Effectiveness depends on the male's ability to withdraw before ejaculation. Infectious diseases can be transmitted by direct contact with surface lesions and by pre-ejaculatory fluid. Surgical Sterilization Surgical sterilization is a contraceptive option intended for people who don't want children in the future. It is considered permanent because reversal requires major surgery that is often unsuccessful. Female Sterilization Female sterilization blocks the fallopian tubes so the egg can't travel to the uterus.
Sterilization is done by various surgical techniques, usually under general anesthesia.
Complications from these operations are rare and can include infection, hemorrhage, and problems related to the use of general anesthesia. This procedure, called a vasectomy, involves sealing, tying or cutting a man's vas deferens, which otherwise would carry the sperm from the testicle to the penis. Vasectomy involves a quick operation, usually under 30 minutes, with possible minor postsurgical complications, such as bleeding or infection. Research continues on effective contraceptives that minimize side effects. One important research focus, according to FDA's Rarick, is the development of birth control methods that are both spermicidal and microbicidal to prevent not only pregnancy but also transmission of HIV and other STDs.