Sometimes information is subtle. For instance, if a reference doesn't return two or three calls, that raises a red flag. Dourlain has also noticed that the higher the position, the more freely references divulge damaging information. Clients often assume that company policies to only confirm limited information are strictly followed. I usually ask them if they are in a hurry and don't see a police officer if they tend to push the speed limit.
References are no different.
If someone really liked you and wants to help you land another job, or if they had a problem with you and don't want to see you working, they can and will break company policy. Knowledge is power. If you've lost offers past the interview stage, then it is important that you learn what your references are actually saying about you. You can attempt to do this yourself by meeting with individual references asking them what will they say. Current employees of this organization may also provide insight as to how this employer handles calls about you.