Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere- including weather. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere. It can change from time to time and place to place. Climate is the type of weather an area has over a long period of time. Measures the average kinetic energy of molecules.
Heat enters the atmosphere from the sun as solar radiation.
Conduction - heat is transferred by molecules bumping into each other. Only works between objects that are touching. Air Pressure is the weight from the air above you. The more air that is above you the more pressure you will feel. Sinking air pushes down more- cold air is usually high pressure.