Most early studies applied multivariable analysis using social indicators. But these studies were criticized as insufficient to determine the real figures of rural deprivation owing to the lack of usable statistical data and offer inadequate analysis of subjective aspects of the inhabitants and their conditions. Afterwards, two intensive and large-scale household surveys were carried out. These surveys clarified the realities of deprivation problems in rural areas and had the effect of changing the public perception of rural problems. The causes of rural deprivation were theoretically explained with the help of two different models.
Planning theory sees that the provision of opportunities in particular places leads to deprivation.
Sociological theory sees that power relations within social structures bring about deprivation. The findings of DR and RLP showed the importance of social structures as causes of rural deprivation. Additionally, the Thatcher government's drastic reforms and the prevalence of idyllic view of rural areas in the 1980's greatly changed rural social structures and made deprivation problems within rural areas more severe. But the policy circles continued to cling to planning theory because of its convenience for policy appeal. We can admit many similarities in policy concepts between rural deprivation and kaso in the emerging process, logic and the stances of policy circles.