This reduces downstream flood damage and lessens the risk of flash floods. The slow release of this stored water to rivers and streams helps keep them from drying up during periods of drought. Wetland vegetation binds the soil and slows the downstream movement of sediment. Wetlands provide habitat for many species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals that are uniquely adapted to wet environments. Upland wildlife such as deer, elk, and bear commonly used wetlands for food and shelter.
Wetlands are particularly vital to many migratory bird species.
Freshwater and marine life including trout, striped bass, pike, sunfish, crappie, crab, and shrimp rely on wetlands for food, cover, spawning, and nursery grounds. Nearly 7000 plant species live in U.S. wetlands, many of which can only survive in these wet environments. Some wetland types are among the most productive ecosystems on earth. A stand of common cordgrass in a salt marsh can produce more plant material and stored energy per acre than any agricultural crop except cultivated sugar cane. Nutrients and plant material flushed from some wetland systems during storms provide essential food for plants, fish, and wildlife in estuaries and other downstream ecosystems.