One horizontal whorl develops each year. In open stands, branches are retained for almost the full length of the tree and are horizontally spreading or somewhat drooping. Height of 70'-80' on good sites, reaching almost 150'. Age to almost 400 years. Roots very windfirm.
Older trees develop a widespreading and moderately deep root system.
If unhindered by competition, the longest lateral roots may extend 40' beyond the crown. Vertical roots may penetrate to 15'. Often grows on very exposed sites including islands, peninsulas, east shores of lakes, and steep slopes. It withstands dehydrating winter winds better than its tree associates Soils dry sandy, acidic, infertile, but can grow in all types of soils, provided they are well drained. Shade intolerant .