In this environment, Civil Engineers are required to deal with people, and to mix technological science with management skills. As generalists, Civil Engineers are never tied to one industry or to one product. The profession is insulated from many of the economic variations that control demand for narrow technical experts. The Structural Engineer designs all forms of load carrying systems. The Geotechnical Engineer works with soil and rock.
Works involving removal include excavation, tunnelling and open pit mining.
Works involving construction include dams, retaining walls and foundations. The Hydraulic Engineer specialises in natural and man-made water systems. Natural systems include rivers and oceans. Man-made systems include pipe networks, harbours and jetties. The Construction Engineer managed the engineering assembly process.