Respiratory problems can result from rapid changes in atmosphere pressure. Scuba diving or deep-sea diving carries a risk. Precautions include proper training and technique, certification by a diving school, and common sense. Similarly, women who hike or trek at high altitudes should be familiar with the pulmonary edema and lung problems that can occur with rapid ascent and improper acclimatization. Gradual ascent and a medication called acetazolamide can help avoid serious problems, so you may wish to consult with your physician before your trip.
Smoking is a major risk factor for cancer.
The risk of dying from lung cancer is 12 times greater in a smoker than in a nonsmoker. Overall, smoking causes 30 percent of all deaths from cancer. In addition to contributing to lung cancer, it also increases the risk of cancers of the cervix, mouth, throat, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, and possibly the stomach. Smokers also have a higher rate of cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Household members of smokers are also at risk for cancer.