Males have about twice the risk as females. Minnesota rates are similar to national rates. Incidence and mortality both increased nationally between 1973 and 1995, but the rates seem to have stabilized after 1991. Historically, there was higher incidence in white males. Since 1990, incidence in blacks has surpassed that in whites.
Mortality is very similar between blacks and whites.
Diuretics, which are commonly used to control high blood pressure, have been associated with kidney cancer. The use of diuretics has increased since the mid-1970s. Phenacetin use increases the risk of cancer of the renal pelvis, especially in combination with smoking. The work-related risks for renal pelvis cancer seem to be similar to those for bladder cancer. Asbestos exposure has been linked to kidney cancer.