Beginning in 1985, several major research programs were undertaken to study the islands' wildlife. It is noted for its rugged coastline, graceful stone buildings, and the native Norfolk Island pine. The presence of pine timber and flax encouraged British settlement of the island, but both have been extensively cleared. Attention is now being given to reforestation. They moved to Norfolk Island from Pitcairn Island in 1856.
Tourism is the island's main industry.
Farming and fishing are carried on, but most items that support the tourist trade are imported. Postage stamps account for one third of government revenue. The island was discovered in 1774 by Capt. James Cook and became a penal settlement in 1788. It became an Australian Commonwealth Territory in 1914.