Stratification is a process by which groups of cells organize to form layers in tissue. Changes in the number of cells involved and the density of cells help scientists measure development or progression of cancerous or pre-cancerous cells. Goblet cell hyperplasia involves abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of a special type of cell found normally but in reduced numbers in the respiratory tract. This condition occurs when substances irritate tissue in the respiratory tract. Cell disorganization is a type of abnormal stratification characteristic of cancerous or pre-cancerous cells.
Nuclear variation involves a cell's failure to differentiate.
In normal cells, differentiation is the process by which cells have specific characteristics and conform to specific patterns of development that make them unique from other types of cells. Pre-cancerous and cancerous cells have deviated in some way from developing according to a set pattern. Mitotic figures are dividing cells used as measurements to assess rates of cell growth. Basement membrane thickening is a condition that occurs when any substance irritates tissue in the respiratory tract. Subepithelial inflammation is a condition that occurs when any substance irritates subepithelial tissue in the respiratory tract.