Fever and muscle aches may occur. Etiologic Agent Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the leading bacterial pathogens. Most cases of pneumonia among children occur sporadically, not in outbreaks.
Risk also increases with malnutrition, malaria, and suppressed immunity.
No standard approach exists for surveillance in developing countries. Although the rate of pneumonia among children in developing countries has not changed, there has been some decrease in the number of pneumonia deaths over the last decade due to more widespread use of antibiotics. Challenges Spread of antibiotic resistance, use of case-management algorithm, widespread training of health workers, assuring antibiotic supply, and identifying strategies to promote global use of Hib conjugate vaccines. Increased use of case management and risk reduction also are important.