Dioecious and most male trees removed as soon as possible. Ginger comes from the rhizome and cardamom from the seeds. In terms of quantities traded, black pepper is still the most important spice. It was also an early important spice and probably the most important in leading to the discovery of the New World. This process involves fermentation.
White pepper is made from ripe fruits that are soaked and lightly crushed to remove the fleshy part.
The U.S. is the world's leading user of black pepper. See the figure on page 303. Produced in Indonesia, India, Brazil and Madagascar. Spices from the New World. We use the seed.