Church threatened by lack of obedience by state. Church turns more and more to papacy Attacked by liberals, nationals, positivists. Becomes more responsible. Played politics, gambled. A secular life.
Priests become more orthodox, chruch becomes much more conservative.
Striking out at its enemies Thought liberals undermining authority and morality, esp. Church DOES think that modernization is ok. Asks itself how best to meet new demands, esp. Rerum Novarum - Of New Things Church must protect rights of workers and fight injustices of capitalism. Seen as a secular religion.