This resistance is conferred by the recessive kdr gene. Resistance to other pest management tactics 1. IGRs disrupt development processes of insects and other arthropods. Currently, at least 13 insect species representing Diptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, and Lepidoptera show cross-resistance to IGRs. Resistance has been documented so far to methoprene, hydroprene, kinoprene, and diflubenzuron.
Resistance appears to be due to reduced penetration and increased metabolism of the compounds.
Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis products has been reported in Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Resistance to viral insecticides have been observed in several Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. E.g., reported resistance in spruce budworm to viral insecticides. The occurrence of insect biotypes has been documented in several species of aphids, hessian fly, and brown planthopper. In addition to resistance development to the above pest management tactics, there are reports of resistance development to parasites and to sterile-male release technique in screwworm fly.