Mean annual air temperature ranges from 45 to 50 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 32 to 45 inches, and the mean frost-free season ranges from 110 to 145 days. Elevation ranges from 800 to 1800 feet above sea level. These are the very deep well drained Bath soils, the moderately deep Mardin soils, and the somewhat poorly drained Volusia soils that occupy associated deep deposits of glacial till. Shallow somewhat excessively drained Arnot soils, and somewhat poorly drained Tuller soils, are closely associated on landforms where the soil mantle is thinner over bedrock. The potential for surface runoff is medium to very high.
Permeability is moderate throughout the soil.
Some cleared areas are in pasture or are used for hay, but mostly they are idle or have reverted to woodland or brush. A limited acreage is in corn and small grains. Potatoes are grown locally on undulating to sloping areas. Some areas have been reforested, mainly with red pine. The glaciated Allegheny Plateau of southern New York, northern Pennsylvania and Ohio, and Vermont.