Castillo waived his right to a jury trial and submitted the case on stipulated facts, while preserving his right to appeal the omnibus ruling. If the trial court credits the testimony of the arresting officers, or if the facts are not significantly in dispute, this court will independently review the application of law to determine the adequacy of the basis for the stop in view of the officers' testimony. Berge v. Commissioner of Pub. These circumstances include the officer's general knowledge and experience, the officer's personal observations, information the officer has received from other sources, the nature of the offense suspected, the time, the location, and anything else that is relevant. Appelgate v. Commissioner of Pub.
Police have authority to freeze the situation in the vicinity of a recent crime.
Applying these factors to the present case, we conclude that Warner had a particularized and objective basis for suspecting Castillo of criminal activity. First, Warner had a description of the suspects and the vehicle in which they fled. Second, the Civic was first seen between three and four miles from Homestead Antiques, approximately four minutes after witnesses saw a Civic fleeing the scene. The Civic could have taken several different routes away from the store, but if it traveled south, it would probably have been about where it was when Warner spotted it. Third, there was other traffic, but the number of persons about in the area was limited at one a.m. Fourth, the Civic was seen going north on the service road, but there was no information about whether it turned onto the highway.