Shooting on its own rarely has a long term effect although it may in the short term reduce bird entries into a vineyard and will have its best impact when combined with other tactics. This helps associate incidents with danger and there can be follow on effects. Shooting should be seen as a 'training tool' and not as a means of population reduction. Although some research suggests some naturally occurring compounds can effectively repel birds, no chemicals are currently registered in Australia. Substances which offend a bird's sense of smell would be ideal to have as an option in an integrated strategy.
Trapping is labour intensive and has to be maintained because of re-invasion.
This means that few growers will want to use it in an integrated program. High levels of protection are possible with nets but careful evaluation of losses needs to be made and balanced with the costs of materials and labour. A wide variety of netting is available, and there is debate as to which format and placement of nets is most effective. Taking a long term look at bird problems, we must consider what is missing from our environment and what has changed in our landscape. Vegetation and land use have changed significantly and even where there have been replanting programs these have not been as diverse as well protected native bushland.