Blacks as a group have suffered racial discrimination, and the effects of this past injustice persist. So, preferential treatment now is needed to provide just restitution. Impossible to determine which individuals owe how much to whom. Even if we cannot identify individual victims and beneficiaries of past discrimination, we know that whites as a group have benefitted at the expense of blacks as a group. Benefits of preferences Diversity in the university classroom.
Meeting needs for black professionals to serve the black community.
Fostering social peace by narrowing disparities between the races. Providing role models for minority youth. Protecting politically vulnerable minorities. Costs of Preferences Perpetuating prejudice, myths of inferiority. Damage to self-esteem of beneficiaries.