A short discussion of Charles Fries and contrastive analysis concluded the class. Language as well as cultural comparisons were done. The result was sentence level grammar. Mastering a language means achieving both. However, useful to think about them separately pedagogically, especially when identifying learning objectives.
People listen more carefully when they have to pass the message on to others.
Variety of people, accents, age, degree of formality, socio-economic status. Provides a way of measuring success. The longer the responses, the more difficult listening activities become. Speaking is intuitively the most importatn. Required language is controlled by students.