All of them will be shown step by step. It is very important that appliances and similar kinds of equipment have reliable protection against transient voltage conditions, because it is common for these products to suffer significant damage when a transient voltage appears on the ac voltage line.
Transients can arise internally, from normal circuit operations, or externally from the environment.
The latter is particularly frustrating because the transient characteristics are undefined. A statistical description can apply though but greater or smaller stresses are possible. The natural frequencies and impedance of indoor ac wiring result in damped oscillatory surges with typical frequencies ranging from 30 kHz to 1.5 MHz. Surge amplitude depends on both the wiring and the source of the surge energy. Disturbances die out further away from the source.