Variance analysis is the analysis of performance by means of variances. Used to promote management action at the earliest possible stages. Vertical integration is a firm acquires a business or carries out a business which makes it its own supplier, or its own distributor. A distribution channel structure in which producers, wholesalers, and retailers act as a unified system - either one channel member owns the others, or has contracts with them, or has so much power that they all cooperate. Virtual reality recreates a desired environment using a computer and headset allowing sensual experience of simulated situations, e.g. of a retail display or motor vehicle handling capabilities.
Voluntary codes are freely adopted guidelines to encourage desirable modes of behavior.
Voluntary Groups Buying associations such as Spar and VG where individual retailers affiliate themselves to a wholesaler and agree to take the bulk of their purchases from that wholesaler. Visible trade is the exporting and importing of physical goods.