Changes in the underground film world are also a consequence of its expansion. In the last few years, every major U.S. city has organized its own underground film festival and the doors have also opened in other countries. Directors from 16 countries, including Austria, Brazil, China and Cuba, have taken part in the 2001 edition of the New York festival. The most recent changes have been reflected not only in the content, but also in the form the films have taken. On the screen, digital technologies and animation have been central.
Technology is also what seems likely to define the future of independent productions.