Generally weaker adjuvants than emulsion adjuvants. Best used with strongly immunogenic antigens. Generally mild inflammatory reactions. Slow degradation of nitrocellulose paper allows prolonged release of antigen. Good for use if only a all amount of antigen can be recovered from gel band.
Preparation is complex.
Stable structures are formed which rapidly migrate to draining lymph nodes. Both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are achieved. QS-21 is another. An aqueous phase adjuvant. Uses immunostimulators in combination with zinc proline.