Biogeography is the study of factors that influence the distribution of a species over its range. Demography is the study of the vital statistics affecting population size. This branch of science deals with the affects that immigration and emigration have on a given population. Other than new organisms leaving or entering the population birth and death rates are also studied. Age Structure and Sex Ratio.
Many populations have overlapping generations where individuals of more than one generation coexist.
This situation produces an age structure in most populations. Every age group has a characteristic birth and death rate. A standard rule of thumb sets a high mortality for the lower and upper age groups and a low mortality rate for the intermediate age group. Generation time refers to the average time span between the birth of an individual and the birth of their offspring. Body size has a major effect on generation time.