Some molecules can be carried inside membrane vesicles which fuse with a cell membrane and release their contents on the other side. The entropy component deals with the randomness or disorder of a system. Plants expend energy to maintain their highly organized structure at the molecular, cellular and organismal levels. Oxidation involves the loss of an electron, thereby releasing energy. The oxidation of a mole of glucose releases 686 kilocalories of free energy.
Reduction involves the gain of an electron, thereby storing energy.
The reduction of a mole of glucose stores 686 kilocalories of free energy. Glycolysis and respiration are oxidation-reduction reactions. Yes, any accumulation of a molecule on one side of a membrane is usually driven by a membrane ATPase. Yes, any accumulation of a molecule on one side of a membrane is usually driven by a membrane ATPase. Cells do not really begin to differentiate until they have finished dividing.