The primary differences are the peak data rates, the way data is delivered, and the number of simultaneous users, which can be supported. While the 2G systems were primarily designed to carry low bit rate conversations, 3G systems are designed to handle high data rates. Packet transport, as opposed to circuit-switched transport, is the primary method for moving data. Cryogenics is the study and use of materials at extremely low temperatures. Cryogenic temperatures can be reached using a specially-designed refrigerator, referred to as a cryocooler, or by submersing the device to be cooled in a fluid which boil at a low temperature.
Thin films offer lower loss and dramatically higher microwave power handling than thick films.
The microwave current handling of thin films is up to 10,000 times higher than thick films. The third step involves heating the film above its melting point in a controlled oxygen and thallium atmosphere. When cooled, a superconducting Tl2Ba2CaCu2Ox single-crystal structure is formed. This crystallization process is sensitive to the substrate and nucleation materials used. Lastly, the film undergoes several standard semiconductor photolithographic and fabrication steps, which result in a superconducting filter microchip.