Banda exercised dictatorial and often eccentric rule through the MCP and its paramilitary youth wing, the Malawi Young Pioneers. Facing a domestic economic crisis and strong international pressure, he accepted a referendum approving multiparty rule in 1993. In 1994, Muluzi won the presidency in an election beset by irregularities, but seen as largely free and fair. Allegations of governmental corruption persist, and crime is on the rise. In May 1994, the president and national assembly members won five-year terms in Malawi s first generally free and fair multiparty elections.
Suffrage is universal except for serving members of the military.
Local elections are scheduled for September 2000. The May 1995 constitution provides strong protection for fundamental freedoms, but critics argue that it allows excessive presidential power and does not sufficiently safeguard women s and children s rights. Rights of free expression and free assembly are generally respected, but police continue to use unprovoked violence to disperse strikers. Many human rights and other nongovernmental organizations operate openly and without interference. Religious freedom is respected.