Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids are swollen and irritated blood vessels, similar to varicose veins, that appear in and around the anus and rectum. Factors such as straining during bowel movements increase the pressure in the rectum and can cause the veins to dilate or swell. Other contributing factors include pregnancy, heredity, aging, and chronic constipation or diarrhea. Hemorrhoids are common, occurring in half the population over the age of 50. Hemorrhoids are also common among pregnant women, where the pressure of the fetus, hormonal changes, and childbirth causes the vessels of the anus and rectum to enlarge.
Most hemorrhoids disappear spontaneously without ever producing symptoms.
Diagnosis Aside from pain and irritation, the presence of blood during bowel movements are the symptoms that usually necessitate medical intervention. A physical exam including a digital rectal exam will be done to determine the location and extent of hemorrhoid involvement. If bleeding is present, a lighted scope will be used to directly examine the rectal tissue and sometimes the colon, and to rule out other possible causes of bleeding. In most cases, treatment is aimed at relieving specific symptoms. Pain and irritation can often be eased with minimal treatment.