Urban and transportation geographers study cities and metropolitan areas, while regional geographers study the physical, climatic, economic, political, and cultural characteristics of regions, ranging in size from a congressional district, to a state, country, continent, or the entire world. Medical geographers study health care delivery systems, epidemiology, and the effect of the environment on health. Graduates with a master's degree qualify for teaching positions in junior colleges. Bachelor's degree holders have limited opportunities and qualify for entry level jobs, Geographers need no licensing, certification, or other special requirements for entry. However, those who teach in secondary school systems must have teacher certification.
Some geographers establish their own consulting and research firms.