Infection may cause abortion in females and orchitis in males. Infection animals may often demonstrate normal gestation after an initial abortion. No effective treatment exists but a vaccination is available to prevent infection. If animals are infected, generally the entire herd is tested and infected animals must be slaughtered to prevent further infection. In cattle this presents as a pulmonary infection while in chickens it is primarily a gastrointestinal infection.
Treatment is streptomycin, gentamicin, or the tetracyclines.
Treatment is penicillin. Primarily occurs in cattle, causing liver damage and dark red coloured urine. Treatment is penicillin. Occurs especially in beef cattle, causes muscle swelling with the muscle appearing dark-red or black, spongy, with a sweetish odour, and infiltrated with small bubbles. There is no effective treatment.