For a score of 0 use .3, and for L use L-0.3. 6. Cut off the raw scores on the left side of the sheet of paper and then slide them up and down until the middle of the raw scores is aligned with the middle of the items. Photocopy as many as you need, probably at least N. 7. Have the students add up their raw scores, and draw a line across the sheet from that raw score on the left side. Unexpected successes are above the upper dotted line in the top left quadrant.
Unexpected failures are below the lower dotted line in the bottom right quadrant.
In the Figure, a student has a score of 7 on a 14 item reading test. Hand scaling ignores the spread of persons in calibrating the items, and items in measuring the persons. Nevertheless, relative positioning is approximately the same. Go to Institute for Objective Measurement Home Page.