This implies that every transformation of energy is accompanied by a loss of usable energy. The energy in living systems comes from the sun and is ultimately lost to space as infrared radiation. The system is open. Materials in living systems are recycled continually. The global cycle is closed.
Physical factors can determine the range of a species.
The earth's surface is unevenly heated by the sun. Ocean and air currents redistribute heat. Circulation cells in the atmosphere cause latitudinal differences in climate. Deserts are found in the lee of mountains and around 30 degrees latitude. Rainforests are found around the equator and 60 degrees latitude.