The State, too, needs standardisation so it can compare and rate individuals who are entering the larger society. Examinations serve specifically to allow institutions and the State to deny individuality and put names into groups. The ancient function of a bureaucracy is to render effective over a wide territory the demands of a central political power. Its effective structure is hierarchical, and its fundamental instrument is information travelling 'up' the system so that 'informed' decisions can then travel 'down'. . . . Winter compares this with 'professions'.
Professions are unlike bureaucracies, who get authority for decisions from above.
The two don't mix. A bureaucratic view wants to check its product. The process of development emphasises learning by the teacher. It would not generate information about teachers' work, but insight for those teachers themselves to use in improving their work. However, they also list a number of objections.