There are also many simple indicators used to measure exertion before, during and after exercise. These are heart rate, blood pressure, breath frequency, discomfort, perceived exertion, breathlessness, fatigue and ability to carry on a conversation. These are particularly important for safe standing and sitting. Once again, walking is a good exercise choice as it improves endurance as well as trains the important lower extremity muscle groups. Balance, gait and coordination dysfunctions affect not only the ability to exercise, but in turn can be improved with exercise.
Neurological changes associated with aging can cause dysfunction to both static and dynamic balance.
A thorough assessment of balance, gait and coordination will help a clinician determine a safe form of exercise. Swimming or water aerobics are safe activities for the balanced impaired. In order to improve strength and endurance one can change the intensity, duration, frequency, mode or progression of the exercise. Exercise intensities can range from very easy to strenuous. Generally, exercise programs for the elderly begin at very low intensities.