The Constitution defends the freedoms of speech and creative activities, conscience, forming associations, labour, occupation and profession, etc. The principle of ideological and political diversity is enshrined in the Constitution. A total of nine political parties are registered with the Ministry of Justice. The main political parties are the Party of National Unity, the Democratic Party, the Co-operative Party and the Rebirth Party. Generally, the policies of these parties are broadly in line with those of the Government.
Opposition is centred on the nationalist, socialist and communist parties.
However, political parties in Kazakhstan have not played a significant role to date yet, due in part to the fact that Parliament is not elected on the basis of political parties, but rather as individuals representing specific territories. International Organizations and International Relations Kazakhstan's position in the International Community Kazakhstan has established diplomatic relations with over 120 countries. According to the strategy 'Kazakhstan-2030', foreign policy of Kazakhstan bears the versatile and multidimensional character. In January 1995, Kazakhstan signed a Partnership and Co-operation Agreement with the European Union, which was ratified in May 1997. Kazakhstan also co-operates with the EU in various scientific and environmental programmes.