These options are also prohibitively expensive. The current condition of ground and surface waters and water supplies so as to be able to assess change. The mechanical and hydrologic condition of individual wells and PWS that could pose risks that could be attributed to land application effects. Aside from nitrates oxidized from bird urea, antibiotic-resistant Salmonella and streptococci are concerns. Unknowns are bird-adapted gastrointestinal viruses released in large quantities.
Poultry are reservoirs of influenza viruses that transform to human influenza types.
Done so that results are demonstrably valid. Employing BMPs that reduce the widespread and poorly contained application of manure dust. These might include processing of raw manure into a better engineered product such as suggested by the Farm Bureau Federation. It should be important to note that divisions of the federal EPA are currently developing ways to address the very issues addressed in this letter. Hydro geologic concerns from the land application of wastewater to soil.