Semiconductors play a vital role in the modern electronic industry.
For the manufacturing of integrated circuits, diodes etc, single crystal silicon of high quality is needed. A well known technique for producing silicon crystal is the Czochralski method. The flow in the melt, from which the crystal is pulled, is transient and, depending on the size of the crucible, mostly turbulent. It is driven by buoyancy and rotation. On the surface, the melt is cooled due to radiation.