Mainstream scientists remain skeptical. The new theories rely on studies suggesting that same-sex relationships are, or have been, far more common than traditionally believed, a conclusion that skeptics question. It mainly explains where most people are. For another thing, they say bisexuals far outnumber homosexuals. This idea allows them to raise the possibility that an animal could use benefits gained from a homosexual liaison, such as higher status, to reproduce more or care for offspring better.
Nature makes no such distinction, and neither did most humans throughout history, they say.
Research should focus on a more neutral, simple concept of homosexual or homoerotic behavior, according to the researchers. The two researchers cite an array of examples that they say show how such activity could boost one's chances of survival and reproductive success. Kirkpatrick's paper cited studies on animals and on various stages of Greek, Chinese, Japanese and U.S. culture. Among the Sambia of New Guinea, homosexual interactions among warriors may solidify ties vital for mutual defense, Kirkpatrick argues. In some Melanesian societies, 17th-century Japan and ancient Athens, men were actually expected to be attracted to other men.