See also return period . Natural hazards are those beyond the control of human beings, e.g., earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, flood, brush fires, etc. Man-Made hazards are those initiated by human intervention, or lack thereof, whether intentionally or unintentionally, direct or indirect, e.g., nuclear fallout, urban fires, asbestos, malpractice, auto accidents, etc. Examples of direct hazards are ground shaking for earthquake or wind for hurricane and tornado perils. Collateral hazards are induced hazards, e.g., landslides , liquefaction , fire following earthquakes , tsunamis , seiches are all earthquake induced hazards.
Storm surges are hurricane induced hazards.
Forcasting the effects of a hypothetical disaster . Depending on its purpose, a loss study may include estimates of deaths and injuries, property losses, business interruption, loss of shelter, and long term economic impacts. Loss estimation can be performed deterministically or probabilistically. Deterministic analyses refer to analyses done for a single scenario event , e.g., an earthquake or a hurricane, irrespective of how often that event may occur or its dependency on other events. Probabilistic analyses take into account the probabilities associated with each event.