Physical factors in the workplace such as noise, vibration, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and microclimatic conditions can all affect health adversely. In some high-risk sectors such as mining, manufacturing and construction, all workers may be affected. Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most prevalent occupational health effects in both developing and developed countries. High exposures to chemical hazards are most prevalent in industries that process chemicals and metals, in the manufacture of certain consumer goods, in the production of textiles and artificial fibres, and in the construction industry. Chemicals are also increasingly used in virtually all types of work, including non-industrial activities such as hospital and office work, cleaning, and provision of cosmetic and beauty services.
Exposure varies widely.
The reported adverse effects include infertility in both sexes, spontaneous abortion, fetal death, teratogenesis, fetal cancer, fetotoxicity and retarded development of the fetus or newborn. Numerous organic solvents and toxic metals, many biological agents, such as certain bacteria, viruses and zoonoses, as well as heavy physical work, are also associated with an increased risk of reproductive disorders. Both male and female workers may be affected by these hazards, but protection of women of fertile age and pregnant women is of particular concern. In the European Union alone, approximately 16 million people are exposed to carcinogenic agents at work. The most common cancers resulting from these exposures are cancers of the lung, bladder, skin, mesothelium, liver, haematopoietic tissue, bone and soft connective tissue.