The conversion of units between systems is not necessary. Student's ability to use units of measure depends on the ability to think in those units, not in the ability to convert them. Describe the results of earth-changing processes. Students should understand how earth-changing processes are reflected in the land forms of the Earth's surface as presented in common situations or on maps and diagrams. By this level, students can begin to make and test inferences about earth changes observed in person or using photographic methods in real time or time lapse.
Students can begin to make inferences about effects over time.
Apply concepts of the Earth's rotation, tilt and revolution to an understanding of time and season. Explain how seasons change Students should be familiar with the concepts of the tilt of Earth's axis, time of rotation and revolution, and orbital shape. Students should be able to relate these concepts to an understanding of seasons and how these factors influence our definition of time. Sun, Earth, and moon phenomena and arrangements can be simulated using models. Describe interactions of matter and energy throughout the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.