Bioregionalists tend to be subculturally New Age and deep ecological, and uninterested in political activism. This term was invented by the Vermont writer Murray Bookchin , and purports to be a coherent philosophy of ecological anarchism. Un-natural hierarchy has arisen in society, however, and caused alienation between human beings, and humanity and nature, cutting us off from our oneness. The way to save the ecosystem, therefore, is to smash human hierarchy in all its forms, including race, sex, and class, which will return us to a natural ecological sanity. The only form of State that social ecologists abide is the city-state, where small size allows all decisions to be made through Grecian direct participation.
Social ecologists are anti-capitalist, and advocate the municipalization of the economy.
EcoSocialism Ecosocialists believe that democratic socialism is a necessary condition for ecological protection, though not a sufficient one. Ecosocialists point to the ecological successes of democratic socialist governments of Northern Europe, where workers' parties and unions were powerful enough to establish policies opposed by corporations. Ecosocialists contrast these socialist successes to the disasters of Communism, which completely forbad opposition to the bureaucrats' industrial plans, and to the marginal successes of democratic capitalism, which allowed democratic opposition to the industrial system, but limited the permissible interference with the prerogatives of capital. The most prominent ecosocialist spokesperson in the U.S. is Barry Commoner, who argues that regulation has been ineffective in protecting the environment, and that democratic control of the economy must be extended. Ecosocialists also support the strengthening of transnational institutions to implement a global program of First World aid for sustainable Third World development, as articulated in the socialist program of Gro Harlem Brundtland's Our Common Future.