Germination occurs soon after seeds are shed summer through fall, but germination can also occur year-round. Frost, drought, and burial often induce seed domancy. Seeds can remain viable for at least 6 years under field conditions. Highest seedling emergence is from soil depths of 1-2 cm. Open sites with little competing vegetation favor seedling survival.
Plants are typically biennial, but some regenerate after flowering and become perennial.
Crowns and roots can develop new root and shoot buds, especially in response to disturbance or injury. Root fragments can produce new shoots. Seed dormancy varies among populations. Fluctuating temperatures, light, cold stratification, leaching with water, or scarification stimulate germination. Seed longevity is undocumented.