Bone injuries occur more readily than ligamentous injuries. X-rays are always indicated in sprains and strains to exclude bone, epiphyseal or apophyseal injuries. Of Special Note in Children Valgus and varus stress injuries to the knee may present as joint laxity. Anterior instability may result. Complications include malunion and dreaded avascular necrosis.
Meniscal injury is uncommon.
Surgery when instability. Injuries of the Head and Neck Injuries of the head and neck have serious social and economic impact. Possibly from the intrinsic property of the immature spine, smaller weight or less speed. Most occur from diving accidents, gymnastics and rugby. Most in gymnastics occur on the trampoline.