Bristlecone pines are known for their longevity. One individual on Wheeler Peak in eastern Nevada lived at least 4,900 years by count of annual growth rings and was estimated to be 5,200 years old. It is difficult to determine the exact age of these trees because of asymmetric growth and heartwood decay. The Methuselah tree is estimated to be over of 4,600 years old. The environmental and physiological factors contributing to the longevity of the Great Basin bristlecone pine also work to lower its regeneration potential.
Trees are intolerant of shade, grow slowly, and are locally scattered in distribution.
Reproduction is sparse. Bristlecones characteristically occur in old to moderately old open stands and form the vegetative climax. This species may also act like a pioneer species in recently disturbed areas where, under favorable conditions, its growth is vigorous and fast. The longevity of the species evidently enables it to bridge relatively long unfavorable periods. The distribution of Great Basin bristlecone pine is related to the diversity of associated species.