The answer is a categorical yes, although the circumstances can appear different. Yes, we take action which means that each year one or two small airlines are forced to close. No, we have not to date closed down any of the major airlines, though if their continuing operation is considered an immediate threat to safety, then I assure you that we would. In broad terms we are looking for a capability and a willingness on the part of every airline or maintenance organisation to operate safely. Capability can easily be improved when weaknesses are discovered, either by employing the right people, amending systems, or in the simplest of cases, by suitable training.
Willingness is a state of mind.
Small airlines tend to be dominated by a single owner or a Chief Pilot. There is nothing inappropriate in this, and some of our best small airlines are at the pinnacle of the industry because they are dominated by such a person with a fanaticism for safety and quality. But if you have an owner who talks the talk but does not walk the walk, or one who deliberately flaunts the Authority or at best meets the regulations in a minimalist way, then clearly the willingness is missing. The only way to achieve a change to safety when it reaches such an unacceptable level is to take action strong enough to force a change of attitude. Sometimes this is just not feasible and stronger action against the operation is taken.