In the late 1890 s, Metchnikoff noted the power of certain blood cells to move towards microorganisms and ingest them. In fact, leukocytes adhere to the endothelium of the blood vessels, and subsequently leave the circulation by transmigration through the intercellular junctions of the endothelial cell monolayer. Transmigration is driven by chemoattractans, a process known as diapedesis. Reversible adherence of leukocytes to the endothelium, basement membranes, and other surfaces is an essential event in the establishment of inflammation, whose molecular basis is beginning to be understood. Inflammation may become chronic in many pathophysiologic processes and disease states.
Perioperative infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients.
Therefore, the influence of non-volatile anesthetics and opioid agents to the immune system is of high interest. After presentation of the different effectors of the immune system and their fluxes through the body, the aim of this review is to propose a general model of leukocyte transmigration through endothelial cell monolayers. In 1991, a multi-step model of leukocyte binding to the endothelium was defined by Butcher et al. Lawrence and Springer showed also in 1991 that the first interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cell monolayers, the adhesion, were weak and neutrophils rolled gently along the vessel wall. This process is mediated by selectins.