There are also numerous contributing factors, including training errors, improper shoes, irregularities in the running surface, poor flexibility, and anatomical malalignment in the runner s legs or feet. In runners, stress fractures often follow a recent increase in mileage. The runner will begin to experience long-lasting pain in the foot that is only partially relieved by rest. There will be tenderness directly over the affected bone, diffuse swelling, and an asymmetrical gait or limp. Stress fractures do not usually involve reduced range of motion or muscle atrophy.
Stress fractures exhibit a variety of symptoms that are common to other injuries as well.
Positive differentiation between stress fractures and other possible causes requires x-rays or other diagnostic methods. Several factors have been found to increase a runner s risk of incurring a stress fracture. Female runners have a higher percentage of stress fractures than males. Caucasians are more at risk than other groups. Abnormal foot structures or deformities increase the likelihood of a stress fracture as does an increase in activity level without proper conditioning.