France Apply at the consulate. Typically 30-60 days for approval. There are no formal guidelines. Yes, provided you can prove that you've made an investment in the French economy. Germany Work permit may or may not be required.
Resident permit is mandatory.
Apply at consulate in U.S. Paperwork is sent to the German Foreign Service office for approval. Business plan and proof that you will not be dependent upon the state for financial or medical assistance. Usually takes about six weeks. Depends upon nature of business, though usually somewhere between three months and one year. Yes, but it depends upon business.