Dentists may also help in improving their patients' appearance by using a variety of cosmetic dental procedures. Most dentists practice general dentistry, but some choose to limit their practice to one of eight recognized dental specialties. Specialists must be board certified, or board eligible, to practice in the specialty. Endodontists diagnose and treat diseases and injuries of the dental pulp and other dental tissues that affect the vitality of teeth. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons provide a broad range of diagnostic and treatment services for diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and associated structures.
Oral pathologists study and research the causes, processes and effects of diseases of the mouth.
They also provide diagnostic and consultative services. Orthodontists treat problems related to crooked teeth, missing teeth and other abnormalities to establish normal function and appearance. Pediatric dentists specialize in treating children from birth through adolescence. They may also treat special handicapped patients beyond the age of adolescence. Periodontists diagnose and treat diseases of the gums and bone supporting the teeth.