Typically, the limited partners will put in the money, and the general partner will manage it for a portion of the partnership's profits. By statute, none are unlimitedly liable unless they agree to be. Typically, only some subset of them, or even an outsider, is involved in management. Minutes of the first meeting , in which the directors ratify what the organizer did, and appoint officers. By-laws , which set forth the names and titles of officers, the constitution of the Board, various specifics about meetings of directors and shareholders, and other matters.
Nothing is filed.
There may, but need not, be a written partnership agreement. There are probably no analogues to stock certificates. A partnership agreement will set out the duties and rights of the partners. There may be minutes of meetings. There may be documents analogous to stock certificates.