Examples include the comparison between psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, brief therapy, group therapies, group relations and consultation, couples therapy, family therapy, and analytically- informed hospital treatment. Interpretation, Reconstruction, and Working Through Central to psychoanalysis, the method and process of interpretation is explored and contrasted with other analytic interventions. Special attention is paid to the formulation of interpretations, to their dynamic effects, to the place of conjecture, and to the role of speech and language in analysis. Reconstruction and working through are discussed from both classical and contemporary points of view. Special Technical Issues Special problems, techniques, and complications that stem from extending psychoanalysis beyond the psy-chopathology for which it was developed are studied.
Some patients are simultaneously in other therapies or on medication.
Others require attention to acting out or in, the handling of prolonged silences, or enactments. Still others are candidates, mental health professionals, or transcultural analysands. Advances in Technique Controversies exist over modification of standard technique for the analysis of patients with narcissistic character structures, borderline conditions, and psychoses. Analysis of patients with deficient or archaic defenses as well as others with non-defense neuroses is explored. The significance of the last phase of the analytic process, and the criteria for termination have changed since the early years of psychoanalysis.