Review Thorndike, his cats, puzzle boxes and his Law of Effect. Draw the learning curve that you would expect to find if you actually spent the time to train Sniffy. Reinforcers are often thought of as things we like or that make us feel good. Critique this notion based on your text's definition of reinforcement. Mom would be using positive reinforcement.
Punishment is any procedure that weakens a preceding response.
Mary takes an aspirin because it makes her headache go away. A rat is first classically conditioned to associate a mild electric shock with food. Now, that rat has learned to press a lever in a Skinner box to get a mild shock. Lever pressing You are speeding and get a ticket. A football player forgets to bring a clean pair of sock to the game, so he wears his old, dirty ones.