That kind of ideology may likewise be part of the picture. Individuals are encouraged to place their loyalties in organisations that further their particular interests rather than societal interests. The economists might try to parallel their efforts of operationalising human capital to that of social capital. Some of the voluntary organisations stress the humanistic value of social capital, a renewal of democracy, grasroot power, and an escape from ugly politics . The notion of social capital is based on the understanding that informal and formal structures form around certain human needs.
Some networks are heterogeneous and open for a wide range of participants.
Other networks are homogenous and allow entrance only to people who are of the same kind. The first question can be answered in the negative. Poor people do not form or participate in the same kind of organisations as the non-poor, as confirmed by a whole set of studies. Their non-participation in political and civic life is part of the political poverty which is so closely connected to other forms of poverty. The time constraint created by poverty reduces participation in networks organised around non-profit activities.