Judicial intervention has, in many cases, contributed to a loss of control by correctional staff. The demise of the rehabilitative ideal has resulted in the reduction or elimination of various inmate programs. If anything, correctional practices have become even more punitive in recent years. Chain gangs have re-emerged in some states. As of 1993, about 30 states had created military-style prison boot camps.
Offenders face even greater difficulties after release from prison.
Because of these problems and other factors, the number of parole failures has increased dramatically in the past decade. Essay Questions 1. List and briefly discuss the four philosophical justifications for punishment mentioned in the text. The text notes that inmates may be victimized economically twice in prisons. Identify and discuss five factors mentioned in the text that account for the high level of violence in American prisons.