However, when the origin of a santo is uncertain, or the santo has been altered or repainted several times, studying its material structure is necessary to acquire a thorough understanding of the sculpture. When we examine artifacts, assumptions or previous knowledge about them can lead us to interpret, enhance, and sometimes overlook what our senses tell us. Imaging techniques that rely on infrared and ultraviolet light and x-rays can reveal otherwise invisible details. Other instruments and techniques literally extend our other senses. Modern scientific tools provide information that suggests the age, origin, composition, and function of artifacts.
Many museums have conservation laboratories with modern scientific equipment.
The conservation laboratory shares a common interest with the forensic laboratory in trying to learn as much as possible by examining small, sometimes minuscule samples removed from their context. Growing public interest in the interrelation of science and art has promoted closer looks at cultural artifacts and fine and decorative arts. A wooden sculpture like a santo ages and eventually deteriorates. A closer look at the materials and techniques used to make a santo is indispensable in order to define the best conditions for keeping and displaying it and developing viable treatment to preserve it, if needed. Destructive methods require taking small samples from unobtrusive areas.