This nutrient is a vital component in the process of converting sunlight into usable energy forms for the production of food and fiber. It is also essential to cellular growth and reproduction for organisms such as phytoplankton and bacteria. Phosphates, the inorganic form are preferred, but organisms will use other forms of phosphorus when phosphates are unavailable. In the presence of oxygen, high concentrations of phosphates in the water will combine with suspended particles. These particles eventually settle to the Bay bottom and are temporarily removed from the cycling process.
Phosphates often become long-term constituents of the bottom sediments.
Phosphorus compounds in the Bay generally occur in greater concentrations in less saline areas, such as the upper part of the Bay and tributaries. Although nutrients are essential to all plant life within the Bay, an excess of these same nutrients can be harmful. Nutrients have always existed in the Bay, but not at the present excessive concentrations. When the Bay was surrounded primarily by forest and wetlands, very little nitrogen and phosphorus ran off the land into the water. Most of it was absorbed or held in place by the natural vegetation.