The disease has been reported from Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Asia, and North America, and is probably world-wide. Transmission is from bird to bird, and as with other herpesviruses , the infection can become dormant and the infected birds carriers. Outbreaks can range from peracute to mild or asymptomatic, and are characterized by varying degrees of coughing, gasping, nasal discharge, and possibly cyanosis. The birds are depressed, and egg production may drop.
Vaccination is generally effective, although carrier birds can develop amongst vaccinates.
Eradication is generally the best approach in designated areas, and effective biosecurity of commercial poultry establishments is essential.