The life cycle as a Markov chain. This is more powerful than the z-transformed life cycle graphs. The matrix elements give the mean time spent in each stage. Thus a white shark spends, on average 10.7 years as an immature and 3.8 years as a reproductive adult. A mature adult, in contrast, spends an average of 14-15 years in that stage.
R projects the population from one generation to the next.
Ro is the dominant eigenvalue of R in the most general case with different types of offspring. The growth and structure of human populations. It is the time T required for the population to increase by a factor of R o . I should provide a confidence interval for lambda, the growth rate of the stable population. In this particular case and most other demographic analyses for sharks, only a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis is possible because available demographic data is based on estimates of fertility and little data on survival is available.