One is called empiricism , which says that all knowledge comes through the senses. The other is called rationalism , which says that knowledge is a matter of reason, thought. There are other answers in epistemology as well. In fact, empiricism and rationalism have never been entirely exclusive. The third aspect of philosophy that we will be concerned with is ethics .
Ethics is the philosophical understanding of good and bad, right and wrong.
It is often called morality, and most consider the two words synonymous. As we shall see, ethics is the most complex of the three aspects of philosophy. For the present, we might want to differentiate the extremes of hedonism and cynicism . Hedonism says that good and bad come down to what I like and what I don t like, what gives me pleasure and what gives me pain. Cynicism says that world is essentially evil, and we can only work at distancing ourselves from it and towards the ultimate good, which is God.