Contained definitions used in his laws, which connected and quantified the motions of all objects in the universe. Based on the idea that planets were pulled along, and around their orbits by a centripetal force. This idea was partly ripped off from Robert Hooke. Newton showed that an inverse square force could provide the force necessary for such motion, and coined the term centripetal. Newton developed a more general, and more mathematical basis for this idea.
Newtonian mechanics is a deterministic, mechanical view of the universe.
Maths is important in physics in that it provides a modeling system which can describe natural phenomena, and make predictions form it. This was a theory of heat from the mid 1800s. Phlogistin was a substance contained within things, which, when burnt, was removed as heat, thus turning them into ashes. Caloric was the original name for heat, which was thought to be like a fluid, flowing from hot objects to cold ones. It could not, however, explain the production of heat through friction.