Most trees have almost all roots within three feet of the soil surface. Roots live in association with other organisms mycorrhizae. It is very easy to compact soil and destroy roots. Problems are associated with planting depth and methods. Effects of grade change may take years to show up.
Prevention is the best approach with construction damage.
It is better to remove a tree in the beginning than to try to save it when it has been irreparably damaged. Fertilization and regeneration help salvageable trees. Root problems can show up as crown dieback, because the system has been disrupted. Myth 3 Trees should be pruned to prevent storm damage. Tree branches do not break because they form a sail in high winds.