Imaging of the liver in HVOD with duplex color Doppler sonography may show heterogeneous echogenicity of the liver, ascites, hepatomegaly, and thickening of the gallbladder wall. 9,10 Diminished flow in the hepatic veins or reversed flow in the portal vein may occur. Direct visualization of venous thrombus is uncommon. Hemorrhagic Cystitis High-dose chemotherapy is toxic to the urothelium. Severe cystitis, hemorrhage, and bladder necrosis may ensue.
Sonography is useful to assess effectiveness of therapy.
12 Symptoms include dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and fever. The underlying etiology is vascular and tissue injury leading to interstitial edema and fibrosis. CT scans often define the type and extent of disease more accurately. 12 Bronchiolitis obliterans, organizing pneumonia, or nonspecific vasculitis may occur, manifesting similarly as patchy bilateral opacities. Encephalopathy High-dose chemotherapy may also affect the brain, resulting in encephalopathy.