The English monk Roger Bacon describes the formula for gunpowder.
Mechanical clocks are in use in Europe, along with eyeglasses and spinning wheels.
During the 13th century, European scholars chip away at Aristotle's methodology and physics. English Franciscans Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon introduce mathematics and the experimental method into science. They discuss vision and the nature of light and color. Grosseteste and Bacon's successors at Merton College, Oxford, introduce quantitative reasoning and physics with new ideas about accelerated motion. Jean Buridan and others in Paris elaborate on the concept of impetus.