But it is not really the end, because the process usually begins again with new questions suggested by the conclusions and generalizations that have been developed. These questions, often posed as hypotheses to be tested, provide a way to review generalizations. Each question answered, decision reached, or problem solved leads to new issues and new problems. Geographic learning is a continuous process that is both empowering and fascinating. Many of the skills that students are expected to learn involve the use of tools and technologies that are part of the process of geographic inquiry.
Maps are essential tools of geography because they assist in the visualization of space.
Other tools and technologies, such as satellite-produced images, graphs, sketches, diagrams, and photographs are also integral parts of geographic analysis. The rate of growth of an urban area, for example, can be observed by comparing old and new photographs. Geographic information systems make the process of presenting and analyzing geographic information easier, so they accelerate geographic inquiry. Spatial databases also can be developed in the classroom using paper and pencil. Many of the capabilities that students need to develop geographic skills are termed critical thinking skills.