Early generations are potentially damaging to marketable tobacco. Later ones feed after harvest on noncommercial suckers. However, these last generations are important because they produce the overwintering pupae. There are a number of natural enemies that help control hornworm populations. Wasps prey on larvae.
Offspring emerge from fourth and fifth instar larvae and spin numerous white cocoons on their backs.
Bacillus sphingidis White causes hornworm septicemia disease. Use of cultural practices is very important. If applications are necessary during harvest, make them immediately after rather than before priming. For specific chemical recommendations, consult the current North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual .