When we discover new empirical results or create novel artistic forms, we are engaging in this form of scholarship. The scholarship of discovery relates closely to the traditional mission of research and creative activity, but does not completely capture it. The second form of scholarship, the scholarship of integration, helps to capture what is missing. The new results and artistic expressions that emerge from the scholarship of discovery take on meaning as they are integrated with other results and compared to other creations. The third form of scholarship can be called the scholarship of representation.
Teaching is the prime example of the scholarship of representation.
Writing textbooks might also fall under the rubric of the scholarship of representation if the main point of the textbook is, as is usually the case with introductory textbooks, to help novices understand the discipline. On the other hand, a textbook written for more advanced students might better be thought of as an instance of the scholarship of integration. Finally, the fourth form of scholarship is the scholarship of application, in which we use our professional knowledge to solve problems of interest to the larger community. This form of scholarship relates closely to the traditional notion of service, but with a twist. Service on a university committee would not normally be thought of as scholarship.