Per capita CO 2 emissions in the base year and long-term projections, illustrating the spread of current values and projected developments. The costs include levelized investment, operation and maintenance and fuel costs. The abatement cost varies with the degree of reduction. Cost curves, such as those in Figure 2 where marginal costs for several target reductions in a specific year are plotted, illustrate this variation for a number of participating countries. It should be noted that in this representation each point on the curves represents a complete energy system solution, rather than the result of an individual abatement option.
Marginal abatement costs for emission reductions from baseline for eight participating countries.
The results for the long-term target year are shown. If the total cost of an option or package of options is less than the corresponding cost in the reference scenario, the incremental cost is negative. However, implementation and transaction costs are often not included in the direct cost calculations in the scenarios. The abatement cost estimates for industrialized countries are more varied. The Danish results are similar to the majority of the developing countries, identifying a substantial negative-cost potential, while the Netherlands, and to an even greater extent France, estimate much higher abatement costs.