These mental constructs are commonly used in evaluation of treatment effectiveness. In a test, subgroups of testers often have very different distributions of proficiencies. It is a study of statistical procedures to examine systematic errors of standard tests. When certain categories of testers such as females and ethnic minorities receive lower than average scores due to systematic errors of a test, this test are considered biased and violates construct validity . Bayesian approach views scientific reasoning in probabilistic terms.
Power is a function of sample size, alpha level, and effect size.
You may see a QuickTime illustration of the relationship among power, effect size, and sample size. The QuickTime illustration requires a sound card and a larger screen. When the page is open, double click on the screen to start the illustration. Such nested models may be used to analyze growth and change within individuals. Standards for Educational and Psychological Measurement .