Eventually they meet. Competitors both in Europe and the rest of the world often collaborate in the European conquest, for example of Mexico by Cortez with 100 men, or of India by the British with a small force and help from the local population. We follow this area in transforming Europe from Newton to the French Revolution, as the world balance shifts in favor of the Europeans. The literary and artistic world of the early nineteenth century centers in the same core area but becomes more intense ly interconnected, with more roadways and travelers. In the mid-nineteenth century, modernization spreads to the middle and working classes in Europe with the assumption of constitutional rule as a natural quality of all European state systems except those that habitually occupy the fringes in our model.
W e have universities, scientists, factories, characteristic of the ascendancy of England.
The end of the nineteenth century brings electricity, movies, and the onset of airplanes, automobiles, and bicycles. England is overtaken by Germany and, to a lesser extent, France and Italy. Japan, the United States, Canada, and some aspects of the Brit ish Empire including South Africa, are added to the modernizing core while most of the rest of the world remains outside. The course concludes with the social changes relating to women during the past thirty years and the Postmodern.