If this confirms cancer, then further tests, such as CT scans, MRI, or other x-rays may be carried out to check the spread of the disease. As with many other cancers, smokers appear to be at a higher risk of developing bladder cancer - two to three times more likely in fact. In addition, scientists have found links with certain occupations and perhaps the chemicals used there. Increased risk appears to affect the rubber, chemical and leather industries. However, despite these discoveries, researchers do not know exactly why and how the disease first develops.
Treatment depends how far the cancer has spread.
This is similar to cytoscopy, except the probe is used to burn away cancer cells with an electric current. This is normally carried out under anaesthetic. The patient may have pain when passing water for a short time afterwards, and some blood in the urine. However, if the cancer has spread into the bladder muscle, then a bigger operation may be needed. This involves removing part of the bladder, and allows the patient to urinate normally once recovered.