When the clinician manages treatable infectious etiologies, cessation of NRA gives an improving prognosis. Wasting diseases and neoplasia often result in anemia, due to catabolic influences. Renal failure anemia is not frequently noted. This may be partly due to difficulties in early clinical and biochemical recognition of renal dysfunction. In addition, it is likely that uric acid metabolites don't have the same inhibitory effect on erythropoesis as urea in mammals.
Toxins can result in non-regenerative anemia.
While it is likely that autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurs in birds, this type of anemia is not well-documented. Lead toxicosis damages the hemoglobin and results in premature lysis and removal of the damaged cells. Affected cells will be seen in the peripheral blood showing hypochromatic cytoplasm and erythrocytic ballooning. One hallmark of lead toxicosis is the vigorous regenerative response occuring within hours of the toxic insult. Basophilic stippling is not a typical finding with avian lead toxicosis.