The force generated by the peroneal muscle contraction leads to the disrupted superficial peroneal retinaculum. Chronic subluxation may occur after failed conservative treatment of an acute injury and in habitual or voluntary dislocators. It has been suggested in the literature that some prediction of recovery and response to treatment can be made based upon the type and acuity of the condition. In the chronic state or if type II-IV injury is present, surgical management is usually necessary. Numerous surgical procedures have been described.
Selection is done in part based upon the involved anatomy and the expertise of the surgeon.
All have an almost uniformly good to excellent results.