Narrow passages affect the deep and bottom water transport by focussing and accelerating the flow.
Recent research suggests that bottom friction significantly modifies the near bottom flow.
Observed current profiles show a deviation of the mean velocity vector consistent with Ekman veering at the NADW-AABW interface and near the bottom. A three-dimensional application using idealized topography and forcing. A three-dimensional experiment using a realistic Vema Channel topography. The model is forced by a prescribed baroclinic along-channel pressure gradient. Potential vorticity constraints force the flow to enter the channel from the east and to change to the west over the sill.