Because of this, there is less socialization of boys into clear roles and behaviors. On the other hand, girls are socialized to take responsibility for themselves and others. This is part of their preparation to take on traditional roles, but also appears to give them greater facility in adapting to the modern world. It is not necessarily seen as crucial for boys or girls. Poverty reinforces gender differences.
Poverty alleviation ameliorates gender pressures.
Girls' participation in formal education is linked to the mother's level of literacy. Urbanization may be positive in terms of raising awareness of gender inequity. In conclusion, the researchers observed that when the balance of power shifts within a culture, people become uneasy. This often has implications for gender roles. It is not clear how this discomfort will play out in terms of people's attitudes toward boys and girls.