A basic claim often made in defense of unionization and theorized productivity increases is that higher wages provide an incentive to be more productive. Related literature supports the idea that extrinsic rewards are expected by workers. Workers expect company management to reward them for their efforts. However, workers have traditionally resisted efforts by management to link these rewards to any quantitative measure of productivity. More on this aspect later.
Rewards realized by the workers also come in the form of rewards from their social group.
These expressions typified the workers' attitude of restricting output. It should be obvious that no formal system existed to communicate these norms. Newcomers were told by the more experienced workers what was expected of them. In this we see a dichotomy of expectations. A new hire is indoctrinated by the management upon hire as to what the company expects in terms of job performance.