However, there are inherent difficulties in providing individual care for each calf, and there is increased risk of disease transmission, particularly during the first 4 weeks of life. Calves in group pens require a higher degree of husbandry to ensure their health and well-being. On-going research is being conducted to improve group housing. Producers are encouraged to monitor developments in this form of housing. Producers should be fully aware of the feed products, recommended feeding and mixing procedures, and the feeding programs selected for their calves.
Potable water is defined as ice free, uncontaminated water, fit for animal consumption.
If not fed ad libitum calves should be fed two or more times per day following a regular routine. The calf's health will be affected by its post-natal nutrition and management, the period of transportation, including the time at the sale yard, its management and nutrition on arrival. Calves should be selected carefully, and unhealthy or unfit calves should be rejected. Research has shown that calves are generally healthier when bought directly from a dairy operation than from auctions or sale yards. Housing facilities to accommodate calves should be prepared before calves arrive on the producer's premises.