One example is the emergence of new classes of numerically controlled optical grinding and polishing machines. Another is a better understanding of the characteristics of optical materials, from glasses to polymers to metals, thus permitting broader use of these automated technologies. A key U.S. strength is in optical design, which is being revolutionized by the development of fast and affordable ray- tracing software. International standards are set. Education and Research Underpinning the explosive growth of optics are investments in education and research.
Research continues to lead to extraordinary cliscoveries.
The presence of optics in these diverse programs reflects its pervasiveness but also reveals an Achilles' heel. Trends and developments in optics can eas- ily be missed in such a disaggregated enterprise. Educational and research organizations will need to pay close attention to ensure that the field develops in a healthy way that ensures continuing benefits to society.