It is wise to warn newcomers to cold conditions of these implications. Consider carrying spare inners. There are widely disparate views on the use of drugs in frostbite, a tacit admission that few are really effective. Tetanus toxoid prophylaxis is often recommended. It is extremely difficult to predict the outcome in the first few weeks after frostbite.
Remarkable recoveries occur.
Surgery is usually best avoided for several weeks or even months. Summary Frostbite on a climb is a major emergency, yet with competent nursing care cases can be looked after, at for example, a Himalayan base camp. Frostbite can frequently be avoided. When it occurs it increases the risks both to the sufferer and colleagues. Rapid rewarming is recommended and strict adherence to hygiene.