Two years later, a similar pogrom was launched against Hutu refugees in Zaire, with probably tens of thousands of killings. In both cases, the world appeared mesmerized by the magnitude of the crimes, providing no effective response. The author suggests that the world is witless in such situations because there are no effective procedures to respond to such emergencies. A comprehensive framework for designing and implementing an appropriate international response to state failure, complex emergencies, and peace operations is proposed. Toward a New Paradigm of Peace Operations .
Several generalizations emerge.
First, the operation must 'do no harm'. Second, the international organization most directly involved must determine an acceptable end state. Third, promotion of responsible democracy is a key ingredient of long term peace consolidation. Finally, the key to successful operations and establishing these three criteria is de jure and de facto legitimacy. The author takes a deeply pessimistic view of the political and institutional volte-faces that would be required to develop a genuinely comprehensive peace support operations doctrine.