In eukaryotic cells, a sequence of DNA that is contained in the gene but does not encode for protein. Performed in a test tube or other laboratory apparatus. In the living organism. An enzyme used to join DNA or RNA segments together. They are called DNA ligase or RNA ligase, respectively.
Markers can be entire alleles, repetitive stretches of DNA, or single nucleotide polymorphisms.
A permanent structural alteration in DNA that can be transmitted from one generation to the next. Changes in DNA either have no effect or cause harm. Occassionally a mutation can improve an organism's chance of surviving and passing the beneficial change on to its descendants. The part of a gene that does not specify the structure of a protein. Non-coding regions of DNA often contain elements that regulate when a protein will be made, and how much of that protein will be produced.