Shelterwood cutting - only dead and undesirable trees cut. Seed tree cutting - all but a few seed trees are removed. Rain forests are located near the equator in Central and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Some giant Sitka spruce are 700 years old so reforestation takes centuries. Clear cutting is still allowed, but with restrictions to protect wildlife and some of the old growth forest.
Sea walls protect property, but restrict beach access and accelerate erosion of nearby properties.
Although total grain production is increasing, production per person remains stable at 300 kg. Stocks are currently less than 70 days worth. Average US grain yields per hectare have increased from 1.5 tons in 1950 to 4.4 tons in 1990. The implanted gene might protect the plant from insects or plant diseases, or might increase the yield or growth rate of the plant. However, there are concerns about placing genetically engineered crops in the environment.