In addition, they can cause generalized bleeding, liver and kidney dysfunction and organ failure, and skin reactions. There has recently been concern that they may actually accelerate the process of cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis . Prostaglandins are potent molecules that help regulate processes in the GI tract, the platelets, and the kidneys.
Prostaglandins also promote inflammation and pain in certain diseases and after injury .
These isoforms have different distributions throughout the body and play different roles in body functions. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in normal tissues, especially in the GI tract, kidneys, and platelets, and produces prostaglandins that perform a number of functions. Most importantly, these prostaglandins protect the GI tract from corrosive digestive acids, regulate platelets, and maintain kidney function. There are already 2 COX-2 inhibitors available by prescription, and a third will be available soon. Gastrointestinal Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Therapy.