If any of the premises are false or if the inference is invalid, then the conclusion could be true or false. If the conclusion is false, then either some of the premises are false or the inference is invalid. You don't really need to know about the rules of logic in order to form an argument, but it certainly does help. To attack a deductive argument, all you would need to do is discredit one of these parts of the argument and the whole rest of the argument would die with it. It is important to take this into account when forming an argument so that you can make it resistant to attacks.
Premises are things that are already established.
To attack one, all you would need to do is point out that the premise is wrong, and perhaps quote an encyclopedia to prove it. You can also make a counter argument to disprove a premise based on simpler premises that you're sure the person would agree with. To make an argument less vulnerable to this kind of attack, you would want to use simple premises to begin with. A fun way to prove that someone's premise is wrong is to use their own argument against them. Such complicated objects must have been designed.