Many of these chemicals are called esters . If you add these esters to a product, the product will taste, to some degree, like orange or banana. To make more realistic flavors you add other chemicals in the correct proportions to get closer and closer to the real thing. You can do that by trial and error or by chemical analysis of the real thing. There are hundreds of chemicals known to be flavoring agents.
People make artificial grape, cherry, orange, banana, apple, etc.
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