The first and obvious protection that can be provided is for the cargoes themselves. Where ownership of and responsibility for the cargo are assumed is crucial in determining what coverage is needed. FOB, CIF etc. In 1990 the international shipping agency agreed on an expanded set of terms, which allow transfer of ownership and responsibility at various points along the transit route, including at customs borders. We have set the various terms out in graphical format in Incoterms .
Risks are unavoidable in the shipment of goods.
Goods are loaded and transhipped. Travel on the ocean provides its own set of perils. Goods are generally handled many times during shipment, and marine insurance is designed to provide coverage throughout this process. They are held in a port prior to loading onto a ship. They may be unloaded at an intermediate port, and held for transhipment on a second vessel.