If horses are not receiving adequate sunlight, supplementation is important for the proper metabolism of both calcium and phosphorus, which are needed for proper hoof development. Vitamin E and Selenium work synergistically as antioxidants to protect molecules that are vulnerable to oxidation. Both work to retain cellular integrity, as they are important for cell membranes. Selenium works as part of the intracellular enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. This helps prevent free radicals from causing damage to tissues.
Vitamin E works to block free radicals from attacking lipids and forming lipid peroxides.
As an antioxidant, Vitamin E helps to retard cellular aging and supplies oxygen to the cells for endurance. It helps fight fatigue and accelerates healing and growth. Like biotin, choline plays a rate-limiting role in the removal of fatty acids from the liver. If choline is deficient a fatty liver can result, which leaves the horse with increasing concentrations of triglycerides in the liver and a reduction in the release of lipoproteins into the blood. Choline helps eliminate poisons from the system through the liver and helps nerve responses to aid the healing.