Sedimentologists study the origin and deposition of sediments and the changes involved in their conversion to sedimentary rocks. Hydrogeologists study the distribution, circulation, and physical properties of subsurface water. Volcanologists investigate the origin of volcanic rocks and the life cycles of volcanoes. Geophysicists study the earth using gravity, magnetic, electrical, and seismic methods. Oceanographers investigate oceans, including marine organisms, water properties, and the history of the sea bottom.
Petroleum geologists explore the subsurface for oil or gas.
Engineering geologists use their knowledge of geology in the construction of roads, dams, and buildings. Many geoscientists work on research projects. Geoscientists can work in industry, governmental agencies or educational institutions. The following are examples of employers. Industry petroleum and natural gas companies, mining companies, engineering and environmental consulting firms, and independent research laboratories.