Through the 1990s, moreover, these channels have also actively sought to make their programmes available to the Turkish populations in Europe, through satellite links, but also by means of deals with cable operators. Programming to Europe has now become integral to their scheduling practices. We should also note the presence of the Kurdish television station Med-TV, broadcasting from Europe. Account must also be taken of smaller-scale developments in Turkish media within the diaspora communities. Due to the high penetration of broadcast media, several religious groups and nationalist groups are exploiting their potential.
Web sites are also a growing phenomenon.
The emergent new media are part of the process of negotiating new cultural spaces both among Turks and among Turks of the diaspora. The research explores the relationship that is being negotiated between the European nation states, which aim to manage and integrate the migrant populations, and the Turkish communities, intent on defending their national, ethnic or religious interests. There are great difficulties in acquiring citizenship under the German system of ius sanguis, as is well known, whilst the civic tradition in France has made integration much easier. Policies and attitudes on 'multiculturalism' are also significant, and vary significantly across the three countries. Recent developments have served to aggravate the situation, including a more problematical approach towards the integration of minorities in France, and the development in Germany of an alarmist approach to the dangers of 'Islamic fundamentalism'.