The catch-all category of injection wells is Class V, including stormwater and agricultural drainage systems, and shallow wastewater disposal wells, many of which are operated by small businesses. Air-conditioning return flow wells, automotive service bays, cesspools, and septic systems, for instance, are included in this class. Most such injection wells are allowed. Currently, a majority of states have EPA approval to administer and enforce UIC programs within their jurisdictions. In all states, underground injection is now prohibited except as authorized by permit.
Violators face a variety of administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions.
Citizens suits are also authorized to remedy ongoing SDWA violations. With this increase in sole source designations, the number of federally assisted projects reviewed by the EPA for their potential to contaminate has predictably increased. Conversely, the percentage of projects requiring modification to ensure against aquifer contamination has recently declined. Regulations issued pursuant to Subtitle C govern storage, treatment, and disposal methods, as well as the location, construction, and operation of hazardous waste facilities. RCRA Subtitle D governs municipal solid waste landfills.