There are many indications for intubation. Patients who present with a decreased gag reflex, or the inability to cough, may not be able to protect their airway. These patients have an increased risk for aspiration of stomach contents. Other patients may have partial airway obstruction that must be bypassed either temporarily or permanently. Respiratory distress occurs when the lungs are unable to effectively and adequately exchange oxygen and CO 2 .
Respiratory distress can lead to failure, which can be fatal.
Clinical indicators for respiratory distress vary according to the underlying disease process and severity of the failure. Other indications for placement of an artificial airway include complete obstruction of the airway, apnea or respiratory distress due to disease or injury. Table 11 offers a synopsis of criteria to be assessed. The health professional must be able to recognize and react to airway emergencies in a timely manner to decrease the risk of mortality for the patient. A collaborative approach involving a variety of healthcare professionals is necessary to ensure the patient receives care related to all body systems.