Some Italians are not truck drivers. Some people who scored well on the exam are not students who did not write poor essays. All students who did not write good essays are students who were not admitted to the program. Exercise 5 Answers 1. Or, some non Europeans are Greeks.
Some percussion instruments are clarinets.
For each of these exercises, determine validity by determining whether any immediate inference operations will result in equivalence between the two claims. Invalid, so not good. No non-mammals are aardvarks. It soon becomes obvious that no immediate inference that results in equivalence will result in the conclusion of this argument, which is an O-claim. Invalid, so not good.