Time out A form of punishment in which a student loses something desirable for a period of time. A form of classroom management in which students receive tokens for desirable behavior. These may be exchanged for something else, such as candy, gum, pencils, stickers, etc. A student who scores 80, for example, is 3 standard deviations about the mean. Validity A test is said to have validity if it measures what it is supposed to measure.
Teachers know what's happening in their classrooms at all times.
Zone of proximal development Vygotsky. What children can do independently and what they can do with help.