Chlorenchyma is a type of parenchyma that photosynthesizes. Collenchyma supports growing shoots and sclerenchyma supports nonliving plant parts. Sclerenchyma includes sclereids, which form hard coverings, and fibers, which form strands. Dermal tissue includes the epidermis, a single cell layer covering the plant, and the cuticle, which the epidermis secretes. Trichomes are epidermal outgrowths that deter predators.
Vascular tissue is an adaptation to multicellularity and life on land.
Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from roots upwards. Xylem cells are elongated with thick walls and are dead. Phloem transports dissolved carbohydrates throughout a plant and includes sieve cells and the more specialized sieve tube members. Pores of sieve tube member cells cluster at sieve plates, allowing more efficient nutrient transport. Companion cells help transfer carbohydrates.