The virus is spread by direct contact with the blood, serum, or sexual fluids of an infected person. This can happen by sharing needles or having sex with somebody infected with hepatitis B. Transmission can also occur for people living together for a long time in the same household or institution. Infected women can pass the virus to their babies. Blood is now tested before transfusion to prevent spreading hepatitis B but in the past some cases resulted from blood transfusion. Medical personnel are at risk of exposure due to needle sticks.
Treatment requires care from a liver disease specialist.
Do not share any blood testing devices, needles, or drug equipment. Do not donate blood or organs. Do not share razors, toothbrushes, nail care devices, or any other personal items that might have your blood on them. If you are chronically infected, recommend that any regular sexual partner be vaccinated for hepatitis B, and always use latex condoms or barriers for any unvaccinated partners. Cover cuts or open sores on your skin.