community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Grand Canyon
Section: Geography

Question: Is there any deeper canyon on earth than the Grand Canyon?

The Grand Canyon is a big fissure in the Colorado Plateau that exposes uplifted Proterozoic and Paleozoic strata, and is also one of the 19 distinct physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau province.
It is not the deepest canyon in the world (Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal is far deeper), however, the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape.
Geologically it is significant because of the thick sequence of ancient rocks that is beautifully preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon.
These rock layers record much of the early geologic history of the North American continent.
Uplift associated with mountain formation later moved these sediments thousands of feet upward and created the Colorado Plateau.
The higher elevation has also resulted in greater precipitation in the Colorado River drainage area, but not enough to change the Grand Canyon area from being semi-arid.
The uplift of the Colorado Plateau is uneven, and the Kaibab Plateau that Grand Canyon bisects is over a thousand feet higher at the North Rim (about ) than at the South Rim.
Almost all runoff from the North Rim (which also gets more rain and snow) flows toward the Grand Canyon, while much of the runoff on the plateau behind the South Rim flows away from the canyon (following the general tilt).
The result is deeper and longer tributary washes and canyons on the north side and shorter and steeper side canyons on the south side.
Temperatures on the North Rim are generally lower than those on the South Rim because of the greater elevation (averaging 8,000 ft/2,438 m above sea level).
Heavy rains are common on both rims during the summer months.
Access to the North Rim via the primary route leading to the canyon (State Route 67) is limited during the winter season due to road closures.
Article: Yosemite National Park
Section: U.S. National Park Service

Question: In which year was The National Park Service established?

The National Park Service was formed in 1916, and Yosemite was transferred to that agency's jurisdiction.
Tuolumne Meadows Lodge, Tioga Pass Road, and campgrounds at Tenaya and Merced lakes were also completed in 1916.
Automobiles started to enter the park in ever-increasing numbers following the construction of all-weather highways to the park.
The Yosemite Museum was founded in 1926 through the efforts of Ansel Franklin Hall.
In 1903, a dam in the northern portion of the park was proposed.
Located in the Hetch Hetchy Valley, its purpose was to provide water and hydroelectric power to San Francisco.
Muir and the Sierra Club opposed the project, while others, including Gifford Pinchot, supported it.
In 1913, the U.S. Congress authorized the O'Shaughnessy Dam through passage of the Raker Act.
In the late 1920s, in an attempt that would be impossible to make today, a bid for Yosemite for the 1932 Winter Olympics was put forward.
(Ultimately, Lake Placid, New York, hosted.
)More recently, preservationists persuaded Congress to designate , or about 89% of the park, as the Yosemite Wilderness—a highly protected wilderness area.
The Park Service has reduced artificial inducements to visit the park, such as the "Firefall", in which red-hot embers were pushed off a cliff near Glacier Point at night.
Traffic congestion in Yosemite Valley during the summer months has become a concern.
Two electric buses commenced service in September 1995.
The buses are quiet and do not emit pollutants.
Eventually, all the buses in Yosemite will be electric.
The 1996 Yosemite Valley Landslide killed a hiker and the January 1997 Merced River flood damaged many roads and several campgrounds.
Article: Nebula
Section: Notable named nebulae

Question: There is a nebula named Barnard's what?

Ant Nebula
Barnard's Loop
Boomerang Nebula
Cat's Eye Nebula
Crab Nebula
Eagle Nebula
Eskimo Nebula
Eta Carinae Nebula
Fox Fur Nebula
Helix Nebula
Hourglass Nebula
Horsehead Nebula
Lagoon Nebula
Orion Nebula
Pelican Nebula
Red Square Nebula
Ring Nebula
Rosette Nebula
Tarantula Nebula
Nebula catalogs
Gum catalog
RCW Catalogue
Sharpless catalog
Article: Canada
Section: Aboriginal peoples

Question: When did the Metis originate?

Aboriginal peoples.
Archaeological studies and genetic analyses have indicated a human presence in the northern Yukon region from 24,500 BC, and in southern Ontario from 7500 BC.
The Paleo-Indian archeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.
The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements,agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.
Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.
The aboriginal population at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health.
As a consequence of the European colonization, Canada's aboriginal peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty- to eighty-percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.
Aboriginal peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.
The Métis are a mixed-blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers.
In general, the Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period.
Article: The Avengers (2012 film)
Section: Video game

Question: Who are the characters that will be focused on in the Avengers Initiative four chapters?

A video game based on the film was planned for concurrent release.
The game was to be a first-person shooter/brawler for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and Microsoft Windows and published by THQ, with THQ Studio Australia developing the console versions and Blue Tongue Entertainment the PC version.
After THQ closed both studios, the game was cancelled.
Intellectual property rights for an Avengers video game reverted to Marvel, which said it was exploring potential publishing and licensing opportunities.
In May 2012, Ubisoft and Marvel Entertainment announced that they are partnering to develop a motion-controlled game titled "" for the Wii U and Xbox 360 Kinect.
The game was inspired by the "Secret Invasion" storyline and features 20 different characters.
Marvel also announced a four-chapter mobile game titled "Avengers Initiative", with one chapter focusing on each of Hulk, Captain America, Thor and Iron Man.
Article: Iran
Section: Humanities

Question: Which ministry must approve media before it can be released?

The Sassanid era was an important and influential historical period in Iran as Iranian culture influenced China, India and Roman civilization considerably, and so influenced as far as Western Europe and Africa.
This influence played a prominent role in the formation of both Asiatic and European medieval art.
This influence carried forward to the Islamic world.
Much of what later became known as Islamic learning, such as philology, literature, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture and the sciences were based on some of the practises taken from the Sassanid Persians to the broader Muslim world.
Daily life in modern Iran is closely interwoven with Shia Islam and the country's art, literature, and architecture are an ever-present reminder of its deep national tradition and of a broader literary culture.
The state-owned Telecommunication Company of Iran handles telecommunications.
The media of Iran is a mixture of private and state-owned, but books and movies must be approved by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance before being released to the public.
Iran originally received access to the internet in 1993, and it has become enormously popular among the Iranian youth.
Iran is now the world's fourth largest country of bloggers.
Article: Victoria Peak
Section: Abstract

Question: What is Victoria Peak known locally as?

Victoria Peak (, or previously ) is a mountain in the western half of Hong Kong Island.
It is also known as Mount Austin, and locally as The Peak.
With an altitude of , it is the highest mountain on the island (Tai Mo Shan is the highest point in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region).
The summit is occupied by a radio telecommunications facility and is closed to the public.
However, the surrounding area of public parks and high-value residential land is the area that is normally meant by the name "The Peak".
It is a major tourist attraction that offers views over Central, Victoria Harbour, Lamma Island and the surrounding islands.
Article: Starships (song)
Section: Personnel

Question: The song STARSHIPS was mixed at what recording studio?

Recording
Recorded at Kinglet Studios, Stockholm, Sweden, and Conway Recording Studios, Hollywood, California, United States
Mixed at Conway Recording Studios
Personnel
Nicki Minaj – vocals, songwriter
RedOne – songwriter, producer, instruments
Carl Falk – songwriter, producer, mixing, additional vocals, instruments, guitar
Rami Yacoub – songwriter, producer, mixing, vocal editing, instruments
Wayne Hector – songwriter, additional vocals
Trevor Muzzy – recording, mixing, vocal editing
Ariel Chobaz – recording
Jon Sher – recording assistant
Mohombi – additional vocals
Article: Henri Matisse
Section: The war years

Question: When was Rudolf Levy killed?

He and his wife of 41 years separated in 1939.
In 1941, he underwent surgery in which a colostomy was performed.
Afterwards he started using a wheelchair, and until his death he was cared for by a Russian woman, Lydia Delektorskaya, formerly one of his models.
With the aid of assistants he set about creating cut paper collages, often on a large scale, called "gouaches découpés".
His Blue Nudes series feature prime examples of this technique he called "painting with scissors"; they demonstrate the ability to bring his eye for colour and geometry to a new medium of utter simplicity, but with playful and delightful power.
In the 1940s he also worked as a graphic artist and produced black-and-white illustrations for several books and over one hundred original lithographs at the Mourlot Studios in Paris.
In 1941, a nursing student named Monique Bourgeois responded to an ad placed by Matisse for a nurse.
A platonic friendship developed between Matisse and Bourgeois.
He discovered that she was an amateur artist, and taught her about perspective.
After Bourgeois left the position, Matisse sometimes contacted her to request that she model for him.
Bourgeois became a Dominican nun in 1946.
Matisse was much admired and repeatedly referred to by the Greek Nobelist poet Odysseas Elytis.
Elytis was introduced to Matisse through their common friend Tériade, during the work on the "Cutouts".
Matisse had painted the wall of the dining room of Tériade's residence, the "Villa Natacha" in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, which Elytis also mentioned in his poems.
Matisse, thoroughly unpolitical, was shocked when he heard that his daughter Marguerite, who had been active in the Résistance during the war, was tortured (almost to death) in a Rennes prison and sentenced to the Ravensbrück concentration camp.
(Marguerite avoided further imprisonment by escaping from the Ravensbrück-bound train, which was halted during an Allied air strike; she survived in the woods until rescued by fellow resisters.
)Matisse's student Rudolf Levy was killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944.
In 1947 he published "Jazz", a limited-edition artist's book of about one hundred prints of colourful paper cut collages, accompanied by his written thoughts.
Tériade, a noted twentieth-century art publisher, arranged to have Matisse's cutouts rendered as pochoir (stencil) prints.
Article: British Museum
Section: Department of Asia

Question: Where was the Kulu vase?

The scope of the Department of Asia is extremely broad, its collections of over 75,000 objects covers the material culture of the whole Asian continent (from East, South, Central and South-East Asia) and from the Neolithic up to the present day.
Key highlights of the collections include:
The most comprehensive collection of sculpture from the Indian subcontinent in the world, including the celebrated Buddhist limestone reliefs from Amaravati
An outstanding collection of Chinese antiquities, paintings, and porcelain, lacquer, bronze, jade, and other applied arts
A fine collection of Buddhist paintings from Dunhuang and the Admonitions Scroll by Chinese artist Gu Kaizhi (344–406 AD)
The most comprehensive collection of Japanese pre-20th century art in the Western world
The famous Sambas Treasure of buddhist gold and silver figures from west Borneo
Statue of Tara from Sri Lanka
The Kulu Vase found near the Gandhola Monastery in Himachel Pradesh
The Wardak Vase with its important Kharoshthi inscription
The colossal Amitābha Buddha from Hancui, China
Seated Luohan from Yixian, one from a set of eight surviving statues
Huixian Bronze Hu, an identical pair of bronze vessels from the Eastern Zhou Period
Bronze bell from Klang, Malaysia
Bracket figure from one of the gateways to the Great Stupa, Sanchi
Article: The Christmas Song
Section: Parodies

Question: Who sang "Chipmunks Roasting On an Open Fire"?

The title of "The Simpsons" episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" is a parody of the song.
Bob Rivers parodied the song with his 2000 album, and the title track from said album, "Chipmunks Roasting On an Open Fire".
Christy Darlington did a "punk rock" style arrangement of the song for his "All the wrong moves" album.
Stan Freberg's "Green Chri$tma$" includes several snippets of holiday songs.
One segment begins with a sincere-sounding "Chestnuts roasting..." and quickly segués into a mock 1950s radio or TV ad, for a brand of chestnuts, being described as if they were toothpaste or cigarettes.
Ariana Grande and Elizabeth Gillies parodied the song in 2011.
Taylor Schlicht parodied the song in 2012.
Article: Napoleonic Wars
Section: Financing the war

Question: What did Britain use its economic power to expand?

A key element in British success was its ability to mobilize the nation's industrial and financial resources and apply them to defeating France.
With a population of 16 million Britain was barely half the size of France with 30 million.
In terms of soldiers the French advantage was offset by British subsidies that paid for a large proportion of the Austrian and Russian soldiers, peaking at about 450,000 men in 1813.
By the terms of the Anglo-Russian agreement of 1803, Britain paid a subsidy of ₤1.5 million pounds for every 100,000 Russian soldiers in the field.
Most important, the British national output remained strong and the well-organized business sector channeled products into what the military needed.
Britain used its economic power to expand the Royal Navy, doubling the number of frigates and increasing the number of large ships of the line by 50%, while increasing the roster of sailors from 15,000 to 133,000 in eight years after the war began in 1793.
France, meanwhile, saw its navy shrink by more than half.
The system of smuggling finished products into the continent undermined French efforts to ruin the British economy by cutting off markets.
Subsidies to Russia and Austria kept them in the war.
The British budget in 1814 reached £66,000,000, including £10 million for the Royal Navy, £40 million for the army, £10 million for the allies, and £38 million as interest on the national debt.
The national debt soared to £679 million, more than double the GDP.
It was willingly supported by hundreds of thousands of investors and tax payers, despite the higher taxes on land and a new income tax.
The whole cost of the war came to £831 million.
By contrast the French financial system was inadequate and Napoleon's forces had to rely in part on requisitions from conquered lands.
Article: Looper (film)
Section: Abstract

Question: When does time travel get invented in the film?

Looper (film)Looper is a 2012 American science fiction action thriller film written and directed by Rian Johnson and starring Bruce Willis, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and Emily Blunt.
In the film, time travel is invented by the year 2074 and, though immediately outlawed, is used by criminal organizations to send those they want killed into the past where they are killed by "loopers", assassins paid with silver bars strapped to their targets.
Joe, a looper, encounters himself when his older self is sent back in time to be killed.
"Looper" was selected as the opening film of the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival.
It was released to positive reviews in Australia on September 27, 2012, and in the US and the UK on September 28, 2012 by TriStar Pictures and FilmDistrict in the US, and Entertainment One in the UK.
Article: Salvador Dalí
Section: Final years

Question: On December 5, 1988, what person visited him?

In 1980 at age 76, Dalí's health took a catastrophic turn.
His right hand trembled terribly, with Parkinson-like symptoms.
His near-senile wife, Gala Dalí, allegedly had been dosing him with a dangerous cocktail of unprescribed medicine that damaged his nervous system, thus causing an untimely end to his artistic capacity.
In 1982, King Juan Carlos bestowed on Dalí the title of "Marqués de Dalí de Púbol" ("Marquis of Dalí de Púbol") in the nobility of Spain, hereby referring to Púbol, the place where he lived.
The title was in first instance hereditary, but on request of Dalí changed to life only in 1983.
To show his gratitude for this, Dalí later gave the king a drawing ("Head of Europa", which would turn out to be Dalí's final drawing) after the king visited him on his deathbed.
Gala died on June 10, 1982, at the age of 87.
After Gala's death, Dalí lost much of his will to live.
He deliberately dehydrated himself, possibly as a suicide attempt, with claims stating he had tried to put himself into a state of suspended animation as he had read that some microorganisms could do.
He moved from Figueres to the castle in Púbol, which he had bought for Gala and had been the site of her death.
In 1984, a fire broke out in his bedroom under unclear circumstances.
It was possibly a suicide attempt by Dalí, or possibly simple negligence by his staff.
Dalí was rescued by friend and collaborator Robert Descharnes and returned to Figueres, where a group of his friends, patrons, and fellow artists saw to it that he was comfortable living in his Theater-Museum in his final years.
There have been allegations that Dalí was forced by his guardians to sign blank canvases that would later, even after his death, be used in forgeries and sold as originals.
As a result, art dealers tend to be wary of late works attributed to Dalí.
In November 1988, Dalí entered the hospital with heart failure; a pacemaker had already been implanted previously.
On December 5, 1988, he was visited by King Juan Carlos, who confessed that he had always been a serious devotee of Dalí.
On January 23, 1989, while his favorite record of "Tristan and Isolde" played, he died of heart failure at Figueres at the age of 84.
He is buried in the crypt of his Teatro Museo in Figueres.
The location is across the street from the church of "Sant Pere", where he had his baptism, first communion, and funeral, and is only three blocks from the house where he was born.
The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation currently serves as his official estate.
The US copyright representative for the Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.
In 2002, the Society made the news when they asked Google to remove a customized version of its logo put up to commemorate Dalí, alleging that portions of specific artworks under their protection had been used without permission.
Google complied with the request, but denied that there was any copyright violation.
Article: Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)
Section: Cover versions

Question: Who covered "Stronger" on Glee?

"Stronger" has also been performed by contestants of various televised competition programs.
On February 21, 2012, It was covered on Glee by Amber Riley and Naya Rivera for the Regionals episode titled "On My Way".
On March 22, 2012, it was first performed by Diandra Flores on the sixth season of the Finnish television series "Idols".
On April 11, 2012, it was covered by Hollie Cavanagh, Joshua Ledet and Jessica Sanchez in the eleventh season of "American Idol".
On May 12, 2012, it was performed by Joelle Moses after will.i.am's recommendation on the first series of "The Voice UK".
Clarkson also performed the song with Jordan Meredith on the television series "Duets", where she is also a mentor.
On March 16, 2012, the song was performed by various participants during the season finale of the fifth season of the Danish television series "X Factor".
On November 8, 2012, the song was performed by Team Adam and Team Blake on the third season of "The Voice".
On November 28, 2012, the girl-group Fifth Harmony performed the song on the second season of "The X Factor".
On October 28, 2013, Tessanne Chin covered the song on Season 5 of NBC's singing competition, "The Voice" for her performance in the Knockout round vs. Ashley DuBose (who performed "Hey, Soul Sister" by Train).
Article: National Air and Space Museum
Section: Architecture

Question: The National Air and Space Museum was built by who?

Because of the museum's close proximity to the United States Capitol, the Smithsonian wanted a building that would be architecturally impressive but would not stand out too boldly against the Capitol building.
St. Louis-based architect Gyo Obata of HOK designed the museum as four simple marble-encased cubes containing the smaller and more theatrical exhibits, connected by three spacious steel-and-glass atria which house the larger exhibits such as missiles, airplanes and spacecraft.
The mass of the museum is similar to the National Gallery of Art across the National Mall, and uses the same pink Tennessee marble as the National Gallery.
Built by Gilbane Building Company, the museum was completed in 1976.
The west glass wall of the building is used for the installation of airplanes, functioning as a giant door.
Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum also designed the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Virginia.
Article: Norway
Section: Foreign relations

Question: How many embassies does Norway have?

Norway maintains embassies in 86 countries.
60 countries maintain an embassy in Norway, all of them in the capital, Oslo.
Norway is a founding member of the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
Norway issued applications for accession to the European Union (EU) and its predecessors in 1962, 1967 and 1992, respectively.
While Denmark, Sweden and Finland obtained membership, the Norwegian electorate rejected the treaties of accession in referenda in 1972 and 1994.
After the 1994 referendum, Norway maintained its membership in the European Economic Area (EEA), an arrangement granting the country access to the internal market of the Union, on the condition that Norway implements those of the Union's pieces of legislation which are deemed relevant (of which there were approximately seven thousand by 2010) Successive Norwegian governments have, since 1994, requested participation in parts of the EU's co-operation that go beyond the provisions of the EEA agreement.
Non-voting participation by Norway has been granted in, for instance, the Union's Common Security and Defence Policy, the Schengen Agreement, and the European Defence Agency, as well as 19 separate programmes.
Norway contributes to international development.
In addition, it participated in the 1990s brokering of the Oslo Accords, an attempt to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
These were unsuccessful.