A dislocated shoulder occurs when the end of the humerus slips out of the socket of the scapula, stretching ligaments and muscles. The pelvic girdle consists of two hipbones that form a hollow cavity, the pelvis . The pelvic girdle in land animals transfers the weight of the body to the legs and feet. Pelvic girdles in bipeds are recognizable different from those or quadrupeds. Although bones vary greatly in size and shape, they have certain structural similarities.
Spongy bone forms the inner layer.
Image from W.H. Freeman and Sinauer Associates, used by permission. New bone is formed by the osteocytes. The Haversian canals form a network of blood vessels and nerves that nourish and monitor the osteocytes. Spongy bone occurs at the ends of long bones and is less dense than compact bone. The spongy bone of the femur, humerus, and sternum contains red marrow, in which stem cells reproduce and form the cellular components of the blood and immune system .