CT may help differentiate a nonopaque calculus from a tumor or clot and may help in staging. Cytology may be diagnostic. Ureteroscopy and nephroscopy may help evaluate smaller or low-grade tumors. Prognosis in operable, localized tumors is good. Periodic follow-up cystoscopies are indicated because tumors tend to occur in the urinary bladder and, if detected at an early stage, may be treated by fulguration, transurethral resection, or instillation therapy.
Treatment usually is radical nephroureterectomy, including a cuff of bladder.
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