Second, the defendant must have acted in pursuit of some purpose considered improper. Intent to interfere can be demonstrated by evidence of the defendant's knowledge of a contractual relationship between two parties and conduct such that defendant knows that interference will result. Improper purpose is determined by the circumstances of each particular case. In light of these factors, courts have imposed liability on a broad spectrum of conduct found to be improper. A refusal to deal has been held to be improper where it was coupled with a threat or demand that a contract be breached.
Many states have the tort of intentional interference with contractual relations.