The archipelago is the peak of a huge mountain formed by volcanic activity about 12 million years ago. It was first marked on a map by 1500 and in 1504 was donated to Fernan de Loronha who gave his name to the islands. It was subsequently invaded by the British, Dutch and French, who were expelled in 1737 since when it has been in Brazilian hands. It was visited by Charles Darwin in 1832. From 1737 to 1942 the main function of the island was as a prison, and from then until 1988 the military were in occupation.
None are actually on the beach.
There is only one paved road, so it is easy to get around. You can either hire a buggy or use the island's buggy taxi service - either of these can be organised locally. The island is ringed by a variety of lovely and deserted beaches, the calmest of which are on the leeward side. Regular boat trips also leave from the port to observe the dolphins and other wildlife. Noronha is a Mecca for divers of all standards.