This is also a useful design for study of the responses of marine systems to these events. For fishery benefits, design reserves with the life history characteristics of the targeted species in mind. Individual reserves will provide less benefit to species with high rates of movement and migration, and greater protection to species with shorter dispersal distances. However, networks of reserves can increase benefits to highly mobile species. Consider how displaced users will affect other areas.
Unrealistic expectations can do more harm than good.
MPAs will only be effective if based on realistic expectations of effects. Take into account the rates of population growth, reproduction, and maturity of organisms and ecological processes such as succession when evaluating effects of the MPA and when those effects will be evident. Management Management of each individual MPA will depend upon the purposes of the particular site. Develop clear and measurable goals and establish baseline social and ecological data so that effectiveness can be evaluated on an ongoing basis. Design broad monitoring programs that measure target and non-target species and ecological processes inside and outside reserves.