These models are the most recent and sophisticated. They consider stress results from interactions between the person with their environment.
Transactional models consider stress to be a perceptual phenomenon.
Read and think about the two accounts of an earthquake. In all situations it is important for a person to be able to estimate what the potential for harm is. In most cases, physical harm will be negligible for two main reasons. Second, many of the less severe hazards are considered avoidable or otherwise manageable. After a while we stop thinking about or even noticing them.