These ridges and valleys are underlain by slightly folded to level beds of sandstone and shale. The intervening valleys are broad and smooth. Local relief is in meters in the valleys and on the flat ridgetops. The ridges and mountains rise sharply tens of meters above adjacent valleys. Average annual precipitation - 1,125 to 1,275 mm.
Maximum precipitation is in spring and in autumn.
The moderate precipitation generally is adequate for crops and pasture. On the uplands, water for domestic use comes mainly from shallow wells and water for livestock from small ponds on individual farms. In the valleys, springs, shallow wells, small ponds, and perennial streams provide water for most uses. Deep wells yield large quantities of hard water, but in areas of shale bedrock ground water is scarce. The major soils are Udults.