False northing in UTM equals 10,000 km and is applied in the Northern Hemisphere. Rasterisation and vectorization belong conceptually to preliminary data processing GIS function. SQL stands for Spatial Query Language. Relational and object-oriented databases are examples of logical data models. The main objective in best path analysis is finding the rhumb line between two points in space.
Statistical maps show general-purpose information, such as road networks and land cover.
Quantitative thematic maps often apply ordinal, intervals and ratio scales. Rates, ratios and absolute numbers can be shown on c horopleth maps . When using shaded mapping techniques it is better to use spatially discrete variables rather than spatially continuous ones. It is recommended to use between 4 and 7 classes on the shaded maps. Equal ranges classification groups an equal number of chorograms in each class.