The different types of trays used in towers are explained and examples are shown. This aspect of operation makes instrumentation even more important than it was in the past. Examples of pneumatic and electronic operation are shown, as are control valve operations, variable measurements, remote instrumentation, computer control and process control. Piping, corrosion problems and cooling towers are explained. The treatment of water for cooling purposes are also covered.
Safety is the most important entity in plant and refinery operations.
Typical safety procedures and practices are covered. Safety equipment such as respirators and self contained breathing apparatus are demonstrated. Instruments for detecting hazardous atmospheres are also covered. These shutdowns occur as a result of planned maintenance activities, equipment replacement or breakdown, construction revisions or emergency. Safe and methodical means of startups and shutdowns applying to all units are covered.