Scientific paper is a visible representation of scientific understanding. Results section contains observations upon which conclusion is based. And so on, including correct format, references, mechanics, and grammar.
Students write papers in scientific report format.
Ideal student writes ideal paper, thus providing indicator of understanding. Results are described honestly, briefly, and vividly. And so on, including correct format, references, mechanics, and grammar. Professor C might record the grades shown in the third table. Assessment via PTA 1.