Respect communicated by avoiding eye contact. Rushing an elder considered rude and very disrespectful. Hmong interpreters employed by hospital or institution considered loyal to hospital and may be distrusted. May be suspicious of health care professional's motives, especially if care provided by students. Vaginal delivery preferred and cesarean section often refused.
Most Hmong women are very small and, because of improved nutrition, babies are becoming quite large.
A recent study found that 75 percent of Hmong people practiced traditional religion which is animistic. Men are embarrassed by hospital gowns, so offer hospital pajamas. Haitians have a very low pain threshold. Whole demeanor changes, very verbal about what is paining them, sometimes moaning. Home remedies tried first.