A machine of that kind becomes an objective model of reality, independent from the human brain which created it. This makes it possible to construct hierarchies of formal languages, in which each level deals with a well-defined, objective reality of the previous levels. Exact sciences operate using such hierarchies, and mathematics makes them its object of study. Descriptive sciences Theoretical sciences, mathematics Art is characterized by unformalized and concrete language. Words and language elements of other types are important only as symbols which evoke definite complexes of mental images and emotions.
Philosophy is characterized by abstract informal thinking.
The combination of high-level abstract constructs used in philosophy with a low degree of formalization requires great effort by the intuition and makes philosophical language the most difficult type of the four. Philosophy borders with art when it uses artistic images to stimulate the intuition. It borders with theoretical science when it develops conceptual frameworks to be used in construction of formal scientific theories. Home Metasystem Transition Theory Epistemology Up Prev.