The agent experiences negative reinforcement when punishment works. Punishment becomes less effective as it is delivered more and more often. Presenting an aversive stimulus contingent on occurrence of a target response. A response cost approach. The Premack Principle.
Responses are likely to occur in bursts early in the process.
The effects occur faster than punishment approaches, other things equal. Responses are likely to be maintained by covertly generated positive reinforcement. Other things equal, it is likely that emotional reactions such as crying or attacks will occur. Utilizing natural contingencies present in the environment. Training parents or peers in the use of behavior modification techniques.