Among the most striking properties of active protoplasts is the fast regeneration of a cell wall that does always precede protoplast division. It seems as if the development of a cell wall was a causal precondition of both cell division and development of polarity. Polarity and positional information are lost during protoplast generation. Both have to be developed anew, if a new plant is going to regenerate. The single fractions can be separated from each other and concentrated by density gradient centrifugation.
Protoplasts can regenerate into complete plants.
Protoplasts of the same or different origin can fuse with each other. The fusion product may even regenerate into a plant. This is also called somatic hybridization. A number of thus cloned protoplasts regenerated into complete plants. By now have protoplasts from a number of dicotyledonous angiosperms been regenerated into fertile plants.