Paying attention to feedback is a learning activity. In the Engineering case study students paid more attention to feedback provided immediately by their colleagues than they previously had to feedback provided, less promptly, by their teacher. The fact that their teachers' feedback was more accurate mattered less than when and how it was provided. Helping students to internalize standards. Students who understand what different grades mean are more likely to improve their own work before submitting it than those who have never thought about standards.
Teachers know about standards because they grade assignments.
Students can learn about standards in the same way, as in the Engineering case study. However reliability is probably less important than the learning consequences of having internalized standards. Summary It is proposed that teachers count up how many out of class learning hours they are entitled to and plan how to make the most productive use of all of these hours. Students should be briefed about the activities involved. Of course students will vary in terms of how many hours they need for the tasks teachers set.