Sudan is partially responsible for the terrorism that is organized within its borders, yet the Sudanese government does not have full control over the entire territory. Therefore, sovereignty does not help determine responsibility. International law also assumes the rule of law, not vigilante retaliation. The United States should have taken its evidence concerning Afghan and Sudanese involvement in the bombings to the proper institutions. Instead, the United States disregarded the United Nations in retaliating.
Terrorism is more than an Islamic phenomenon, but an Islamic dimension exists.
An-Na im asserted that he, as a Muslim, should address the elements within his own tradition that support terrorism, and then he can expect others to do the same. The language of the sources of Islam supports and recognizes some violent acts, and the early history of the Islamic community includes various acts of political violence. The Human Rights paradigm incorporates a cross-cultural moral judgment that applies an accepted set of norms consistently and universally. Terrorism frequently relates to Human Rights abuses. Promoting the Human Rights paradigm would help reduce terrorism.