Must have a specific job offer. Two year home-residency requirement may apply. Processing time is usually short. Employer must only provide confirmation of employment. Authorization is at the discretion of the J-1 sponsor.
Waivers vary, depending on circumstances, from available but slow to unobtainable.
One year increments or for the length of authorized stay of the J-1, whichever is shorter. All J-2s are eligible. Application does not involve the employer. Valid for any type of employment. Must reapply each year.