Then you offer them something for an A grade, and something of lesser value for a B grade. B.F. Skinner advocated against using punishment. Reinforcement is a much better psychological tool, and simpler to utilize. When you weigh the side effects which are possible with punishment, versus the possible success of reinforcement, the choice is clear. In certain cases, punishment is necessary, but only after reinforcement oriented behavior modification has repetitively failed.
Reinforcement learning is much more effective for behavior modification than punishment.
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