For example, the controller notices a conflict alert, confirms that there is a potential conflict, formulates a plan and, perhaps, a backup plan to avert the conflict, and then issues instructions to at least one of the aircraft involved. To some extent, human memory records this process of moving from sensing to acting and gains knowledge over time, through training and experience. The human brain can be thought of as a network of billions of cells called neurons. Your brain is constantly processing data from both the internal and external environments, even when your conscious attention is directed elsewhere. These skills include handwriting, typing, playing the piano, and riding a bicycle.
Skills depend on an extremely short temporal loop between action and feedback.
If feedback is delayed, action becomes jerky and effortful. Although experiments that examine controller response times to advisory systems are rare, results of a series of flight simulation studies indicate that with a system that requires immediate action, it will take a pilot approximately two to three seconds to detect that a message is there, five to six seconds to decide what to do about it, and one to two seconds to initiate a response. This leads to a total of eight to eleven seconds that should be allotted for a pilot to initiate a response. The time required to complete the response will, of course, depend upon the task. Many factors are known to affect human performance, and hence, response time.