Observational techniques can also be used to collect some forms of outcome data. Focus groups involve asking a series of predetermined questions to a group of people. People are encouraged to provide their opinions, but not necessarily to reach consensus. Focus groups can be used in a variety of ways in evaluation. Case studies involve collecting in-depth information about a few selected participants.
Some evaluators also do case studies of programs.
Case files often contain a wealth of information about program participants that can be useful in the evaluation. Attendance records and staff logs often contain information about how many people have received services and how many services have been delivered. This data can be an important source of information for evaluation.