Each purine base can form weak hydrogen bonds with a pyrimidine base. This leads to an unusual situation. One of the two strands can be copied continuously. But the other strand needs to be copied discontinuously. The second strand is copied as pieces, which are then fastened together.
Okazaki fragments are the fragments of DNA which are made discontinuously.
Much of the data was obtained by Rosalind Franklin, who did not share in that prize. But, Pauling already had the Nobel Prize for Chemistry and would soon receive a Nobel Price for Peace. Pauling later got into unsuccessful attempts to show that Vitamin C, taken in large doses, prevents cancer. RNA has four bases similar to those in DNA except that an additional oxygen is present on each of them. The process of Translation reads the three base codes on mRNA and uses this information to add the proper sequence of amino acids to a growing protein chain.