community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Great Wall of China
Section: Ming era

Question: The great wall concept was revived in what century?

The Great Wall concept was revived again during the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, and following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu.
The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Manchurian and Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire.
The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China.
Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River.
Unlike the earlier fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth.
Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall.
As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls.
Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong.
Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall, faced sections of the ram-earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders.
During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called "Liaodong Wall".
Similar in function to the Great Wall (whose extension, in a sense, it was), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north.
While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.
Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600.
Even after the loss of all of Liaodong, the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhaiguan pass, preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland.
The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng's rebels.
Before this time, the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid, but this time it was for conquest.
The gates at Shanhaiguan were opened by the commanding Ming general Wu Sangui on May 25 who formed an alliance with the Manchus, hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing.
The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and defeated both the rebel-founded Shun Dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance, establishing the Qing Dynasty rule over all of China.
Under Qing rule, China's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued.
On the other hand, the so-called Willow Palisade, following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall, was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria.
Its purpose, however, was not defense but rather migration control.
Article: Global warming
Section: Initial causes of temperature changes (external forcings)

Question: How long are orbital cycles?

Initial causes of temperature changes (external forcings).
The climate system can respond to changes in "external forcings."
External forcings can "push" the climate in the direction of warming or cooling.
Examples of external forcings include changes in atmospheric composition (e.g., increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Orbital cycles vary slowly over tens of thousands of years and at present are in an overall cooling trend which would be expected to lead towards an ice age, but the 20th century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden rise in global temperatures.
Article: The Good Wife
Section: Technology and the Internet

Question: Which TV show has been described by Clive Thompson of Wired as "the most tech-savvy show on TV"?

"The Good Wife" has been well received among technology enthusiasts, being described by Clive Thompson of Wired as "the most tech-savvy show on TV".
The show has explored the relationship between technology and the law, covering topics including Bitcoin, Anonymous, viral marketing in political campaigns, voice control software, virtual conferencing robots, and NSA surveillance.
For example, one of the firm's recurring clients is a fictional internet search company known as Chumhum, which among other issues has faced privacy lawsuits for selling users' personal data to the Chinese and Syrian government.
"The Good Wife" was the first TV show to feature Bitcoin, the virtual internet currency, with an episode featuring Bitcoin first broadcast in January 2012.
This led to it achieving a high level of fame amongst the Bitcoin community.
In the season 5 premiere, a Double Robotics robot was featured on the show which allowed a litigator to teleconference from home by controlling a tablet on wheels.
However, rather than glorifying the robot's features, "The Good Wife" turned it into a punchline with practical jokes and problems the robot could have such as it not being able to maneuver around an office and bumping into walls, doors and people and low Wi-Fi connectivity leading to buffering and loss of visual and voice communication of the person working at home.
In Episode 9 "Whack-a-Mole" "The Good Wife" featured a version of Reddit called "Scabbit" and how it affects the law and the downsides of having an "average joe" being an investigator trying to find a domestic terrorist.
It also deals with injunctions of taking down a defamatory web page on "Scabbit" but having another similar web page pop up soon after.
In Episode 11 "Goliath and David" the story is based around a TV Show 'Drama Camp' who stole an Indie band's cover of a rap song and deals with the legality of copyright infringement.
It was inspired by Jonathan Coulton who created a cover of 'Baby Got Back' and Glee, the TV series, which used an identical cover on the show.
The character 'Robyn Burdine' who's a private investigator for Florrick/Agos discovers that the show Drama Camp had to release the song on iTunes in Sweden before releasing it in the USA and that the engineers directly ripped the Indie band's track constituting actual theft.
Article: Industrial Revolution
Section: Population increase

Question: Did the population rise after 1740?

According to Robert Hughes in "The Fatal Shore", the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740.
The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.
As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, Britain's population doubled every 50 years.
Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.
The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in population and in per capita income.
Article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Section: Robert F. Kennedy speech

Question: What was Kennedy campaigning for at the time?

A speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. was given on April 4, 1968, by New York Senator Robert F. Kennedy (who was himself assassinated two months later).
Kennedy was campaigning for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination and had spoken at the University of Notre Dame and Ball State University earlier that day.
Before boarding a plane to fly to Indianapolis for one last campaign speech in a predominantly black neighborhood of the city he learned that Martin Luther King had been shot, leading Kennedy press secretary Frank Mankiewicz to suggest that he ask the audience to pray for the King family and ask them to follow King's deeply held belief in non-violence.
They did not learn that King was dead until they landed in Indianapolis.
Both Mankiewicz and speechwriter Adam Walinsky drafted notes immediately before the rally for Kennedy's use, but Kennedy refused Walinsky's notes, instead using some that he had likely written on the ride over; Mankiewicz arrived after Kennedy had already begun to speak.
Prior to arriving at the rally, the Chief of Police in Indianapolis told Kennedy that he could not provide protection and that giving the remarks would be too dangerous, but Kennedy decided to go ahead regardless.
Standing on a podium mounted on a flatbed truck, Kennedy spoke for just four minutes and fifty-seven seconds.
Robert F. Kennedy was the first to inform the audience of the death of Martin Luther King, causing some in the audience to scream and wail.
Several of Kennedy's aides were even worried that the delivery of this information would result in a riot.
Once the audience quieted down, Kennedy acknowledged that many in the audience would be filled with anger.
But then Kennedy went on: "For those of you who are black and are tempted to fill with -- be filled with hatred and mistrust of the injustice of such an act, against all white people, I would only say that I can also feel in my own heart the same kind of feeling.
I had a member of my family killed, but he was killed by a white man."
These remarks surprised Kennedy aides, who had never heard him speak publicly of John F. Kennedy's death.
Kennedy continued, saying that the country had to make an effort to "go beyond these rather difficult times," and then quoted a poem by the Greek playwright Aeschylus, on the theme of the wisdom that comes, against one's will, from pain.
To conclude, Kennedy said that the country needed and wanted unity between blacks and whites, asked the audience members to pray for the King family and the country, and once more quoted the ancient Greeks.
The speech was credited in part with preventing post-assassination rioting in Indianapolis where it was given, though there were riots in many other parts of the country.
It is widely considered one of the greatest speeches in American history.
Article: Forrest Gump
Section: Soundtrack

Question: What date was Forrest Gump's soundtrack released?

The 32-song soundtrack from the film was released on July 6, 1994.
With the exception of a lengthy suite from Alan Silvestri's score, all the songs are previously released; the soundtrack includes songs from Elvis Presley, Fleetwood Mac, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Aretha Franklin, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Three Dog Night, The Byrds, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, The Mamas & the Papas, Aileen Quinn, The Doobie Brothers, Simon & Garfunkel, Bob Seger, Buffalo Springfield, and Michael McDonald among others.
Music producer Joel Sill reflected on compiling the soundtrack: "We wanted to have very recognizable material that would pinpoint time periods, yet we didn't want to interfere with what was happening cinematically."
The two-disc album has a variety of music from the 1950s–1980s performed by American artists.
According to Sills, this was due to Zemeckis' request, "All the material in there is American.
Bob (Zemeckis) felt strongly about it.
He felt that Forrest wouldn't buy anything but American.
"The soundtrack reached a peak of number 2 on the "Billboard" album chart.
The soundtrack went on to sell twelve million copies, and is one of the top selling albums in the United States.
The score for the film was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri and released on August 2, 1994.
Article: The Big Bang Theory
Section: U.S. standard ratings

Question: What kind of ratings has 'The Big Bang Theory' received?

"The Big Bang Theory" has been highly rated since its premiere.
When the third season premiered on September 21, 2009, "The Big Bang Theory" ranked as CBS's highest-rated show of that evening in the adults 18–49 demographic (4.6/10) along with a then-series-high 12.83 million viewers.
After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights, CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8:00 ET for the 2010–2011 schedule, to be in direct competition with NBC's Comedy Block.
During its fourth season, it became television's highest rated comedy, just barely beating out eight-year champ "Two and a Half Men".
However, in the age 18–49 demographic (the show's target age range), it was the second highest rated comedy, behind ABC's "Modern Family".
The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million.
The sixth season boasts some of the highest-rated episodes for the show so far, with a then-new series high set with "The Bakersfield Expedition" (Season 6, Episode 13), with 20 million viewers, a first for the series, which along with "NCIS", made CBS the first network to have two scripted series reach that large an audience in the same week since 2007.
In the sixth season, the show became the highest rated and viewed scripted show in the 18–49 demographic, trailing only "NBC's Sunday Night Football" coverage, and was third in total viewers, trailing "NCIS" and "Sunday Night Football".
Season seven of the show opened strong, continuing the success gained in season six, with the second episode of the premiere, "The Deception Verification", setting the new series high in viewers with 20.44 million.
Showrunner Steve Molaro, who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season, credits some of the show's success to the sitcom's exposure in off-network syndication, particularly on TBS, while Michael Schneider of "TV Guide" attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier.
Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro, in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships, such as the on-again, off-again relationship between Leonard and Penny.
Throughout much of the 2012–13 season, "The Big Bang Theory" placed first in all of syndication ratings, receiving formidable competition from only "Judge Judy" and "Wheel of Fortune" (first-run syndication programs).
By the end of the 2012–13 television season, "The Big Bang Theory" had dethroned "Judge Judy" as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1, "Judy" descending to second place for that season with a 7.0.
Article: Yogurt
Section: Other fermented dairy products

Question: What is Amasi?

 Amasi
 Chal
 Curd
 Filmjölk
 Kefir
 Kumis
 Ryazhenka
 Shanklish
 Skyr
 Smetana
 Varenets
 Viili
Article: Free Bird
Section: Cover versions

Question: In which year did Wynonna Judd cover the song "Free Bird"?

The American dance-pop group Will to Power created a medley of this song and the 1976 Peter Frampton song "Baby, I Love Your Way" in 1988.
Titled "Baby, I Love Your Way/Freebird Medley", it spent one week at No.
1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart.
It was also covered by Wynonna Judd on the 1994 tribute album "Skynyrd Frynds".
The song was also covered by Bronx Casket Co. on their 2005 album "Hellectric" in Goth style.
American Jam band Phish often performs an A cappella version of the song live.
Article: Bacon
Section: Canada

Question: How is peameal bacon made?

An individual piece of bacon is a 'slice' or 'strip'.
In Canada:
 The term bacon on its own or, more specifically, side bacon typically refers to bacon from the pig's belly.
 Back bacon refers to either smoked or unsmoked bacon cut from the boneless eye of pork loin; this is called 'Canadian bacon' in the United States.
 Peameal bacon is back bacon, brined and coated in fine cornmeal (historically, it was rolled in a meal made from ground dried peas).
Article: We Found Love
Section: Recognition and awards

Question: Who produced We Found Love?

MTV chose "We Found Love" as the third best song of 2011, and "Video of the Year" at the MTV Video Music Awards 2012.
The writers of the website further commented, "The leadoff single from "Talk That Talk" is where Rihanna fully embraced EDM.
Produced by Calvin Harris, 'We Found Love' is a swirling party track about love and loss, the rare song that manages to be sad and joyous all at once.
And it is a pinnacle of the pop/dance crossover, a throwback to '90s raves that could make even the most stoic lover of pop want to break out a glow stick and just dance.
Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" put "We Found Love" at number eleven on his list of Top 25 Songs of 2011 commenting, "While her other hits tried to camouflage her spindly voice, here it just strains for that spindly melody."
It was named the third biggest love song of all time by "Billboard".
Article: Michelangelo
Section: Architecture

Question: What was the year Michealangelo finished the St. Peters basilica?

Michelangelo's architectural commissions included a number that were not realised, notably the facade for Brunelleschi's Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, for which Michelangelo had a wooden model constructed, but which remains to this day unfinished rough brick.
At the same church, Giulio de' Medici (later Pope Clement VII) commissioned him to design the Medici Chapel and the tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo Medici.
Pope Clement also commissioned the Laurentian Library, for which Michelangelo also designed the extraordinary vestibule with columns recessed into niches, and a staircase that appears to spill out of the library like a flow of lava, according to Pevsner, "...revealing Mannerism in its most sublime architectural form.
"In 1546 Michelangelo produced the highly complex ovoid design for the pavement of the Campidoglio and began designing an upper storey for the Farnese Palace.
In 1547 he took on the job of completing St Peter's Basilica, begun to a design by Bramante, and with several intermediate designs by several architects.
Michelangelo returned to Bramante's design, retaining the basic form and concepts by simplifying and strengthening the design to create a more dynamic and unified whole.
Although the late 16th-century engraving depicts the dome as having a hemispherical profile, the dome of Michelangelo's model is somewhat ovoid and the final product, as completed by Giacomo della Porta is more so.
Article: Can't Smile Without You
Section: Abstract

Question: What song did "Last Christmas"'s melody come from?

"Can't Smile Without You" is a song written by Christian Arnold, David Martin, and Geoff Morrow, best known in its rendition by Barry Manilow.
"Can't Smile Without You" was the first single to be released from Manilow's album "Even Now".
The song was released as a single in 1978 where it reached the number one spot on Billboard's AC chart, and the number three spot on the Billboard Hot 100.
Previously, the song was recorded by The Carpenters on their album "A Kind of Hush" in 1976, and was featured as the B-side of their hit "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" the following year.
Manilow's version had slightly different lyrics from the Carpenters, such as the Carpenters's line "I can't laugh and I can't walk / I'm finding it hard even to talk," was changed in Manilow's version to "I can't laugh and I can't sing / I'm finding it hard to do anything" (the latter is likely the original lyric, changed by the Carpenters because the lyric "I can't sing" when being sung makes no sense).
The Carpenters remixed the song for the B-side of "Calling Occupants" in September 1977, again revising the lyric to read "I can't laugh and I can't sleep / I don't even talk to people I meet".
Additional orchestration was also included in the remix.
A version on Manilow's greatest hits box set, "The Complete Collection and Then Some..." combines the first half of Take 1 with the double-tracked second half of his released version.
Engelbert Humperdinck released the song, using the same lyrics as the original Carpenters version, on his After the Lovin' album, 1976.
On behalf of the songwriters, publishing company Dick James Music sued George Michael for plagiarism in the mid-'80s, claiming that the 1984 Wham!
single "Last Christmas" lifted its melody from "Can't Smile Without You."
The case was settled out of court.
In 2010 George Michael was publicly cleared of all charges.
Jerry Lewis often sings the song on his annual Muscular Dystrophy Association telethon, with altered lyrics that speak of the need for the viewers to call in their pledge.
The song has appeared in such films as "Four Weddings and a Funeral", ', "Unconditional Love", "Starsky & Hutch", ' and "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas".
In 2008, there was an attempt by Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
supporters following their League Cup win to get the song to Number One, as they see this song as being a part of the club, with the words "Can't Smile Without You" being seen on many flags, banners, and websites as a slogan to the club.
In 2010, GP Maxine Brooks released the song as a charity single for Nurse's Aid, supporting wounded soldiers and in memory of a WWI heroine.
Article: Sexy and I Know It
Section: Music video

Question: What was the music video flagged for on youtube?

The music video for "Sexy and I Know It" was filmed in Venice, California, and uploaded on LMFAO's YouTube channel on September 16, 2011.
It features Redfoo and a group of men including Hok from Quest Crew, The Shuffle Bot, and Q dancing around town in Speedos in front of women.
In several scenes it shows Redfoo lifting weights.
Chelsea Korka, Ron Jeremy, Wilmer Valderrama, Alistair Overeem, Victor Kim, Steve Terada, Jamie Foxx, Lola Blanc, Ryan Conferido, Hokuto "Hok" Konishi, Roseanne Barr, Ryan Feng of Quest Crew, Mindy Robinson of "Take Me Out", Angelo Marconi, Darren Mabee, Darla George, and Simon Rex all have cameos in the video.
One of the more memorable scenes is that of Redfoo, Q, the Shuffle Bot, and members of Quest Crew having a "wiggle off" with the "@SkysNuts" group.
After the wiggle off, it shows Redfoo taking off his speedo with another one under it and SkyBlu getting a baseball bat and trying to hit Redfoo with it.
After that, a variety of people from throughout the video are seen walking down a table surrounded by a crowd doing various things, along with people taking off their pants, dancing, and a man shaking his abdomen.
The music video on YouTube was flagged for sexual content.
The final shot of the video pays homage to the final shot of Michael Jackson's "Thriller" video: it shows the Shuffle Bot leaving with the girls while it turns its head towards the camera behind it and the image freezes.
Article: Egg tart
Section: History

Question: What dish was the basis for egg tarts?

Custard tarts were introduced in Hong Kong in the 1940s by cha chaan tengs.
Which was derived from the original "pastel de nata" ( Portuguese egg tarts ).
Egg tarts evolved from the very similar Portuguese egg tart pastries, known as pastel de nata, traveling to Hong Kong via the Portuguese colony of Macau.
Hong Kong egg tarts are an adaptation of English custard tarts.
Canton (modern Guangdong) had more frequent contact with the West, in particular Britain, than the rest of China.
Also, as a former British colony, Hong Kong adopted some British cuisine.