If not treated, the inflammation can produce scarring which leads to narrowing or stricture formation making it difficult for the patient to swallow food and even liquids. Some GERD patients regurgitate stomach juices all the way to the throat, especially at night, which can lead to caustic irritation of the voice box and wind pipe, causing some forms of asthma and chronic bronchitis. Severe damage to the lining of the esophagus by acid and bile can produce Barrett's esophagus. Barrett's esophagus is a change in the normal lining of the esophagus which occurs in some patients, generally after years of severe reflux problems. Patients with Barrett's esophagus need even closer follow-up which includes endoscopy and biopsy to observe for progressing to a more dangerous form of Barrett's which can lead to a dangerous form of cancer of the esophagus.
Patients can often improve their reflux symptoms through lifestyle changes.
Significant weight loss will usually improve GERD dramatically. Changing the diet to avoid foods that contribute to GERD will also reduce symptoms, and stopping smoking will have a major impact on reflux. Eating at least two hours before bedtime will reduce nighttime reflux and help GERD patients get a good night's sleep. Elevating the head of the bed on six inch blocks will also improve nighttime reflux by letting gravity pull stomach juices away from the esophagus. Regular use of antacids can neutralize the acid in the stomach, which strengthens the valve and improves heartburn.