Seed viability is variable. Under drought conditions seed production is often low, and many seeds may be non-viable. Seeds typically germinate March through June. Most seed germinates within the first year. Seed in dry storage can remain viable for up to 6 years.
Seed often remains on the parent plant, until ingested or scattered by animals or disturbance.
A persistent soil seed bank usually accumulates. Length of initial seed dormancy varies widely on individual plants and between populations. Seeds that do not germinate the first season enter secondary dormancy. Cultivation, mowing, and improving drainage can help control populations. 3-sided achenes .