The major problem with Cube is its absolute lack of any textual representation which could be used to better and more easily understand its operations. 3D figures tend to become confusing, and therefore, a step backwards towards textual representation, in addition to the visual representation, would be useful, perhaps as an automatically generated help file. Cube can become cluttered, and, as opposed to 2D flowcharts, such clutter may make it more difficult, rather than less, to understand the program. 1,2,3 Copies what is in the parameter after evaluating the actual parameter. 2,1,3 depending on the direction of the copy back.
Reference is made to the result obtained by the value result function call.
Each occurence of the formal parameter in the body is replaced by the corresponding actualparameter. 2,1,3 depending on copy-back direction as above in 10.4.1. Result is copied back to the actual parameter.