Slips, open rocklands, freshwater wetlands, steepland forest, damp forest areas including coastal, alluvial forests, low epiphytic niches, forest light gaps, roadsides, quarries, exotic plantations, improved pasture and wastelands. Widespread and abundant. Also causes more rapid build-up of sediment, especially on alluvial flats, creates less stability of steepland gullies and streams when compared to Blechnum capense and mamaku. Is a major threat to open streamsides even in unmodified forest. Typical dispersal routes are streams and roadsides as well as forest gap to forest gap.
Plant is spread by wind, water and probably road mowing machines.
Disturbance caused by flooding of streams opens up habitats and distributes seed. Disposal Allow sprayed vegetation to rot. Compost or burn dug out plants. Chemical Control Spray with Escort or Roundup. Spray when not flowering and follow up in 2-6 months.