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Structural proteins are key building blocks of all cells.
Other proteins such as enzymes and signal peptides, including cytokines and certain hormones, govern the functions of cells. Proteins are polymers containing defined sequences of amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds. Consequently, measurements of gene activities are important for understanding cell behavior both under normal and diseased conditions. The specific pairing of T to A to and C to G during transcription of the gene is shown below right . Quantitative measurements of thousands of genes at a given time can give important information about the molecular biology underlying many diseases that burden the individual and the society.