In the formation of nuclei of atoms, it is found that the stabilizing force is that of particle spin. The limit of the number of nuclear particles to form a stable group is found by calculation to be about 246. This is in general agreement with experiment. Since spin forces are associated with viscosity, the nucleus is a solid structure in the sense that the particles retain their relative positions. The kinetic energy of motion applying is that of a linear oscillator to provide the condition of a virtual orbit.
Orbital electrons form interlocking systems call shells.
The first electron shell is described by energy quantum number unity. It is found to be complete with two electrons in a circular orbit. The second shell is described by quantum energy number two and is complete with eight electrons. In this shell, circular orbits apply to six electrons with elliptical orbits applying to the other two. The analysis can be continued for higher orbits, but it appears that no more than eight electrons can exist in any outer shell.