Geophysicists apply the principles of physics to studies of the Earth's interior and investigate Earth's magnetic, electric, and gravitational fields. Glacial geologists study the physical properties and movement of glaciers and ice sheets. Hydrogeologists study the occurrence, movement, abundance, distribution, and quality of subsurface waters and related geologic aspects of surface waters. Meteorologists study the Earth's atmosphere, including its movements and other phenomena, especially as they relate to weather forecasting. Mineralogists study mineral formation, composition, and properties.
Oceanographers investigate the physical, chemical, biological, and geologic dynamics of oceans.
Paleoecologists study the function and distribution of ancient organisms and their relationships to their environment. Paleontologists study fossils to understand past life forms and their changes through time and to reconstruct past environments. Petroleum geologists are involved in exploration for and production of oil and natural-gas resources. Petrologists determine the origin and natural history of rocks by analyzing mineral composition and grain relationships. Planetary geologists study planets and their moons in order to understand the evolution of the solar system.