Near the diaphragm the majority of fibers from the left vagus nerve converge to form the anterior vagal trunk. This trunk passes through the esophageal hiatus to enter the abdomen. Discuss the lines of gravity as it relates to the lower extremity, and the anatomy of relaxed standing. Include consideration of the stabilizing influences upon the hip, knee and ankle joints, with particular reference to ligaments and muscles. Tibial plateau is cupped by the medial and lateral menisci.
Patella articulates anteriorly as a sesamoid bone in the quadriceps tendon.
Anterior cruciate ligament from lateral posterior femoral condyle to anterior aspect of tibial intercondyler eminence. Posterior cruciate ligament. Oblique popliteal and arcuate ligaments strengthen the posterior joint capsule. Flexion is primarily by the hamstrings, short head of biceps, gracilis, and sartorius. Extension is primarily by the quadriceps and tensor fascia lata.