But prof, it has been found that mutations, which are always harmful, have widespread damaging effects on genes. It was not until the use of X rays and mutagenic chemicals that mutations could be intensively studied. The effects of immense numbers of X rays have been studied on millions of generations of fruit flies and other lab creatures. But prof, this mass of knowledge has only confirmed that mutations are always harmful and are totally incapable of changing one species into another. But prof, using computers mathematicians have found there isn't enough time in a trillion trillion trillion years for mutations to produce even one new species.
Mutations accomplish so much.
But prof, the best mutations accomplish the least and therefore damage the least. Those that accomplish the most, kill outright, for they damage in such big ways. Thus we see that mutations are the chief source of evolution. But prof, new genetic information would be needed for one species to evolve into another. Every mutational change is a step in the right direction.