The solar wind is composed of charged particles. The sunspot cycle is a period of about 11 years during which the average number of spots rises to a maximum and then sinks again to a minimum. Energy generation in the Sun results from fusion of hydrogen into helium. Sunspot cycles average 11 years in period. Fusion, simply put, is hydrogen conversion into helium.
Sunspots appear to be dark because, compared to the surrounding photosphere, they are cooler.
A parallax second is roughly equal to 3.26 light years. In the HR diagram, most stars lie on the main sequence. The HR Diagram. A new star begins to form when an interstellar cloud collapses by its own gravity. The extinction of starlight due to the interstellar medium is the greatest in the ultraviolet, violet, indigo, blue. is caused by dust particles.