The amount of research on Arabidopsis has grown beyond comprehension. There is hardly any international molecular biology journal in which the majority of important articles are not based on some aspects of molecular biology contributing to unparalleled acceleration of research. Physiologists is exclusively devoted to Arabidopsis with 36 articles on a large variety of topics. In conjunction with other hereditary factors such as RNAs and environmental stimuli, they control all traits in a living organism. Except in bacteria, blue green algae and viruses genes are located inside chromosomes and the latter are enclosed within the nucleus.
Proteins consist of amino acids.
Proteins are of different kinds numbering tens of thousands and yet the same twenty different amino acids form protein bodies, in spite of their specificity differences. What makes different proteins unique from each other is the way in which different amino acids are arranged in the protein body. By means of codons, a specific gene leaves instructions for the formation of these amino acids in a specific order which makes this protein unique among myriad of them that function inside the cell. Many of these proteins are enzymes themselves or at least a part of it and condition the expression of a trait. These building blocks, also called nitrogenous bases, are arranged on a sugar-phosphate backbone .