Mathematics doesn't prove anything. It only describes things. Present cosmology is a classical example of the answers only serving to further complicate the questions and confuse the questioners. Complex and obscure theories such as extra dimensions, curved or warped space, relativistic effects of gravity, and expanding universes are necessary to explain observed phenomena because of the need to accommodate erroneous assumptions. To understand the universe, we ought start with the universe itself, and not with rigorous equations and complex theories.
Understanding proceeds from observation, imagination, and intuition.
It can be formalized mathematically afterward, if that is even desirable, by people with the talents and mentality best suited to that job. The first thing that is needed is a different set of assumptions. They must allow other, and simpler, explanations of the observed phenomena. Such assumptions might provide a very different view of the universe, with very different conclusions. Here is such a set of assumptions.