Mild winging of the scapula. CT and MRI are not helpful. Physical therapy improves the majority. Posterior capsulorrhaphy for recurrent subluxation. Capsular avulsion is an unusual presentation.
Pathology involves patulous capsule.
Sulcus sign with inferior traction. Physical therapy improves the majority. Capsulorrhaphy to tighten direction of greatest laxity sometimes requires anterior and posterior approaches. Surgical failure rate is higher than pure anterior or posterior instability. For neurologic causes, if no clinical or EMG evidence of improvement by 12 months, consider muscle transfers.