Extreme cold causes pain in humans and certain injuries can lead to enhanced sensitivity to cold. According to many studies, the lower the temperature, the greater the estimated magnitude of pain. The objective of this study is to determine which types of nociceptive spinal neurons encode the intensity of cold, and which become sensitized to cold stimulation following mild frost-bite injury. Breeding for disease resistance has been a primary strategy for minimizing diseases in crops. The antibiotics produced by Streptomyces are believed to be the cause of reduction of diseases in potatoes and possibly other major crops such as alfalfa.
Nitrogen fixation is also an important part of crop growth.
Rhizobium melilcti is the nitrogen-fixing bacteroid that lives in the root nodules of alfalfa. Other bacteria, such as Phoma medicaginis cause diseases, such as Spring Black Stem and Leaf Spot, in crops.