The reduction of water potential in the surface film of mesophyll cells due to increased surface tension. Microtubules attached to kinetochores are highly unstable throughout mitosis. Microtubules extending from MTOCs to the cell cortex help position the MTOCs closer to the plasma membrane. Microtubule motors help move chromosomes and MTOCs during mitosis. The stability of microtubules changes after cells enter mitosis.
Plants store poisons in their vacuole.
Cell wall degrading enzymes are a constitutive defense against microbes. Electrical signals are used by plants to rapidly activate systemic plant-wide defenses. Oligosaccharides are a universal signal for attack by pathogenic microbes. Noncyclic electron flow by the thylakoid membrane is more useful to the plant than cyclic electron flow. The pH gradient is used for ATP synthesis.