The other great criticism is that utilitarianism ignores individual concerns of integrity. Two main schools of thought are existentialism and emotivism.8 Existentialism, in its secular form, is probably best centered on the Frenchmen Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. The idea behind this school of thought is that existence precedes essence. Now, supernaturalism holds that the essence of mankind existed before the coming of man. Religiously, this is expressed by saying God had a plan for man.
Secular existentialists reject both arguments.
They say that there is no way to understand nature, therefore, it must not exist. They say man creates his own essence. People, existentialists say, define themselves. There are no absolutes. There is no higher authority.