Perry's Developmental Scheme of Cognitive and Ethical Development Dualism. Right Answers exist somewhere for every problem, and authorities know them. Right Answers are to be memorized by hard work. Knowledge is quantitative. Diversity of Opinion and values is recognized as legitimate in areas where right answers are not yet known.
Opinions remain atomistic without pattern of system.
Diversity of opinion, values, and judgment derived from coherent sources, evidence, logics, systems, and patterns allowing for analysis and comparison. Some opinions may be found worthless, while there will remain matters about which reasonable people will reasonably disagree. Knowledge is qualitative, dependent on context. The making of meaning. The Modern American College.