You want two resistors, Rs and R2 between the output and the adjust pin of the 317.
Rs is for current limiting.
Also, Vin is 20-24 and is filtered off a full wave bridge. I have read the app notes but still don't understant. A simple design exapmle with the derivations would be much appreciated. I don't have a ready answer to your problem. I have used LM317 for constant current and constant voltage source applications, but I have never found it to be very suitable for applications which need both current limiting and constant voltage regulation at the same time.