Together, they form the foundation of much of the research in science today. Two other approaches attempt to synthesize data and theory. The Kantian approach says that truth is to be found in a combination of theory and data, and seeks through sets of different combinations for the 'right' one. On the other hand, the Hegelian approach assumes that truth is to be found in conflict, and looks for two antithetical combinations of theory and data. The fifth approach, the Singerian can be considered a meta-inquiring system because it incorporates the other four approaches and constitutes a theory of how they should be applied.
Singerian systems are thus pragmatic and conditional.
We find we have come full-circle. Our method of inquiry into the system can take whatever form it needs to, based on the problem to be solved, as long as it is kept to a firm philosophic basis. Our vertical view of the system can start wherever it needs to, also based on the problem to be solved, as long as it covers an appropriate number of systemic levels. And our horizontal view of the system may employ any perceptual filters necessary to help us gain understanding, solve the problem, or better manage the relationships.