Follow-up echocardiography is recommended after surgical closure or placement of a transcatheter device to confirm persistent closure. The prognosis in general is excellent but may depend on underlying problems or associated defects. It is also of note that some patients with stroke felt to be due to paradoxical embolus may continue to have cryptogenic stroke even after surgical or transcatheter device closure of a patent foramen ovale. A contrast transesophageal echocardiography study. Medicine is a constantly changing science and not all therapies are clearly established.
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