For bright objects, like stars and planets, we do of course see color. The lack of color is simply that the light from most extended objects is too dim for the eye to register color. The objects certainly have color and it may be captured with film and CCD imaging. Color filters may be of two types. Multi-layer dichroic filters can have very sharp and well defined pass bands.
Wratten filters are dye controlled filters and have pass bands which are in general much less sharp.
As a starting point, and to limit this discussion, we will assume that a three color system of imaging will be used. This will require a set of three filters that are broadly Red, Green, and Blue. This contrasts to false color systems in which a band of the light spectrum may be assigned any color desired. There are numerous sets of RGB filters that are traditionally used for three color imaging. The reconstitution of the image might be on a computer screen with RGB colors of their own hue and saturation or by printing processes which all have their own color representation and balance.