Scientists classify invertebrates based on their structure. This section reviews some of the most well-known groups of invertebrates, including porifera, cnideria, mollusca, echinodermata, and arthropods. Life Sciences - Vertebrates Vertebrates are animals which have backbones. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are the groups of vertebrates. This chapter surveys and reviews these five categories of vertebrates.
Vascular plants contain tubes which carry water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Non-vascular plants do not have these tubes. All plants grow and adapt to their environment. This chapter reviews how both kinds of plants grow and adapt to their environment. Life Sciences - Plant Reproduction Vascular plants may reproduce by seeds or spores. Non-vascular plants such as moss reproduce by spores.