These include scaffolding of instruction, modeling, cooperative learning, student choices, self-initiated reading and writing, using different modes of reading, activation of prior knowledge, and student responses to literature. Providing support takes place in a number of ways - the way in which the selections are organized in a theme, the amount of prior knowledge activation that is provided, the way in which the literature is read by the students, and the types of responses students are encouraged to make. Modeling of specific strategies and skills is also provided by the teacher for those students who need it.
Students also provide modeling for each other through cooperative learning.
Many times these individuals may be their peers. By encouraging and allowing students to respond to literature, we promote the active construction of meaning.