Organisms, including fungi, viruses, and protozoa, may be detected in cytologic specimens from other body sites. Special stains may be used to aid in the detection of these organisms. Evaluation of hormonal effects on cells. The Pap smear may be used to evaluate the effects of estrogen and progesterone on squamous epithelial cells. Squamous epithelial cells mature under the influence of estrogen.
Vaginal epithelium provide the most accurate evaluation of hormonal effects.
Some clinicians find this information helpful in monitoring replacement hormonal therapy. In post-menopausal women, a high estrogen effect may be associated with tumors of the ovary or uterus. In pregnant women, abnormal hormonal patterns may indicate problems with the pregnancy. Many factors can influence the accuracy of the MI including endocervical cell contamination, presence of microorganisms or large numbers of inflammatory cells. Patient history, especially menstrual status, and information about medications that the patient is taking at the time of the Pap smear, is very important in providing an accurate hormonal evaluation.