Some aspects are also responses to functional and pluralistic pressures .
Companies have also been required by externally imposed regulation vis a vis employee rights to offer some welfare services. Goss classifies the justifications for welfare services. The welfare workers of the Western Electric Light Company and Clark's Shoes in the UK heralded the emergence of personnel officers and the Institute of Personnel and Development. As a generalisation we could say that welfare eased tension and conflict between labour and capital. The employer must respond to the letter of the law - an extra cost on the business.