Rather, he preferred a pragmatic, case-based approach to helping others, as in his advocacy for penal reform. He advocated specific goals with which he had personal experience. In Chekhov's world, the facts of biology and circumstance limit freedom. From this perspective the 19th century suddenly looks more recognizably modern. People rarely listen to one another.
Motivation is complex and uncertain.
Characters yearn to be connected, but find themselves detached and alone. Acts performed with good intentions frequently result in hurtful outcomes. The cards seem stacked against redemption. Yes, it is impossible to cure the ills of the world. Like a good doctor with his patients, Chekhov the writer empathizes with the characters, wishes them well, forgives their faults.