Mature bulls move in among a group of cows and calves. These groups, called harems, are the scene of constant action from September through October, and sometimes through November. Newborn to its mother, who recognizes her calf by its voice. Warning of danger. Bull advertising his fitness to cows, warning other bulls to stay away, or announcing his readiness to fight.
Elk also use body language.
For example, an elk displays dominance by raising its head high. These adolescent males are usually driven off by the mature bulls or by cows intolerant of their presence. Sometimes, however, these young males remain near the harem, and often seem confused and unsure of their role. By September, a bull's antlers are fully grown and almost ready for the displays and battles to come. The bull removes the tattered velvet and polishes his antlers by rubbing them on trees, shrubs and even the ground.