Feed bunks should have a throat height of 35.5 to 45.7 cm. Adjustable neck rails will reduce feed wastage and accommodate animals of different sizes. The Holstein calf's ability to grow rapidly is dictated by genetics, management, environment and nutrition. This leaves little room for feeding rations which are not correctly formulated. The nutrient requirements for grain-fed veal have not been researched to the extent of other animal species.
Water is the most essential and the cheapest ingredient in any livestock feeding operation.
Unfortunately its importance is often overlooked. A 180 kg calf will require from 10-30 litres of water daily, depending on such factors as temperature, humidity and the dry matter content of the diet. An adequate supply of clean water which is easily accessible must be provided to achieve maximum gains. The physical form of starter feed influences intake and performance. Recent research shows whole corn to be superior to rolled for young calves.