For example, many of us today carry pagers. In my case, the sound of the beeper has repeatedly been followed by emergency situations involving suicidal clients. As part of my physical response to an emergency, my heart rate increases. The increased heart rate now occurs following the sound of beeps, even if an emergency never occurs. Try to decide which are the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli and responses.
Operant conditioning is somewhat different.
The animal, or human, must do something in order to obtain something pleasant or to avoid something unpleasant. For example, we work to earn money to exchange for many pleasant things. Or we stop our cars when we see a red traffic signal, in order to avoid the unpleasantness of a ticket or an accident. The terms negative reinforcement and punishment confuse many students. Negative reinforcement refers to doing something to avoid an unpleasant condition.