Additionally, such treaties do not cover sub-state groups. A Japanese religious sect seems to have been the first non-state actor to use chemical weapons. Biological weapons offer great effect from far smaller quantities of toxin than is required for a chemical attack. Non-state actors, and some states, are likely to use human delivery systems rather that clearly identifiable military weapons such as missiles. These are particularly useful for crowd control where the use of lethal force may cause excessive and indiscriminate casualties.
Much thought needs to be given to the requirement for and employment of less than lethal weapons.
Simulation and Modelling Modelling offers the potential to evaluate the effectiveness of weapon systems, or groups of systems quickly and without lengthy and possibly dangerous trials. Simulation offers the possibility of realistic, environmentally friendly training which may be cheaper than live training. Both suffer from the problems of reliance on increasingly complex computer software, the accuracy of which is difficult to validate and verify. Studies of the use of simulation by the Australian Army should consider the probability of amortising high start up costs over time in a small army. They should also evaluate which areas might give the best return on a limited investment budget.