They have preserved their ancient alphabet, which is related to that used by ancient Libyans. The Tuaregs traditionally maintained a feudal system consisting of a small number of noble families, a large majority of vassals, and a lower class of black non-Tuareg serfs, who performed the agricultural tasks. The upper classes, organized in tribes, convoyed caravans and, until subdued by France, were feared as raiders. The fiercely independent Tuareg resented European hegemony in Africa, and they long resisted conquest. Tuareg men go veiled, while the women are unveiled.
Women enjoy respect and freedom, and descent and inheritance are through the female line.
Though nominally Muslim, the people still retain many pre-Islamic rites and customs. Since the 1970s droughts and famines have forced many Tuaregs from their desert homes into urban areas, and in the 1990s political tensions caused further relocation. Traditional Wolof society was distinguished for its rigid social classes. Chiefs were elected by the nobles. By the 14th cent.