They have also found that the particle energy at the fast surface is just equal to the value . The particle acceleration and magnetic field collimation are shown to become ineffective outside the fast magnetosonic surface. Fan and Strauss, in collaboration with a large number of astronomers in Princeton and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey consortium, have carried out a spectroscopic survey of high-redshift quasar candidates based on early SDSS imaging data, and guided by Fan's models mentioned above. As of this writing, they have discovered over 30 quasars with redshifts greater than 3.6, including two with redshift greater than 5. There is strong evidence that some kind of massive dark object is present in the centers of many nearby galaxies.
More luminous galaxies are less dense and have much longer relaxation times and more massive BHs.
Such flares could be detected in current supernova searches.