I have recently examined the research literature on this phenomenon and discovered that not only is the associated imagery very powerful, but that the principal message, with only a few exceptions, is that there is a shortfall of women compared to men in top jobs, therefore a glass ceiling must be operating to hold them back. I argue the view that the glass ceiling perpetuates a notion which persuades women to expect to be unfairly treated.
Some special consideration is given to women in science, engineering and technology.