The electromagnetic spectrum includes gamma and x-rays, radio waves, and ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light. Absorption and scattering in the sea depend not only on characteristics of water but also on the amount of particles in the water. Open ocean water is much clearer than coastal or bay water. In coastal water, particles scatter and absorb light so the color shifts toward green. The light that is absorbed heats the water, raising the temperature.
Warm water can evaporate, cooling the remaining water through the latent heat of vaporization.
The rate of biological activity These aspects will be covered in later lectures. For a 3800-meter water column, sound takes about 5 seconds to leave a ship, bounce off the bottom, and return. This time is used to determine the water depth. It is common for submarines to detect noises from ships at distances of hundreds of kilometers. Sound waves are refracted when they go through water that changes in sound velocity, with the sound bending toward the lower velocity.