Some types may be associated with other conditions such as bowel disease, ileal bypass for obesity , or renal tubule defects. A personal or family history of stones is associated with increased risk of stone formation. Other risk factors include renal tubular acidosis and resultant nephrocalcinosis . They are two to three times more common in men, usually appearing at age 20 to 30. Recurrence is likely.
Oxalate is present in certain foods.
Diseases of the small intestine increase the tendency to form calcium oxalate stones. Uric acid stones are also more common in men. They are associated with gout or chemotherapy . Cystine stones may form in persons with cystinuria . It is a hereditary disorder affecting both men and women.