Carbon dioxide and water vapor molecules now emit infrared radiation of their own, this time in all directions. Some of this reemitted radiation is again absorbed by other molecules in the atmosphere, some is emitted to space, and significantly, some is absorbed by the surface to start the process all over again. The net result is that less of the energy from the sun escapes immediately to space after being absorbed and emitted as infrared. It is retained through the process of being redirected to the surface, increasing the surface temperature more than it would have otherwise been. The temperature increases in the stratosphere as a result of interactions between high-energy ultraviolet radiation and ozone.
Ozone is triatomic oxygen that is concentrated mainly in the upper portions of the stratosphere.
Under identical conditions of incoming solar radiation, the temperature changes experienced by the water will be much less than the changes experienced by the adjacent land. This means that it takes more energy to increase the temperature of water than it does for soil. Water is a transparent fluid that is easily mixed, so the incoming solar radiation warms a body of water throughout, spreading out the heating effect. Incoming solar radiation on land, on the other hand, warms a relatively thin layer on the top, concentrating the heating effect. Water is cooled by evaporation, which helps keep it at a lower temperature than an adjacent landmass under identical conditions of incoming solar radiation.