Employment quota systems are used in some nations, as well as specific job retention and set asides. Tax credits, subsidies, and employment training are also used. In Israel, the high rate of employment of persons with disabilities shows that nation's emphasis on retraining and employment, particularly of those who have served in the military. Quotas are used in Egypt, Germany, Japan and Poland. At present, insufficient data exist to recommend one set of strategies over another set.
Opposing philosophies are in effect in different countries.
Some use an equal employment, civil rights model. Others use quota systems. The goal is to provide broad access to international data. Discussion Paula Franklin of SSA saw investigations of the linkage between social and employment policy as crucial and more likely to take place in academic settings than in the government. She expressed the hope that the Society of Disability Studies would provide that overarching perspective.