Both of these segments of workers have a steady employment history, either in the same or different jobs. In contrast, unemployment has affected organizations and people across employers, geographic areas and occupations as evidenced by recent layoffs. The reductions include 10,000 jobs in occupations such as financial operations, human resources and information systems to enhance the competitive position of the organization. The research of Hans Selye, Ph.D. and other researchers in different divisions of psychology are presented. While there are probably important sources of stress such as interpersonal relations, individual differences and health problems, this article will focus on the issue of job stress.
Women are more likely than men to be underemployed.
A disproportionate percentage of temporary workers are racial minorities. If we imagine employment as a line along which employment is distributed from full-time to unemployment, underemployment constitutes a portion of the distribution which is sometimes ignored in applied research and practical applications. Labor supply is defined and measured in terms of employment to population ratios, skills of the employed and unemployed, educational characteristics, personal and group barriers to employment. Labor demand is defined and measured in terms of prevailing wages and benefits, current employment and job vacancy levels, conditions of work, occupations and skills of the employed and unfulfilled skills needs of employers. The data indicates that layoffs, job furloughs and RIFs are a fact of life even in profitable corporations and in government.