Speech, art, rituals, status symbols, and writing-all are characteristic of cultures and convey detailed information about them. But in few cases do these symbolic systems leave durable remains, and detecting and interpreting symbols is an especially controversial and difficult but revealing area of archaeological reconstruction. Today's politics seem all too often to be a game played by the powerful, charismatic and wealthy. Some like to think that ancient societies were more idealistic, but archaeologists have found that the evolution of political systems throughout human history is based on motives that seem remarkably contemporary. Reveals different methods archaeologists use to study how rulers gain and keep power.
Governments thrive and weaken.
Rulers make alliances with each other, and then break them and go to war. Borders move as capitals rise and fall. Detecting the actual borders of ancient kingdoms is often impossible, but archaeologists can reconstruct much about the internal workings of societies and their external relations played out in marriage alliances, trade, and warfare. In all cultures, people turn to religion for comfort, for guidance, for an explanation of spiritual continuities beyond life and death. Ritual behavior and sacred spaces and objects give form to religious meanings, and archaeologists are challenged to detect the spiritual significance of what they find, and even more difficult, to understand this significance and interpret it properly.