Though there is no known cause of ulcerative colitis, it does tend to run in families and is more common in Jews and caucasians than other ethnic or racial groups. Though usually mild, bleeding may occur and may sometimes be massive. Proctitis, an inflammation of the rectum, is characterized by bloody stools, a frequent urge to defecate but inability to do so, and sometimes diarrhea. Possible causes are ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, trauma, infection, or radiation. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are generally chronic and have no known cures.
Treatment usually consists of symptom relief and reduction of inflammation.
When there are acute flare-ups, the patient should avoid stimulants such as caffeine, citrus fruits, and foods high in fiber. These medications can control symptoms and often produce long-term remissions. Steroids should be used only when necessary, and under a physician's guidance, to avoid serious side effects. If attacks of ulcerative colitis become severe enough to be life-threatening, surgical removal of the colon can save the patient's life. Surgery also is sometimes performed for very severe complications of Crohn's disease, but will not cure the disease itself.