Preparation Time Data indicates it takes on the order of ten years to become expert in a domain. For music composition, Hayes found an average of about 20 years from the time an individual started to study music until they first composed an outstanding piece. Mere repetition does not automatically lead to improvement. Deliberate Practice Includes activities that are especially designed to improve the current level of performance. Would allow for repeated experiences in which the individual can attend to the critical aspects of the situation and incrementally improve her performance in response to knowledge of results, feedback or both.
Explicit goal is to improve performance.
Effort Constraint Practice sessions should be limited. The reasoning for this is to insure that the student has the mental stamina to concentrate on practice. Recall that practice for practice sake does not lead to the types of performance we seek, thus practice sessions should occur when the mental faculties of the student permit the levels of concentration required to focus on the task. The Acquisition of Expert Performance Experience is a weak predictor of performance in a domain. Representation Experts acquire and preserve highly adapted representations that aid in planning, prediction, and evaluation.