The stem and root may also be attacked directly. Control is best obtained by planting only in sterilized beds. Beds should be well drained. Soil fungicides applied as a drench around infected plants may be effective. Both young and old plants may be affected.
Young plants wilt and die rapidly.
Older plants may exhibit two types of symptoms. One side of a plant may be stunted with a yellowing of the lower leaves on that side. When the stem is cut, a brown discoloration of the vascular tissue is found on the infected side of the plant. In the second type of symptom, lower leaves are yellow and wilt. This is followed by wilting and death of the entire plant.