Some examples are hernia repair, removing gall bladders and removing varicose veins. Urology relates to the bladder and the kidneys. Trauma and orthopaedics is to do with the bones and joints. Hip replacement is an example. Ear, nose and throat includes operations such as removing tonsils and adenoids.
Ophthalmology is to do with the eye and eye diseases such as cataracts.
Oral surgery is surgery on the mouth, jaw and teeth. Gynaecology is to do with the organs of the female reproductive system. Cardio-thoracic surgery is to do with surgery on the heart. An example is an operation to by-pass a blocked blood vessel to the heart. Cardiology relates to diseases of the heart such as angina or heart failure.