Needless to say, the atom was later split into protons, neutrons and electrons. These have been split further into electro-weak symmetry masses. In a paradoxical way, each such successive split has taken more and more energy to discover. It only takes about 10 volts to tear a molecule apart while it takes about 100 volts to strip an atom of its electrons. At each step, the new particle takes higher energy but occupies a smaller and smaller volume of space.
Superstrings can twist, spin, turn, vibrate, tie and untie under the principle of least action.
This way various properties are derived. Gravity, for example, is accounted for by closing the string into a loop, where fermions and bosons each run in opposite directions around the loop. Now the latest twist is the massive superstring theory. Massive superstrings exactly match the properties of the aforementioned grains of the firmament, the Planck particles.