We have the guts to hold on to our stocks through crashes. These companies are usually very large and often very old. All the Dow's 30 stocks would be considered blue-chips. Bonds are essentially loans that companies and governments sell in order to raise money. If you buy a bond, you are lending money to whoever issued it, and you will usually collect some regular interest payments until your money is returned to you.
Stockbrokers are agents who buy or sell stocks for the public.
It's also kind of like a price tag for the whole company. If you wanted to buy the company, that's how much, at least, you'd have to cough up. To figure out a company's capitalization, you multiply the number of shares of the company that exist by the current price of a share. They require that you leave your money invested in the CD for a specific period of time, and they pay an interest rate slightly higher than a savings account. If you withdraw your money early, you pay a penalty.