For example, resistance to a specific pathogen might be introduced into a crop plant by breeding with a wild, non-crop relative which expresses such resistance. The process of genetic engineering allows a more precise modification of one or a few specific genetic traits without affecting the other desirable characteristics of an organism. The additional segments of the recombinant DNA molecule are necessary in order to make copies of this DNA, transfer it to a target animal, plant or bacterium, and identify which target cells have taken up the desired DNA information . The recombinant DNA molecule is transferred to the target cells, which can give rise to an animal or plant which maintains the initial desired characteristics but also expresses the additional trait or traits encoded by the recombinant DNA molecule. Since only one out of hundreds of cells take up the recombinant DNA, selectable markers are usually required during the early stages of genetic engineering.
Somatic transformation is also the basis of novel vaccination strategies.
However, somatic transformation only affects the treated individual and is not heritable. The recombinant DNA molecule and the traits it encodes are not passed to subsequent generations. The University of Maine provides education on genetics and related topics as part of its Land Grant mission. Through courses and research with faculty members, students gain a thorough understanding of the science of genetics as well as its applications. Graduates qualify for jobs in the growing biotechnology industry and apply their skills in a variety of other occupations.