The musculature should be examined for size, strength, and tenderness. A neurologic examination may detect disorientation, an abnormal gait, altered reflexes, and sensory or motor neuron abnormalities. Anthropometric measurements are essential to diagnosis. Abnormal electrolyte levels may point to a mineral deficiency or a defect in ion homeostasis. Skin tests using antigens are used to evaluate cell-mediated immunity.
Surgical procedures place additional stress on undernourished persons.
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