At present, reductionism is the dominant paradigm. Unfortunately, as systems become more complex, reduction yields mountains of disconnected, unrelated parts, overwhelming our ability to comprehend and manage. We need system models to enable system thinking. A way of tackling complex issues, messy problems and difficult situations. It's really an attempt to counter the problems we all face when we tackle problems piecemeal .
Piecemeal developments tend to optimize the various parts, often at the expense of the whole.
So, to create the best systems, you have to avoid breaking them up into separate parts. The 5-Layer Systems Engineering Model Systems engineering can refer to the development of projects, businesses, industries and even to national socioeconomic systems. Yet there seems to be little science involved in their conception and design - instead, they seem to just happen. Other kinds of architecture seem to be based on clusters and links instead. The early dynasties of Ancient Egypt were just emerging from the neolithic period.