I is beheaded as a tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy. Charles II is declared King by the Scots. He remains in exile at The Hague. England is declared a Commonwealth. Cromwell forms the permanent economic council.
Tea is introduced to London.
England's first written constitution makes Oliver Cromwell the Lord Protector. The Long Parliament is dissolved. 1654 Louis XIV's coronation as King of France. Cromwell dissolves Parliament in England. He divides the country into 11 districts, each with a major-general as governor.