Although rarely needed, biopsy of the minor salivary gland of the lip can confirm the diagnosis. Patients show evidence of focal or diffuse lymphocytic infiltration of the glands. Treatment Treatment is symptomatic. Artificial tears and lemon and glycerin mouth rinse are the standard therapies. An autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and thickening of the skin over the fingers, arms, chest, and face.
Systemic sclerosis is rare among elderly persons.
The cause is unknown. Besides the characteristic skin thickening, symptoms and signs include telangiectasis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, pulmonary fibrosis, and, occasionally, vascular involvement of the heart and kidneys. In early stages of systemic sclerosis, treatment is largely symptomatic. For example, Raynaud's phenomenon may be prevented by wearing gloves and using calcium channel blockers. A recent meta-analysis suggests little benefit.