Hudson Bay Lowlands.
Some areas have broad tidal mudflats.
Climate near Hudson Bay has produced a narrow coastal zone of tundra. Discontinuous permafrost is found in the northern portions, but diminishes and disappears as one moves south. The wetlands of the muskeg interior vary widely from sedge, shrub and treed fens, to open, shrub and treed bogs, to swamps and the many shallow ponds and lakes with emergent vegetation. Open spruce and tamarack forest is interspersed with large fen-bog complexes in the north and this changes to a more closed humid boreal forest in the south where the HBL borders the Canadian Shield. The mainly Cree human population of under 20,000, is now concentrated in about fifteen, coastal villages which rely on traditional hunter-gatherer economies.