Studies on mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity have proven negative. Studies on toxicity in rats at ninety times human intake did not show any negative side effects. Further studies are warranted. Due to the fact that no long-term toxicity studies have been carried out, use should be limited to a period no longer than six months. Mainly found in subtropical regions.
Some theories exist regarding the effectiveness of bitter herbs as an appetite stimulant.
May cause headaches. The two-inch flower is borne on a reddish stalk. Large, veiny, half-opened leaves on red stalks enfold the flower stem. Native throughout eastern and Midwestern North America. It grows mainly in deciduous woodlands, blooming in early spring.