The development of devices that combine several useful functions is strongly encouraged. Physical Property Measurement New devices are necessary for surface measurement in many applications as well as innovative precision temperature and other variable control instruments. Improved instruments are needed for in situ measurement of precipitation, cloud characteristics, air motion, water vapor and atmospheric electricity as well as the solar terrestrial environment. The capability to do isotopic and microstructural analysis of rocks and minerals. Chemical Characterization Focus areas include measuring instruments and quality control instruments as well as precision industrial flow measuring devices and controls for liquids and gases.
Techniques are for quantitative determination of trace species in the ambient atmosphere.
Underwater sampling techniques for physical and chemical parameters are also being sought under this thrust. Remote sensing using acoustic, optical and electromagnetic techniques in the polar, atmospheric and ocean environments is also needed. Systems for rapid and wide-scale measurements using satellite, airborne or other remote techniques are also possibilities under this thrust. Reliable systems for data collection that have a reduced requirement for on-site people are needed for the harsh polar environment. The development of systems that apply recent concepts such as adaptive optics, interferometry and artificial guide stars to compensate for atmospheric and instrumental blurring in astronomical systems is needed.