An additional purpose was to develop general approaches to, and some methods for, ecologically safe defence against the marine biofouling. Communities inhabiting hard bottoms, reefs, macroalgae, and man-made structures are considered in Chapter1 . Main lines of the primary succession of micro- and macrofouling are considered.
Special attention is given to the recovery successions of microorganisms.
My studies showed that microfouling removed from hard substrate by brushing could completely restore its distributed special, species, and numeric structure on both old and new substrate. Equations of the accumulation of dispersing forms, feeding and growth of foulers are deduced with concentration of hydrodynamic theory of the boundary layer. Main causes, mechanisms, and limits of the fouling orientation are analysed in Chapter 8. Possible evolution of the conditions of life on hard substrates, and the evolution of interrelations between biofouling and benthos, are discussed. Special attention is given to industrial methods of the defence of ships and other man-made structures by chlorine, and antifouling paints containing cooper dioxide and tributyltin.