This paper contains four other sections. One presents the diagnostic tools to determine the statistical properties of residuals produced by GEMs. Residuals from evolved models representing systems with known characteristics are used to evaluate the statistical performance of GEMs. The final contains those residuals' diagnostics. This paper evaluates performance of genetically evolved models.
Simulated data are twelve time series with different but known dynamical structures.
Predicted values from best models are compared with originally simulated data and the residuals are statistically evaluated. The results suggest that genetic programming approximates less complex and less noisy data better than it does more complex and noisy data. GPQuick is then used to evolve models of real world data extracted from Canadian lynx and sunspot numbers.