Tongue cancer is one of the more common and serious types of mouth cancer. Although the exact cause is unknown, it most often occurs among pipe, cigar, and cigarette smokers and people who use smokeless tobacco. It also occurs in people who consume large amounts of alcohol and among denture wearers. It is rare in people under age 40, particularly women. It is most common in men over age 60.
Tongue cancer begins as a small lump or thick white patch.
Over time this lump turns into an ulcer that has a firm, raised rim and a delicate center that bleeds easily. If the tumor is not treated, it can spread to the gums, lower jaw, lymph nodes, neck, and floor of the mouth, eroding healthy tissues in these areas. The tongue becomes rigid and immobile if the tumor grows large enough. Eventually, the tumor may block the throat, making swallowing and breathing difficult. Your doctor will examine your tongue and mouth and ask about the history of the growth on your tongue, especially if you have had it more than 10 days.