Use caution and extra protection when working with water known or suspected to contain high concentrations of pathogens. Sample containers, shipping containers, and paperwork must indicate the type and severity of the contamination. This alerts personnel to the appropriate personal protective equipment and procedures needed. Communicate known or suspected contamination to all personnel who could come in contact with the sample.
Most pathogens originate from the body fluids and feces of animals and humans.
Pathogens enter surface-water resources primarily through sewage discharges and spills, storm and agricultural runoff, and direct contact. Pathogens enter ground water through infiltration from septic tank effluent, leachate from fields and ponds, and from faulty well seals and casings. Bacteria, viruses, and other pathogenic organisms can occur in the most pristine environments. Never drink sample water, no matter how pristine the environment appears. Employees receive inoculations for waterborne pathogens such as typhoid, tetanus, hepatitis, polio, and rabies at USGS expense.