Learners' beliefs about language learning 3. Generally, children are likelier to achieve higher levels of proficiency than adults. There is no evidence that age affects the actual process of acquisition which appears to be the same with both children and adults. Cognitive explanations iii. Phonetic script iii.
Spelling cues iv.
Individual Differences and Universals in Language Learning Aptitude . Language proficiency and academic achievement. Issues in Language Testing Research . Language Two . The Study of Second Language Acquisition .