That is why fragility fractures most commonly occur in the spine, hip, and distal radius. Risk factors for the development of osteoporosis include early menopause, prolonged periods of amenorrhea, poor nutrition, limited exercise, positive family history, a history of excessive alcohol intake and smoking. Diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on identifying patients with bone mineral density of 2.5 standard deviations less than the average value for healthy young adults. DEXA scan offers the best combination of precision, low radiation exposure, and affordability when compared with other available tests. Indications for performing a DEXA scan on a patient are still evolving, but include an assessment of risk factors, family history, and personal history of any fragility fractures.
Prevention is clearly the best solution to the problem of osteoporosis.
Most people who develop osteoporosis likely never attained a normal bone mass as a young adult. Diet and exercise are the two most important reasons. This can easily be corrected with diet changes or supplements. Exercise, ideally in the form of brisk walking, is beneficial at all ages. In the extreme, however, it can be very detrimental.