Nitration-Requires concentrated HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 for benzene 2. Sulfonation-Requires fuming sulfuric acid for benzene 4. The R of R-X often rearranges to form a more stable carbocation . This can result in the formation of more than one alkyl benzene product. The R of the acid chloride does not rearrange to form another carbocation.
R can be a long straight chain of carbons.
Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution Reactions a. Aromatic Systems a. Reactivity-a group attached to the aromatic ring can make the compound more reactive or less reactive than benzene in electrophilic substitution. All Deactivating Groups, except the halogens , are meta directors. The directing power of the sub- stituent group varies. The more powerfully activating a group is the more powerful it is as a director.