Two cysteine side chains can form a disulfide bond. Together, glutamate ion and phenylalanine make up the compound known as NutraSweet. A beta-pleated sheet is an example of this level of protein structure. This level of protein structure only exists if two or more polypeptide chains are required to create a functional protein. Heat denaturation will disrupt the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of a protein.
Plants are closed systems.
The chemical reactions found in living organisms are at equilibrium. By lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction. By binding to allosteric inhibitors. By distorting a chemical bond found on the reactant molecule. The nucleolus is the entire region within the nucleus.