26 to 28 degrees F. Freeze-free season is 30 to 50 days. These are the competing Newlands soils and the Hapgood , Longval , Snag , and Windy soils. Longval soils have umbric epipedons, gravelly sandy loam B2 horizons and ashy mineralogy. Windy soils have umbric epipedons, stony coarse sandy loam B2 horizons and cindery mineralogy. These soils are used for timber production, watershed purposes, and to a limited extent grazing by livestock and wildlife.
Vegetation is mainly white fir and ponderosa pine with some understory grass and browse species.
Lyonman soils occur in high mountainous areas of northeastern California and possibly in southeastern Oregon. They are inextensive.