For reasons of simplicity, this page discusses the congruence principle in terms of Labor's FMIP framework. Intermediate Outcomes Ultimate Outcomes Program logic has its first foundation in general systems theory. From systems theory it takes the idea that policy interventions can be modelled as an open system. In the language of this model, governments direct inputs at specific process in order to produce outputs that will lead to desired outcomes in the client population or in the society as a whole. A critical concept in program logic is the notion of a hierarchy of outcomes .
Ultimate outcomes are the more significant, longer-term changes that are sought.
They are usually expressed as changes in collective client status or as changes to society. An ultimate outcome in the health arena is increased life expectancy. Initial and intermediate outcomes are more immediate. They are more closely related to specific policy interventions. If we take as an example an information campaign on smoking, the outputs might include television advertisements, information kits, and a 1800 telephone advice number.