He felt that the League was merely a tool of the dominant nations. In 1928 Einstein began recommending that individuals refuse military service and any participation in war activities. During this period Einstein's pacifism was absolute, and he believed that any killing of a human being, even during war, is murder. He saw how science and technology were changing warfare, and he believed that international conventions to limit the applications of science did not solve the real problem, which was how to end war by establishing international justice. In pleading for disarmament, Einstein felt that its risks and sacrifices were less than the risks and sacrifices of war.
People ought to refuse to kill other innocent people.
The production of armaments, for Einstein, was damaging not only economically but also spiritually. In 1930 he signed a manifesto for world disarmament sponsored by the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. The same year Einstein warned the Zionist movement that he would not continue to support them unless they made peace with the Arabs. He struggled against compulsory military service and urged international protection of conscientious objectors. As part of his work for intellectual cooperation Einstein wrote an open letter to Sigmund Freud in 1932 asking him to discuss the causes and cures of war.