Systems can be technical successes but organizational failures because of a failure in the social and political process of building the system. The programming stage produces logical and physical design specifications for the solution. The systems lifecycle approach is not suitable for many small desktop systems, which tend to be less structured and more individualized. Implementing an information system is a process of organizational change. Expert systems must be changed every time there is a change in the organizational environment.
Intelligent agents are examples of knowledge work systems.
Decision-support systems are intended to help design and evaluate alternatives and monitor the adoption or implementation process.