However, some studies have concluded that gram-negative bacteria are unnaturally introduced to the gastrointestinal tract of exotic birds. According to one study, psittaciform birds can potentially become infected with enterpathogenic E. coli and transmit such infections to humans. Salmonella has also been implicated in diseases in captive birds. Because iguanas and exotic birds are often symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic bacteria, information regarding how these pets are initially exposed to pathogens could lead to better control and reduce transmission to humans. The transmission of human bacterial pathogens by iguanas, psittacines, and other exotic animals, as well the infections that may occur in these animals, could possibly be reduced by treating all food sources, including fresh produce, as biologically active growth media for pathogens.
Temperature is the primary factor affecting microbial survival and growth on produce.
Pathogenic microorganisms may be present on fruits and vegetables in such low numbers they escape detection in representative samples, but favorable growth temperatures can rapidly increase the number to dangerous levels. In aviaries or terrariums maintained at or near these temperatures, uneaten produce should be removed and discarded within a few hours after feeding. Reducing bacterial contamination on produce is no simple task. A common approach is to rinse or soak produce in an antimicrobial chemical solution and then rinse with clean water. No one treatment is optimal for all types of produce or against all contaminating microorganisms because many factors affect each treatment's efficacy.