Many of their Taoist ritual date back to the thirteenth century. They also believe in a spirit world that is the opposite of the human one. They believe that people have several souls and ancestors, especially those of male lineage, are deeply revered. The Hmong have an ancient history in China and for long periods in the eighteen and nineteenth centuries they were again caught up in war against the Pratet Lao communists. There are over four million Hmong in China and some 80,000 in Thailand.
Spirit worship is practised and the family unit is very strong.
They have developed good business skills and trade in agriculture products. In Thailand there are some 60,000 Lahu. They started arriving at the start of the twentieth century. Several different clans are distinguished by their dress. Although many Musser have now adopted Christianity, their own beliefs in a Supreme being and many spirits remain strong.