Snow cover lasts from January through March. Average annual precipitation is 65 to 75 inches. The frost-free season is 110 to 140 days. These are the Cupples and Welcome soils, and the competing Revel soils. Cupples soils are loamy-skeletal.
Welcome soils are deep to a paralithic contact with sandstone.
A perched water table is at a depth of 2 to 3 feet from December to April. Used for timber production. Native vegetation is western hemlock, Douglas-fir, western redcedar, red alder, and bigleaf maple, with an understory of western swordfern, red huckleberry, western brackenfern, vine maple, and northern twinflower. The series is of small extent. Whatcom County, Washington, 1987.