We hope, though, that since in no sense was any less care than usual taken with this work the findings will be seen as useful and contributing to the body of knowledge in the area of experimental phonetics. Conductivity was improved using electrode jelly. On all occasions an audio recording was synchronised with the EMG recording. Intuitively we would expect that the gesture round closed involves less effort for the closure, but that closed round involves more effort for the rounding. Informal experiments with frameless tokens produced similar results to the ones reported here but it was judged that the dangers of frameless tokens were too great for a formal experiment.
Rounded vowels exhibit more lip contraction when following a voiced bilabial stop.
Elsewhere lip contraction is as in a neutral frame. Rules 6a and 6b are of course general rules. Using the numerical data from the experiments we are in a position to give tentative values to the integers p and q. Rules 7a and 7b are more specific to the data given by the experiment. A measure which has not hitherto been taken on EMG tracings of speech muscles is that of angles of onset and offset.