Most penguins have a white chest and a black head .
Many species exhibit red, orange, or yellow patches on the head and neck. Because their short legs are far back on their bodies, penguins assume an upright posture. Penguins are grouped into 18 species and six genera, most of which are found in Antarctica and on subantartic islands. Others are native to the coasts of Australia, South Africa, and South America. Most penguins have four layers of fat to protect them from the weather in Antarctica because it is really cold were they live.