Mean annual temperature ranges from 46 to 50 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 30 to 45 inches, and mean annual frost-free days ranges from 120 to 180 days. Elevation ranges from 600 to 1600 feet above sea level. These are most commonly the Bath , Langford , and Mardin soils that have fragipans and formed in nearby upland ground moraines. Chenango and Howard soils are on adjacent gravelly outwash terraces, and Arkport and Dunkirk soils are in nearby lake sediment deposits. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to very high.
Permeability is moderate to rapid.
The rooting zone is rarely saturated during the growing season. Most nearly level to rolling areas are cleared and used for growing hay, pasture, corn or small grains. Woodlots include sugar maple, American beech, red oak, and similar hardwoods. Glaciated Allegheny Plateau of New York and Pennsylvania, and locally in the Hudson Valley and Mohawk Valley of New York. The series is moderately extensive.