Occultist Bernard Jensen is considered the leading US authority. Supposedly, the iris's connection with the central nervous system permits detailed information to be sent from the rest of the body back to the iris. Further, each iris reveals what is happening on its own side of the body an anatomical impossibility, given iridology theory. Iridology has been discredited in numerous scientific studies and is, therefore, a form of quackery. Nevertheless, iridology can also be used as or in conjunction with psychic diagnosis and healing.
Reflexology is a novel form of acupressure employing foot or hand massage.
Nevertheless, foot or hand massage offers none of the pretentious medical claims made by reflexologists. Crystals supposedly contain the ability to focus and direct psychic energies for healing and other occult pursuits. Crystal work is a form of animism in which inanimate objects are held to possess spiritual powers that may be contacted, utilized or directed. But in animism any supernatural power contacted originates from the spirit world. Thus, crystals per se have no magical powers and only become an implement behind which spirits may work.