Avogadro's number is the number of molecules in one mole of any material which has a mass equal to its molecular weight. These relations result from a simple but fundamentally important observation first recognized by Avogadro that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. In this experiment we shall determine Boltzmann's constant from the voltage-current characteristics of a transistor. The emitter emits electrons, the base controls this electron current, and the collector collects the current. A diagram of the circuit used in this experiment is shown below.
Procedure Measure the temperature of the transistor using the thermometer.
Connect the 5V power supply to the breadboard. Insert the two test leads into DIN1 and DIN2 on the ULI box. Connect the red lead of the test probe in DIN 1 to its connection on the breadboard and the black lead to the black terminal. Connect the red lead of the test probe in DIN 2 to its connection on the breadboard and the black lead to the black terminal. Switch on the power to the ULI box and turn on the 5V power supply.