Molecular biologists Gilbert Ling, using X-ray diffraction and Neutron scattering techniques, has shown that cytoplasmic water is remarkably different from a simple dilute aqueous solution. Srivastava and Bernhard have shattered the idea that biochemical reactions take place in the cell by free diffusion. Now, one of water's most important functions is to maintain and influence protein structure. Rodbell and Gilman won Nobel Prizes for their work with protein folding and G peptide, documenting how these proteins play a key role in cell communication or signal transduction. . In fact, Dr. Julia Goodfellow at the Department of Crystallography in Birbeck College, London, has shown that it is the interaction of structured water with biological macromolecules that causes the protein folding.
Transduction is the process by which one form of energy is converted to another.
We all experience this daily in the operation of our senses. Our eyes transduce or convert light energy into electronic signals, which are sensed and recorded in the back of the brain. Our ears are low-frequency sound transducers. Smell receptors are chemical transducers. Work performed at the University of Monreal has shown that clustered solutions significantly improved the communication between the epidermis and underlying dermal skin layer.