Since estrogen administration is associated with risks as well as benefits, selection of patients should ideally be based on prospective identification of risk factors for developing osteoporosis. Unfortunately, there is no certain way to identify those women who will develop osteoporotic fractures. Most prospective studies of efficacy for this indication have been carried out in white menopausal women, without stratification by other risk factors, and tend to wshow a universally salutary effect on bone. Thus, patient selection must be individualized based on the balance of risks and benefits. Estrogen replacement therapy reduces bone resorption and retards or halts postmenopausal bone loss.
Studies also suggest that estrogen reduces the rate of vertebral fractures.
Even when started as late as 6 years after menopause, estrogen may prevent further loss of bone mass for as long as the treatment is continued. When estrogen therapy is discontinued, bone mass declines at a rate comparable to that in the immediate postmenopausal period. There is no evidence that estrogen replacement therapy restores bone mass to premenopausal levels. At skeletal maturity there are sex and race differences in both the total amount of bone present and its destiny, in favor of men and blacks. Thus, women are at higher risk than men because they start with less bone mass and for several years following natural or induced menopause, the rate of bone mass declined is accelerated.