Unequal Crossing Over. Can differentiate homology from analogy Mutation Rates Most genes mutate at a very low rate. Even a low mutation rate can create many new mutant alleles because in a large population, each of the large number of genes is at risk to mutate. In a population of N diploid organisms there are 2N copies of each gene, each of which can mutate in any generation. HW with Mutation Model p t-1 is the allele frequency in the previous generation.
Many genes have more than two alleles.
We need to estimate the expected level of genetic variation under mutation pressure. After 10 generations, Figure 5.16 Change in Freq vs time in 5 subpops with migration How migration limits genetic divergence. Very little migration is needed FST can show this. How migration limits genetic divergence. There is considerable variation in values of Nm.