However, the default configuration of these packages still highly favours the card metaphor. They do not provide a rich environment for hypertext without programming. An exception is KMS , which takes the card paradigm to its logical limit. Document-based systems focus on text editing and formatting single documents. Examples include FrameMaker and Guide .
Windowing systems provide a rich event-driven interface which allow multiple scrolling windows.
Users will be familiar with this interface from operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Mac System 7. Such environments provide readers with the ability to compare two pages of text, write notes while viewing a second page, and so on. We believe that such activities must be fluidly supported for the benefits of hypertext to become apparent. Monk et al. have investigated structural paradigms from the viewpoint of a reader's efficiency at completing a given task. They found that a single document in a scrolling window was a more efficient interface than either an outline view or a dual-window tiled display with paging.