The defendant was denied a chance to call and cross-examine a key witness in the person of the prime minister. He was the direct boss of the defendant and his immediate superior for 17 years. He is the most substantial 'character witness' as the case involves, in essence, character. It is tantamount to obstruction of justice, which is a major sin in Islam. The defendant was denied his request, legitimate as it was, to have the 'victim' and key prosecution witness medically examined for signs of sodomy.
Medical evidence can be conclusive in many such cases.
This is all the more important because medical evidence proved, beyond a doubt, that the other defendant, Mr. Sukma, had no signs of sodomy, which substantiated his claim that his confession was extracted from him forcibly. This is why the prosecution changed their filing and made Mr. Sukma a second defendant accused of sodomizing Azizan and not being sodomized by the defendant Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim. He kept changing the date by months and even years. The court, regrettably, accepted a period of several months, denying the defendant the right for a specific date. There was also the issue of witness tampering.