Most people with reflux disease do not have any significant damage to their oesophagus. In severe cases irritation caused by the refluxed stomach juices damages the lining of the oesophagus, causing oesophagitis and stricture. Oesophagitis is inflammation and ulceration of the lining of the oesophagus. This ulceration can cause painful swallowing and also bleeding. Stricture is narrowing of the oesophagus caused by scarring because of longstanding oesophagitis.
Stricture causes difficulty with swallowing because food sticks at the narrowing.
Reflux can be made worse by things you do or have some control over. Heartburn is typically more frequent after large, fatty or spicy meals. Many people find that specific foods provoke symptoms, eg. Eating just before you go to bed or before you exercise can lead to symptoms. Smoking may aggravate reflux.