All electromagnetic waves originate from accelerating charged particles. The lowest energy state of a atom is called the ground state. Increasing light frequency increases the kinetic energy of the emitted photo-electrons. Steam and liquid water molecules at 100 degrees have equal kinetic energies. Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Phase changes are due to potential energy changes.
Internal energy always flows from an object at higher temperature to one of lower temperature. Nuclear physics Alpha particles are the same as helium nuclei and have the symbol . Only charged particles can be accelerated in a particle accelerator such as a cyclotron or Van Der Graaf generator. A loss of a beta particle results in an increase in atomic number . All nuclei weigh less than their parts.