All of these substrategies were carried out by deception, force, threat of force, and the systematic propagation of mysticism. The geocentric system gained prominence over the heliocentric system within this socio-political environment. The creation of problems where none exist. Reason is the faculty of the mind that conceptually identifies and integrates the materials provided by senses, perceptions, and previous conceptions. Reason is the prime faculty of consciousness in reaching ever higher abstractions or broader conceptions, first by distinguishing the relevant from the nonrelevant within the entire realm of sensory, perceptual, and conceptual data-banks, and then by conceptually integrating the relevant in accordance with logic.
Logic is the art and principle of noncontradictory identification.
Reasoning is an intellectual process for achieving an integrated conceptual picture of reality by always starting from perceptual experiences and then making a logical connection between what is perceived and what is conceived. Reasoning is based on the primacy of existence, whereas rationalization is based on the primacy of consciousness. Both use reason, logic, and concepts. However, they are diametrically opposite to one another. Reasoning begins with logically non-contradictory premises based on the facts of reality, while rationalization begins with premises that contradict reality.