Similarly, Road Pricing can charge motorists directly for road and congestion costs, as opposed to indirect funding that results in cross-subsidies from residents who drive less than average to those who drive more than average. Most TDM Programs increase vertical equity by improving mobility options for non-drivers. TDM Programs can significantly improve basic mobility by improving and coordinating travel alternatives. Of course, these benefits vary depending on circumstances. Varied and mixed.
Individuals bear the costs they impose.
2 TDM Programs may require subsidies, but these are generally less than subsidies for driving. Many TDM strategies reduce transportation subsidies overall. Progressive with respect to income. 2 TDM Programs tend to increase transport choice and potential savings to lower-income households. Benefits transportation disadvantaged.