But, while poverty has become more urbanized over the past several decades, most poor and welfare-recipient families live outside of central cities.
Substantial minorities live outside of metropolitan areas altogether.
As indicated by Food Stamp, TANF, and Medicaid caseload patterns, welfare reform appears to have distinct geographic components as well. The changes in welfare programs and food assistance policies have generated considerable debate about how people in rural areas will fare under the new system. Three nationally recognized scholars presented the latest research on juvenile crime. Jens Ludwig, of Georgetown University, reviewed the effects of concentrated poverty on juvenile crime. Finally, John Laub, from University of Maryland, discussed the long-term impact of juvenile reform programs and policies.