It forms an essential part of the structure of hemoglobin and participates intimately in the uptake and release of oxygen by this protein. Like biotin, lipoic acid is commonly found attached to lysine residues within certain enzymes. It was first reported to have been purified and isolated in crystalline form in 1953. Pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme that is essential for many enzymatic reactions, almost all of which are associated with amino acid metabolism. The coenzyme tetrahydrofolic acid is derived in humans from the B-complex vitamin folic acid.
Thiamine pyrophosphate is derived from another B-complex vitamin, thiamine.
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