Affirmative action programs are governed by a number of overlapping laws. 80.1 et seq. Title Vl prohibits race discrimination in any program receiving federal funds. This law applies to both admissions and employees.
Violations can result in withdrawal of federal funds or suits by private individuals.
1608.1 et seq. 86.1 et seq. Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in all educational institutions that receive federal funding. Title IX's affirmative action provisions apply to both employment and admission of students. Violations can result in withdrawal of federal funds or suits by private individuals.