Changes in testicular tone are associated with a degenerative process and can be detected to some degree by testicular palpation. Degenerative change in the testicles is a frequent cause of infertility. This condition is a common occurrence following inflammatory reactions. Regardless of the cause, the effect is reduced fertility. Minimum recommended scrotal circumferences for bulls of all breeds, based on age, are listed in Table 1.
Emphasis is placed on standards for puberal bulls up to two years of age.
Although these thresholds provide considerable latitude, variations will occur with breed, age, level of nutrition and genotype. Minimum recommended scrotal circumference based on age. 34 Only bulls with satisfactory feet and leg conformation, good overall health, adequate scrotal circumference, and freedom from reproductive tract problems are candidates for continuing an evaluation. If results of the physical examination or scrotal circumference are not satisfactory, results of the rest of the evaluation will be of little importance. However, this requirement does not make any distinction between types of abnormal sperm.