The references are intended as a representative sample of the work in each eld. The square brackets found in some of the references indicate that the article is written in a language other than English. Actual citations from scienti c or other texts are given in double quotes. Single quotes are used when alluding to unusual expressions or for the sake of emphasis. This book summarizes many studies derived not just from human clinical trials but from test tube and animal experiments.
Most scientists believe that animal or test tube studies can predict anticancer activity.
This is precisely why animals have been widely used in cancer research for over fty years. In fact, the entire development of modern pharmaceuticals is inconceivable without them. Such studies are part of a very long process of testing that may end in human clinical trials. Of course, research on people is even more valuable and we report on many such trials in this book. But clinical trials are expensive and dif cult to arrange and are often inconclusive.