The simulation assumed a certain percentage of incumbents would be promoted from one level to the next. The simulation then ran through a series of promotions. This scenario clearly demonstrates that operating at a minute disadvantage can have substantial long-term effects. Gender schemata are hypotheses about what it means to be male or female, hypotheses shared by both males and females. Schemata assign different psychological traits to males and females.
Schemas are often non-conscious, hypotheses that are used to interpret social events.
People responded especially negatively to women s attempt to be assertive. Females trained to act as leaders received more negative facial reactions than positive ones. The trained males, in contrast, always received more positive reactions than negatives ones. A recent compilation of data that demonstrates the gender disparity in chemistry departments across the country. Members of the First and Second Committees on Women Faculty in The School of Science .