The two major design types, controlled experiments and observational studies, are discussed, with special emphasis on the limitations of each. Deviations from this line are discussed. Probability Methods are presented for computing the probabilities of chance occurrences. The binomial formula is stressed. The concept of a sample survey is studied from the design stage through the conduct of the survey to the analysis of the results.
Special attention is given to the role of chance errors on the accuracy of the results.
Estimation and Tests of Significance Elementary methods of analyzing the results of controlled experiments and observational studies are presented. Standard t-tests and c 2 tests and related confidence intervals are introduced with emphasis on the role of the chance model, and the interpretation of the results. The final examination must be passed in order to receive a passing grade for the course. Students should be aware that they have certain rights to confidentiality concerning the returns of course papers and the posting of marks. Please pay careful attention to the options discussed in class at the beginning of the semester.