With these result we can revisit if the individual sex ratio deviates from one, and generate ideas why this is the case. In pollination the interest of plants and pollinators can be quite different. It is often best for the plant if all flowers are cross-pollinated and if all pollen is sent away to other plants. For pollinators it is best if they can collect as much pollen and nectar as possible in a short period. If pollinators are not scarce, plants export most pollen if pollinator visit only few flowers in sequence on the same plant.
Pollinators increase their nectar or pollen intake by visiting many flowers on the same plant.
Effects of secondary metabolites on herbivores. Mirka Macel tel. 071-5275126 Secondary metabolites of plants can act as defense chemistry against herbivory. There are many different pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The question is what selective forces have lead to this enormous diversity of alkaloids.