Both groups build dummy or roosting nests. PE Physiological evidence of breeding based on bird in the hand. UN Used nest found. FL Recently fledged young or downy young. This includes dependent young only.
Young cowbirds begging for food confirm both the cowbird and the host species.
FS Adult bird seen carrying fecal sac. FY Adult carrying food for young. NE Nest with eggs or eggshells on ground. Cowbird eggs in nests confirm both the cowbird and the host species. NY Nest with young seen or heard.