Integration policies have focused on access to the host country's nationality, children's education and training for adults as well as combating racism and employment-related discrimination. Collaboration has been stepped between OECD countries and other countries, mainly in Central and Eastern Europe, with a view to controlling migration flows. But accelerated regional economic integration and increased trade liberalisation will also help to achieve this objective over the long term. A special chapter in the report analyses the economic and political issues of clandestine migration. It reviews different situations of irregularity and discusses the ways used to measure this phenomenon, which are often partial or indirect.
Employers are the principal gainers from illegal immigration, through lower labour costs.
By contrast, recent studies suggest, the benefits of illegal employment for the most disadvantaged immigrant workers are modest. The chapter highlights different approaches in the U.S. and Europe to the problems posed by illegal employment of foreigners. In Europe, measures to curb the illegal employment of foreigners forms part of a wider campaign against illegal employment in general. In the U.S., sanctions are being aimed at employers of illegal immigrants in a deliberate effort to reduce illegal entry and residence. Trends in International Migration.