Anything whatever can be, accidentally, a cause of hope or fear. The mind endeavours to conceive only such things as assert its power of activity. When the mind contemplates its own weakness, it feels pain thereat. This pain is more and more fostered, if a man conceives that he is blamed by others. No one envies the virtue of anyone who is not his equal.
Pleasure is the transition of a man from a less to a greater perfection.
Pain is the transition of a man from a greater to a less perfection. Love is pleasure, accompanied by the idea of an external cause. Hatred is pain, accompanied by the idea of an external cause. Devotion is love towards one whom we admire. Joy is pleasure accompanied by the idea of something past, which has had an issue beyond our hope.