1.5 to 2 cm long, each stalk with pair of bracts near its mid-point. A deep woody taproot with several branching surface laterals. Favors steams in semi-arid areas.
Seeds can remain dormant in the soil for long periods.
Seeds are eaten by cattle and spread by passing through the digestive system. One of Australia's worst environmental weeds. Single trees can be grubbed, cutting the root at least 30 cm below the surface to prevent sprouting. Some control can also be obtained by burning or mowing. Triclopyr in diesel oil may be used as a basal bark or cut stump treatment.