A grade of A is reserved for truly outstanding work and those who show a thorough understanding of the course material. Grades of D and F generally indicate significant deficiencies in effort and comprehension. There will be a separate lab exam for animals. About two-thirds of the final exam will be comprehensive. Essays must be organized, logical, and readable.
Some questions require just simple recall and memorization.
Many questions, however, will require understanding, which can be tested by having you make connections in what you have learned and apply your knowledge to new situations. If at all possible, you must inform me before or on the day of an exam if you will miss it. If your excuse is not valid, you will receive a grade of zero on the exam. These will generally be announced and given at the start of lecture. They may cover material previously covered or readings assigned for that day.