These fractures are classified into three types. Types I and III fractures of the distal clavicle usually heal with symptomatic treatment. Type II fractures are displaced as a result of ligamentous disruption and usually require surgical repair. Fractures of the proximal third of the clavicle are uncommon. Nondisplaced proximal fractures are successfully treated with sling immobilization.
Orthopedic referral is indicated for significant displacement or sternoclavicular dislocation.
By following appropriate management guidelines, family physicians can successfully treat most clavicle fractures. A number of illnesses and conditions present as sore throat. Efforts should include a directed history and physical examination, looking for exudative pharyngitis with fever, adenopathy and lack of cough or other respiratory symptoms. The rapid Streptococcus test has a high positive predictive value, but it has a lower sensitivity rate. Treatment strategies for patients with sore throat are based on epidemiologic factors, signs and symptoms, and results of laboratory tests.