In the last few lectures on phonetics we have focused on the description of speech sounds. The study of what speakers store in memory about the sounds of language, and of how they translate these memorized patterns into speech sounds, is known as phonology . This is different from the situation for English speakers, who don't have to memorize whether or not a voiceless stop is aspirated. English is like Thai and different from Spanish, in that both English and Thai speakers produce aspirated and unaspirated stops.
Spanish speakers produce only unaspirated stops.
The difference between English and Thai is in the phonemes of the two languages. Turkish has just one phoneme, which can be pronounced in at least these two different ways. Turkish speakers don't need to memorize for each word which of the two pronunciations is used - they can just choose freely. Here is another rule for deriving allophones in English. Sound contrasts in a language 3 possibilities 1.