Briese, D. T. 1988. Weed status of twelve thistle species in New South Wales. Burrill, L. C. 1992. Distaff thistle, Carthamus lanatus. Pacific Northwest Extension Bulletin 420.Washington State University Extension Davidson, S. 1990.
Goats help eliminate thistles.
Dellow, J. J., Woodburn-TL, Briese DT, and Corey, S. 1996. Herbicide techniques for thistle management. Estilai, A. and Knowles, P. F. 1978. Estilai, A. and Knowles, P. F. 1978. Forcella, F. and Wood, H. 1986.