In comparison, however, to areas in the western Pacific, such as Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, species diversity in Cook Islands waters is relatively low. Nevertheless, reefs and lagoons in the Cook Islands support a wide range of demersal fish, corals, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms and other marine organisms. Human population and fishing pressure are low in the Cook Islands compared with some Pacific Island countries. The reefs are generally in good condition except for some areas on Rarotonga and Aitutaki where damage has occurred as a result of run-off and coastal development activities. Certain fish species have been heavily exploited through the use of small-mesh gillnets.
Subsistence fishing is important in the Cook Islands, particularly in the northern group.
Subsistence and artisanal fishing occurs on Rarotonga and Aitutaki where urban populations and tourism have created a demand for fresh seafood. Seafood constitutes a major component of the diet of Cook Islanders, especially for people from the northern group. At times, however, demand exceeds supply. FADs do not last forever, particularly after a cyclone, and cost several thousand dollars to replace. A fleet of 70 or more small craft, mostly wooden skiffs from 4.5 to 6 metres and powered by 40 to 80 horsepower outboard engines, conducts FAD-based fishing off Rarotonga.