Employment is without doubt, one of the most important determinants of health for both men and women.100 Employment is inextricably linked with self-esteem and sense of control important ingredients in mental health. Meaningful work is a determinant of health that should be available to all adults, including those with disabilities.101 The current situation of flux in the workplace has an impact on health. Many adults are facing challenging transitions. Even to enter the labour market, adults face difficulties. The contraction of the Canadian economy and the accompanying shrinkage of the labour force have significant costs for Canadians in terms of health and health services.
Unemployment correlates strongly with a higher mortality rate due to heart disease and suicide.
Because work and family are inextricably linked, unemployment can also influence spouses and children s health. The average age of retirement in Canada is decreasing 62 for men and 59 for women and the incidence of involuntary retirement appears to be rising. Retirees returning to paid employment often assume part-time work.107 Voluntary retirement has positive or neutral effects on health, but early involuntary retirement can have a negative impact on some adults mental health. Literacy is an information processing skill that influences access to information, services, employment and economic security. Consequently, reading problems affect health indirectly.