In essence, changes in gang structure parallel the structural changes in society. For example, gangs became more violent as a result of increased violence in society in general. Cohesiveness among members increases as recognition from society increases. Loyalty and camaraderie are solidified by participation in group activities that are often antisocial, illegal, violent, and criminal. The chain of command is hierarchical.
Recruitment is an ongoing process, especially at school.
Evidence of ethnic and racial crossover in multiethnic neighborhoods. An insurgence of female gangs. Established cliques or sets in suburban communities. Acquisition of large sums of money from illegal drug markets and prostitution. Rampant use of drugs and alcohol.