Medical injections using unsterilized equipment are also a possible source of infection.
If an injection is essential, the traveller should try to ensure that the needles and syringes come from a sterile package or have been sterilized properly by steam or boiling water for 20 minutes. If you intend to visit a country for a substantial period of time, to work or study, you should be informed of the policies and requirements of the particular country. This information is usually available from consular officials of individual nations. The BBC is not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on any of the sites. Always consult your own GP if you're in any way concerned about your health.