This can only be a basic guide to reptile medicine and surgery due to the time allowed. For more information you are referred to the reference list. Thus a knowledge of basic environmental requirements of the reptile patient is vital in the prevention and cure of many diseases. Most reptiles are great escape artists, locks and secure lids are recommended. Items that can be ingested e.g. small stones, gravel, corn cob bedding, should be avoided.
Newspaper is perhaps the best substrate as it is digestible, cheap and disposable.
Other options include washable carpet squares, Astroturf. Cage furniture should be kept to a minimum. A body of water is required for aquatic and semi-aquatic species. Adequate filtration and heating should be provided. This makes them prone to skin and shell diseases.