Data oriented sources, flows, transactions Process oriented operations, transformations Product oriented maps, graphs, tables, reports, decisions 2. Many systems are designed in an opportunistic way, letting the technology rule. You can only do what the software permits you to do, after all.
Vision also tends to be limited to replacement of current functions.
In this way, the software and the implementation are like a dysfunctional relationship where no one asks any of the hard questions. Tables of attributes only vs. geometry vs geometry plus attributes Parcel id vs. address vs. Find new users Put all three viewpoints together.