Separate legislation and regulations on broadcasting were also adopted. Broadcast television piracy is widespread in Ukraine. There are three national televison stations, two of which hare run by Ukrainian State Television and which broadcast original Ukrainian programming and programming retransmitted from Russian signals. There are also 22 regional channels which broadcast pirated films almost exclusively. Some pirate broadcasts use legitimate U.S. videotapes, and stations even broadcast the FBI anti-piracy warning at the beginning of those tapes.
Video piracy is also pervasive, found often in shops and street kiosks.
Organized crime groups are heavily involved in video piracy. Uzbekistan has also started the WTO accession process. The new Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights reportedly came into effect on September 17, 1996. The market in each country is dominated by piracy, and enforcement efforts need vast improvement. There are significant unanswered questions regarding the adequacy of newly passed copyright laws in some states.