Penguins form strong bonds with their mates and often breed with the same partners for life.
Pairs establish and maintain their bond with frequent calls and displays.
For most penguins, the nest is the center of family life. Some penguins, including the blackfooted, prefer to nest in burrows or rock crevices. Most penguins lay two eggs. When food is plentiful, parents raise both chicks. In lean years, only one chick is likely to survive.