community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Coffee
Section: Etymology

Question: When was the first reference of coffee in the English language

The first reference to coffee in the English language is in the form "chaoua", dated to 1598.
In English and other European languages, "coffee" descends from the Italian word "caffè".
In turn, "caffè" derives from "kahve", the Ottoman Turkish word for coffee, which is itself derived from the , "qahwah".
Arab lexicographers maintain that "qahwah" originally referred to a type of wine, and gave its etymology, in turn, to the verb "qahā", signifying "to have no appetite", since this beverage was thought to dull one's hunger.
Other proposed etymologies include tracing coffee to the word "quwwa," Arabic for power, or to the region of Kaffa in Ethiopia.
For the latter etymology, some hold Arabs named it after the Kaffa region, but others with "equally little authority" say the region was named after the drink.
Article: Mongolia
Section: Architecture

Question: Name the three styles of architecture defined by Chultem.

The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as a "ger".
In the past it was known by the Russian term "yurt", but this is changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known among English-speaking countries.
According to Mongolian artist and art critic N. Chultem, the "ger" was the basis for development of traditional Mongolian architecture.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country.
Many of them started as "ger"-temples.
When they needed to be enlarged to accommodate the growing number of worshippers, the Mongolian architects used structures with 6 and 12 angles with pyramidal roofs to approximate to the round shape of a "ger".
Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples.
The roofs were made in the shape of marquees.
The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent.
Chultem distinguished three styles in traditional Mongolian architecture: Mongolian, Tibetan and Chinese as well as combinations of the three.
Among the first quadratic temples was Batu-Tsagaan (1654) designed by Zanabazar.
An example of the "ger"-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar.
The temple Lavrin (18th century) in the Erdene Zuu lamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition.
An example of a temple built in the Chinese tradition is the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), which is a museum today.
The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulaanbaatar is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition.
The temple of Maitreya (disassembled in 1938) is an example of the Tibeto-Mongolian architecture.
Dashi-Choiling monastery has commenced a project to restore the temple and the sculpture of Maitreya.
Article: Johannes Vermeer
Section: References in other media

Question: When was Vermeer release?

In the first volume of Marcel Proust's novel "In Search of Lost Time", entitled "Swann's Way", the protagonist Charles Swann is said to be working on an extended essay concerning Vermeer's art.
In addition, Vermeer's "View of Delft" features in a pivotal sequence of a later volume, "The Captive", in the same work.
A Vermeer painting plays a key part of the dénouement in Agatha Christie's "After the Funeral" (1953).
Susan Vreeland's novel "Girl in Hyacinthe Blue" follows eight individuals with a relationship to a painting of Vermeer.
The young adult novel "Chasing Vermeer" by Blue Balliett centers around the fictitious theft of Vermeer's "A Lady Writing".
J.P. Smith's novel, "The Discovery of Light", deals largely with Vermeer.
The character of Barney, in Thomas Harris's novel "Hannibal" (1999), has a goal to see every Vermeer painting in the world before he dies.
Tracy Chevalier's novel "Girl with a Pearl Earring" and the film of the same name (2003) are named after the painting; they present a fictional account of its creation by Vermeer and his relationship with the (equally fictional) model.
The film was nominated for Oscars in cinematography, art direction, and costume design.
Peter Greenaway's film "A Zed & Two Noughts" (1985) contains a plot line about an orthopedic surgeon named Van Meegeren who stages highly exact scenes from Vermeer paintings in order to paint copies of them.
The Dutch composer Louis Andriessen based his opera "Writing to Vermeer" (1997–98, libretto by Peter Greenaway) on the domestic life of Vermeer.
The song "No One Was Like Vermeer" from the 2008 album Because Her Beauty Is Raw and Wild by Boston singer-songwriter Jonathan Richman pays tribute to Vermeer's painstaking technique.
Richman also references Vermeer in his song "Vincent Van Gogh" and both songs are frequently part of Richman's live performances.
"Jan Vermeer" is a rockabilly song written by Bob Walkenhorst for his solo album "The Beginner".
David Olney's song "Mister Vermeer" on his 2010 album "Dutchman's Curve" imagines Vermeer's unrequited love for the subject of Girl with a Pearl Earring.
Historian Timothy Brook's "" (2007) examines six of Vermeer's paintings for evidence of world trade and globalization during the Dutch Golden Age.
The 2013 documentary film "Tim's Vermeer" follows inventor Tim Jenison's examination on his theory that Vermeer used optical devices to assist in generating his realistic images
Article: Juice
Section: Juice bar chains

Question: Is Jamba Juice a chain?

 Boost Juice Australia
 Booster Juice
 Jamba Juice
 Orange Julius, an orange juice based drink and chain of stands
Article: Mongolia
Section: Media

Question: What started the media reforms in Mongolia?

Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the Soviet Union under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of the "Unen" ("Truth") newspaper similar to the Soviet "Pravda".
Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media was allowed.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the one-party state grew into a multi-party democracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront.
A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on August 28, 1998 and enacted on January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms.
The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets.
Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government debating a new Freedom of Information Act, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.
Market reforms have led to an increasing number of people working in the media year on year, along with students at journalism schools.
In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report, Reporters Without Borders classified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free.
Article: France
Section: Cinema

Question: Who is the leader in filmmaking in Europe?

France has historical and strong links with cinema, with two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the Lumière Brothers) having created cinema in 1895.
France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2006 producing more films than any other European country.
The nation also hosts the Cannes Festival, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.
Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan.
French films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK.
Until recently, France had for centuries been the cultural center of the world, although its dominant position has been surpassed by the United States.
Subsequently, France takes steps in protecting and promoting its culture, becoming a leading advocate of the cultural exception.
The nation succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalized sectors of the WTO in 1993.
Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a voting in the UNESCO in 2005, and the principle of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory: 198 countries voted for it, only 2 countries, the U.S and Israel, voted against it.
Article: Arepa
Section: Abstract

Question: What countries produce arepas?

Arepa () is a flatbread made of ground maize dough or cooked flour prominent in the cuisine of Colombia and Venezuela.
It is eaten daily in those countries and can be served with various accompaniments such as cheese (cuajada), avocado, jelly or jam, or (especially in Venezuela) split and used to make sandwiches.
Various sizes, maize types, and added ingredients are used to vary its preparation.
It is similar in shape to the Mexican "gordita" and the Salvadoran "pupusa".
"Arepas" can also be found in Panama, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and the Canary Islands.
Article: British Museum
Section: Department of Asia

Question: Where was the Kulu vase found?

The scope of the Department of Asia is extremely broad, its collections of over 75,000 objects covers the material culture of the whole Asian continent (from East, South, Central and South-East Asia) and from the Neolithic up to the present day.
Key highlights of the collections include:
The most comprehensive collection of sculpture from the Indian subcontinent in the world, including the celebrated Buddhist limestone reliefs from Amaravati
An outstanding collection of Chinese antiquities, paintings, and porcelain, lacquer, bronze, jade, and other applied arts
A fine collection of Buddhist paintings from Dunhuang and the Admonitions Scroll by Chinese artist Gu Kaizhi (344–406 AD)
The most comprehensive collection of Japanese pre-20th century art in the Western world
The famous Sambas Treasure of buddhist gold and silver figures from west Borneo
Statue of Tara from Sri Lanka
The Kulu Vase found near the Gandhola Monastery in Himachel Pradesh
The Wardak Vase with its important Kharoshthi inscription
The colossal Amitābha Buddha from Hancui, China
Seated Luohan from Yixian, one from a set of eight surviving statues
Huixian Bronze Hu, an identical pair of bronze vessels from the Eastern Zhou Period
Bronze bell from Klang, Malaysia
Bracket figure from one of the gateways to the Great Stupa, Sanchi
Article: Great Depression
Section: Japan

Question: What was the reason why Japan was not strongly affected by the Great Depression?

The Great Depression did not strongly affect Japan.
The Japanese economy shrank by 8% during 1929–31.
Japan's Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo was the first to implement what have come to be identified as Keynesian economic policies: first, by large fiscal stimulus involving deficit spending; and second, by devaluing the currency.
Takahashi used the Bank of Japan to sterilize the deficit spending and minimize resulting inflationary pressures.
Econometric studies have identified the fiscal stimulus as especially effective.
The devaluation of the currency had an immediate effect.
Japanese textiles began to displace British textiles in export markets.
The deficit spending proved to be most profound.
The deficit spending went into the purchase of munitions for the armed forces.
By 1933, Japan was already out of the depression.
By 1934, Takahashi realized that the economy was in danger of overheating, and to avoid inflation, moved to reduce the deficit spending that went towards armaments and munitions.
This resulted in a strong and swift negative reaction from nationalists, especially those in the army, culminating in his assassination in the course of the February 26 Incident.
This had a chilling effect on all civilian bureaucrats in the Japanese government.
From 1934, the military's dominance of the government continued to grow.
Instead of reducing deficit spending, the government introduced price controls and rationing schemes that reduced, but did not eliminate inflation, which would remain a problem until the end of World War II.
The deficit spending had a transformative effect on Japan.
Japan's industrial production doubled during the 1930s.
Further, in 1929 the list of the largest firms in Japan was dominated by light industries, especially textile companies (many of Japan's automakers, like Toyota, have their roots in the textile industry).
By 1940 light industry had been displaced by heavy industry as the largest firms inside the Japanese economy.
Article: Italy
Section: Foreign relations

Question: In what year was Italy admitted into the United Nations?

Italy is a founding member of the European Community, now the European Union (EU), and of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and strong supporter of a wide number of international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative.
Its recent turns in the rotating presidency of international organisations include the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), the forerunner of the OSCE, in 1994; G8; and the EU in 2009 and from July to December 2003.
Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, endorsing the United Nations and its international security activities.
As of 2013, Italy was deploying 5,296 troops abroad, engaged in 33 UN and NATO missions in 25 countries of the world.
Italy deployed troops in support of UN peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Mozambique, and East Timor and provides support for NATO and UN operations in Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania.
Italy deployed over 2,000 troops in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) from February 2003.
Italy still supports international efforts to reconstruct and stabilize Iraq, but it had withdrawn its military contingent of some 3,200 troops by November 2006, maintaining only humanitarian operators and other civilian personnel.
In August 2006 Italy deployed about 2,450 troops in Lebanon for the United Nations' peacekeeping mission UNIFIL.
Italy is one of the largest financiers of the Palestinian National Authority, contributing € 60 million in 2013 alone.
Article: Photoelectric effect
Section: Three-step model

Question: How many steps is the photoelectric effect in crystalline material broken into?

In the X-ray regime, the photoelectric effect in crystalline material is often decomposed into three steps:
 Inner photoelectric effect (see photodiode below).
The hole left behind can give rise to auger effect, which is visible even when the electron does not leave the material.
In molecular solids phonons are excited in this step and may be visible as lines in the final electron energy.
The inner photoeffect has to be dipole allowed.
The transition rules for atoms translate via the tight-binding model onto the crystal.
They are similar in geometry to plasma oscillations in that they have to be transversal.
 Ballistic transport of half of the electrons to the surface.
Some electrons are scattered.
 Electrons escape from the material at the surface.
In the three-step model, an electron can take multiple paths through these three steps.
All paths can interfere in the sense of the path integral formulation.
For surface states and molecules the three-step model does still make some sense as even most atoms have multiple electrons which can scatter the one electron leaving.
Article: Venezuela
Section: Sport

Question: In what year did Venezuela play host to the Basketball World Olympic Qualifying Tournament?

Baseball is Venezuela's most popular sport, with the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League existing since 1945.
Besides baseball, Venezuela's most popular sports are basketball and football.
Venezuela hosted the 2012 Basketball World Olympic Qualifying Tournament and the 2013 FIBA Basketball Americas Championship, which took place in Poliedro de Caracas.
Football, spearheaded by the Venezuela national football team is gaining popularity as well.
Venezuela will hold the Copa América every 40 years, according to the Conmebol rotation policy.
(2007, 2047, 2087, 2127, 2167, 2207, 2247, 2287...)Venezuela is also home to Formula 1 driver, Pastor Maldonado.
At the 2012 Spanish Grand Prix, he claimed his first pole and victory and became the first and only Venezuelan to have done so in the entire Formula 1 history.
Maldonado has increased the reception of Formula 1 fans in Venezuela and is now inspiring thousands of young Venezuelan children to aim for Formula 1.
In the 2012 Summer Olympics, Venezuelan Rubén Limardo won gold in fencing.
Article: Grey's Anatomy
Section: Overview

Question: What is the main focus of Grey's Anatomy, the series?

Series synopsis.
"Greys Anatomy" follows the lives of surgical interns and residents at the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital (formerly Seattle Grace Hospital, Season 1-6, Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, Season 6-9, and then Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, Season 9-present), as they gradually evolve into seasoned doctors, with the help of their competent mentors.
Every installment, typically, commences with a voice-over narrative from Meredith Grey, foreshadowing the theme of the episode.
Each season tends to represent the physicians' academic year, with each completed year qualifying the residents at a level higher in the surgical field.
The season will always end with a finale, typically involving a tragic event such as a death or character departure.
Most installments revolve around the doctors' everyday lives as surgeons, but the show puts an emphasis on their personal, rather than professional, lives.
The series sets aside medical ethics concerns to focus on character development and relationships.
Although the physicians treat the illnesses of their patients, often through complex surgeries, their primary motivation is customarily praise and competition.
The residents initially arrive at the hospital each morning and dispute with one another over who will care for a certain patient.
A hospital superior is in charge of assigning cases, often traversing to tense feelings between the residents and superiors.
Episodes migrate back and forth from the doctors interacting with their patients, and with their co-workers.
Once assigned a case, each doctor diagnoses the patient, with the help of his or her attending physician, which usually leads to surgery.
The surgeons tend to form personal connections with their patients, with a patient often conveying a message to his or her doctor, which unintentionally relates to the doctor's private life.
The show displays the growth of relationships between the doctors, either friendly or sexual, often stemming to a clash between their personal and professional lives.
Emotional scenes are often accompanied by an indie rock background song, something that has become a hallmark of the series.
At the conclusion of each episode, Meredith delivers another voice-over, typically contrasting or following up on her initial one.
Article: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Section: 1968 election

Question: Who did Humphrey lose the 1968 presidential election to?

At the time of his death, Kennedy was substantially behind Humphrey in convention delegate support, but many believe that Kennedy would have ultimately secured the nomination following his victory in the California primary.
Only thirteen states held primaries that year, meaning that most delegates at the Democratic convention could choose a candidate based on their personal preference.
Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and others have argued that Kennedy's broad appeal and charisma would have been sufficiently convincing at the 1968 Democratic National Convention to give him the nomination.
Historian Michael Beschloss believed, however, that Kennedy would not have secured the nomination.
Humphrey, after a National Convention in Chicago marred by violence in the streets, was far behind in opinion polls but gained ground.
He ultimately lost the general election to Republican Richard Nixon by the narrow popular vote margin of 43.4% to 42.7%.
Nixon won by a more decisive 301-191 margin in the electoral vote.
Article: Rolling in the Deep
Section: Music video

Question: Who directed the music video for Rolling in the Deep?

The music video for "Rolling in the Deep," directed by Sam Brown, premiered on Channel 4 on 3 December 2010.
The video begins in an abandoned house, where Adele is sitting in a chair singing.
During the video, the scenes show hundreds of glasses filled with water that vibrate to the beat of a drum, a mysterious person (played by Jennifer White, who also choreographed the sequence) dancing in a room with white flour and dust, the drummer playing the drums behind the stairs, china being thrown and breaking on the wall in front of the staircase, and a white model of a city which is set on fire by five bursting light bulbs at the end of the song.
On 20 July 2011, the music video was nominated for seven MTV Video Music Awards, including Video of the Year, Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Best Direction, and won three for Best Editing, Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction.
The video won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video on 12 February 2012.
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics

Question: When was Einstein's first paper submitted?

Albert Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to "Annalen der Physik" was on capillary attraction.
It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena".
Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view.
These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist.
His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.