In measuring performance, the past enforcement of these rules was tested in the same four areas. Accountability is performance in the distinctive sense of adhering to the formal rules that allow actual behavior to be tested against mandated standards. For public sector organizations, which work with public funds, accountability is an important element of performance. Corruption is a symptom of poor accountability performance, but accountability as a concept is broader than corruption. Employee morale was measured by creating an indicator covering employee satisfaction and vertical solitude.
Organizational performance is thought to be directly linked to employee morale.
Morale emerged as a critical factor in Australian and Canadian studies of public employees during the 1980s. Employee morale is raised by job satisfaction and reduced by a disconnect in orientation and attitudes between managers and their staff. A framework for Development Assistance with an Application to the Health, Nutrition and Population Portfolio. Policy Research Working Paper No. 2039. D.C. Gore, Al. 1993.