They publish the results in linked articles but not as co-authors. Suppose 100 chemists, each working in his own country, are developing a new branch of chemistry and create a new journal to publish their results. Most of the funding for each chemist comes from within his or her own country. Government science budgets are political documents. The way in which international activities are described in such budgets has political implications.
Multilateral financing is also problematic.
Institute of Scientific Information data show that 43 and 44 percent of papers from these countries respectively have international co-authorship. The World Bank has capital in the form of paid in capital from its member states and drawing rights on those states, and borrows additional funds on world capital markets. Thus the funds it loans come primarily from OECD countries. In these two loans, funds obtained primarily from the U.S., Europe and Japan finance substantial international scientific cooperation. Such funds would appear in the budgets of the borrower countries, but would probably not appear in the science resource statistics of the nations providing the capital and loans to the Bank.