Another example is the Sixteenth Amendment, which established a national income tax. The national government's use of incentives and sanctions accounts for the greatest shift in the relationship between nation and states. The national government uses sanctions in the form of legislation and judicial interpretation and incentives in the form of grants and revenue sharing. Due process and reapportionment cases, in which the Supreme Court championed equality by protecting rights that had been denied individuals by the states. They are often awarded on a matching basis.
Grants take two general forms.
These grants may be further divided into two groups. These are awarded for more general purposes. The national government is increasingly predominant. A. Judicial interpretations have played a large role in this change. The problems created by the Great Depression of the 1930s were too extensive for state governments and private business to remedy.