It is a major cause of dental caries . Plaque and calculus cause mechanical irritation and inflammation of the gingiva. Bacteria, and the toxins produced by the bacteria, cause the gums to become infected, swollen, and tender. Injury to the gums from any cause, including overly vigorous brushing or flossing of the teeth, can also cause gingivitis. Medications such as phenytoin and birth control pills , and ingestion of heavy metals such as lead and bismuth are also associated with gingivitis.
Many people experience gingivitis to a varying degree.
It usually develops during puberty or early adulthood and may persist or recur frequently. Good oral hygiene is the best prevention against gingivitis because it removes the plaque that causes the disorder. The teeth should be brushed at least twice daily and flossed gently at least once per day. For people who are prone to gingivitis, brushing and flossing may be recommended after every meal and at bedtime. Consult the dentist or dental hygienist for instructions on proper brushing and flossing techniques.