All of these have abbreviations. United States Reports are always U.S., and are the most important of the Supreme Court abbreviations. Every case has a page number and reference. If that case is marked as being 886 F.Supp 1411, what that tells you is that it is in the 886th volume of the first version of the Federal Supplement, and starts on page 1411. If the case was appealed to a circuit court, it might be at 921 F.2d 18, which would be the 18th page of volume 921 of the second Federal Reporter.
State courts are very different.
All levels of state court decisions go into regional reporters. The Texas cases are thrown in with cases from Arkansas and Kentucky and Missouri. Oklahoma's cases are in the Pacific Reporter, Louisiana's are in the Southern Reporter. The CFR uses a decimal system rather than an outline system, so a typical CFR site would be 40 CFR 304.32. Inc. PageWise makes no representations about the content published on this site.