Bureaucratic structure is rational, specialized, efficient and hierarchical. Also link to the expanded page. Organization charts like these for the Department of Labor and New York City are a tool. Federalism, which is the term for the relationship between the national and state governments, is an elusive concept for students. The Constitution defines the relation in Articles I, IV, VI and X and the 14th Amendment.
Laws admitting each new state declare it is on an equal footing with the other states.
Delegated programs for welfare, the environment and occupational safety define it for each area. Link to Facts on Federalism. The Council of State Governments concentrates on federalism. Grants from the national to state governments are a key connection, for instance funds for housing and highways . State and local governments have no direct connection to the national government, but nevertheless conduct many joint projects, typically paid for by grants in aid.