Total parasitism ranged from 25.4 to 91.9 percent in a pummelo orchard from May to September 1990. In the United States, native parasites in south Florida cause parasitism rates in ex-cess of 50 percent in unsprayed citrus groves. The parasites A. citricola and C. quadristriatus were subse-quently collected from Australia and released into citrus groves in Florida in 1994. Prelimi-nary surveys indicate that A. citricola had established in 3 of 12 release sites, causing up to 50 percent parasitism. No evidence was found to indicate that C. quadristriatus has established.
Predators feed on the pest insect.
In many predatory insects, only the immature stages feed on other insects. The adults often feed on nectar. Several predators are known to reduce population levels of CLM, although they may have to be used in large numbers and in conjunction with parasites. The lacewing, a common predator that feeds on a variety of insect pests, is sold as a com-mercial biological control agent. Pathogens cause insect diseases.