A Comparison of Male and Female Intravenous Drug Users' Risk Behaviors for HIV Infection. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. It would seem that females may be at greater risk of HIV due to involvement with drug using sex partners than of risky needle involvement. Female IDUs were more likely than males to use crack cocaine daily and were generally less physically healthy. Smoking Behavior and Smoking History of Tobacco Chippers.
Most cigarette smokers are nicotine dependent.
65 chippers were compared to a matched group of 72 regular smokers who smoked between 20 - 40 cigarettes per day. The chippers reported frequent casual abstinence without withdrawal symptoms and they tended to smoke their first cigarette hours after rising in the morning, as opposed to right when they woke up. Most had never smoked heavily, though a small group had previously been nicotine dependent and had learned to moderate. The previously dependent individuals could not be distinguished from all time chippers on the basis of current smoking behavior.