M.D. Simulators have been used increasingly in medical education and training. Anesthesiologists can claim credit for much of the initial work with full patient simulation, and this article deals primarily with the use of simulators for education and training in anesthesiology. Complex interactive mathematical models of drug function, metabolism, cardiac function, gas exchange and fluid balance are resident in an integral system computer. It is important to understand that the simulator's response to therapeutic manipulations derives from the constant updating of the mathematical models. The responses of these models such as changes in blood pressure or respiratory rate control a variety of actuator-produced responses, which are, in turn, sensed by real operating room monitors applied to the mannequin.
Realism is enhanced with all the props necessary to replicate the patient care environment.
Full physiologically responsive patient simulators, suitable for anesthesia training, are marketed by two commercial firms. Part-task trainers such as intubation models and computerized case simulations are also widely used but are not discussed here. Simulators are expensive to purchase and to maintain. Simulators must be used effectively and efficiently to produce acceptable return on investment. All levels of cognitive learning are not equally appropriate for full environment simulation.