Federal authority covers laws related to patents, pensions and profit sharing, and labor issues. State authority covers business association, contracts, and trade secrets. Concurrent authority covers security law, tax law, and employment law. The horizontal dimension is related to the separation of power between the executive branch, which creates administrative law, the legislative branch, which creates statutes, and the judicial branch, which creates common law. Actually, there are two pyramid structures - one for federal courts and one for state courts.
Procedural law defines the rules that are used to enforce substantive law.
Common law is defined by judges. Statutory law is passed by legislatures. For example, the Securities Act of 1933 is statutory law. Civil law is between private parties only. Jurisdiction Jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear a particular case.