The onset typically begins by age 8. The cause of this disorder is unknown, but parents of children with this disorder are overly concerned with issues of power and control which might lead to the eruption of oppositional defiant behavior.
Specific prevention is unknown.
Evaluation by a psychiatrist or psychologist may be recommended. The best treatment for the child is individual psychotherapy. The parents should also learn behavioral management skills. The outcome varies. Some children respond well to treatment.