Lewis 1979 . Mugera 1970 . Kingsbury 1965 . Medline toxicity records Medline . Latest FDA adverse events reports FDA .
Molluscicidal activity appears to depend on releasing an enzyme from the broken seeds.
Highest potency is with cold water extraction of finely ground dried berries Parkhurst 1989 . The most toxic berries of 74 specimens of P. dodecandra against Bulinus globosus were those collected from plants growing in drier and hotter places Ndamba 1988 . Anokbonggo 1975 . Yamagami 1998 . Phytolacain G, a cysteine protease from green fruit compared with phytolacain R from ripe fruit Uchikoba 1998 .