Perhaps the most influential British approach, dominated by the work of the CCCS, is more properly referred to as cultural studies, since the tendency is to see the mass media, as well as audiences as part of broader social and cultural practices. Unlike the Frankfurt School , whose ' critical theorists ' tended to celebrate the emancipatory potential of high modernist art and dismiss the products of the culture industries as debased and inauthentic, the British students of culture paid a great deal of attention to the products of 'popular culture', though it should be said that they too were, certainly in the early years, also suspicious of the mass produced products of popular culture, though they were prepared to engage with them, rather than simply dismiss them. Since the British owed much to the French research in semiotics, psychoanalytic theory and social theory, it became common to speak of the Birmingham - Paris axis in cultural studies. Generally, cultural studies focuses on the actual message or discourse of communication and its implied reader positions, audience readings of media texts frequently being assumed to correspond mainly to what Stuart Hall calls the preferred reading and, especially since its entry into the academy in the USA, it has moved ever further from the political economy approach of Murdock and Golding, to the point where one could almost imagine that 'culture' takes place in a sociological and economic vacuum. But they also come with prices attached, which organize access and use in important ways.
Markets are always systems of economic transaction as well as of symbolic exchange.
The trick is to find ways of exploring their interplay. Moreover, he examines the interconnexions between these and the structures of individuals' everyday lives. To an extent, this no doubt reflects his own working class background, which is indeed very much to the fore in his book. The Uses of Literacy made Hoggart a highly influential commentator on British cultture and the media. Hoggart's focus on working class culture and the interconnectedness of its experience had a significant influence on the further development of cultural studies.