average soil moisture has been perceived.
Article: Sausage
Section: Casings

Question: Is luncheon meat availble without casings?

Traditionally, sausage casings were made of the cleaned intestines, or stomachs in the case of haggis and other traditional puddings.
Today, however, natural casings are often replaced by collagen, cellulose, or even plastic casings, especially in the case of industrially manufactured sausages.
Some forms of sausage, such as sliced sausage, are prepared without a casing.
Additionally, luncheon meat and sausage meat are now available without casings in tin cans and jars.
Article: Sien (Van Gogh series)
Section: Reaction to his relationship with Sien

Question: What was Hulsker's opinion of Sien?

Due to his relationship with Sien, van Gogh experienced the loss of support and goodwill from family and friends, and he experienced an even more strained relationship with his parents.
His teacher and cousin-in-law, Anton Mauve, abruptly ceased his support and tutelage of van Gogh within a few short weeks of van Gogh first meeting Sien, although there were other factors involved as well, not least their mutual melancholy.
Hulsker called this a simple tragedy for van Gogh.
Likewise, a long-standing family friend, Hermanus Tersteeg, an influential art dealer who taught van Gogh and his brother Theo a great deal about art and literature, and who gave van Gogh his first set of art supplies when he decided to become an artist, although he was always somewhat equivocal in his support, abruptly withdrew at the same time.
Van Gogh's relationship with Mauve in truth had scarcely lasted a month.
Already by the end of January, van Gogh was writing his brother Theo that he did not always find it easy to get on with Mauve.
Shortly after this, they fell out with each other over an issue involving drawing from plaster casts, which Mauve was anxious van Gogh should undertake to perfect his technique.
Van Gogh, however, vehemently insisted on drawing from models, and in a fit of pique destroyed some plaster casts of hands and feet that Mauve had given him to make studies from.
Following that incident, Mauve said he would have nothing more to do with him for the next two months (i.e.
for the rest of the winter).
In reality, Mauve, had resolved to break with van Gogh completely.
Van Gogh initially blamed Tersteeg for Mauve's indifference, but a chance meeting with Mauve in May made it clear to him that Mauve had definitively broken with him.
He described the meeting in a letter to Theo, and in the same letter he revealed his relationship with Sien for the first time and passionately defended it:Van Gogh left Sien the autumn of 1883.
Van Gogh went to Drenthe to paint and Sien went back to work as a seamstress, charwoman and possibly as a prostitute.
Her children, Maria and Willem, lived with Sien's mother and brother Pieter.
In 1901 Sien married a seaman, Anton van Wijk.
She committed suicide in 1904 at the age of 54 in Rotterdam's harbor, 14 years after van Gogh's death.
Article: Solar System
Section: Venus

Question: How is Earth's atmosphere comparable to Venus's?

 Venus (0.7 AU from the Sun) is close in size to Earth (0.815 Earth masses) and, like Earth, has a thick silicate mantle around an iron core, a substantial atmosphere, and evidence of internal geological activity.
It is much drier than Earth, and its atmosphere is ninety times as dense.
Venus has no natural satellites.
It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752°F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
No definitive evidence of current geological activity has been detected on Venus, but it has no magnetic field that would prevent depletion of its substantial atmosphere, which suggests that its atmosphere is frequently replenished by volcanic eruptions.
Article: Wadjda
Section: Reception

Question: What is the Metacritic score by standardized calculation?

"Wadjda" received critical acclaim.
The film-critics aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reported 99% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 68 reviews, with an average score of 8.2/10.
The critical consensus is: "Transgressive in the best possible way, Wadjda presents a startlingly assured new voice from a corner of the globe where cinema has been all but silenced."
Metacritic, which assigns a standardized score out of 100, rated the film 81 based on 23 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".
Article: The Invisible War
Section: Synopsis

Question: Which Coast Guard veteran is featured in The Invisible War?

"The Invisible War" features interviews with veterans from multiple branches of the United States Armed Forces who recount the events surrounding their assaults.
Their stories show many common themes, such as the lack of recourse to an impartial justice system, reprisals against survivors instead of against perpetrators, the absence of adequate emotional and physical care for survivors, the unhindered advancement of perpetrators' careers, and the forced expulsion of survivors from service.
Interspersed with these first person testimonies are interviews with advocates, journalists, mental health professionals, active duty and retired generals, Department of Defense officials, and members of the military justice system.
The film also includes footage, often shot by the veterans themselves, which documents their lives and continuing struggles in the aftermath of their assaults.
In the film's most prominent narrative, Coast Guard veteran Seaman Kori Cioca struggles to earn benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs to pay for the many medical difficulties that have resulted from her rape.
With the help of attorney Susan L. Burke, Cioca, along with other survivors featured in the film, brings a civil suit against the Department of Defense alleging a failure to adequately address sexual assault within the military.
Other past incidents of sexual abuse recounted in the film include the 1991 Navy Tailhook scandal, the 1996 Army Aberdeen scandal, and the 2003 Air Force Academy scandal.
"The Invisible War" uses these examples to argue that the military has consistently made empty promises to address its high rate of sexual assault.
These stories culminate with an examination of the previously unreported culture of sexual harassment and sexual assault at the prestigious Marine Barracks Washington.
The survivors and advocates featured in the film call for changes to the way the military handles sexual assault, such as shifting prosecution away from unit commanders, who often are either friends with assailants or are assailants themselves.
Article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Section: Events on the ground_1

Question: How many Australian POWs were in Nagasaki?

Events on the ground.
Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima, the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley.
Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, including mobilized students and regular workers, 6,200 were killed.
Some 17,000–22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well.
Casualty estimates for immediate deaths range from 40,000 to 75,000.
Total deaths by the end of 1945 may have reached 80,000.
Unlike Hiroshima's military death toll, only 150 soldiers were killed instantly, including thirty-six from the IJA 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division.
At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died, including a British citizen, Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw, and seven Dutch POWs.
One American POW, Joe Kieyoomia, was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived, reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell.
There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki, all of whom survived.
The radius of total destruction was about , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to south of the bomb.
About 58% of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged, and about 78% of the Mitsubishi Steel Works.
The Mitsubishi Electric Works only suffered 10% structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone.
The Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, the factory that manufactured the type 91 torpedoes released in the attack on Pearl Harbor, was destroyed in the blast.
Article: Hey Jude
Section: Personnel

Question: What musician was backing vocal as well as acoustic guitar?

Paul McCartney – lead vocal, piano, bass
John Lennon – backing vocal, acoustic guitar
George Harrison – backing vocal, electric guitar
Ringo Starr – backing vocal, drums, tambourine
Uncredited – 10 violins, three violas, three cellos, two double basses, two flutes, two clarinets, one bass clarinet, one bassoon, one contrabassoon, four trumpets, two horns, four trombones, and one percussion instrument.
EMI archives do not record the names of the studio musicians, but it has been established that one of the cellists was Bobby Kok, and two of the flautists were Bill Jackman and Brian Warren.
Personnel per Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn.
Article: Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Section: Original version

Question: What was the reason given for the confiscation of the artwork "Portrait of Dr. Gachet"?

Original version.
First sold in 1897 by Van Gogh's sister-in-law for 300 francs, the painting was subsequently bought by Paul Cassirer (1904), Kessler (1904), and Druet (1910).
In 1911, the painting was acquired by the Städel (Städtische Galerie) in Frankfurt, Germany and hung there until 1933, when the painting was put in a hidden room.
The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda confiscated the work in 1937 as part of its campaign to rid Germany of so-called degenerate art, leading to Hermann Göring hurriedly selling it to a dealer in Amsterdam.
The dealer in turn sold it to collector Siegfried Kramarsky, who brought it with him when he fled to New York, where the work was often lent to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Kramarsky's family put the painting up for auction at Christie's New York on May 15, 1990, where it became famous for Ryoei Saito, honorary chairman of Daishowa Paper Manufacturing Co., paying US$82.5 million for it, making it then the world's most expensive painting.
Remarkably, two days later Saito would buy Renoir's Bal du moulin de la Galette for a nearly-as-much $78.1 million at Sotheby's.
The 75-year old Japanese businessman briefly caused a scandal when he said he would have the Van Gogh painting cremated with him after his death, though his aides later claimed Saito threatening to torch the masterpiece was just an expression of intense affection for it.
Though he later said he would consider giving the painting to the Japanese government or a museum, no information has been made public about the exact location and ownership of the portrait since his death in 1996.
Reports in 2007 have claimed the painting was sold a decade earlier to the Austrian-born investment fund manager Wolfgang Flöttl.
Flöttl, in turn, had reportedly been forced by financial reversals to sell the painting to parties as yet unknown.
Article: Taekwondo
Section: Korean commands

Question: When do taekwondo students need to know certain Korean words?

In taekwondo, Korean language commands are often used.
Korean numerals may be used as prompts or commands, or for counting repetition exercises.
Often, students count in Korean during their class, and during tests they are usually asked what certain Korean words mean.
These words are fairly common amongst taekwondo schools, but accuracy of pronunciation can vary widely.
Article: Wushu (sport)
Section: Competitions

Question: What was the first major competition to feature Wushu?

List of major international and regional competitions featuring wushu:
 World Wushu Championships
 World Junior Wushu Championships
 World Games
 World Combat Games
 Asian Games
 East Asian Games
 Southeast Asian Games
 European Wushu Championships, organised by the European Wushu Federation
 National Games of the People's Republic of China
 South Asian Games
 Mediterranean Games
 Lusofonia Games