They may be changed significantly along the way. They may even be rejected. The goal of reform is for policies to materialize at the level of the system targeted for change. The two dimensions mark off distinct, commonly recognized periods in the life span of reform. Press coverage of controversial state reforms typi- cally marks off and illuminates these phases.
Policy is made.
Policy is im- plemented. Policymaking is dominated by politics, policy implementation by management. Articles on policymaking tell us how a reform is born, the debates that rage, and why the state chooses one approach over another. It omits change initi- ated at the grassroots, reforms that teachers, parents, and administrators develop on their own and agree to implement. The omission is significant.