This caloric theory of heat is not correct in that caloric does not exist. The theory does go a long way in explaining the concept of heat and it gives correct answers.
Temperature is that which is measured by a thermometer.
If we put a thermometer into a liter of water and record a reading and then take half of that liter we still obtain the same reading. Temperature is something apparently that does not depend on the amound of stuff we have. This is different than the idea of caloric, or more properly, heat. We can have more or less of it. The author in the reference cited below critizes this idea, but that author is not quite right.