Lack of reproducibility is still the major reason CANR is not generally accepted and has not advanced into commercial use. The ability to reproduce any phenomenon depends on knowing the major variables and conditions required for the events to operate.
Reproducibility is a materials problem.
Some techniques and environments create these conditions more easily than others. It is also clear that this critical composition first occurs in the near-surface region of the Pd cathode. The composition that can be reached in this region depends on a number of factors including surface barriers and surface penetrating cracks. I would like to discuss several methods used to investigate the characteristics of the surface region and the understanding obtained therefrom. The average bulk composition can be measured in several ways.