By no means am I encouraging you to give up and move on. It sounds like you may have the support of your colleagues and a strong work record to back you up. I do have some concern about the document that you signed, placing you on probation and listing the things the supervisor wanted you to correct. I'm sure that this document is in your personnel file and you need to prepare yourself for the possibility that it could be used against you if you decide to pursue this matter. If your manager was as treacherous as you say she is, I hope that you took the time to keep a journal, recording dates, times, conversations, improper behavior, etc.
Most companies have procedures to file a formal grievance against a supervisor or co-worker.
I don't know how far you'll get by trying to tackle this on your own, especially since you've already tried and you've gotten the runaround from the HR office and others. My advice to you would be to seek the assistance of an attorney. Take as much information as possible with you so that you can paint a very clear picture of what you have endured the last several months. If you fear for your safety, that's a police matter and I suggest you contact the proper authority right away. Keep your head up, Bethany.