Includes growth retardation, facial defects, intellectual retardation. Field experiment Experiment conducted in a natural setting, such as a child's own home or classroom. Biologically based mental abilities that are relatively uninfluenced by cultural experiences. Formal operational stage Piaget's theory that children from approximately 11-15 years of age develop abstract and hypothetical thinking. Habituation Gradual decline in intensity, frequency, or duration of a response over time.
Subject becomes accustomed to the stimulus.
Induction Parental control technique that relies on extensive use of reasoning and explanation. Internal locus of control Individual's sense that his or her own efforts will influence success and failure, rather than outside sources such as fate, luck, or other people. Longitudinal study Research in which the same subjects are repeatedly tested over a period of time. Mastery orientation Belief that achievements are based on one's own efforts rather than on luck or fate or other factors beyond one's own control. Means-ends behavior Deliberate behavior employed to attain a goal.