The Personalized System of Instruction is a mastery learning model, emphasizing independent study and proctored-testing. In Goal-Based Scenarios , instructors develop a motivational goal for learners that requires the application of certain skills and competencies. Relevant for most fields. Relevant for instructors wishing to spend less class time on basic course facts and concepts, opting instead for discussion and application to more elaborate problems. Cognitive Apprenticeship involves instructors in outlining, then modeling expert-like processes for students.
Students apply the processes on their own, utilizing teacher-developed scaffolds.
Students discuss their reasoning processes with other learners. Students are responsible for their own and for their teammates' understanding. Teams are responsible for problem analysis, research, and solutions. Instructors coach teams as needed. Learning Environments support students on authentic problem-solving tasks through extensive resources, tools, and scaffolds.