It is fairly common and is diagnosed more often in females than males. The causes of BPD are unclear, although psychological and biological factors may be involved. In some cases, neurological or attention-deficit disorders play a role. Biological problems may cause mood instability and lack of impulse control, which in turn may contribute to troubled relationships. Difficulties in psychological development during childhood, perhaps associated with neglect, abuse, or inconsistent parenting, may create identity and personality problems.
Medications can be useful in reducing anxiety, depression, and disruptive impulses.
Relief of such symptoms may help the individual deal with harmful patterns of thinking and interacting that disrupt daily activities. However, medications do not correct ingrained character difficulties. Short-term hospitalization may be necessary during times of extreme stress, impulsive behavior, or substance abuse. While some individuals respond dramatically, more often treatment is difficult and long term. Symptoms of the disorder are not easily changed and often interfere with therapy.