Limitations Cannot fully explain or predict behavior of people. Mathematical sophisticalion may come at the expense of other important skills. Models may require unrealistic or unfounded assumptions. A system is an interrelated set of elements functioning as a uhole. Open systems are systems that interact with their environment.
Subsystems are systems within a broader system.
Synergy are units that are more successful working together than working alone. Entropy is the process that leads to decline. The contingency perspective Appropriate managerial behavior depends on the elements of the situation. Contingency perspective argues that universal theories cannot be applied to organizations because each is unique. An integrating framework Managers need to include the parts from each perspective that are relevant to their situation and apply them using both a systems and contingency approach.