The only visitors observed that are deemed capable of pollination in southern Illinois are small bumble bees. These bees were observed apparently following a scent trail to the flowers late in the evening in mid June. Some pollenia are observed to have been removed by pollinators almost every year in southern Illinois. No effective pollinators have been observed in central Illinois but Bowles and Betz report natural pollination occurring there in 1989. Any reproduction that is currently going on must be asexual.
Plants come up in new locations in the demographic plot almost every year.
These are interpreted as arising from rhizomes or roots scattered through the stand. This indicates that if the plants arose asexually from the same rhizome they had become disconnected. No observation of seed production or seedling establishment has been made in Illinois. The one observation of pod initiation indicates that several vigorous plants in close proximity and probably representing 2 genets are necessary for natural pollination and seed formation. Various observations in southern Illinois indicate vigor is related to moisture stress and freedom from excessive shading.