Women's rights are dual, such as Egypt is dual between modernity and traditional life. Laws, although partly based on Shari' a, are modern and considering women's rights. Rural life, however, mirrors traditional values, including the almost universal practice f female genital mutilation. Domestic violence against women is a significant problem. Wife-beating is common.
Spousal abuse is grounds for a divorce, but the law requires the plaintiff to produce eyewitnesses.
Only males may confer citizenship. Only males may confer citizenship. In rare cases, this means that children who are born to Egyptian mothers and stateless fathers are themselves stateless. A woman's testimony is equal to that of a man's in the courts. There is no legal prohibition against a woman serving as a judge, although in practice no women serve as judges.