Features vs. elements. Universals of vowel systems. Monovalent vs. bivalent definitions of contrast. 3 Autosegmental representations Long-distance harmony. Assimilation as autosegmental spreading.
More vowel contrasts.
Dependency relations between elements. Vowel reduction and centralised vowels. Composition and decomposition extended to consonants. Place elements for consonants and vowels. 5 Manner Consonantal lenition as element reduction.