Each technique is defined, guidelines for formulating questions are given, and steps and rules for implementing the technique are summarized. Sample instruments are included for easy use. Other techniques which can be used to do a needs assessment are listed to help agents understand the range of available alternatives. These techniques are not as effective or popular with Extension agents, so they are not described. They include radio call in, delphi questionnaires, group discussion, force field analysis, simulation games, and teleconferencing.
Program evaluation is also an excellent technique for needs assessment.
Evaluation, like the other techniques, has its limitations when used for needs assessment. To address any limitations, evaluation should be used in combination with other needs assessment techniques. In Pennsylvania the most popular needs assessment techniques were group discussion with advisory committees, written survey, brainstorming, county forum, and nominal group process. Needs of youth that were identified were job opportunities, help with substance abuse, lack of recreational facilities and activities, stronger families, dealing with self-esteem, and leadership training. Involvement of advisory committees in the needs assessments increased each year.