Withstanding accidental collisions has become a primary design criterion for the occupants of vehicles. With the shortening of design cycles, crash simulation is a crucial competitive issue for car manufacturers. Specific formulations have been developed for the large deformation of frontal offset barriers. Substructuring techniques are available to reduce model size in design iterations. Maritime transport Applications Ship collisions are a growing concern that has a direct impact on the environment.
Physical tests are too costly and difficult to represent with small-scale experiments.