Some pedons contain redoximorphic features, also some contain thin lamellae of sandy loam, loam, or finer textured material. It is loamy sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or fine sand, or the gravelly analogs of these textures. Average sand content ranges from 70 and 95 percent and average gravel content ranges from 0 to about 35 percent by volume. Coarse and very coarse sand average less than 10 percent. Also some pedons contain a few cobblestones.
Reaction ranges from strongly acid to mildly alkaline.
These are the Backbone , Kingsley , Oronoco , Pardeeville , and Ulster series. Backbone soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 40 inches. Kingsley and Oronoco soils average less than 70 percent sand and more than 10 percent silt plus clay in the lower one-quarter of the control section. In Ulster soils fine and very sand sand average more than 50 percent of the sand fraction in the particle size control section. Pardeeville soils average 10 percent of more coarse and very coarse sand in the lower one-fourth of the control section.