Fault rupture measured through aftershock sequence. Measure first arrival of P, first arrival of S. Calculate S-P differential time. Use travel time curve. Determine what the S-P time corresponds to in terms of distance from station. Draw a circle with radius equal to that distance for each station.
Point of intersection is epicenter.
Liquefaction Poorly consolidated sediments with lots of water get shaken by waves, expel water forming little sand volcanoes. Landslides Tsunamis Fault displacement under water displaces water, water moves to feel vacuum, generating large waves.