Most clinical research progresses in an orderly series of steps or phases.
In this country, trials and studies are overseen by the government, under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, and others. A Phase II study usually focuses on a particular type of cancer. Phase III trials compare a promising new drug, combination of drugs, or procedure with a current standard of treatment. Clinical trial protocols are the action plans or guidelines that must be followed during the course of any study. Large cancer centers, university hospitals, local medical centers, or physician offices, all may be included in managing clinical trials.