Always treat people as ends, never as means. The Idealist believes that reality is basically spirit or idea, and that value is measured by conformity to ideals.
Mental states are just variable rates of neuron firing.
Consciousness is a feature of the brain. The Naturalist believes that reality is basically matter or the physical universe and that value is measured by conformity to nature. This happiness could be eventual rather than immediate. The Pragmatist believes that reality is basically process or experience and that values are measured by what society believes to be of practical benefit. You exist autonomously.