Surface runoff is slow to rapid depending upon the slope. Permeability is moderate. Soils are cultivated in most areas. Corn, small grains, soybeans, and legume-grass hay are the principal crops. Steep areas are in permanent pasture or forest.
Wooded areas are in oaks, hickory and maple.
The original vegetation was hardwood forest. The soils of this series are of large extent. Hillsdale County, Michigan, 1924.