There are a number of good texts on instrumentation and microcomputer interfacing in the University of Arizona Science Library. Listed below are a few of the more recent texts which are representative. No single text covers the area completely. Each has its strengths. In order to grasp the power of computer instrumentation you will need to read widely.
Popular magazines are also a good source of circuit ideas.
The course is not self-contained. Textual material cannot provide the experience gained from actually constructing measurement circuits capable of transferring data into a computer. The laboratories are designed to get you started in applying the basic principles of interfacing. But a wealth of knowledge from your reading will take on new meaning once a little experience is gained. It is always better to buy a good system than to build your own.