Cranium lightly sclerotized. Antennae 2-segmented with protruding fleshy base, short. Lateral ocelli lacking. Frontoclypeal suture distinct. Abdominal segments without annuli.
Spiracles cribriform with C-shaped peritremes.
Venter of last abdominal segment with 2 anal lobes. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the Coleoptera. GRAY, I. E. 1946. Observations on the life history of the horned passalus.