This may lead to amino acid changes in proteins which could be neutral or silent if they are not in a critical region of an enzyme. This shows effects of different base changes in DNA on part of the amino acid sequence of a protein. Loss of one or more three-letter codons may not be so bad. Inversions of sections of DNA within a chromosome can occur by errors in ligation of broken ends during crossing over. This may have little effect on the growth of the progeny but there may be further problems during meiosis in the next generation.
Translocations involve transfer of non-homologous pieces of DNA between chromosomes.
They occur in the same way as inversions and the consequences are similar. Occasionally gametes may be formed without any reduction of chromosome number. Plants are much more tolerant of such major chromosome alterations than most animals and such events seem to have been relatively common in plant evolution. This shows the consequences of errors in crossing-over after chromosome pairing during meiosis. Some genes affect more than one feature in the phenotype.