In advanced cases the entire tree appears dry and scorched. Severe scorch can result in complete defoliation because leaves dry up and fall prematurely. Trees defoliated before midsummer often form new leaves. Those defoliated in late summer may not grow new leaves until the following spring. Winter drying of evergreens results when water lost through the needles can not be replaced by roots because the soil is frozen or dry.
Symptoms usually appear first on the south or southwest side but can develop throughout the tree.
Needles of affected fir trees most often turn a yellowish color but can turn red. Spruce and pine needles turn yellow to yellow-brown and then red to reddish purple in advanced cases. Discoloration occurs first in outer branches and progresses from the needle tip to its base. In severe cases discoloration occurs rapidly and uniformly along the entire needle. This can be determined by checking the buds.