Superficial means that there is immediate pain at the opening of the vagina when a man attempts to insert the penis. The most likely reasons for this are tears, infections or structural defects of the vulva or vagina. Deep dyspareunia means that there is pelvic pain or discomfort after penetration of the penis. This is usually associated with deep thrusting. The likely causes are abnormalities of the deeper structures of the vagina.
Prevention depends on the cause.
This may prevent other complications. Sensitivity foreplay and patience will allow for more vaginal lubrication. If estrogen levels are low, estrogen supplements may help. Psychological causes for sexual inhibitions should be explored and treated. A medical history and pelvic examination will help to determine the cause of dyspareunia.