Levels of Measurement Robinson's Classification was based on dimension and level of measurement. Nominal data assume only existance and type. An example is a text label on a map. Ordinal data assume only ranking. Interval data have an arbitrary numerical value, with relative value.
Ratio data have an absolute zero and scale.
Transformations as Stages in Map Production Transformation of level can be shown in making a choropleth map. This transformation is not invertible, but can be error measured and minimized. Idea was extended by David Unwin. State Changes and Transformations Cartographers are interested in the full set of state transformation. Design cartography primariliy concentrates on the last, or symbolization transformation.