S. Parker and T. Wall. Job and Work Design, Introduction and ch. Frederick Taylor - The Principles of Scientific Management, ch. An employee today is no longer a slave to machinery who is expected to repeat simple mechanical operations like Charlie Chaplin in the film Modern Times. After all, manual labor can be taken over by a machine or computer.
Modern industry has to be brain intensive and so does the employee.
Akio Morita, former chairman of the board of Sony Corporation Fujio Cho of Toyota defines waste as 'anything other than the minimum amount of equipment, materials, parts, space, and worker's time, which are absolutely essential to add value to the product. Job and Work Design, ch. On the Line, chs. 2 - 5. Gottfried and Hayashi-Kato. 1998. The Japanese System's Transfer to North America Stress, rather than management directives, becomes the mechanism for coordinating different sections of the system.