Red squirrels also disperse seeds. White Spruce reproduction common at squirrel middens. Seeds remain viable for only 1-2 years. Under natural conditions, seeds overwinter under snow and germinate in the spring or summer when there is adequate moisture and soil temperatures have warmed. Frequently found on rotten wood.
Seedlings grow best in full sunlight, but tolerate low light, and can endure many years of shade.
At northern treeline reproduces almost exclusively by layering. There, seed viability is low and seedlings are rare or absent. Layering also occurs farther south when the lower branches touch the ground and become covered with moss, litter, or soil. Seed remains viable for up to 10 years when stored in sealed containers in a cool, dry environment. Requires moist, cool stratification for 60 to 90 days to break dormancy.