The current pathways of treatment for spondylolisthesis are presented and discussed on the background of our own experience and the available literature.
Special consideration is given to the nescesity of a reduction.
II a. Type II is subdivided in break, elongation and fracture. In case of pain, surgery is only indicated when you can refer the pain not only to the specific level, but if you know exactly what the reason of pain is. In some cases, you can solve the problem by decompression of isthmic pseudarthrosis or removal of disc herniation without fear of further progression. But if we do a fusion, we have to do this consequently and under morphological and biomechanical aspects of the deformity. In connection with arthrodesis, some questions arise which are discussed controversially.