At issue in the Nebraska case was a rarely used abortion method in which most of the fetus is drawn into the birth canal prior to being killed. Opponents of the Nebraska law say it is so vaguely worded it could be used to outlaw a range of abortions, including some early in pregnancy. Supporters of the law hoped the high court would adopt a new legal test that would draw a clear distinction between abortion and infanticide. If the court had drawn such a distinction, it would have expanded state governments' power to outlaw certain types of abortions even when they occur prior to fetal viability. Such a ruling would have gutted protections established in Roe.
States are free to regulate or even ban abortion after fetal viability.
But prior to that, the constitutional right to abortion must be afforded to women in all states. The ruling also says safeguards for a woman's health, as well as life, must be included in any state regulation.