Learners study worked-out examples from the domain of mathematics.
Tests assess the learning outcomes.
Experimental studies are conducted in order to test the effectiveness of instructional means to foster effective self-explanations. Among the effective learners, there are two subgroups with different self-explanation styles. Thus, there is more than one way to effective learning. With respect to instructional means, it was found that it is of very limited use to set learning goals or motivational incentives in order to induce active and sophisticated self-explanations. A study on individual differences .