This ratio improves slightly during economic growth periods in the national economy. Recessionary periods, on the other hand, are characterized by growing disparity in wages earned by men and women. There is some evidence to support Esping-Andersen's claim. B. Differential Access Differential access means that men have greater access to the labor market than do women . Differential access does not explain the entire problem, however.
Women earn less than men even on jobs where all other qualifications are held constant.
Women Enter the Labor Market with Lower Paying Jobs Three issues are dealt with regarding institutional discrimination. The first item notes that women enter the labor market at different and lower paying levels than do men . In each of the above comparisons men are employed in sectors that pay higher wages and than women in the respective sectors. Later Than Men and Periodically Have to Leave. A second observation notes that women enter the labor market later than men and periodically have to leave .