There are social and academic adjustments. There aren't really mentors or advisors for these students. Summer bridge programs should be increased. Look at programs beginning at the 9 and 10 grade. New Mexico MESA is a good working model.
Students usually lack confidence and college survival skills.
Students lack the study habits and skills. Courses should be more rigorous. Students lack direction at the university level. Students need to learn good communication skills and become self-thinkers. The task is to look at what already exists, and to identify what does not.