A patent holder cannot use a patented invention dominated by the patent of another, absent a license or cross-license. See cross-licensing . The probability of expressing a phenotype given a genotype. Penetrance may also be dependent on a susceptible individual's current age. Incomplete penetrance is usually a matter of chance or modifiers in the genetic background.
Some proteins contain more than one polypeptide chain.
Some drugs work well in some patient populations and not as well in others. Studying the genetic basis of patient response to therapeutics allows drug developers to more effectively design therapeutic treatments. A trait which appears to be identical to a genetic trait, but which is caused by non-genetic factors. For example, blond hair could be called a trait or a phenotype, as could obesity. A phenotype can be the result of many factors, including an individual's genotype , environment, and lifestyle, and the interactions among these factors.