Common abnormalities, which include loss of flexion, loss of lateral bending and loss of rotation, may indicate previous neck injury. Patient stands in front of examiner with arms at side. Examiner tries to hold shoulder down while patient tries to shrug. Common abnormalities include atrophy or weakness of muscles indicating shoulder, neck or trapezius nerve abnormalities. Common abnormalities include loss of strength and wasting of the deltoid muscle.
Patient holds arms out from sides, palms up, and completely straightens and bends elbows.
Common abnormalities, which include loss of extension and loss of flexion, may indicate old elbow injury, dislocation, fractures, etc. Patient holds arms down at sides with elbows bent at 90 degrees, then twists palms up and down. Common abnormalities, which include lack of full supination and full pronation, may indicate an old injury of the forearm, wrist or elbow. Patient makes a fist, opens the hand and spreads the fingers. Common abnormalities, which include a knuckle protruding from the fist and a swollen or crooked finger, may indicate old finger fractures or sprains.