Nomadic pastoralists living in stratified societies. Steppes north of the Black Sea from the Don River to the Urals. Conquerers of the Cimmerians and much of western Asia, conquered by the Sarmatians. Sedentary horticulturalists and fishers living in complex chiefdoms. Ancestral to historic Hawaiian culture.
Political centralization appears to increase through time.
Sedentary horticulturalists and pig herders living in small egalitarian tribes. Ancestral to historic peoples of highland New Guinea. Ganges River valley and tributaries. Settled village agriculturalists living in small-scale societies with minimal social differentiation. Mediterranean coast of Northern Africa.