Failing to blame the real cause. Multiple failures of operation and interpretation. Humans do not generally make careful plans or set very precise goals. The relationship among the parts of a system, or between the controls and the results. Mapping concerns itself with the connection between what one wants and what appears to be possible.
Mental information is unlike a photograph or recording.
It consists of symbolic representations. Abstract substitutes for real events which enable others to understand the events. By capturing only essential, critical elements and leaving out superfluous ones, successful representations enhance interpretation. They allow us to work with events that are not present or do not actually exist. Using the seven stages of action to inform design choices.