The first moments after the Planck era are dominated by conditions were spacetime itself is twisted and distorted by the pressures of the extremely small and dense Universe. Most of these black holes and wormholes are leftover from the Planck era, remnants of the event horizon that protected the cosmic singularity. These conditions are hostile to any organization or structure not protected by an event horizon. Under extreme conditions, the fabric of spacetime itself becomes twisted and bent. The study of the shapes of objects and their transformations when bent, stretched or squeezed is called topology .
Topology shows that a flat piece of spacetime can be folded into a torus when the edges touch.
In a similar manner, a flat strip of paper can be twisted to form a Moebius Strip . The 3D version of a moebius strip is a Klein Bottle , where spacetime is distorted so there is no inside or outside, only one surface. However, due to Hawking radiation, the primordial black holes from this epoch have all decayed and disappeared by the present-day. Matter arises at the end of the spacetime foam epoch as the result of strings, or loops in spacetime. The transformation is from ripping spacetime foam into black holes, which then transmute into elementary particles.