Some spells replace an event that comes from the spell itself.
For example, Memory Lapse counters a spell and then replaces the event of putting the countered spell into its owner's graveyard with putting it on top of its owner's library. In technical terms, this kind of spell creates a one-shot replacement effect, not a continuous one. Suppose a player plays Urza's Rage with kicker targeting an opponent. That opponent plays Healing Salve to prevent the next 3 damage dealt to him or her this turn. Urza's Rage Urza's Rage can't be countered by spells or abilities.