The horizon is measured as zero degrees and straight up is 90 degrees. Minutes and seconds also apply here, although we only have to count to 90. The width of your finger is approximately 2 degrees, depending. The width of your fist is about 20 degrees of arc. You can go from there.
Objects rise at low altitude and easterly azimuth and get higher and move westward.
It's constantly changing. There are 24 hours, corresponding to the hours in a day. Declination is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds, just like altitude, but it's extended in positive and negative numbers north and south of the celestial equator, respectively. This corresponds to the Vernal Equinox. You have to include the time date and location, or others won't know what you were seeing.