Bacteria usually implicated in causing ANUG are spirochetes, fusiform bacteria, and Bacteroides intermedius. In addition, poor oral hygiene techniques and a build up of plaque and tartar are generally present. ANUG has a characteristic appearance which is almost always associated with acute pain. Bleeding can occur very easily, either spontaneously or with slight touch. The tissue may also be covered with a whitish-grey psuedomembrane.
Treatment initially requires debridement of the affected area.
If the entire mouth is affected, then debridement of the entire mouth must be done. If it is done gently and carefully, this debridement is the surest way to alleviate the pain. Patients should also rinse frequently with a bland mouth rinse. Instruction for oral hygiene procedures should also be part of the treatment. This can result in healing and complete restoration of the papillae.