Prohibited doping methods include blood doping and pharmacological, chemical, and physical manipulation. These methods attempt to mask the use of the prohibited substances listed above. Adverse effects of blood doping include allergic reactions, kidney damage, jaundice, infectious disease transmission, and blood clots. For more information on prohibited substances and methods see the Olympic Movement Anti-Doping Code, January 2001 Doping Cases in the Olympics IOC Accredited Laboratories for Doping Control Pharmacological, chemical, and physical manipulations are attempts to alter the integrity and validity of samples used in drug testing. Examples of such methods include the use of diuretics, catheterization, inhibition of renal excretion, sample substitution, and sample tampering.
Stimulants increase alertness and reduce fatigue.
They also may increase competitiveness, hostility, and the chance of injury from accidents caused by the user's poor judgment. Addiction is also possible with the use of stimulants. Prohibited stimulants include amphetamine, caffeine, cocaine, and ephedrine. Narcotic analgesics mainly function as painkillers but also may produce euphoria or psychological stimulation, false feelings of invincibility, and illusions of physical prowess. These drugs also increase the pain threshold, which can cause greater injury because an athlete may not be aware of the original injury.