Restraints can have a negative psychological effect leading to social isolation and increased agitation. Nosocomial infections and pressure sores are higher in restrained individuals. Safety must be considered as the transition is made. It may be necessary to alter both physiological and psychological care for an individual. The environment may need to be modified.
Staff needs retraining and administrative support.
The authors further discuss the 78 studies that they identified that focus on physical restraint usage. Detsky, Allan S., and Donald A. Redelmeier. Measuring Health Outcomes - Putting Gains Into Perspective. Patients, the public, and policy makers are all involved in the ongoing evaluation of a variety of health care interventions. The outcomes of existing interventions such as childhood immunizations and potential interventions such as an AIDS vaccine are difficult to measure.