The dominant circulation in the model is horizontal, but there is also a weaker vertical flow, sufficient to keep the lake well mixed. The author notes that the mixing makes it unlikely that the water at the top and bottom of the lake have significantly different geochemical ages. They find that the cold and hot thermal boundary layers, which have a direct temporal interaction with each other, have different thicknesses and viscosities. In addition, the plumes are released from these layers with different frequencies. The authors note that hot plumes might form either naturally as boundary layer instabilities or indirectly via the arrival of a cold plume in the lower thermal boundary layer.
Measurements also suggest that cold sinking plumes in the mantle induce hot rising plumes.
Also in this issue, Thomas et al. This study suggests deeper penetration of the carbon and a much greater uptake than previous studies based on 13 C and oceanic pCO 2 . Karl et al. Similarities suggest that ice may have flowed through the martian channel.