Most children learn how to speak by interacting with their families and friends. As adults, we consult others on every imaginable topic including interpersonal dilemmas and housing repairs. Our colleagues provide role models, guidance, reassurance, and advice. They can also confuse and mislead. Both unintended and unanticipated consequences arise when students learn from each other.
Peers can reinforce stereotypes.
Young women may learn that science and mathematics are male domains. Young men may learn to take action rather than to reflect. Students may learn that only the elite can participate in scientific reasoning. Peers can also reinforce intuitions that scientists would dispute. Four pragmatic principles help us learn from each.