Instructions are located in memory next to each other. The data is handed over to the CPU, and the memory access is completed. It depends on the program, and its reference pattern, and how that pattern interracts with the cache parameters. This equation ignores some details, but is correct to the first order. User page tables do not translate any virtual address to the physical addresses of OS or other users code and data.
Page table lives in memory.
No, we use a special type of cache to hold the page table. But, implementation may be different. Have one program run parts of itself on more than one computer. Have more than one instruction within a single program executing at the same time. A task is broken down into steps.