Sparrows have dialects. Isolated birds show deficiencies in their song but it does contain elements of adult song. Marler believes this is because bird is born with a template of what their species song sounds like. Isolated birds can only produce this crude template song. The song of a deafened bird is even cruder.
Normal birds adjust their song to what it hears from adults in the vicinity.
Here is an experiment which shows that learning can take place by simply practising a response without any reinforcement. But the duration of stage 1 shows a rapid decline with successive tests as shown in this figure. After 5 trials at the rate of one per day, the latency is reduced from about 120 seconds to 10 seconds or less. This change is the same whether the attacks are successful or unsuccessful, whether made by a one day old cuttlefish or one starved for 5 days before its first test. Wells' experiment shows that practice without reinforcement can lead to a change in behaviour.