These caves are probably less than 10 million years old. The landscape that develops over limestone and marble regions is often shaped by the same geochemical process that forms caves. Sinking streams, sinkholes, and springs are often found in areas underlain by limestone. This type of topography is called karst . While visually interesting, karst topography can be a potential hazard.
Sinkholes can develop unexpectedly and rapidly, swallowing up cars, houses and whole towns.
The mild temperatures and high humidities found in most Maryland caves are relatively constant throughout the year. This kind of environment makes caverns an ideal habitat for many animals. A variety of spiders, insects, amphibians, reptiles, fish and mammals make caves their seasonal or permanent homes. Salamanders, wood rats and several types of bats are particularly attracted to caves. These animals currently suffer from loss of habitat in Maryland due to development.