This research can be done confidentially if local programs fear they will be pitted against one another in the evaluation. Comparative research is usually done under non-experimental conditions. However, when designed carefully, such studies can uncover the range of conditions that lead to different program outcomes. Successful programs are usually identified through reputational measures though more systematic indicators can be used to identify such efforts. Backward-mapping studies can also be done on program failures, to examining why a program did not work, take hold, or get implemented.
Many local evaluations have professional development for teachers as an important outcome.
These programs theorize that well trained and enthusiastic teachers can make significant differences in student lives and outreach program success. Similarly, some program managers argue that school reform is an important outcome of outreach efforts. Time-series studies that track school change and its effect on students may be appropriate for these types of programs. Many outreach programs involve collaboration among K-12 schools and institutions of higher education. An often unstated assumption of these programs is that better collaboration will lead to better student outcomes.