Brazil is largest producer There are several varieties that are mixed to give a unique blend. Also, the same variety will take on different characteristics when grown in different soils, altitudes, and climates. Coffee beans are green when picked. The ripe fruit looks like a cherry with dark red pulp covering 2 oval beans growing with the flat sides together. Beans are roasted to light, medium, dark and French roast.
Moisture is lost during roasting and carbon dioxide is formed.
Sugar is decomposed which contributes to color of beverage. Decaffeinated coffee - caffeine is removed with a solvent. You steam and soak green coffee with a chlorinated, organic substance to remove most of the caffeine. There are some health concerns about it. The best way to protect freshness is by keeping coffee dry and away from oxygen.