Hemoglobin in the urine thus may be a sign of hemolytic anemia, various diseases, burns, mushroom poisoning, kidney disease, or urinary tract infection. Ketones result from the catabolism of fats. However, in diabetes, when the patient lacks sufficient insulin to transfer glucose from the bloodstream into the body cells, the kidney is unable to resorb the total filtered glucose load. Therefore, the glomerulus filtrate contains glucose in excess to the levels that the kidney can resorb. The the excess glucose is excreted in the urine.
Protein molecules are too large to be filtered out of the blood into the urine.
Disease states in which protein appears in the urine include kidney disease, certain diseases involving high fever, toxemia of pregnancy, and some anemias. Freshly voided urine is usually acid, with the normal range between 4.8 and 7.5. Persistent high acidity occurs in fevers, high-protein diets, and metabolic conditions which raise the body acidity in general. Persistent low acidity may mean urine retention in the bladder, urinary tract infections, anemias, and certain types of ulcers. Return to the Table of Contents Microscopic Examination Normal urine will contain an accasional WBC, some epithelial cells, mucus, bacteria, and crystals of various kinds.