Permanent plots and grids are described. The importance of lupines in both facilitation and competition is discussed, as is the importance of physical amelioration and the presence of safe-sites. This review emphasizes surprising findings, novel results, and the role of stochastic processes. The study emphasizes the importance of chance, dispersal, survivors and isolation as important factors that determine the early course of primary succession. The consequences of volcanic eruptions.
Volcanoes impact all ecosystems and represent the most intense of nature's forces.
Historic eruptions have had demonstrable global climatic effects, but the large-scale global climatic effects of such eruptions are only now beginning to be understood. Lavas destroy all biota and recovery rates on lavas are slow, but their texture helps determine the rate and nature of colonists. Lava succession rates appear to be more responsive to moisture than to temperature. The effects of pyroclastic events and air-borne tephra depend on intensity, scale, and the impacted biota. Forests are more resilient after tephra events than are shrub or grassland vegetation since trees often survive impacts that kill other growth-forms.