Virginia also adopted a laissez-faire model in distance education. However, representatives of the state board question whether the market approach will continue. In consortial arrangements institutions collaborate to provide distance education. The state may fund some of the technology, but it does not control it. There is little routine or long-range planning.
Programs serve limited purposes and focused clientele.
Coordination is provided by the institutions themselves and is generally limited to network scheduling. Zeller discovered that duplication of courses and programs is common in consortial arrangements. Washington state utilizes a consortial arrangement to deliver distance education. Under coordinating board approaches representatives of institutions and agencies engage in routine planning. The state owns and controls technology to some extent.