All of the above. Rapid, uncontrollable blinking. Intraretinal hemorrhages and hard exudates. Occlusion of the central retinal artery. Malignant tumors of the choroid.
Neovascular fronds can create serious problems by bleeding into the vitreous.
Fibrous proliferation can result in retinal detachment. PDR is treated with high doses of oral steroids. The prevalence of PDR is related to the duration of diabetes and the patient's age at the time of diagnosis. Macular edema is a harmless condition which does not affect vision. Diabetic retinopathy can worsen rapidly during pregnancy.