Abuse may occur as a result of a major crisis, such as a parent losing a job, or it may be triggered by a minor event, such as a bathtub overflowing. Alcohol, money problems, drugs, and other health problems may also contribute to child abuse. Obvious physical signs, such as burns, welts, or bruises, are common indications of child abuse, particularly when they are recurrent, and the explanations are vague or suspicious. Symptoms of emotional abuse are more difficult to spot. A child who is excessively moody or conspicuously lacking in self-esteem may be a victim of persistent criticism or ridicule on the part of a parent.
Sexual abuse is also difficult to identify.
Usually there are no physical symptoms, and both the child and the parent are normally reluctant to reveal the incestuous relationship. Although reporting of possible child abuse cases is important in helping to modify a destructive environment, care must be taken not to suspect parents or guardians without cause. Not all burns and bruises, even highly unusual ones, are signs of child abuse. Treatment of families affected by child abuse should be undertaken with a view toward a long-range, comprehensive resolution. Ideally, a number of professionals will be involved, including a social worker, physician, psychologist or psychiatrist, and perhaps others.