These separations can be linked to dualism in religion. The root of the alienation is the dualistic image of the self and society, human beings and nature, God and humanity, men and women, and the spiritual and secular worlds in patriarchal religion. Overtly and covertly, dualism results in domination because it leads to the falsely established superiority of one part over the other. Ecological crisis is connected to the basic dualism at the root of Western civilization. We need to promote genuinely anti-dualistic theory and practice.
Dualism arises in Eastern philosophy as well.
Yin and Yang are gender-based characteristics which originated in Confucianism and Taoism. Yin, the representation of earth and women, is seen as passive and negative. Yang, representing heaven and men, is thought to be active and positive. This Yin and Yang dualism creates a huge separation between men and women, between human and nature. Both Eastern and Western dualistic philosophies have produced human mentality to conquer nature which caused environmental deterioration.