The strongest association is with estrogen. Most of the invasive tumors were of low histologic and nuclear grades. The same staging system is used for both male and female breast cancer patients. This standardized language allows clinicians and researchers to accurately describe the extent of disease. The treatment depends upon the stage of the disease.
Surgery forms the first line of defence and is generally used.
Stages I and II are locally operable and are generally treated by modified radical mastectomy. After surgery, the decision to proceed with chemotherapy or radiation depends upon the precise stage of the disease. This decision is made after the pathologist examines the breast and lymph nodes that were removed at the time of surgery. Modified radical mastectomy is performed in a manner quite similar to the way it is performed in women. The contour of the chest wall and function of the arm are very well preserved.