Keywords, machine extracted. Top 50 words repeated twice, next 100 once, plus phrases. History is the essence of innumerable biographies. Ten out of several hundred only three percent of all Nobel Prize scientists are women. The fifteen women portrayed here are Nobel-class scientists.
None is a typical, everyday researcher.
They all either won a Nobel Prize in science or played a critical role in discoveries that won a Nobel for someone else. Many of these women faced enormous obstacles. They were confined to basement laboratories and attic offices. They crawled behind furni- ture to attend science lectures. They worked in universities for decades without pay as volunteers in the United States as late as the 1970s.