The main consequences of this formulation of the ECP are Adjuncts, being adjoined categories, are never lexically governed and therefore the trace of adjunct movement must rely on antecedent-government. Complements are always head governed and therefore the trace of a complement will never give rise to an ECP violation. ECM subjects are head governed, but not other subjects. Therefore, the trace of a non-ECM subject requires antecedent government. The trace of what is head-governed by the verb repair .
Some typical examples appear below.
Spell-Out is a level of representation at which Subjacency holds. However, he also maintains the idea that the trace of an argument has an alternative licensing method. This index allows the trace to be long-distance bound by its operator, so that antecedent government is not required for such cases.