There are several institutions of higher learning, including a state university. Numerous scientific and research centers mainly serve such fields as horticulture and grape and grain cultivation. Until 1991 there were several hundred collective and state farms. Collective farmers also had small private plots for their own use. All sowing and plowing is mechanized.
Most agriculture is devoted to grape cultivation and fruit and vegetable farming.
Sunflower seed is the major industrial crop. Other agricultural products are grains, sugar beets, potatoes, meat, milk, and wool. Dairying and cattle breeding account for about a third of the agricultural output, followed by the raising of pigs. Industry is the principal economic activity, employing nearly a third of all workers. Machine building and metalworking are increasing.