The term pastel has come to designate light, creamy colors. Pastels were first used in the l8th Century. Both pastels and earlier chalk drawings were often called crayon drawings. Crayons were developed when chalk and pigment were blended with fatty materials like wax and then formed into sticks. The waxy appearance of crayon drawings helps to solidify forms and create a luminous, smooth surface.
Sculpture involves the two different processes of carving and modeling.
Carving shapes the material by reducing its mass. The sculptor often thinks of his work as being released from its material. The end product may be freestanding, or in bas-relief in which the figures are half emerged from the background. Another form of carving is sunken relief, a type of intaglio in which the design is cut into the background. Modeling is the other sculptural process in which the sculptor adds a pliable material to a skeletal form.