Delta 4, Ariane V, H-2, and others are joining the STS and a number of upper stages in using liquid hydrogen and oxygen propellants.
Liquid oxygen is also a key propellant when used with hydrocarbon fuels.
This class, starting from the basis of the instructor's Propulsion Systems for Launch Vehicles course, presents a deeper understanding of cryogenic propellants and how they are used to increase performance. Emphasis is placed on actual hardware and the experience base of Saturn, STS, and DC-S type vehicles. The particular problems of using cryogenic propellants in low-gravity conditions are covered in some detail. Applicability to both expendable and reusable vehicles is discussed. Newer technology including the use of composite materials and densified propellants is also covered.