Only final outcomes can be observed. Learning processes are overt and can be seen. The phonological, linguistic, and cognitive processes implicated in reading the word CUP are not readily observable. The steps in picking up a cup are public and can be observed. It is not possible to pick up a cup without observing the entire act or physical process.
Skills related to a task are sometimes difficult to identify and demonstrate.
Skills related to a task are easy to identify and demonstrate. The skills implied by the act of reading may vary greatly, depending on a student's cognitive abilities and perspective about reading in an alphabetic writing system. Feedback is not obvious in the execution of the task. Feedback is instantaneous and obvious in the execution of the task. A beginning reader must get feedback from the teacher or other individuals to tell whether his or he, comprehension is accurate.