10- 12 years in captivity, but generally less than 3 years in much of agricultural Europe. Variation in home range size is proportional to food density and distribution, and probably affected by local mortality pressure. Pups are cared for by both parents, and remain in or near the den for the first three months of their lives. The breeding pair is often associated with non-breeding family members. Distributed throughout the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to north Africa, Central America, and the Asiatic steppes excluding Iceland, the Arctic islands, some parts of Siberia, and extreme desert.
Natural habitat is dry, mixed landscape, with abundant 'edge' of scrub and woodland.
Flourishes especially in affluent suburbs and, in many habitats, appears to be closely associated with humans. Studies of impact on game birds by S. Tapper et al. Otherwise, no conservation measures are in place. However, there are indirect benefits to the fox through the replacement of traditional killing schemes by oral vaccine in rabies control. The Catlike Canine .