Treatment von n M 5. Fourteen studies with a total of 569 chronic headache or low back pain patients met these criteria. Both effect sizes are statistically significant and of clinical relevance. The magnitude of the cognitive changes depends on the pain diagnosis. Effect sizes of cognition are related to those of depression and disability in back pain patients.
Results support the cognitive-behavioral model.
Further research will have to address the interrelation between cognition and behavior in the treatment process.