Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station is a great place to study the sky, both in the austral summer and in the winter. A brand new branch of astronomy called helioseismography was actually first developed at the South Pole. This science studies the fluctuations in the size of the sun as it pulsates. Most meteorites are also found in Antarctica, which acts like a huge meteorite collecter and preserver. Antarctica is also an important location for the study of the atmosphere.
Weather occurs in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, called the troposphere.
Scientists are also studying the upper layers of the atmosphere from Antarctica. Most notably, Antarctica has played an important role in the study of global warming and ozone depletion. The third layer, or the ionosphere, is the location where the aurora australis occur. Of course, you probably guessed that there are lots of studies that focus on Antarctic wildlife. In addition, the ice sheets, ice shelves, and ice streams are popular research topics.