Perhaps one of the best known are chironomids which can be in concentrations of tens of thousands per square meter. In a lake, everything comes to the substrate so the fertility of the substrate mimics the fertility of the overlying water. Taking sediment cores, you can date them and tell exactly when certain events occurred due to nutrient spikes at given depths.
Nutrient concentrations are thousands of times higher in sediments than in overlying waters.
This is true for both micro and macro nutrients.