Cryogenic fluids are potentially explosive when ice collects in valves or connectors that are not specifically designed for use with cryogenic fluids. Condensation of oxygen in liquid nitrogen presents a serious explosion hazard if the liquid oxygen comes in contact with any organic material. Although the quantities of liquid nitrogen that are used are small, protective clothing and face shields must be used to prevent freeze burns to the skin and eyes. Compressed gases used in lasers present serious health and safety hazards. Collateral radiation Radiation other than that associated with the primary laser beam is called collateral radiation.
Examples are X-rays, UV, plasma, radio frequency emissions.
Ionizing Radiation X-rays could be produced from two main sources in the laser laboratories. Interaction between X-rays and human tissue may cause a serious disease such as leukemia or other cancers, or permanent genetic effects which may show up in future generations. UV and Visible UV and visible radiation may be generated by laser discharge tubes and pump lamps. Plasma Emissions Interactions between very high power laser beams and target materials may in some instances produce plasmas. The plasma generated may contain hazardous UV emissions.