Optimization was done using dynamic programming. If natural enemies were able to increase their numbers after release at prey density below the EIL, then the best strategy was to release natural enemies at the time when prey density corresponded to the lowest point in the phase plot of the system dynamics. If predators cannot reproduce efficiently after their release, then the system can be stabilized only by continuous releases which may follow from the initial knock-down release. This model can be also used to select the best species of predators to be released. The first step is to optimize the release of each species, and then the costs of keeping the pest population below the EIL are compared.
Natural selection increases the value of genetic information.
I studied the evolution of the meaning and value of biological information from pre-biotic systems to humans. The major trend was increasing complexity and integration of information systems. Because self-reproduction plays an important role in signification, I concentrated on the study of this process. Self-reproduction was modelled using Petri nets. This formalism was used to classify possible relations among self-reproducing systems and to describe their evolution by natural selection.