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Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that can exist independently of the host chromosome.
Genetic exchange involving direct cell to cell contact. After entry of plasmid DNA, the DNA closes to become circular and begins replication. If two genes are adjacent to each other they will almost always be integrated as one piece. Hfr strains of E. coli contain the F plasmid integrated at a specific site. Transduction Uses essentially the same approach as transformation, except that phage mediated transduction is used.