The curriculum is slowly becoming internationalized as well, and some parts of the world, most notably the European Union, are moving toward common degree structures and mutual recognition of academic qualifications. While there are still restrictions on research and, in some cases, teaching and expression in a number of countries, academic freedom has made remarkable progress in the past half century. There is a recognition that for academic institutions to be effective they must be allowed freedom of inquiry. Higher Education and the Civil Society Universities contribute to the cultural and political life of modern society. They are not only the source of expertise on everything from genetic engineering to classical Greek, but are also the place where controversial issues are debated in an atmosphere of inquiry.
Universities are among the few places in modern society where objective analysis takes place.
It is not surprising that so many respected experts hold appointments in universities. Academic institutions are central to a civil society, and have, under sometimes difficult circumstances, been able to maintain their independence. Academic institutions are not perfect, yet they have been remarkably successful during a half century of challenges. At the same time, they have adapted to new circumstances. Differentiated academic systems have joined the elite universities, the curriculum has been broadened.