The climate is humid continental with warm summers and cold winters. These include the competing Renova and Coggon series and the Bassett , Rockton , Waucoma , and Winneshiek series. Bassett soils have thicker sola and dark surface layers. Rockton and Winneshiek soils have similar drainage and depth to bedrock but have dark surface layers. Waucoma soils are well drained, have dark surface layers, and have bedrock beginning at depths ranging from 40 to 55 inches.
Surface runoff is medium or rapid.
Permeability in the upper horizons is moderate but ranges to slow in the clayey horizons. Large parting planes in the lower B and fractures in the limestone bedrock probably cause variations in permeability rates. Uncultivated areas are in forest and are used for pasture in some places. Native vegetation was deciduous forest. Southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and possibly southeastern Wisconsin and northern Illinois.