Teaching is declared an essential industry in New Zealand.
Hitler's big plans to set up a naval flotilla in the Caspian come to an abrupt end when the Caucasus offensive is finally called off. The Germans cannot break through Soviet troops in the mountains. All efforts are to be made to break the defense at Stalingrad. There, German troops attack in pincers against the Orlovka salient, cutting off a battalion which is down to 200 rounds per rifle and two days' food. It holds out for five.