This is frequently referred to as controller tuning interaction. Series control algorithms are the most common used in analog and digital controllers. However, it is not always advantageous for a controller to operate on an error signal. It is important to understand which algorithm variables will be affected when the SP is changed versus when the PV is changed. Continuous processes normally have PV load changes, while batch processes tend to have more SP changes.
Technical libraries contain volumes on various ways to calculate controller-tuning values.
Also, most control system manufacturers offer a variety of control loop analysis and tuning software. When software isn't available, some useful guidelines can be applied. Test 1 Choose any GAIN setting. Record the PV and CO responses. Record the PV and CO responses.