YES A type II error has occurred. One-tailed tests are sometimes justified. NOT IN MY BOOK Test statistics should always be shown. Differences between all groups are substantial. NO Log transformation appears to be necessary before analysis.
Runners are lazier than cyclists.
17. is an example of an ordinal variable. YES has a behavior problem when it comes to residuals. YES should be analyzed by logistic regression. NO 18. if the values are too big. YES if you don't get statistical significance.