They are affected by events and conditions that are beyond their control. Outside factors disrupt and interrupt their careers. Six, more women are employed by small and medium sized companies. They become discouraged and change companies every time before they have gained enough new knowledge and acquired experiences. Seven, women, therefore, in the large part have been excluded from life-time employment and the mainstream careers.
Male workers benefit more from long-term employment for obvious reasons.
Their careers are seldom interrupted by marriage, child birth and child rearing or caring for the elderly. Many men, for better or worse, do not have a choice but to continue working to support themselves as well as their spouses and children. Women are not given a second chance. They have no way to compensate for the time lost. Eight, however well-educated women are, once they leave a job, to raise children, for example, there exists no established route which women can take when they finally decide to reenter the work force and try to reinstate their status back into the mainstream career path.