Bridgman puts the actions and interests of researchers up front in his methodology. The practice of crushing those who criticize or advocate a different social-life world. Oppression varies from withholding rewards to beatings, jailings, assassinations, as well as the use of chemotherapy and psychological technology. Control over the means of violence by an elite is the major approach in oppression. According to pre-modernists, God brought order out of Chaos.
Modernists believe that order underlies all natural and social dynamics.
An imperative directing organized human behavior. Because the reproduction of class societies is based upon the continued appropriation of social wealth inequitably, all such societies must solve the problem of legitimacy for orders to work, to obey, to desist, and to keep the peace. They do so by structural force. A model of social organization which holds that, much as a plant or animal, all societies have parts which are essential to the whole organism. It is curiously fitting that Spencer's grave is very near Marx' grave in Highgate Cemetery, London.