These impoverished systems can be revitalized into quality wildlife, recreational, and educational areas. However, sustainable restoration does not simply involve structural solutions. Especially in urban areas, restoration activities must also include education, local community involvement, and long-term stewardship. Without this community support, a site may not be protected and restoration efforts may be in vain. This paper compares environmental intervention in Africa against American restoration theory, to describe the Guesselbodi Experiment restoration, and to analyze the project's strengths and shortcomings.
Restoration commonly focuses on sites rather than landscapes.
In restoration of local sites, there is the danger that sites are too small to be viable. Studies of island populations have shown that extinction rates increase as area decreases. Connectivity between restoration sites is essential to overcome this danger. This article focuses on the Pine Barrens in Northwestern Wisconsin, on present restoration efforts at several sites, and on future possibilities to restore important landscape patterns. The highest conservation goals, even if occasionally achieved, are not sustainable within an unsympathetic worldview.