Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Leicester, Bremen and Oslo are examples of cities employing techniques such as car clubs, car-free areas, cycle routes, bus lanes and enhanced public transport. Freiburg and Stuttgart are examples of the many European cities where investment has been made in trams for a cleaner, quieter urban environment. Charges could be levied automatically for using particular roads . Initiatives in Leicester have indicated, however, that charging for road use to enter the city has to be extremely high before affecting traffic volume. The demand to use the road is relatively inelastic.
Prohibitive charges carry their own injustice, as has been said of universal tax increases for fuel.
These provide parking area on the outskirts of cities. Many initiatives make town and city centres accessible, safer and more pleasant for cyclists or pedestrians, including walk and cycle ways and pedestrian precincts . Elimination of traffic from such areas enhances the environment by reducing noise and improving air quality. City Car Clubs are ways through which ownership of private cars may be restricted. Members will have access to a pool of cars and can book a vehicle at short notice for all or any part of a day.