Well-designed frames did not hinder users. But they didn't help users either. Users preferred to scroll to the bottom of pages to press final buttons. Text links were more important in these search tasks than graphic links. The best-liked sites were not the same as the most easily searched sites.
Web designers make daily design decisions with little guidance from research-based literature.
Good studies, like this one, will help usability specialists make better initial decisions. The multimedia research literature has few helpful published studies on how design affects learning. Most guidelines come from highly subjective opinions of multimedia developers. In the first study, they tracked eye-movement patterns during the multimedia presentation. Avoid animation that distracts attention from other, more important information on the screen.