Most cases are primary but it may follow trauma and myocardial infarction. Patients with polymyalgia rheumatica often present with bilateral shoulder pain. Radiographs may reveal calcific deposits in rotator cuff tendinitis. MRI is the best tool for defining rotator cuff tears. Therapy for adhesive capsulitis consists of pain relief and physical therapy to restore range of motion.
Treatment consists of limiting activity and local corticosteroid injection.
A counterforce brace may help in tennis elbow. In the assessment of pain important elements of the exam include localization, variability with rest or use, and any associated neuropathic symptoms. May be associated with trigger finger. Finkelstein's test is usually positive. Associated with alcohol abuse, diabetes and epilepsy.