Highest seedling emergence is from soil depths of 1-2 cm. Open sites with little competing vegetation favor seedling survival. Plants are typically biennial, but some regenerate after flowering and become perennial. Crowns and roots can develop new root and shoot buds, especially in response to disturbance or injury. Root fragments can produce new shoots.
Seed dormancy varies among populations.
Fluctuating temperatures, light, cold stratification, leaching with water, or scarification stimulate germination. Seed longevity is undocumented. Seedlings mature rapidly, and 3 or more generations may be produced in one season. The biology of this species is poorly documented. Managing pastures to maintain continuous vegetative cover decreases survival of seedlings.