A clearinghouse need not occupy physical voice circuits or bandwidth to provide refile services. See Topic 3 . Clearinghouse operations require several technical infrastructures to provide all four operations services to members. See Topic 4 . See Topic 5 .
Termination rates are typically lower for small operators.
See Topic 5 . Bandwidth-based services are a strong source of revenue in the short term. See Topic 5 . More Than Termination Points 3. Operations Models 4.