Coral Reef Ecosystems, Water Quality, and Upland Activities 5. The health of beaches is closely tied to the health of the coral reef ecosystem, which is itself closely tied to upland land practices. Hence, effective beach management requires a geographically broader approach known as integrated coastal zone management. In many cases, improper control of runoff at agricultural lands and construction sites, even those far from the coast, has degraded the water quality of coastal areas. For example, recent construction without adequate erosion control measures for the Maui Ocean Center has led to frequent silt plumes in Ma'alaea Bay and negative impacts on the coral reef.
Silt diminishes light penetration and eventually settles out on the seafloor.
Runoff also transports nutrients, pesticides, and other pollutants to coastal waters compounding the impacts on water quality. Golf courses, resorts, and other urban developments have impacts on water quality through the overuse of fertilizers, pesticides, and the leaching of other pollutants, including chlorine from the drainage of swimming pools. In some cases, nutrient loading of coastal waters has led to algal blooms. Major recommendations for agriculture and construction are highlighted below. The West Maui Watershed Owners Manual also provides recommendations for landscaping.