The student has to defend his work at a meeting with his professors. Currently six professors supervise students in the field work at a site close to Madrid, used specially for such exercises. At present, MSc and PhD degrees can be obtained via the Engineer in Geodesy and Cartography degree. Since l974 the Spanish government has established professional bodies with the legal right to practice in various fields. Architecture is also part of this group.
Recent legislation obliges civil servants to ask for a special permission for private practice.
Clients can appeal to the courts in matters of dispute. Members carry out all survey and mapping activities for clients. The present cadastral system is purely fiscal and is being massively overhauled. Land Information Systems are fully developed in public and private companies, local government, town councils etc. which employ several graduates in this work. There is a general belief that too few technicians are being trained for survey work.