5 - Trial therapy to indicate potential for improved resonance or nasal airflow characteristics. PVFD is closing of the vocal folds when they should be open for breathing. It can be present in isolation or with asthma. Patients learn to control vocal folds through visual feedback and breathing exercises. PVFD is typically evaluated in conjunction with an allergist or pulmonologist, a psychiatrist, and an otolaryngologist.
Subglottic stenosis is a narrowing of the airway below the vocal folds.
It is assessed and treated in conjunction with an otolaryngologist. Laryngomalacia is collapsing of the laryngeal structures while breathing and usually occurs in infants. It is assessed and treated in conjunction with an otolaryngologist. 2 - Flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy to view the vocal folds during breathing. If the breathing difficulty occurs only with exercise, a separate study of the vocal folds might be scheduled in the pulmonary function laboratory.