Today, let us forge our own happiness. The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them.
Smiles can be pretty frightening.
Nineteenth-century scientists were obsessed with the human head and face. They measured skulls and tried to correlate brain size with ability. Phrenologists tried to learn human characteristics from the shapes of skulls. Criminologists tried to define the criminal face. The French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne mapped 100 facial muscles in 1862.