Nineteenth Century Capitalism and Industrialization. Realism and the re-birth of the Spanish novel. Disillusionment with the capitalist industrial world and the beginnings of romantic-modernity in the arts. Importance of Catalonia. Spain's slow entry into the modern world.
Some former colonies industri-alize.
Pendulum swings between democracy and absolutism. Republican Spain of the early 1930s. The second artistic Golden Age 1920-1936. Aftermath of war. The Franco years, cooperation with the U.S., and U.S.aid.