Generally, street residents and people who value nonmotorized transport benefit most, while people who want to drive fast through a neighborhood are worst off. It tends to reduce the external costs of motor vehicle traffic such as congestion, accident risk, noise and air pollution. It is likely to be progressive with respect to income, since lower-income households tend to rely more on nonmotorized transport and drive less than average, although this can vary depending on circumstances. It tends to benefit transportation disadvantaged people, who are particularly vulnerable to traffic impacts, and it can improve basic mobility. Is largely voluntary.
Individuals bear the costs they impose.
3 Reduces automobile externalities. Progressive with respect to income. Generally, benefits alternative travel. Benefits transportation disadvantaged. 2 Benefits non-drivers.