The subscripts f and m stand for female and male. For the United States and the two U.S. regions, compiled by the author from data provided by the U.S. Social Security Administration. The Upper Midwest includes Minnesota and North and South Dakota. The Deep South includes Arkansas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. People are classified by the region in which they were living when they received their social security numbers.
Mortality is measured by annual central death rates.
For the United States the figures pertain to the white population.