International joint ventures and new urban network operators are increasing the degree of entanglement as more and more communication resources are leased. Larger network operators control huge networks of their own, but smaller network operators find it more economical to lease network resources. In technical terms, the result is that complete SDH paths can be routed via networks from different providers. Smooth operation is the rule. But when faults and impairments do occur, the going gets tough.
Synchronous systems have a way of dealing with such issues.
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