New secondary schools, gymnasiums, are being established, often with close ties to universities and there are visible quality gaps between these new forms and other secondary schools. There is also separation between higher secondary education and technical institutions, which in the U.S. is addressed by community colleges. Access admission to higher education needs to become more democratic. These changes are taking place as higher education institutions receive more academic and managerial freedom. The new economic and political order will require changes in higher education, for example a greater emphasis on a fundamental education for a greater percentage of the population.
Engineering education needs reform, including the issue of over-supply.
Admission is by exam, students live at the school, curricula are innovative, and university faculty reinvolved directly. Many graduates go on to St. Petersburg University and maintain continuity with academic advisers. Clearly there is a need for international cooperation in a variety of areas including the development and translation of texts. By the 19th century, schooling was seen as a policy to foster equal opportunity and socialization. The twentieth-century school developed from the factory model that was based on scientific management.