Obstacles include distorted spatial planning, lack of titles, and a high-risk environment for developers.
Solutions lie in householder self-help and emergence of a real estate market.
Wastes discharge untreated into open drains, canals and rivers, trash is uncollected, and traffic pollution poisons city air. Infrastructure and services, enforcement of policies and regulations, education, and cost recovery are all needed. The HCMC PPA shows that participation is essential if the needs of the poor are to be addressed. Reassess emphasis on resettling slum dwellers. Resettlement can destroy social capital and poor households may not secure new, alternative housing provided.