B. Examples from historical international systems 1. C. Basis for comparing systems 1. Under Roman Empire, you had a hierarchical authority structure. Rome appointed governors over the conquered countries that made up the empire as with Pontius Pilate in Judea. Since Treaty of Westphalia, there has been no hierarchical authority structure.
States are sovereign.
Christian cultural tradition 3. Conventions of peaceful settlement of disputes, International Court of Arbitration, etc. These occur near the end of the 19 th Century. Japan defeats China in 1895 and takes control of Korea. Italy was nominally a member as well but had a secret agreement with France to remain neutral if France were attacked by the alliance.