Methane is produced in soils as the end product of the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. In the absence of oxygen, methane is very stable, but under aerobic conditions is mineralized to carbon dioxide by methanotrophic bacteria. Soil methane emissions, primarily from natural wetlands, landfills and rice paddies, are estimated to represent about half of the annual global methane production. Whether a soil is a net source or sink for methane depends on the relative rates of methanogenic and methanotrophic activity. A number of factors including pH, Eh, temperature and moisture content influence methane transforming bacterial populations and soil fluxes.
Several techniques are available for measuring methane fluxes.
Flux estimation is complicated by spatial and temporal varaibility. Soil management can impact methane transformations. For example, landfilling of organic matter can result in significant methane emissions, whereas some cultural practices such as nitrogen fertilization inhibit methane oxidation by agricultural soils. Vallaeys, T. , E. Topp, G. Muyzer, V. Macharet, G. Laguerre, A. Rigaud, and G. Soulas. Evaluation of denaturing gradient gel electophoresis in the detection of 16S rDNA sequence variation in rhizobia and methanotrophs.