Robin and black bear are particularly effective long distance dispersal agents. Deer mice, chipmunks, and red back vole are important local dispersers. Seedling establishment variable. Seedlings are rare in many parts of this species' range. Poor seedling establishment is generally attributable to unfavorable soil temperatures and water stress.
Vegetative reproduction is the primary mode of regeneration.
In the absence of disturbance, clones increase by expansion of rhizomes. After fire or other types of disturbance, plants often sprout from the stem base, from underground rhizomes, or from unburned belowground portions of aerial stems. Fruit production strongly influenced by weather conditions, climate, pollinator availability, light intensity, genetic factors, and nutrient levels at the time of bud initiation. Shade produced by competing weeds can often reduce fruit yields. Cross-pollination by insects is necessary for good fruit set.