This example also shows that Islamic systems can be somewhat flexible in the administration of justice, even for what looks like fixed situations. There are inquisitorial elements in that much of the testimony and conduct of trials is about determining the events that took place, and whether exonerating circumstances were involved. There are elements of a summary nature in that kadis decide by themselves, on the basis of evidence presented to them. There are populist overtones, since these courts seek to express and stand for the values appropriate to a devout religious community. Much of this law deals with commercial cases, labor disputes, international transactions, and all issues not explicitly covered by the sharia .
Secular courts deal with such cases.
The Chinese court which you watch in the Heart of the Dragon video is a mix of populist and inquisitorial elements. One can argue that most courts, in practice, are mixes of different styles. There is some truth to that. Still, on the whole, normally courts follow distinct and predictable patterns of decision-making. Table 21.1 on the next page gives a summary overview of the basic argument made.