At his death Haiti was taken over by General Boyer, and civil war ceased. Boyer invades Santo Domingo following its declaration of independence from Spain. Hispaniola under Haitian control until 1844. France recognizes Haitian independence in exchange for 150 million francs. Haiti sees 22 heads of state, most of whom leave office by violent means.
Rivalry continues among the whites, the mulatto elite, and the blacks.
President Guillaume Sam is dismembered and the Americans invade the country. They remain for 19 years. Despite improvements made to the infrastructure by the Americans, the Haitians opposed their presence. The Americans leave Haiti, which is now prospering once again. Thousands of Haitians living on border of the Dominican Republic are massacred by General Trujillo's soldiers.