Small amounts make steel fine grained and improves mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties.
Very ssmall additions to cast iron almost doubles its hardness and quadruples its wear resistance even after remelting several times. Improves heat resistance of Ni, Cr, Fe and Mo based alloys. Increases ductility of high melting V, Ta, W and their alloys. Strengthens Ti, Cu, Mg, and Al alloys. Through Chemistry of the Elements by N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw Greenwood and Earshaw is an excellent inorganic chemistry text as well as a valuable reference for the chemist or geochemist.