Mathematics is kept to basically an algebra level with the approach being directed more towards a physical model rather than a mathematical model. Being electromagnetic in character, mass cannot exist without charge. All other stable matter is composed of protons and electrons including the neutron. Since charges will be considered to be sources and sinks of space, the space immediately surrounding charged particles is tightly bound to that particle and moves with the particle. Gross matter is generally neutrally charged and contains approximately equal numbers of electrons and protons.
Sinks posess a slightly greater sink rate than the source rate of electrons.
The overall effect is that aggregates of matter posess an overall small sink characteristic and neutrally charged objects tend to be attracted to each other due to both objects trying to sink the same space. This effect accounts for gravitational attraction . At close ranges, protons cling together due to simultaneously trying to sink the same space. At greater ranges, the flow of space between protons prevent this common sinking action and results in the protons repelling each other in an attempt to find the most economical route to free space. This action at close range accounts for the formation of atomic nuclii.