Researchers also face a number of dilemmas when considering the use of human biologic specimens and new biomarkers. The meaning of the results of biomarker studies may be unclear because the purpose of the study is usually for research rather than clinical purposes. There generally are no established normal ranges for biomarkers and the interpretation of findings are often difficult. Researchers may not communicate these results to subjects or consider followup action because the task may be too difficult or undefined, or the reaction of the subject cannot be anticipated. A wide range of practices in this regard exists among researchers.
Many questions remain unanswered about the use of biologic specimens.
These include questions of ownership and access to specimens. Related to this is the question of whether specimens collected for one research purpose can be used for an entirely different research purpose. This is still an open question. Researchers and regulators may not be aware of the potential for biomarker information to affect the lives of subjects and their families without sufficient protection of personally identifiable data and regulation of its use. It is incumbent on researchers to consider these human subject questions whenever they are using human specimens or biomarkers.