This obstructs the normal function of the alveoli, causing destructive changes in the alveolar wall. With damage, the alveoli are not as efficient. Over time, as more alveoli are affected, pulmonary function is reduced. Obviously, cigarette smoke is the major cause of COPD, followed by air pollution. General symptoms of COPD are cough, expectoration, sneezing, and dyspnea.
Some people appear different.
Bronchoscopy involves the insertion of a bronchoscope into the bronchi for visual examination. Done by pulmonologist to diagnose. Laryngoscopy involves inserting a laryngoscope into the larynx. Often done by ENT or pulmonologist to diagnose. Pulmonary function test assesses the amount of air the person can inspire and expire.