Modelling symptoms is easier than modelling causes. Often used for biological or basic research studies. Used to test human proteins in animals before development. The usual sequence is from transgenic models to chimeric models to clinical trials. Examine absorption from intestine of drug in animals.
Major problem is animals often respond differently from humans.
Management Issues in Discovery 1. Difficult to schedule or plan for innovation. Too much of the unconventional can elevate risk unacceptably for many companies. Supervisors must know what has been tried and what did and did not work. Project management problems.