But in all of the cases above, the material was copies, and the material was placed on one's own server. I have developed a PERL program I call the 'viewer'. This program integrates with our online courses and accepts, as input, the URL of a 'collection' file, which consists of an ordered list of URLs and titles. When a user activates the viewer, the first page in the list is displayed and navigation tools are generated to let the user page through the remaining page. This is a variation on the 'frames' problem, wherein one provider places another's content in frames on the first provider's site.
Several sites are now compilations of listings from other sites.
I also receive an email newsletter which does this with technology news. My sites have been indexed by search engines across the world wide web. In most cases, I did not ask these agents to index my site, and they did not notify me. Yet when I do a search on my name or relevant topics, there is a link to my site. Some search engines even take the first few words off my site by way of description.