Data on environmental fate are also required so that EPA can determine, for example, if a pesticide poses a threat to ground- or surface water, agricultural workers, endangered species, etc. Restricted use pesticides may be used only by or under the supervision of certified applicators trained to handle these chemicals. Restricted use classification must be shown on labels. During registration review the EPA may also require changes in proposed labeling and use patterns. If a pesticide is being considered for use on a food or feed crop, the applicant must petition EPA for a tolerance and submit appropriate data so EPA can define a safe and realistic tolerance level.
Tolerances are maximum permissible residue levels for raw agricultural products and processed foods.
Subsequently, the manufacturer submits an application for federal registration to EPA for review. This application must include appropriate health and safety data, and EPA may require further testing to clarify specific health or environmental questions that may arise during registration review. A manufacturer may spend five to seven years researching and developing a new active ingredient before a registration package is even submitted to EPA for consideration. Once the registration package is submitted to EPA it may take up to three years or more for EPA to review the data contained in the package and to approve or deny the registration. Registration of a new formulation containing an active ingredient already registered or a new use for a currently registered active ingredient usually takes less time.