Many factors affect the secretion of stomach acid. Stress and anxiety cause an increase in acid production, which is why ulcers are so closely related to stress levels. Certain drugs and supplements may also increase acid production. Taking aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, especially over a long period of time, can increase stomach acidity and lead to ulcers. Steroids, such as those taken for arthritis, and even vitamin C supplements can contribute to stomach ulcers.
Heavy smokers are more prone to developing ulcers, and have greater trouble getting ulcers to heal.
Although ulcers have long been known to be closely related to stress, recent evidence has also implicated a common type of bacteria, Helicobacter pylori. This organism is almost always found in persons who have ulcers and is seldom found in persons who do not. Further, eradication of these bacteria often results in healing of the ulcers. H. pylori may also be a risk factor for stomach cancer. The presence of H. pylori can be documented by direct biopsy of the stomach lining, by a blood test, or by a breath test.