In this situation, use the smallest catheter in the largest vein, avoiding the use of veins in the hand or antecubital fossa. It relaxes the smooth muscle in the respiratory tract and is used to treat bronchial asthma, reversible bronchospasm associated with chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. Theophylline should be used with caution in patients with any type of cardiac disease because it increases cardiac output. Renal output is also increased, along with sodium excretion. Theophylline is administered by continuous infusion.
Numerous concentrations are available in multiple-sized fluid containers.
Limit the options and standardize concentrations to avoid confusion among staff. Provide standardized dosing charts with concentrations and corresponding rates. Two nurses should check initial infusion rates and changes in rates. Control a continuous infusion on an electronic infusion-controlling device. Monitor serum levels closely to achieve clinical benefit with minimum risk.