Cybernetics approach, as means and ends. Soft systems methodology recognize social systems, where we may not be able to recognize goals. Checkland doesn't ask to define the goal of a system. Weltanschauung gives the output context. Multi-modal soft systems says critical systems thinking is not sufficient.
System has a few spheres of dominance.
The meta-system generates the goal. Is developing a new version of the living social systems model. Have put the sphere of sovereignty into it. Don't like the word transformation, prefers change. Doesn't like input and output, as transformation terms.