Until 1978 it was called Isle of Pines. The island's capital is Nueva Gerona.
Pine forests cover much of the island, and there are many mineral springs.
Until the break in U.S.-Cuban relations in the early 1960s, much of the land was owned by American citizens, and the mild, healthful climate and excellent fishing waters made the island an attractive resort. Bibijagua beach remains popular. Sighted by Columbus in 1494, the Isle of Youth was later used as a penal colony and was a rendezvous for buccaneers. During the colonial period it was a summer resort and a rest area for the Spanish military. Near Nueva Gerona is a large prison, often used for political prisoners.