Truly naturalized loanwords from European languages are somewhat rare in most of the languages of North America. Possibly the most successful example is a European term for the domestic pig. Introduced from Europe, that animal was prominent in colonial life and was eventually hunted and bred by the Indians. It appears that loans all derive from a minimum of two loaning events from two different continental European languages, Dutch and French. The probable loci of loaning are the Delaware and Upper Mississippi valleys.
Most descriptions claim that one is used with potential aspect, and the other with other aspects.
These dialects also have a third prefix, na- , usually called a hortatory. I survey other dialects, finding a wide range of data, and conclude that in some cases a fresh look at these elements is called for. VC Reduplication in Salish Jan P. van Eijk Saskatchewan Indian Federated College Abstract. A large number of Salish languages employ VC reduplication, a type of reduplication that repeats the second or a later consonant in a word and, when it occurs, the vowel preceding that consonant. The present study summarizes Carlson and Thompson's and Kinkade s findings and extrapolates them to languages not discussed by those authors.