Spina bifida occurs within the first four weeks of pregnancy, before many woman are aware that they are pregnant. In addition to genetic and environmental associations, it is felt that folate deficiency may be an underlying factor in its development. This means an open spinal column, that is incompletely formed and is exposed to the air, not covered by skin. This results in varying degrees of permanent damage to the spinal cord and the nervous system. Since the spinal cord does not form and close properly, other defects can happen in the nervous system.
Possible problems happen with the bowel and bladder function.
Spine related roblems, respiratory, and swallowing difficulties are sometimes results of these defects in the nervous system. High resolution ultrasound or elevation of maternal alpha fetal protein levels helps in making the diagnosis. Sometimes it is not found until birth. Children born with spina bifida are treated both medically and surgically. The back and spinal cord are surgically closed, and treatment of the hydrocephalus if needed.