All that is not success is failure . Right Answers are to be memorized by hard work. Knowledge is quantitative. Agency is experienced as external, residing in authority , test scores, the right job. Multiplicity Diversity of opinion and values is recognized as legitimate in areas where right answers are not yet known.
Opinions remain atomistic without pattern or system.
Relativism Diversity of opinion, values , and judgment derived from coherent sources , evidence, logic, systems, and patterns allowing for analysis and comparison. Some opinions may be found worthless, while there will remain matters about which reasonable people will reasonably disagree. Knowledge is qualitative , dependent on context . Agency is experienced as within the individual with a fully internalized and coherent value structure . Back to Top Perry also presents a more thorough view of the process of intellectual development which includes the transition from one stage to another.