However, demand varies by field and sector. In 1947, the Steelman Report expressed concern that teaching loads for returning war veterans increased so much that the academic sector's capacity for research diminished significantly. Today's concern is different. Tenure track positions are so competitive that young scientists are demoralized by the lack of positions in either academia or industry. Meanwhile, the amount of research experience required to qualify for a tenure track position has continued to increase.
Postdoctoral appointments grow in number and duration.
A recent resurgence of emphasis on the links between research and education at many institutions seeks a greater balance, and addresses the concern about whom is being prepared and how well. Encouragement of Foreign Students. The Steelman document of 1947 gave encouragement to foreign students to attend U.S. colleges and universities. Today, the significant presence and success of foreign-born students at universities, especially at the graduate level, has been balanced by a concern that they populate some disciplines in much higher numbers than U.S. students. In the workforce, foreign-born scientists and engineers make up over 26 percent of science and engineering doctoral degree holders.