Because of disorders and religious persecution in England, Quaker immigration began in 1656 to Massachusetts, where many were persecuted, banished or hanged. Quaker settlements were established in many colonies within the next ten years. Friends believe that the source of religious authority for both personal and corporate guidance is the Holy Spirit or Inner Light of Christ, the Scriptures and religious tradition, along with the abiding community of faith. Some might hold one of these to be a primary source of authority, while other Friends tend toward another. In any case, any one authority needs to be confirmed by the others or at least be consistent with the others.
Friends believe in social, economic, interracial and international justice.
They believe that political or governmental authority is subject to divine authority and that, therefore, the individual in matters of conscience must obey God rather than man. Friends have held that participation in military service is inconsistent with their religious principles, and have sought exemption on grounds of conscience and religious conviction. No one statement or creed is acknowledged by all Friends. No specific standard ethical practices are observed, but obedience to the Light of Christ within is encouraged. Total abstinence from narcotics and alcoholic beverages, as well as tobacco, is encouraged.