Space has underpinned much of the struggle that has characterised South Africa over the decades. One of the biggest space issues is integration of cities. The studies showed that services provided to white communities were subsidised - the suburbs benefited because they included within their jurisdiction the industrial areas where the mass of urban people worked. The demand was for all-round integration and reshaping of the city so that black people would not have to travel long distances to work and shop. All around South Africa there has been only slight movement towards undivided cities.
Residential apartheid is still largely intact.
The state housing policy focuses on subsidies mostly accessed by individuals and sometimes by groups. There is consequently a strong reliance on developers. Thus, most new housing developments are in proximity to existing townships. Wealthy and usually white homeowners don't want low-income settlements too close to their suburbs. All their fears are conjured up, as well as concern about how sentiment may knock down their property values.