The altitudinal limits of the single species and their dependence on the climate are obviously not so rigid, showing many exceptions essentially due to the different composition of the land, its exposition to the sun, and the annual average rainfall in the different areas. The distribution of the vegetation in these damp areas is strictly linked to the salinity of the water and and the land, beside the entity of the phenomenom of temporary flooding in the marginal areas. The more diffuse species along the artificial channels and the borders of the submerged areas are the swampy thin reed, the Scirpus sp. and a high number of Juncus species, while the temporary submerged meadows are widely colonized by Salicornia sp . The great variability in the natural landscape of Maremma, that is evident in its geological, climatic and vegetational aspects, clearly influences the faunistic features of the area too. Among the Invertebrates are present some interesting endemisms, species restricted to a particular geographic region, which have become characteristic only of that area, like the Hypotyphlus bastianinii , a recently described Coleopter living in the soil of the territory round Giuncarico.
Several species are well represented also within the Vertebrates.
Among them there are some rare species particularly protected by the italian law, as the European Wildcat, the Otter and the Wolf, or the Great Flamingoes, the Bittern, the Crane and the Black-winged Stilt. Field researches carried out on the fauna of this peculiar geographical region will give in the near future up to date information on the presence, consistence and distribution of many species.