Nationally, rates among males and females from the period 1973 to 1995 have increased. Minnesota rates are the same as national rates. Since 1950, Minnesota rates have declined significantly among males and females. Nationally, rates for the period 1973 to 1995 show significant declines in mortality. During the reproductive years, incidence is 3 times as common among females as males.
Risk is twice as high among whites as blacks.
Incidence is high among Hawaiian residents of many races. More study is needed to confirm the role of dietary factors in the development of thyroid cancer. Previous history of thyroid adenoma, nodule, or goiter increases thyroid cancer risk. However, increased risk may be due to therapeutic radiation for first primary cancer. Last updated December 15, 1999.