Implications for education are discussed. Conservation of Equation and Function Under Transformations of Variable Sigrid Wagner Tasks that test conservation of equation and function under transformations of variable illustrate an extension of Piaget's conservation methodology to relational concepts. Less than half of the 30 students interviewed in grades 5-12 gave conserving responses to any one of the four tasks. Mathematical background was a significant factor in performance. The treatments were in effect for 67 school days over a period of 18 weeks.
Results indicate no measurable detrimental effects for calculator use.
Children grew significantly on basic facts and achievement regardless of use of calculators in class.