And training procedures have not changed dramatically. The improvement in marathon times during this period is mainly attributed to the financial rewards that have allowed more competitors to compete for more years, says Joyner. As a result, there are a higher number of top athletes running in the big races, which has enhanced the competitive atmosphere. For example, with more runners vying for the lead, there is greater sharing in overcoming wind resistance. This saves energy that is applied to a faster pace.
Some observers say that better footwear has also played a part in the marginally faster times.
Future declines in marathon times will be quite small.