Lets define three terms first. You have to know the definition of the words in the language we are speaking. Usually we labor is the variable input. The first column is the amount of labor used. Since the factory size is fixed it is not going to change.
Total product is the output produced using different amounts of labor.
If produce using one worker TP is 10 if the firm hires a second worker TP is 25. Notice these workers are being added to our factor which can not change. Thus we are in the short run because the plant size is fixed and output can increase only by adding more workers. Suppose the firm hires the 3 rd worker. Do this for all of the workers.