Vegetables should be cooked and fruit peeled. Widespread outbreaks of diphtheria have been reported. Consult a doctor regarding inoculation before travelling to Russia. Tick-borne typhus has been reported from east and central Siberia. Tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease occur in forested areas throughout the Russian Federation.
Vaccination is advisable.
Hepatitis A occurs. Outbreaks of Japanese Encephalitis have been reported from the southeast. Leishmaniasis occurs in the south, and in 1999 an outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever occurred in the area north of Stravapol. Outbreaks of meningitis have been reported from Volgograd. Rabies is present and increasing.