These are called Hyperlinks and clicking on any of these takes you to the document referred to in the link and brings that up on the screen. That page may well be on a quite different computer in a different country. A Web Browser is the software which enables the user to access the information available on the web. Browsing is what you do when you use a browser to access the web, follow leads and collect information. Surfing is really the same thing as browsing but the word offers a connotation of fast and vigorous activity with the emphasis on pleasure rather than need.
Special software is needed to manage the site, called web server software.
These letters, http, form part of every URL used within the world wide web. Information provided by the government in its various forms. My own view is that it will not be long before a lawyer somewhere is deemed negligent for not having access to information of this type. Information provided by firms of solicitors and barristers' chambers themselves on the web, many of which are offering substantial legal resources in order to raise their profiles and generally be part of the web legal world. Email Emails are really just small text files stored on a computer somewhere.