Caterpillars with false eyes can tuck in their heads and look convincingly like a menacing face with eyes. The False-eyed frog of South America has two large eyespots on his tail end. When threatened this frog will bury its head in the sand and stick its large rump in the air displaying a fierce false face to the oncoming danger. Most predators key visually on eyes of their prey, making an effort to approach the prey from a direction where they won't be seen. There is a distinct advantage to any prey that can fool the predator into approaching from the wrong end - the one with real eyes that will see the predator and trigger a timely escape.
Many fish have a conspicuous false eyespot on or near their tail fins.
Some insects will go so far as have entire false head with conspicuous false eyes at their tail end, to utterly confuse an approaching predator. The presence of false eyespots in some species is related more to success at creating more offspring than to success at fooling and escaping from predators. This is a factor of sexual selection, where a male that is more conspicuous and attractive to a female will father more offspring and thus pass on more of the genes for the conspicuous display. An outstanding example of this the peacock, where they male's inordinately large tale feather display is adorned with conspicuous eye-like patterns. Scientists think that the abundance of conspicuous false eyespots in some groups of tropical fish, is related both to sexual selection and natural selection.