Rather, McDonald's switched from polystyrene foam to paper wrappings for its hamburgers. This wrapping, unlike coated paperboard, actually has fewer air and water emissions, requires less energy, and generates less solid waste than polystyrene foam. See McDonald's Corporation and the Environmental Defense Fund, Waste Reduction Task Force, Final Report, April 1991. The waste volume figures may be problematic, however, since Franklin Associates uses averages for large groups of containers rather than just actual clamshell information. Dialogue in the subsequent issues of Science magazine between Hocking and industry and other critics suggested that Hocking may have been using old or incomplete data to reach his conclusions.
Net costs are the gross costs minus sales revenue from recycled materials.
For example, the domestic steel industry is already near capacity. Reported by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget. Note that risk assessment is at best an imperfect science, with numerous assumptions made, drawing conclusions from data from animals given high doses of chemicals and applying that information to make assumptions about human health risks. Note, however, that the two Koreas and two Germanys also had different levels of affluence. Thus, a poor nonsocialist country may have low energy efficiency.