This position is firmly maintained by the great nineteenth-century German historian of the councils, Karl Joseph Hefele, and the great Austrian historian of the papacy, Ludwig von Pastor. It is denied by many twentieth-century scholars. The Council of Constance, 1415-18, followed a difficult time of schism. Fearing to reignite the schism, Martin V ratified the work of the council regarding heresy, but withheld approval of and , which declared the council superior to the pope. That the council refused to allow Martin V to ratify the decrees, since that would appear to grant superior authority to the pope.
Scripture also suffers from the professor's tinkering.
What happened, of course, is that Yeshua's followers 'spiritualized' the notion of Messiah with the result . . . Yeshua became the Christos for the Gentiles . . . The Virgin birth, Incarnation, and divinity of Jesus are likewise summarily dispatched. That a professor of Catholic thought would publicly brand as fictitious the irreducible tenants of our faith clearly demonstrates the wisdom of Bishop Bruskewitz, who pointed out the hypocrisy of dissidents. Swidler sits at the center of Web links connecting other reformer groups worldwide.