But even they are not without disagreement. Pro-secrecy arguments are commonly made to promote the public goals of law enforcement and national security. Some level of secrecy is also in the interests of private institutions, for whom the corporate data store has competitive value.
Security is harder still.
Security regimes also require a clear sense of the privileges appropriately accorded to various classes of users. Even inside care-providing institutions, large numbers of persons may need access to records. Balancing security provisions while promoting easy access for appropriate uses is a challenge. Minimalism is perhaps the hardest principle of the four. It is the conjunction of socially-valued ends set against individual risk that forms the core problem of information fairness, particularly in health care, and particularly in the United States.