Active cavities usually have a golden-brown color. Fluoride contacting the teeth forms a layer of calcium fluoride-like material on the surface of the tooth enamel. When acid from oral bacteria accumulates on the teeth, fluoride is released from this protective layer. Fluoride inhibits the ability of bacteria to metabolize sugar, because it interferes with the way bacterial enzymes work. Fluoride inhibits demineralization of enamel, because it inhibits the breakdown of carbonated hydroxyapatite by bacterial acid.
Parents can modify oral hygiene techniques, depending on the child's age.
For small infants, the gums need to be cleaned once or twice a day with a piece of clean gauze. This will help to establish a healthy oral environment for the baby teeth. Infants should be introduced to the toothbrush around the age of one. Parents should not put children to sleep with a bottle containing any liquid other than water. Parents should encourage their infants to begin drinking from a cup around their first birthday.