This is usually bilateral and causes diplopia, ophthalmoplegia, or orbital apex syndrome. Eyelid granuloma, dacryoadentis, and nasolacrimal duct obstruction have also been reported. Among anterior segment findings conjunctivitis and episcleritis are the most common. Other anterior segment findings include scleritis and peripheral ulcerative keratitis. The posterior segment is rarely involved, but can manifest as retinitis, vasculitis, chorioretinal striae and retinal edema secondary to posterior scleritis.
Ocular findings are occasionally the presenting features of the disease.
Pathogenesis of Wegener's Granulomatosis is unclear, but is thought to be immune mediated. Diagnosis depends on the clinical presentation, laboratory testing, and pathology. The C-ANCA blood test is believed to be highly sensitive and specific for this disease. Definitive diagnosis is made by histopathological examination. Typical findings include necrotizing granulomatous inflamation which may be with or without multi-nucleated giant cells.