In West Germany, a half of the total amount aided is provided in the form of grants and the other half in the form of loans. In the United Kingdom, student aid schemes had been provided only in the form of grants until 1990, when the Government decided to introduce loans partially, because student grants constituted substantial financial burdens on the Government in helping expand higher education. Regarding the proportion of students benefiting from scholarship schemes and the type of organ providing scholarships, in the United Kingdom, scholarships are granted to all undergraduate students, other than foreign nationals, who wish to be assisted. In the U.S.S.R., all students, except for those whose academic performance is poor, are in principle provided scholarships by the Union, Republic or local governments. In the United States, scholarships are offered not only by the Federal and State governments but also by individual universities.
Private resources are negligible.
In the United Kingdom while all universities are maintained by non-governmental bodies, most of the costs of these institutions are paid by the central and local governments in the form of grants. Accordingly, from the financial point of view, British universities are similar to public universities in other countries. While British universities have their income from tuition fees, no British students pay their tuition fees by themselves, because all their tuition fees are supported by scholarships. In France, while all students every year pay about 10 to20 thousand yen to their universities, these payments are not definitely identified as tuition fees. In West Germany and the U.S.S.R., higher education is free.