These reforms have been adopted by many Commonwealth countries, where the reforms appear to have been quite successful. Redistricting is rarely viewed as partisan, even when the outcome of an election clearly favours one party at the expense of the other parties. Despite their success in the countries that have adopted them, reforms of the redistricting process have not been embraced everywhere. For example, legislatures still draw congressional districts in most states in the United States. In the United States, the political system and political institutions were designed on the Madisonian premise of competing factions, or interests.
Pluralism continues to flourish.
With a decentralised legislative system and weak political parties, special interests and parochial concerns often prevail in the legislature. Americans tend to be cynical, believing that politics and the pursuit of political self-interest are inevitable. Reforms of the redistricting process are unlikely to be adopted anytime in the near future, because many Americans believe it is as impossible to divorce politics from the redistricting process as it is to divorce politics from the legislative process in general. Only countries that are less pluralistic, more politically ideological and more sensitive to the public accept the proposition that politics can be removed from the redistricting process. Furthermore, strong party organisations and centralised legislative authority are needed to enforce sanctions against legislators who attempt to influence the redistricting process.