In fact all birds have tongues of some sort or another. Penguins have very specialised tongues that are rarely seen since they don't extend out of the beak. Penguins tongues are covered with lots of little spiky spines that all point backward into the throat so that when a penguin catches a fish it is gripped by the spines and cannot escape. Different species of penguins can swim at different speeds. Generally the larger species swim faster than the smaller ones.
Penguins reach their top speeds when they are porpoising through the water.
Again the sharpness of the beak will vary with species, but also with individual penguins. In the wild there haven't been any reliable long term studies of individual penguins that can tell how long they live. The only such study was carried out in the 1940's and 50's by Lance Richdale in New Zealand. He monitored a population of Yellow-eyed penguins over a 15 year period. The only other information comes from studies on captive birds.