Others include taxpayer returns, survey data, national income accounts, and laboratory experiments. A higher fine rate leads to marginally more compliance, with an estimated reported income-fine rate elasticity less than 0.1. There is strong evidence that audit rates are endogenous and that this endogeneity increases the efficiency of the tax agency. An increase in tax complexity leads to greater use of a tax practitioner, and the average level of noncompliance is higher for returns prepared with paid assistance. The audit selection criteria of state and federal enforcement agencies are somewhat different, which suggests that sharing information could increase agency revenues.
Rewards can provide a significant positive inducement for greater compliance.
Many individuals substantially overweight the probability of an audit. Individuals pay more in taxes when faced with a public program that they have selected, that they value, and that they know enjoys widespread support. The social norm of compliance can be affected by the institutions that face individuals and by individual participation in the selection of those institutions. Demographic variables are important determinants of behavior. Given the underlying data problems, this empirical work needs to be treated cautiously.