This result also requires evaluation with colposcopy and biopsy. Cells seen on a Pap smear suggestive of CIN3, or severe dysplasia, signify that the abnormalities of cervical cells encompass close to the entire layer of cervical lining. Involvement of the entire lining is considered severe dysplasia and is categorized as carcinoma in situ. In all such cases, colposcopy and biopsy are performed. Most abnormalities of the cervix that can be diagnosed by Pap smear show no symptoms.
Some abnormalities require further biopsy and treatment after colposcopy.
Most of these procedures are performed in the doctor's office under local anesthesia. These therapies seek to completely diagnose the abnormal area of the cervix, and in most cases, rid the patient of abnormal cells. As the cervix heals, experts believe there is a good chance abnormal cells will not recur and that normal tissue will replace the zone of active growth. The cure rates for dysplasia approach 100 percent. Sometimes a diagnosis of invasive cancer is made by Pap smear alone.