All other growth is removed. Muscadine grapes are usually cordon-trained, but because of greater vine vigor, muscadine vines can be allowed to support up to four cordons with spurs of three to five buds each, as shown in Figure 13. Grape arbors are easiest to maintain using cordon training. Develop parallel, spur-pruned cordons about 2 feet apart across the top of the arbor. Black Spanish and Champanel are excellent arbor varieties.
Muscadines also make good arbor grapes in East Texas.
The types of blackberries and raspberries range from erect, freestanding plants to trailing vines. The training system differ according to the type of growth. Erect blackberries and raspberries produce low, sprawling growth the first year after planting, but in the second and subsequent years new growth is very erect. Clip the tips from new canes two to three times from May to September to force side-branching and to develop a full, compact hedgerow, as shown in Figure 14. Prune the hedgerow much as you would an ornamental hedge.