Such distress includes increased anxiety, nervousness, irritability, depression and emotional lability. The role of oestrogen in the aetiology of such symptoms is not totally defined. Several studies report little difference in overall psychological and psychosomatic symptoms in women at the menopausal age versus other ages. Nevertheless, adverse life events such as the death of loved ones, children leaving home and the increased probability of serious physical illness which are far more likely to occur at this time may result in some of these symptoms being more common with the menopause. Sociocultural factors Other factors that influence the experience of sexuality and self-worth in the older woman include societal attitudes, cultural roles and theological beliefs.
Western cultures tend to view both menopause and sexuality in the ageing woman negatively.
Older women in such cultures become sexually retired and gender neutral. However, women in cultures that view ageing and menopause more positively have fewer difficulties coping with changing sexuality and easier adjustment to life changes. This may be due to ageing or stress which slows down the sexual arousal and response times. The main reason for declining sexuality in older women is the unavailability of a healthy and willing partner. Given the availability of a partner, the same general high or low rate of sexual activity can be maintained throughout life.