In fact, it is possible, even with college students, to show that variations in motivational state are important sources of between subject variation in performance. Motivational states can be categorized in several different ways. How these four constructs interrelate is far from clear. Table 1 presents sample adjectives associated with each construct. He associates energetic arousal with approach behavior and tense arousal with avoidance behavior.
Energetic arousal is increased by mild exercise and varies diurnally.
They show that energetic arousal is decreased by the administration of Chlorpromazine, Diazepam or sleep deprivation. Tense arousal is increased by pain, or watching TV violence, but is reduced by muscle relaxation. They suggest that while depression and anxiety share high negative affect, anxiety also reflects high somatic arousal, and depression represents lack of positive affect. Energetic arousal Energetic arousal is a non-directional component of motivation in all of these models of affect. More importantly, in that individuals seem to differ systematically in their level of energetic arousal, it is a way to link theories of individual differences to theories of behavior.