Pressure from the uterine wall holds the foot in this position until birth. Treatment is by passive daily exercises done by the parents pushing the foot down. Occasionally a cast is necessary and complete correction is almost always achieved. The cause may be hereditary or due to neurological conditions such as polio. This is often associated with a shortening of the tendon that pulls the toe up.
Treatment consists of stretching exercises and possibly fitted shoes.
Occasionally operation may be needed to tendons and connective tissue while fusion of the bones may be needed later. Untreated the feet become painful and limit walking. The baby is usually born with this condition. Can be associated with conditions that cause weak muscles. Surgery can relieve the condition if it causes pain.