4 Describe motivation as a result of reinforcement history. The reinforcing value of stimuli used as a reward cannot be assumed. Describe how one can use a contingency analysis to determine if a reward is a reinforcer. Describe the educational implications of Maslow's needs as described in the text. When beliefs and one's behaviors are incongruent, one experiences problems.
Teachers can either attempt to change the student's beliefs and attitudes, or their behavior.
Many educators feel that we should increase students' self-concept so that their achievement also goes up. List the respective characteristics of success seekers and failure avoiders. Describe how learned helplessness develops according to your text, and compare it with how your instructor says it develops. Briefly describe the expectancy model of motivation. Summarize the 5-step process through which teacher expectations affect student performance.