Fertilizers increase crop production and improve lawns and gardens dramatically. However, commercial fertilizer is a major source of nitrate, which can contaminate ground water. Nitrogen levels above the MCL have been found in many water wells in Texas. Other major components of commercial fertilizer, such as phosphorus and potassium, are not generally a ground water contamination concern. Elevated nitrate levels in drinking water can pose serious risk to infants.
Nitrates also can affect adults, but the evidence is less certain.
Young livestock also are susceptible to health problems from high nitrate-nitrogen levels. Improper handling of fertilizers can affect ground water by allowing nitrogen to seep through the soil and down into the water. Other potential sources of nitrate are septic systems, livestock yards, livestock waste storage facilities, and silage storage. While a new facility just for fertilizer storage may be expensive, it may be safer than trying to adapt areas designed for other purposes. Separation from the water well should be greater in areas of sand or fractured bedrock.