Marsupials evolve in S. America and move to Australia via Antarctica, and to N. America and Europe. Eurasia and N. America separate through Atlantic, but still united by Bering Land bridge. Africa closes with Laurasia and India with Asia beginning rise of Himalayas. Miocene 25 Africa closes with Europe, forming Alps. Australia moves closer to SE Asia, S. America closer to N. America.
Shallow sea separating Europe and Asia dries up.
Biotic exchanges between Euramerica, Asia, and Africa. Pliocene 10 Formation of central American land bridge, Australia near present position. Rise of primates. Pleistocene 2 Continental glaciers develop in arctic regions worldwide, advance and recede in cycles. Bering Land bridge remains open much of the time, allowing migration of boreal plants and animals, including man, between Eurasia and N. America.