Programs like Adobe Illustrator, Aldus Freehand have great graphics and can generate adequate maps. Maps lack scale bars, north arrows also unlike GIS have no attribute data. Therefore GIS is the best method for creating maps although not the easiest. A technology that combines graphics with descriptive attribute data and spatial analysis functions. Most powerful approach but requires more work if a map is all one is after.
Simplification is also necessary.
Symbolization is useful. Wise use of color, fill, line type is important. Put just enough not too much content in. Aerial photography is limited to capture of images on film from a aerial platform. And aerial videography which can be done using a plane or helicopter or other platform.