A non-grasslike herb. Glaciers are often described as rivers of ice. About 160 million years ago Gondwanaland began to break up and individual land masses moved to their current positions. The fruit is a seedlike grain. Depletion of this layer will lead to higher UV-B levels, which can cause increased skin cancers, cataracts and potential damage to some marine organisms, plants, and plastics.
Phytoplankton provide the majority of plant life upon which the Antarctic food chain depends.
In midwinter the ice can reach thicknesses of 3-4 meters. Almost all weather takes place in the troposphere. UV-B causes damage to plants and animals. Damage depends upon the amount of atmospheric ozone that acts as a filter, the angle of sun in the sky, and cloud cover, which shields the surface from some UV radiation. UV-C is completely absorbed by ozone.