2.1.3 Infants exposed to in utero suffer significant health consequences. 2.1.3.1 Infants born to mothers who smoke have reduced lung function for years. 2.1.3.2 Children of mothers who smoke are more likely to have oral clefts, where the upper lip or roof of the mouth do not close properly, than children of nonsmokers. 2.1.3.3 Smoking may cause up to 7.5 percent of all miscarriages in America. 2.2 Tobacco advertising, whether intended to promote tobacco use or only to compete for market share, has the consequence of promoting tobacco use.
Tobacco advertising induces children to initiate tobacco use.
2.2.1.1 Countries that have banned or restricted tobacco promotion have enjoyed greater decreases in the prevalence of young people that smoke than more permissive countries. 2.2.1.2 Teens are three times more sensitive to tobacco advertising than adults. A 20-year comparison of cigarette brand sales and advertising campaigns found that youth are three times more likely than adults to buy the most heavily advertised brands of cigarettes. 2.2.1.3 RJR initiated the Old Joe Camel campaign in 1988. Since the introduction of the Old Joe Camel campaign, teen smoking has increased ten percent.