See if you can see where the water comes from by looking at the general structure of amino acids in figure 2.5 on page 27 and the polypeptide chain with the labelled peptide bonds in the same figure. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. The basic structure of nucleotides is shown in figure 2.9 on page 31. Note that the nucleotide is a rather complex monomer consisting of a nitrogen containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. See if you can see the phosphodiester linkage in figure 2.9 on page 32.
Monosaccharides are the smallest type of carbohydrate formed by hydrolysis reactions.
The hydrolysis reaction splits a molecule into its component parts by inserting a water molecule into a bond. Monosaccharides can be broken into smaller parts but not by hydrolysis reaction. Characterization of monosaccharides is done by the type of functional group on the molecule and chain length. Some important monosaccharides are the following. Disaccharides are formed by the condensation reaction between just two monosaccharides.