Trees are keys to ecological land use for three reasons. First, they are pacemakers of sustainable development. Second, they are spacemakers of sustainable ecosystem architecture. Third, they are placemakers for numberless habitats hosting the diversity of life.
Pacemakers set and maintain rhythms.
Monocropping means one rotation per large field. One of these rotations is enforced as a pacemaker, e.g. by coppicing. All others are adjusted to this pacemaker as divisions or multiples. Spacemakers build and maintain architecture. One of these steps or layers is enforced as pacemaker, e.g. hedges in a mosaic or hazelnut shrubs in a farmer's forest.