Under such conditions, learning occurs rapidly. When reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses, very high rates or responses are produced. When some average number of responses of responses, very high rates of responses are produced. When reinforcement occurs after fixed amounts of time, organisms develop a sharp sense of time. When the time preceding reinforcement is variable, the rate of response is low but steady.
Punishment weakens a behavior by removing something unpleasant following a response.
Today may psychologist argue that what an organism learns is information conveyed by one stimulus about the other. Cognitive Map . A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Latent Learning Learning may occur in the absence of direct reinforcement and may not be expressed as behavior until a later time. Latent learning suggests the presence of mental variables in learning, such as cognitive maps.