Built by a variety of coral and other species that secrete skeletons of calcium carbonate that accumulate over time, coral reefs can grow to be massive structures extending over wide areas of shallow tropical and subtropical seas. Reef building corals contain tiny cells of symbiotic algae that convert sunlight and nutrients into fuel for coral growth and production. Because they depend on light, coral reefs require clear water for growth and can be severely damaged by sediment or other factors that reduce water clarity or quality. Other types of corals that do not require warm water or sunlight are found in deep water, providing important habitats for commercial, recreational and other species. Within the past half decade, there have been numerous workshops and conferences focused on the need to improve our understanding of coral reef systems, their life cycle, and the natural processes and anthropogenic activities which affect them.
Recent evidence indicates that coral reefs are deteriorating worldwide, and many are in crisis.
These stresses act separately and in combination with natural factors such as hurricanes and disease, to degrade reefs. The order directs Federal agencies to use their authorities to protect coral reef ecosystems and, to the extent permitted by law, prohibits them from authorizing funding or carrying out any actions that will degrade these ecosystems. Scientists and volunteers from the worldwide diving community are involved in diagnosing the condition of representative reefs throughout the tropical seas. Aquariums, scientists, and conservation organizations are collaborating to produce a variety of courses, video tapes, brochures and other educational materials. Individual coral reef areas are creating or revising management plans for their coastal zones.