4 Models are also simulation devices. Models can serve as experimental media. Models are tools and procedures. Models are simplifications. These are often referred to as simple models.
Models can also serve as norms and systems of reference.
10 Models are analogies. The function of the model is to simulate and predict. Chorley makes the black box idea clearer by explaining that computer models have only internal logic. These models can work and serve the purposes of prediction without an explanation of the internal processes, without an explanation for the processes, and providing that for a given input it produces the given output. Therefore, when the propositions are correct, then the mathematical processes will have accurate results.