Some conditions affect the skin around the vagina. Some women have a viral infection or vaginal yeast infections, but sometimes the cause is unknown. The pain from these conditions is usually felt when a tampon or penis is inserted into the vagina. Sometimes, even sitting or wearing pants can cause discomfort. In some women, the pain of the spasms is so severe that penile penetration is impossible.
Vaginal dryness can also cause painful sex.
This dryness may be caused by menopause and changes in estrogen levels, or from difficulty becoming aroused. Sometimes the pain occurs when the penis is in the vagina. Certain conditions or infections of the ovaries may also cause pain, especially in certain sexual positions. Past surgeries may leave scar tissue that can cause pain. Because the bladder and intestines are close to the vagina, they may cause pain during sex.