However, it must exist for the current understanding of forces to be correct. This is because total energies can only be positive, and gravity can therefore only be attractive. Over large areas, the qualities that the other charges act on tend to cancel out, but the effect of gravity merely increases as more mass-energy is involved. The force only affects particles which are spinning counter-clockwise while going away. In other words, the weak nuclear interaction affects left-handed particles.
Quarks appear as the up and down, charm and strange, and top and bottom flavors.
The flavors are conserved, and weak interactions transform leptons to other leptons and quarks to other quarks, while preserving this conservation. The weak nuclear force has a limit in range of only 10 to the -18th meters. This means that the carrier particles must indeed have mass. All cariers have a spin of 1, however. The weak force, as its name implies, is weaker than the electromagnetic or strong nuclear force , about five factors of magnitude smaller than the strong nuclear force distances in an atom's nucleus.