Smaller forms available. Irregular in habit, Japanese Red Pine is sometimes described as an open, floppy grower, even when young. Bark is orangish when young, becoming grayish with age. Umbraculifera' is the most widely grown cultivar. Cannot tolerate hot, dry winds.
Plants are of variable habit, from ground-hugging to pyramidal.
Pinus mugo has numerous cultivars available. Prune annually to retain dwarf size. Tolerates partial shade. Pinus nigra Austrian Pine 50' 60' in height, 20' 40' wide. Wonderfully attractive bark as plant matures.