Ask the patient to look up to the ceiling. Swing your light 15 degrees temporal to the optic disc or simply ask the patient to look directly at your light. The macula cannot be visualized with the ophthalmoscope. Arterioles are not visible without special radiographic studies. Retinal veins carry freshly oxygenated blood.
Veins are larger than arterioles and are darker in color.
Extreme enlargement of the physiologic cup in the optic disc. None of the above. Are deposits of lipid and protein that signify retinal leakage. The optic disc may show progressive enlargement of the cup and pallor of the rim tissue. You will find enlarged, tender pre-auricular lymph nodes.