The abstract is either omitted, or lends little information about the study. The abstract contains general information on the research, but misses important literature, variables, or purpose of the study. The abstract is between 100 and 150 words. It describes the problem, subjects, instruments, design, and procedures. Statement of the problem Neither implicit nor explicit reference is made to the topic that is to be examined.
Readers are aware of the overall problem, challenge, or topic that is to be examined.
A brief background of the problem, and its significance, is addressed. The hypothesis or research question is either omitted or of limited value. There is no apparent relationship between the review of literature and the hypothesis or question. The hypothesis or research question is clear, and relates to the review of literature. The hypothesis or research question is clear and concise.