Water quality is falling. Water quality is being lowered by domestic, industrial, and agrochemical pollutants, sedimentation and oil spills. Air quality is low. Human exposure to airborne pollutants exceeds permissible levels in many cities. The major sources are from industry, coal combustion, and vehicles.
Urban services are weak.
Vietnam's 623 urban centers have poor infrastructure and development planning, and lack adequate environmental services. Human exposure to industrial pollutants is high. SOEs are a major polluters. Most of industrial wastes, including hazardous substances, are disposed of with domestic wastes. Policy development and institutional capacity are weak.