All kinds of information about what goes on in schools count as data, depending on what questions people are asking.
Some data come in the form of actual student work, providing a richer picture than test scores can.
Fragmentation People in schools experience a feeling of fragmentation when new ideas or policies come at them in disconnected, contradictory, or haphazard fashion. They experience coherence, on the other hand, when all their actions connect to a common vision the school community has developed. When teachers and schools are punished or rewarded on the basis of such tests, the stakes rise for doing well on them. Such high-stakes accountability can complicate change when it diverts attention away from other, often more meaningful, measures. Community A school is a system in which every person and action effects everyone else.