Many problems are fuzzy and ill-structured. They often have complex solutions. Interpretivists would say that some problems have no solutions at all. Postpositivists would argue, on the other hand, that we must work harder to define the problem and find solutions. Willis said instructional designers in the Behaviorist camp break material down into small units and teach each piece separately.
Instruction includes basic facts selected by experts as well as concepts and skills.
Instructional methods are teacher-centered, favor drill and practice, tutorial and other direct instruction methods. ID begins with a precise plan of action, including clear goals and objectives. Behaviorists invest the most assessment effort in summative evaluation because it proves whether the material works or not. Objective tests are used to determine success and achievement in instruction. Practitioners should look to research for universal solutions that can be applied to a particular problem.