New England 1. Oak-chestnut in Connecticut and Rhode Island, including red oak, scarlet oak, chestnut, hickory, maple, birch, and beech. Indians clear forest for horticulture, hunti deer and other animals in upland forests, and burn forests for ease of passage and to create browse for deer. B. Exogenous factors disrupting New England forest ecology 1. Timber trade develops in 1640s and '50s with the Canary Islands, Azores, West Indies, Newfoundland, and England.
Merchants extend credit to farmers and lumberers creating debtor class.
Resources are exploited and Indian lands are appropriated. Laws limits the use of fire and grazing. Broad Arrow policy of English crown, enacted piecemeal between 1691 and 1729, preserves white pines greater than 24 inches in diameter at 12 inches above ground for masts. Antithesis exists between wilderness and civilization. Puritan ethic emphasizes hard work, ascetic life, and accumulation of wealth with an eye towards salvation.