Declarative knowledge is represented through some form of schema that relates pieces of information to each other. These relationships form the basis of both meaning and memory. Connecting new information to experience. Connecting new information to other information. Using contextual information.
Students are responsible for their own learning.
Students generate their own meaning. Students cannot vicariously acquire the meaning that the instructor ascribes to information. These theoretical approaches may be especially appropriate for material that requires intellectual understanding. It encourages procedural approaches to cognitive objectives. It may be the best approach for objectives involving choice and attitude change.