Audiotapes are widely available to teach imagery and visualization skills. Skin stimulation is the use of pressure, friction, temperature change, or chemical substances such as menthol to excite the nerve endings in the skin. When the skin is stimulated so that pressure, warmth, or cold is felt, the pain sensation is lessened or blocked. A physical therapist can prescribe an exercise program that may include stretching, strengthening, and conditioning. Several devices are available that may improve function and relieve pain such as wraps, pressure stockings, or pneumatic pump devices.
Orthotic devices can immobilize and support painful or weakened areas of the body.
Examples of orthotic devices include a splint on a painful limb or a collar for patients with neck or back pain. Massage is another technique that can be very useful in managing pain. Massage increases blood circulation and relieves tension. Massage can be performed by anyone, from a trained massage therapist to a caregiver who is willing to give a simple massage. One of the most gratifying aspects of massage is the simple fact that it involves one person touching and caring for another person.