For many philosophers, impartiality is an essential component of the moral point of view. Kant contrasts inclination with reason. Any position which attempts to reconcile apparently conflicting tendencies or values into a single framework. According to Kant, a maxim is the subjective rule that an individual uses in making a decision. The arithmetical average of items in a group.
Philosophers often contrast means and ends .
The ends we seek are the goals we try to achieve, while the means are the actions or things which we use in order to accomplish those ends. A hammer provides the means for pounding a nail in a piece of wood. Some philosophers, most notably Immanuel Kant, have argued that we should never treat human beings merely as means to an end. The domain of actions, motives, traits, etc. The view that we ought not to be morally concerned with, or involved with, people outside of our own immediate group.