Thus, bark beetles have an indirect topic effect on pine population. Effect on food. Change of access to food sources 2. Effect on producer. Increasing access to food.
Phytophagous fish eats algae in which mosquito larvae are hiding.
As a result, mosquitoes become more intensively eaten by a predatous fish. Decrease access to food. Algae hide mosquitoes from their predators. Increase in prey numbers. Forest defoliators increase the number of bark beetles and this will increase food for woodpeckers.