On the other hand, Hitler and Stalin provoked a different view on the connection between the Enlightenment and modernity. Reinhart Koselleck in his doctoral thesis Kritik und Krise in 1954 argued that the Enlightenment provoked critique which, in turn, provoked crisis and adjustment. The ideas of freedom and equality, merged in the motto of the French Revolution, later on split up and expressed in the two ideologies of liberalism and socialism, had in the 1950s been transformed and were underpinning the Cold War and the terror balance. His view is rather pessimistic. Works by Peukert and, quite recently, Arpad Szakolczai, emphasise similarities between Weber and Nietzsche.
Modernity is a permanent process of mystification and demystification.
Of course, the Holocaust is central in this undertaking. Zygmunt Bauman sees the Holocaust as a consequence of modernity. In a recent contribution to the debate Daniel Goldhagen sees Holocaust as a consequence of the German Volk . He is rather extreme in developing his thesis, and he has also met with many objections. However, the thrust of the German Historikerstreit some ten years ago was that the Holocaust was unique and could not be compared with anything else.