This hemorrhagic fraction is not always neutralized by the antivenom. There is a general absence of alterations at the bite site, and fang marks are not always visible. As well as impaired locomotion, dogs show difficulty in sustaining the head, orbit paralysis, decrease or absence of eyelid movement, and glazed eyes. In bovine and equine, orbit paralysis can be seen by rotating the animal s head and watching the eyes to see if they follow the movement of the head rather than stay focused in the original direction. As symptoms develop, dogs show total debility, as well as difficulty or absence of response to external stimuli.
Untreated animals die of respiratory arrest or acute renal failure.
Treatment Crotalus snakes can inject approximately 50 ml of venom. This quantity may vary depending on snake size and time from its last meal. Crotalus envenoming should be treated with at least 50 ml of antivenom. Antivenom treatment should the same as for bothropic envenoming. Further treatment Large animals must be confined and small animals transported to a medical facility.