Contaminated drinking water, extracted from polluted rivers . Inhalation and ingestion from pesticide sprays. Contamination of food from fields spread with sewage sludge containing alkylphenols. European Many individual EU member states and other European countries have already brought in controls on alkylphenols, for example Switzerland has already banned the use of all alkylphenol ethoxylates, and the UK has had a voluntary agreement against the use of alkylphenols in domestic cleaning products since 1976. Alkylphenols are also being assessed by the complex European Union Existing Substances process .
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Occurrence of estrogenic nonylphenols in the urban and coastal atmosphere of the lower Hudson river estuary. Di Corcia, A., Costantino, A., Crescenzi, C., Marinoni, E. and Samperi, R. 1998. Characterization of recalcitrant intermediates from the biotransformation of the branched alkyl side chain of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants. Dodds, E. C. and Lawson, W. 1938. Molecular structure in relation to oestrogenic activity.