It may also contribute to delayed maturation of the lungs or to the death of the fetus. In addition to endangering the fetus, diabetes also presents risks to the pregnant woman, particularly high blood pressure and preeclampsia, a potentially dangerous condition. A 1999 study reported that when pregnant women with gestational diabetes took insulin four times a day for intensive blood sugar control, their babies had better outcomes than women who took insulin only twice a day. Rates of hypoglycemia were similar in both groups of mothers. Newer sulfonylurea agents, such as glyburide, may be a possible alternative to insulin.
Studies suggest they are both safe and effective.
Beta-cells in the pancreas that produce insulin are gradually destroyed. Eventually insulin deficiency is absolute. Without insulin to move glucose into cells, blood glucose levels become excessively high, a condition known as hyperglycemia. Because the body cannot utilize the sugar, it spills over into the urine and is lost. Patients become dependent on administered insulin for survival.