The development of disease is a complex process and human beings are infinitely unique and varied in their response to their environment. Genetic information must be interpreted in light of individual differences. For instance, not all women with the genes that cause breast cancer BRCA1 and BCRA2 will develop breast cancer. Further research is underway to determine the risk for women with a defective gene but without a family history. Since the majority of women who develop breast cancer do not have a defective gene, genetic susceptibility may be only one of several key factors in cancer development or undiscovered genes may be involved.
Researchers continue to search for other genes involved in breast cancer and other cancers in women.
One issue that has raised considerable concern is the use of genetic testing for both high-risk and normal individuals. In summary, the committee recommended that further research should be undertaken before genetic testing can be recommended for all women. High-risk women may receive more benefits from genetic testing, but more research is needed to determine if early medical interventions can reduce the risk of cancer in these women. The committee concluded that genetic testing should be provided in a research environment, which includes informed consent and counseling that addresses the current knowledge about genetic risk, available treatment options, and the limits of testing with respect to preventing disease. The promise of genetic research is great, but it must be conducted with full knowledge and awareness of the social, ethical, and legal issues that affect the lives of the women who potentially benefit from this work.