On the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, the livestock industry is two-fold.
Stockmen own individual herds of both cow-calf pairs and horses.
There are currently 2000 mother cows and approximately 3500 horses across the 650,000 acres of the reservation. Cattle are turned out onto the rangelands in early April, depending on the severity of the past winter. The reservation is divided topographically into six separate grazing districts, with each district determining its own pasture rotations, roundups, and stewardship. District meetings are held on an annual basis to discuss fencing, salting stations, and importantly, water. In an effort to preserve riparian zones, most cattlemen at Warm Springs take advantage of tribally developed water systems to deliver livestock water into upper reaches of about 10 separate watersheds.