Traumatic injury due to freezing or fire. Tracheid dimensions - Physiological signal recorded in cell diameter, length and wall construction. In xeric conditions, short tracheids with small cross-sectional areas. Tracheid length is correlated with tree size, varies in relation to age and mechanical stress, and water stress. Vessels in angiosperms more sensitive to environmental stresses and diversity in size and distribution carry a strong environmental signal.
Wood architectures in response to particular climates.
Where water is not limiting and absence of frost, large solitary vessels with simple perforation plates. Amount of wood produced annually by an are of forest sets a lower limit to annual solar energy input. This is directly proportional to the amount of wood produced by the whole trunk during the year. Dependent not on ring widths alone but influenced by the diameters of the cross sections of trunks on which they accrue. Rainfall Deductions of climate can not be made on growth rings alone.