The nature and extent of agricultural salinity problems. Chemistry of salt-affected soils and waters. Chemistry of trace elements in soils and ground water. Soil responses to saline and sodic conditions.
Plant responses to saline and sodic conditions.
Deficiencies and toxicities of trace elements. Genetic approaches for developing economic salt-tolerant crops. Field sampling and monitoring of soil, water, and plants. Field and laboratory measurements. Irrigation water quality assessments.