This sort of measurement is applicable to only nearby stars, no more than a few hundred light-years away. At 300 light-years, the angular shift is equivalent to a U.S. quarter seen at a distance of 300 miles, or 500 kilometers. During a solar eclipse , the Earth passes through the Moon's shadow. The point of minimum orbital distance from the Earth and maximum orbital velocity around the Earth. The point of minimum orbital distance from the Sun and maximum orbital velocity around the Sun.
Photons behave like waves or particles, depending on the experiment and observer.
An outer layer of a star where most photons escape. The temperature of the photosphere is called the effective temperature of the star. Astronomers analyze the composition of the photosphere with a spectrograph and telescope in order to model the interior of the star. A hot, ionized gas. Energetic photons strip electrons from atoms, which results in a hot soup of free electrons and ionized atoms.