Some are obvious and indisputable while others are more subtle and a source of controversy. Man is the root cause for some of the problems, while nature produces and enhances others. Despite the spectrum of political beliefs, the facts remain, and the real problems facing the Smokies require monitoring and management. Insuring the survival of the Smokies' ecosystem is a major charge given to the National Park Service. Air quality is a major Park concern.
Water quality faces threats from man's civilization, park visitors, and nature.
Acidic deposition, combined with the Smokies' acidic bedrock threatens aquatic ecosystems. Borderline environments may deteriorate to inhospitable conditions. In some places nitrogen levels in the water reach dangerous levels. Still, Park waters remain mostly free of chemical pollutants. However, a disease, giardia, makes the water undrinkable.