You can insert a fitting by clicking on it and dragging it into position on the pipe system. You remove a fitting by dragging it and putting it into the trash box at the bottom of the fittings list. The applet will adjust the lengths of the pipes between the fittings automatically. Pumps and Turbines A pump or a turbine characterized by its head alone. In a more complete analysis of this system, the pump or turbine head would vary according to the discharge through the system but it is here held fixed to simplify the calculations.
Pumps supply head to the system, turbines remove it.
Joints and Valves A joint is characterized by a loss coefficient which is the factor K multiplying the velocity head at that location to give the minor loss associated with the joint between two pipes, or at the entrance or exit to the pipe system. A valve is likewise characterised by a loss coefficient applied to the velocity head. This coefficient can be changed by the user to values of perhaps 1 or 10 or 100 or 1000 representing differing degrees of loss of head as the flow passes through the valve. Get rid of the pump and the two junctions located on the pipe between the reservoirs by dragging them to the trash box. The only head loss is now the friction loss in the 60m of 20 pipe between the reservoirs.