Turkey refuses independence for Palestine.
1905 Seventh Zionist Congress rejects the Uganda offer from Britain. In Odessa, Russia, more than 400 Jews are massacred in four days. The 'Poale Zion World Federation' is formed. 1908 'Hashomer' self-defense organization for Jewish agricultural settlements in Palestine is formed. Orthodox Jewish sages in Katowice found the Agudist movement to co-ordinate opposition to Zionist claims.