Joint manipulations during the first few months of life may produce considerable improvement. Orthotics may be helpful. Surgery may be needed later to align the angle of ankylosis, but mobility is rarely enhanced. Incidence is highest in male infants, who often also have undescended testes. The prognosis is guarded, even with early relief of the urinary tract obstruction.
Malformations involving the feet and rectum often accompany agenesis of the abdominal musculature.
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