Parthenogenesis used as a reproductive strategy. By which I mean all-female reproduction without the aid of human males. The offspring can be genetically mixed or clones of the mothers. Cloning is necessarily a very similar topic, but could include males as well as females.
Offspring are identicial.
Charnas' women introduced in Motherlines were genetically altered to reproduce parthenogenetically with starter sperm - which they get from intercourse with horses. The sperm contribute no genetic material but the semen is required to start a pregnancy. Katherine Forrest Daughters of a Coral Dawn Fletcher, Jane. Sally Miller Gearhart's The Wanderground Leona Gom 's The Y Chromosome . Doctors are able to use this method to fuse two eggs together in a woman.