For free technique, the entire ski is waxed for glide, requiring the competitor to utilize the technical skill to negotiate the uphill sections. The race courses are 14-20 feet wide and are laid out with a challenging mixture of uphill, downhill and rolling terrain. Both free and classical techniques utilize machine compaction to create a firmer course. The free technique course is generally smooth and untracked, while the classical course features groove-like tracks. In individual races, skiers start one at a time at 30-second intervals.
Relay races employ a mass-start format, which introduces new elements of race strategy.
As in bicycle racing, skiers will draft off of one another, take turns leading and sprint for the finish.