L1 language arts instruction often delayed, but phased in over time until biliteracy is achieved. Initial literacy developed in the second language. L1 literacy not developed as a part of the program. Parents of students place them voluntarily. Programs are promoted and supported by parents.
Parents are generally lower class and non-English speaking.
Students grouped by English proficiency levels, but multi-grade level grouping permitted. Teacher Qualifications Teachers are highly skilled bilinguals with a strong commitment to bilingualism and multiculturalism as educational aims. Teachers serve as linguistic role models. Teachers use L2 methodology systematically. Teachers are trained to provide comprehensible input through the use of their L1 skills and appropriate methodology.