Some jobs do require that applicants have specialized knowledge of the subject area that will be photographed. Photographic training is available in colleges, universities, junior colleges, public vocational education programs, and private photography and art schools. Over 100 colleges and universities offered 4-year curriculums leading to a bachelor's degree in photography in 1990. Many of these schools offer courses in cinematography. However, very few schools offer a degree in cinematography.
Many schools offer photography courses as part of their communications and journalism programs.
Some colleges and universities grant master's degrees in photography. In addition, some colleges have 2-year curriculums leading to a certificate or an associate degree in photography. A formal education in photography gives a fundamental background in a variety of equipment, processes, and techniques. Art schools offer useful training in design and composition, but not the technical training needed for professional photographic work. The Armed Forces also train people in photographic skills.