In nonneutropenic patients, infections are usually secondary to Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae . Search for other disorders. Head CT scan is indicated if the patient presents with altered level of consciousness, seizures, or focal neurologic deficits. Contrast dye is contraindicated in multiple myeloma due to the increased risk of renal failure. High output failure can be caused by hyperviscosity or anemia.
Plasmapheresis is the treatment of choice for hyperviscosity syndrome.
As plasmapheresis removes the circulating paraproteins, the serum viscosity decreases, and symptoms improve. Alhough symptoms of CHF from hyperviscosity may not respond to standard therapies, plasmapheresis reverses these symptoms. While arranging for plasmapheresis, hemorrhage, CHF, and metabolic imbalances should be treated with standard therapies. A hematologist should be consulted to arrange plasmapheresis. Supportive care should be initiated for the complications of hyperviscosity syndrome pending definitive therapy.