The tungsten filament in both bulbs is the same length. Higher in resistance and therefore the filament is thicker.
Electromagnetic radiation includes infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light.
Although light travels as a wave, it is absorbed as individual particles called photons, which carry an amount of energy that depends on the frequency of the light. Assume that an overhead power transmission lines carries 220,000 Volts into your neighborhood. There the voltage is 'stepped down' to 110 Volts at a switching station before distribution to the neighborhood. In a photocopier this removes charge from the drum or belt at points where the original copy is white and thus reflects photons to the photoconductor. Visible light will normally pass through glass with little distortion.