For example, see American Petroleum Institute. Industrial emissions of CO2 include releases from the combustion of solid, liquid, or gas fuels, together with those from gas flaring and cement production. R.J. Andres, T.A. Boden, C. Johnston, and A.Brenkert. To convert from concentration to stock, the former is multiplied by 2.123. While records of atmospheric concentrations are available for dates prior to 1850, calculating stock increases indirectly, as we do in this Note, relies on data on annual emissions that are only available back to 1850.
Projections differ substantially from model to model.
In this study, we choose projections in which developing country emissions rise quickly in order to highlight the time lag between parity of annual emissions and parity of stock contributions, even if annual emissions parity occurs as soon as 2016. The projections of industrial emissions used here are from Alan Manne and Richard Richels. The Economic Costs of CO2 Emission Limits. It does not necessarily depict either the most likely or the most desirable future. In particular, the Kyoto Protocol would require developed countries to significantly reduce their emissions from baseline projections.