Apart from raw material processing, the manufacturing sector includes vehicle assembly, oil refining as well as the production of fertilisers, textiles, construction materials and a variety of consumer products. Zambia's hydroelectric projects have allowed it self-sufficiency in energy. The standard package of liberalisation, privatisation and cuts in government spending were demanded by the IMF as a condition of their assistance. The process has been a difficult one, punctuated by several major disputes, but has proceeded gradually. Its main trading partners are Japan, the UK, South Africa, the USA and China.
Formal dress is acceptable for people at business meetings.
English is widely used in business circles.