Life cycle . Wingless adults overwinter in protected areas, such as field debris and soil, and feed on weed hosts. In the greenhouse, they can be active year-round. In the spring, winged females fly to suitable host plants and produce live nymphs through parthenogenesis. Winged adults are produced when certain environmental conditions occur.
Many overlapping generations can occur each year.
Habitat and food sources . Feeding causes distorted growth, as well as reduced growth, quality, and yield. Honeydew excretions are colonized by sooty mold, causing plants to become unsightly and stressed. Numerous skins shed by developing aphids are also unsightly. These aphids are also important vectors of some plant viral diseases.