However, due to its complexity, initial use of this adaptation should be limited. Don't include superfluous information in the options. The reasons given for 8 above apply. Z. Students are very sensitive to this tendency and take advantage of it. Don't use specific determiners in distractors.
Students learn to classify such statements as distractors when otherwise ignorant.
Don't repeat wording from the stem in the correct option. Again, an ignorant student will take advantage of this practice. Most violations of the recommendations given thus far should not be classified as outright errors, but, instead, perhaps, as lapses of judgement. And, as almost all rules have exceptions, there are probably circumstances where some of 1-11 above would not hold. These are more likely to appear in distractors than in the stem and the correct answer, which get more scrutiny from the test preparer.