Unionized workers tend to have higher pay and benefits than non-unionized workers.
In the health care field, hospitals are cutting back on staff, so most job growth is in long-term care, including home care and nursing homes. Workers must pass a state competency exam. Positions above entry level in the health care field minimally require a one-year practical nursing training program, which is offered by technical or vocational schools and community colleges. Workers in the hospitality industry, especially food and beverage workers, may be required to meet training and competency requirements set by unions or state regulatory authorities in safety and sanitation. Some states and programs prefer preschool teachers and child care workers to have a Child Development Associate credential, which requires 120 hours of training, a high school diploma, and 480 hours of experience.