The results of intervention outweigh any adverse effects. The target disease has an asymptomatic period during which its outcome can be altered. Acceptable treatments are available. The prevalence and seriousness of the disease justify the costs of intervention. The procedure is relatively easy and inexpensive.
Sufficient resources are available.
Such a study has been completed for mammography but not for any cardiac testing modalities. The next best validation of efficacy is to demonstrate that the technique improves the determination of those asymptomatic individuals with higher risk for events over that possible with the available risk factors. Mathematical modeling makes it possible to determine how well a population will be classified if the characteristics of the testing methods are known.