Officers of a corporation are agents of the corporation. The quantity and quality of human generated pollution has increased materially since the industrial revolution. Un like the past, today it is feasible for human generated pollution to exceed an ecosystem's dynamic and static limits. A plaintiff is liable for the plaintiff's injury if the plaintiff voluntarily assumed the risk of the injury. A defendant commits a common law fraud is the defendant knowingly or intentionally misrepresents a material fact, upon which the plaintiff justifiably relies to the plaintiff's injury.
Security fraud is any misrepresentation of a material fact causing injury.
The federal Commerce Clause allows the federal government to regulate all commerce with a close and substantial e ffect on commerce between the several States. The law focuses upon independent actors acting in a knowing and voluntary fashion, and the law seeks to facilitate these independent actors' reasonable expectations. All torts require that the defendant did foresee the plaintiff's injury resulting from the defendant's action. Additionally, the defendant's action must breach a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff and the defendant must not have any proved defenses. An individual only has standing to sue for that part of a public nuisance that is their private nuisance.