Orthodontists are specialists trained in straightening teeth for the patient through movement of the teeth through bone by the use of bands, wires, elastics, headgear and other fixed or removable appliances or retainers to achieve a balance between facial muscles and teeth. This dentist treats children as well as adults who may desire to improve their appearance and bite. Orthopedists specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the skeletal system and associated motor organs. These physicians manage all types of bone and joint disorders including scoliosis, clubfeet, Legg Perthes Disease, developmental displacement of the hip, infections of the bone and joint, skeletal dysplasias, complex foot deformities and fractures. Pediatric otolaryngologists specialize in diseases in children with special ENT problems including birth defects in the head and neck and developmental delays.
Pathologists are physicians who specialize in the origin, nature and course of diseases.
They conduct laboratory studies of tissues and cells that help other doctors reach accurate diagnosis, sometimes recommending additional patient tests, and monitoring results of prescribed treatments. They also supervise other laboratory personnel in the testing and microscopic examination of blood and other body fluids. Pathologists also conduct autopsies. Pediatricians care for children from birth through the teen years. A number of them have subspecialties such as pediatric oncology, gastroenterology, perinatal medicine and surgery.