Capitalism does reward some but it also penalizes those who are not able to compete. An hypothesis is an explanation or a theory which can be tested by further investigation. It derives from comprehending a relationship between a cause and an effect and developing a theory linking the two. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov tested his theory that a repeated stimulation or conditioning could cause a specific response and won the Nobel prize in 1904 for his work. B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist, expanded on the theory by researching human behavior and the relationship of positive reinforcement to human behavior.
Sectionalism is loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns.
In the United States, the differences between northern, southern, and western areas increased throughout the early 1800s. Different cultures and business practices existed in the three sections of the country and these concerns often conflicted. Westerners depended on cheap land for expansion and good transportation networks to remain in touch with eastern business. Political conflict erupted in the 1820s over issues of internal improvements, the sale of public lands, tariffs, state's rights, and slavery. A civil war is a war fought between factions or sections within a country.