At puberty, the estrogen produced by the testes produces breast growth, though it may be late. She does not menstruate, and is not fertile. Most AIS women have no pubic or underarm hair, but some have sparse hair. When an AIS girl is diagnosed during infancy, physicians often perform surgery to remove her undescended testes. Although removal of testes is advisable, because of the risk of cancer ISNA advocates that surgery be offered later, when the girl can choose for herself.
Testicular cancer is rare before puberty.
Vaginoplasty surgery is frequently performed on AIS infants or girls to increase the size of the vagina, so that she can engage in penetrative intercourse with a partner with an average size penis. Vaginoplasty surgery is problematic, with many failures. ISNA advocates against vaginal surgery on infants. Such surgery should be offered to, not imposed on, the pubertal girl, and she should have an opportunity to speak with adult AIS women about their sexual experience and about surgery in order to make a fully informed decision. Not all AIS women will choose surgery.