Treatment is directed at the cause, if known. For example, a person with an infection may need antibiotics. If cancer is the cause, surgery, radiation therapy , or chemotherapy may be advised. Someone with permanent narrowing may need surgery or another procedure to widen the constricted area. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is commonly treated with medications that decrease stomach acid.
Speech therapists can help the person with swallowing difficulties learn to swallow effectively.
Side effects depend on the treatment used. For example, antibiotics may cause allergic reactions or stomach upset. Surgery carries a risk of bleeding or infection. A person with an infection may have no further trouble after the infection goes away. Someone with a stroke may have permanent trouble swallowing.