The abstract is either omitted, or lends little information about the study. The abstract contains general information on the research, but misses important literature, variables, or purpose of the study. The abstract is between 100 and 150 words. It describes the problem, subjects, instruments, design, and procedures. Statement of the problem Neither implicit nor explicit reference is made to the topic that is to be examined.
Readers are aware of the overall problem, challenge, or topic that is to be examined.
A brief background of the problem, and its significance, is addressed. The review of literature appears fragmented and of little importance to the problem identified. Relevant studies and reports are identified, but there is a lack of coherence in the description. An analysis of the relationships and differences among related studies and report are shown. The section concludes with a brief summary.