These chromosomes are said to arise by translocation .
Translocation is usually reciprocal, in that the ends of two chromosomes have exchanged.
Inversions can be thought of as intrachromosomal reciprocal translocations. In individuals with a chromosome translocation or inversion, one of the genetic linkage groups shows a rearrangement that mirrors the change in the morphological chromosome . The correlation of linkage group changes and chromosome rearrangements allows the assignment of linkage groups to morphological chromosomes. Translocations also permit the determination of the correct orientation of the genetic map relative to the morphological map. The correlation of breakpoints in translocations and inversions on morphological and genetic maps permits the assignment of genes to specific chromosome bands.