Thus, it may be possible to focus WWF treatment on these more intensively used areas including commercial and industrial areas. This finding suggests that hybrid collection systems may be attractive alternatives for 21st century collection systems. Another innovative option is to oversize sewer systems and utilize storage in the sewers as part of a real-time control system. Extensive discussions regarding the effectiveness of a wide variety of WWF controls are presented in two chapters. These descriptions include design guidelines.
Source controls as well as downstream controls are included.
Source area controls, especially biofiltration practices that can be easily implemented with simple grading, may be appropriate in newly developing areas. An innovative approach is to reuse stormwater within the same service areas for irrigation, toilet flushing, and other nonpotable purposes. More aggressive stormwater reuse systems would capture roof runoff in cisterns, treat this water, and use it for potable purposes. Monthly water budgets for cities throughout the United States indicates that sufficient quantities of precipitation are generated, except in the arid southwestern United States, to make such systems technically feasible. The cost of providing for water infrastructure is summarized.