Rotate pans halfway through baking, if using two racks. Any basic cookbook will list emergency substitutions for missing ingredients. Many substitutions are done for the sake of variety or to make a dish healthier . For example, use yogurt instead of sour cream. Use 2 egg whites instead of 1 whole egg.
Oats also make a nutritious substitute for bread crumbs.
In pancake batter, use fruit juice instead of milk or water. If you run out of broccoli for your casserole, try zucchini. Use dry measuring cups and spoons for flour, oatmeal and other dry ingredients. Gently spoon ingredients into cups, then level them off with the back of a knife. Liquid measurements are gauged in fluid ounces, which have slightly less volume than dry ounces.