We still sometimes criticize each other for begging the question, non sequitur, and other Aristotelian fallacies. Recent scholarship has given us a clearer idea of what good thinking is, where thinking goes wrong, and how education can help. Thinking concerns the resolution of doubt about what to do, what to believe, or what to value. It consists of search and inference. During and after our search, we make inferences from what we have found.
Possibilities strengthen and weaken, sometimes getting rejected or adopted.
Examples of these shortcomings are easy to find. Irving Janis, for example, has shown how just this sort of thinking has led to such fiascos as the Bay of Pigs invasion. Tom Gilovich has written a nice little book about overconfidence. Lots of psychology experiments show these kinds of problems, and some experiments show that they can be remedied, at least in the short term. Other studies show that undergraduate and graduate education have lasting effects on how people think, as well as on what they know.