However, parameter estimates for some components of the reproductive cycle of ducks were developed during the 1980s, when conditions generally were dry. Consequently, reevaluation of important reproductive components may improve our ability to accurately estimate recruitment, develop management plans, and evaluate management treatments. Evaluate waterfowl management activities at broad, regional scales. However, most management actions are site-specific and are applied at small spatial scales. For greater efficacy, multiple or large-area application of treatments should be considered.
Evaluation is needed to ensure that management dollars are spent effectively and efficiently.
Direct studies at waterfowl species of concern. Studies designed to identify factors limiting population growth of these species have strong management implications and should be a research priority. Information is needed on the degree that this concept applies to ducks in the PPR, including fates of ducks as they expand into less suitable habitat. Information also is needed on where excellent habitat should be developed relative to moderate or poor habitat to optimize duck recruitment. The goal of this research should be to identify population source and sink habitats and how they might be juxtaposed or otherwise manipulated to benefit waterfowl.