Mastectomy is the surgical removal of the entire breast, and in conjunction with removal of lymph nodes under the arm. Other treatment methods are radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy. In some cases, a combination of treatment methods will be used according to the patient's needs. Cancer Closely linked to unprotected sexual activity and certain kinds of sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer's early symptoms are abnormal vaginal discharge or bleeding and spotting. The Pap smear an important tool in early detection of cervical cancer, and should be performed annually with a pelvic examination beginning at age 18.
Smoking cigarettes can also increase the risk.
The use of lasers is becoming more frequent in treating cervical cancer, as well. Overall incidence and mortality rates for this form of cancer have been dropping, although not among African American men. Changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, and blood in the stool can be symptoms. Risk factors include a family history of the disease or polyps, as well as a family history of inflammatory bowel disease. Also, a diet deficient in fruits and vegetables is thought to contribute to the development of the disease.