Research Publications Activities Links 56. The case of East Java, Indonesia. This book contains a comparative study of the determinants and process of internal and international labour migration in East Java, Indonesia. Processes on the household level are related to macro-structural factors. The study shows that labour migration is much more diverse in terms of determinants and direction than existing studies suggest.
Social networks are an important determinant of labour migration.
Brokers figure prominently in the migration process and act as facilitators, organizers and exploiters all in one. The diverse forms of labour mobility are no longer male dominated, but are increasingly becoming feminized. Labour circulation varies by agro-ecological zone and general level of development. It is evident that labour migration figures as a strategy in households within all socioeconomic strata in the rural areas. Taking part in wider economic circuits and engaging in wage labour is a strategy to accumulate resources for some rural households but is pure necessity for others in order to survive.