After all, level 1-2 in the classification of Morton and Griffiths does stand for mild to moderate discomfort. Moreover, we emphasize that the above conclusions are valid only for fish of the cyprinid family that are caught by skilled anglers avoiding unduly prolonged playing. However, less skilful handling or ignorance may result in distress, and consequently in suffering. The bait fish may eventually succumb to stress or injury, if it is not taken alive by a predatory fish. The practice of holding fish captive in keepnets for several hours and not releasing them until fishing has ended is open to criticism for similar reasons.
Respiratory problems occur fairly frequently.
Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. Behavioural responses to stress in farm animals. Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimental animals and an hypothesis for assessment. Classification system for degree of animal harm. Sensory information and the organisation of behaviour in a shoaling cyprinid.