In these situations, just get the first serve in. Percentage tennis means using the lob to get back into the point. Short balls, high volleys, overheads and times when your opponent is out of court are such opportunities. However, even these opportunities are riskier when the score is deuce or ad against you. Percentage tennis means that you are patient and wait for good opportunities to go for winners.
Surface is certainly an important factor to be considered in percentage tennis.
Fortunately, these two factors are usually interconnented. Use more topspin, but be careful not to hit groundstrokes short. Don't go for aces on the serve nor is it wise to serve and volley. On short balls, don't be afraid to drop shot or go for short angles. Fitness is key.