These codes are used to design tokamak divertors that have acceptable heat fluxes on material surfaces and allow pumping of helium ash.
Results indicate strong convergent properties.
The gyrokinetic simulations have also demonstrated the importance of flow shear in reducing drift-wave turbulence in tokamaks, as observed in experiments. In particular, a new phenomenon in which zero-transport states occur for values of the temperature gradient significantly greater than the linear marginal value has been found. The simulations provide the database for defect production in these materials for input into kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of damage accumulation and microstructure evolution over macroscopic length and time scales. This allows simulation of realistic toroidal geometry for devices. The simulation and modeling research described above has been successful in developing a deeper understanding of the physics, analyzing experiments, aiding efforts to improve experimental performance, and designing new experiments.