Nonetheless, a thorough assessment of processes and practices might well reveal energy saving opportunities, even if it does not lead to the implementation of biogas recovery and use. In respect of industrial wastewater, it is suggested that low trade waste charges or no charges at all are a significant impediment to the implementation of innovative waste management processes. Whilst the cost of wastewater disposal is close to zero, there is no incentive for firms to investigate new approaches to waste management, let alone implement new approaches. Finally, it is possible for policy induced impediments to arise, whether explicitly or implicitly. Arguably, under many circumstances, closed vessel anaerobic digestion and methane capture and use are more desirable than aerobic composting because if aerobic composting is poorly aerated, the process will become anaerobic and produce methane that escapes directly to the atmosphere.
Poor aeration is common in home composting.
As attitudes to the use of environmental goods and services without payment continue to change those firms that do not keep their environmental impacts under constant review are likely to be left behind. Load-based licensing schemes that will ultimately lead to higher charges the greater the environmental impact of discharges, possible binding greenhouse gas targets under the Framework Convention on Climate Change, and increases in solid waste disposal charges where there are pressures on landfill space, will all lead to greater incentives for firms to economise on their use of environmental assets. It is self-evident that firms should fully understand their processes including the environmental impact of their activities. Indeed it is often the case that the environmental impact arises from wasting inputs. Summary and conclusion Developments such as load-based licensing which will increase trade waste charges, increases in landfill disposal charges, and moves by some utilities to market 'green' power are likely to give added impetus to biogas recovery and use projects.