Oxygen deficits may occur. Gradient high, water velocity fast. Water flows throughout the year. Substrate consists of rock, cobble, gravel, and sand. Dissolved oxygen content high.
Vegetation remains upright and visible throughout the year.
This includes ponds, borrow pits, small reservoirs, and open water areas within a marsh or swamp. Flooding controlled by pumps or siphons in combination with dikes or dams. Surface water for only brief periods during the growing season with the water table well below the soil surface for most of the season. Substrates placed by humans. Created by beaver activity .