However, few rigorously controlled studies have been done using strict diagnostic criteria and methodologies. Except for trichotillomania and kleptomania, these six diagnoses are more common in men. These are chronic and episodic disorders, and rates of spontaneous remission are unknown.
Patients tend to be refractory to treatment, in part because of poor insight and cooperation.
Treatment approaches include both medications and psychotherapy. Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may be useful in alleviating acute urges, but are, of course, incompatible with flying duties. Gamblers Anonymous may aid pathological gamblers, and is helpful for somewhat the same reasons as other 12-step addiction programs. These disorders occur very infrequently among military aviators. Clearly, these disorders, when present, include features that are incompatible with mission readiness and flying safety.