Substantial IMBD variations continue by sex, race and region. The decrease in IMBD over the study period was greater among female infants, who also experience a lower rate of IMBD than male infants. These factors include age, sex, cognitive level, family, culture, and experience. A reexamination of existing data has shown differences exist in the ways boys and girls respond to pain, a factor rarely focused on in research. In comparable situations, girls rate procedures as more painful than boys.
Girls report greater levels of fear and anxiety and lower levels of anger.
McGrath's study on children with headaches found that girls develop the problem earlier than boys, as well as reported more intense and frequent headaches at all ages. Many problems affecting girls are viewed by providers as benign may lead to chronic, debilitating pain in adulthood. Clinical evidence suggests that chronic pain occurs more often in girls. Through a series of articles, the journal provides background information and covers the topics of access, quality, state regulation, Medicaid managed care, state contracts and mental health. Identify the aspects of managed care that work and do not work for children.