Sampling and data collection procedures. As noted in the previous paragraph, sampling procedures can be compromised by poor definition of variables associated with the populations being sampled. Concerns regarding data collection procedures include problems in accessing and obtaining data from a representative sample. Using a mail survey approach, they were unable to obtain an adequate return rate. Researchers' failure to understand and accommodate cultural proprieties can result in the provision of misleading or inaccurate data.
Problems also arise in assuring mutual understanding of terms used in survey questions.
When the children of the client are used as translators, the client may be reluctant to fully discuss certain topics or the translator may have a tendency to speak for the client. Use of family members as interpreters alters the family structure. As noted earlier, the use of interpreters also can result in the loss or misinterpretation of responses. The most effective data collection strategy is for those who conduct interviews, observations, or surveys to speak the respondents' language and to be well oriented to the cultural context in which the research activity is being conducted. The same considerations should apply in settings requiring interpretation for persons who are deaf or hearing impaired.