Since land is essential for urban growth, devising equitable and efficient land development policies is one of the major challenges facing planners and policy makers in the world's large cities. To meet these challenges, Governments will have to maintain or create policies and mechanisms that involve participation by all sectors of the community. In this way, Habitat II will help to create opportunities for citizens to participate in local decision-making processes, creating innovative solutions to urbanization issues. Several sectors are already actively involved in addressing population issues. The YKB clinics cater to people of low to moderate income, complementing the government clinics which mostly serve the poor and the private clinics and hospitals used by wealthy Indonesians.
Patients pay a modest fee, and delayed-payment plans are offered.
In Nairobi, the United Nations and the Nairobi City Commission have addressed family planning and health issues through both clinics and community-based outreach. The project has trained hundreds of residents to distribute contraceptives and to educate communities on reproductive health, including family planning, pre- and postnatal care, nutrition, immunization, a clean environment and safe sex. Trained nurses work as supervisors between the trained residents and the health centres. Some communities have developed this campaign further by forming volunteer village health committees to work for a clean environment that provide clean water, garbage centres, public toilets and storm water drainage. The many problems facing cities today underscore the fact that cities are the locus of the most rapid population growth in human history.