The sociology of gender analyzes the ways in which the physical differences between men and women are mediated by culture and social structure.
Women tend to be concentrated in service-type occupations.
Occupational segregation is often measured using Duncan and Duncan's Index of Occupational Segregation by Sex. The index equals zero if the distribution of men and women is equal across occupational categories, and 1 if all occupations were either completely male or completely female. This index gives the percentage of female or male workers who would have to change jobs in order for the occupational. The earnings gap is measured as a ratio of female earnings to male earnings. The term originally described the point beyond which women managers and executives, particularly white women, were not promoted.