Strenuous exercise, coupled with low bone mineral density, often result in stress fractures. There is a decrease in metabolic rate and thyroid hormone levels. The body attempts to compensate for the starved state by burning fewer calories. Intestinal tract Intestinal disturbances are another hallmark of eating disorders. Swollen salivary glands are caused by repeated vomiting, as is erosion of tooth enamel.
Stomach acids erode the esophageal lining, leading to ulcers and possible rupture of the esophagus.
Constipation is due to inadequate food intake and decreased fiber, as well as overuse of laxatives and diuretics. Laxative and diuretics abuse causes alternating constipation and diarrhea, malabsorption of essential nutrients, bowel inflammation, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Extreme weight loss is associated with neurological deficits. Extreme weight loss and malnutrition adversely affect mental functions. Other effects include cognitive impairment, psychomotor retardation, attention deficit, inability to concentrate, and apathy.