218 of Map Use for an interesting discussion of this subject. Based on angular measurement of a circle. Divides earth by the equator and a prime meridian. See table 11.2 in text. The problem of determining accurate longitude not solved until late 18th century with the invention of accurate chronometer by John Harrison.
Plane coordinate systems local grids, that is, the user defines starting point.
For example, we might use and arbitrary grid at an excavation, construction site, or archaeological site. Cartesian coordinate system, x,y for determining location based on known point. State plane coordinate system. Developed in 1930s. Each state divided into a number of zones depending on size.