Risk factors, in addition to menopause, include genetic and ethnic background. Women who are white or asian, especially those with a family history of osteoperosis have a greater risk of developing osteoperosis than other women. Smoking , eating disorders , low amount of calcium in the diet, heavy alcohol consumption , and use of certain medications such as steroids are also risk factors. Throughout life, dietary intake of calcium is essential for bone formation and maintainance. Vitamin D , which aids in the absorption of calcium, is also essential.
Regular exercise can reduce the likelihood of bone fractures .
Studies show that exercises requiring muscles to pull on bones cause the bones to retain and maybe even gain density. Post-menopausal women, especially those who have reduced bone density, may consider intervention with estrogen replacement therapy. This may prevent bone loss or fracture in some people. There are a number of side effects, both good and bad, associated with estrogen replacement therapy and the option should be discussed thoroughly with a health care provider. It has been suggested that routine screening be done to detect early deterioration of bone mass in post menopausal women, but there is not yet a recommended guideline.