Basically this reflects the idea that the European literary tradition is the only valid conveyance of human events of the past. Oral recordsare forced to take a back seat to written records. History is certainly not thepast, only human beings' descriptions of it and it certainly reflects the cultural values of the historian, however the historian transmits the information. In spite of 500 years of colonial brainwashing, there are many oral records of what was going on in the western hemisphere before 1492. As new technology develops the Arctic, native groups find their solidarity and contest their political identity in many forums, including New York Times ads concerning development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
Some groups find their self-interest in development, while others resist.
More abstract media at times seem to yield more culturally autonomous representations of World Renewal events such as the Jump Dance. This paper, presented in visual form through slides, examines evidence from the early photography of Edward Curtis and others to the contem- porary paintings of the Karuk artist Brian D Tripp. The article spurred a furor that went to the heart of the current crisis of representation and its blind spot on gender. The immediate result of Columbus's ventures was devistation unlike any other in the history of the world. American educators have perpetrated fraud bykeeping a dual set of books - one for scholars that provides accurate accounts of this devistation, the other for the public, designed to keep them ignorant ofthe horrible treatment Europeans meted out to the indigenous peoples.