Abstract Re-circulating cooling water systems are the most common method used to reject waste heat to the environment. The majority of designs employ networks of cooling water coolers that operate in parallel.
Novel arrangements allow lower re-circulation rates and better cooling tower performance.
This can be a critical issue in debottlenecking studies. Project Description Air coolers, once through cooling using cooling water and re-circulating cooling water systems are all used for the rejection of waste heat to the environment. Of these methods, re-circulating cooling water systems are by far the most common. Cooling water is supplied from the cooling tower to a network of coolers that operate in parallel. Yet, not all of the cooling duties require water at the exit temperature of the cooling tower.