In proctosigmoidoscopy, the physician uses a long, lighted tube to inspect the rectum and lower colon. To detect cancers higher in the colon, longer, flexible instruments are being used, as well as a rigid scope. Surgery, at times combined with radiation, is the most effective method of treating colorectal cancer. Combinations of chemotherapy and immunologic agents have recently been described as beneficial in postoperative patients with cancerous lymph nodes. Blood in the urine, usually associated with increased frequency of urination.
People living in urban areas and workers exposed to dye, rubber, or leather also are at higher risk.
Fever can come and go in periods of several days or weeks. Persons with organ transplants are at higher risk due to altered immune function. Burkitt lymphoma in Africa is partly caused by the Epstein-Barr herpes virus. Other possible risk factors include exposures to herbicides, industrial solvents, and vinyl chloride. For Hodgkin disease, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are recommended for most patients.