Risk factors include cryptorchism. Hematogenous metastases usually go to lungs, liver, brain, or bones. Therapy consists of orchiectomy and high ligation of the spermatic cord. Treatment for seminomas includes additional radiation to the retroperitoneum. I disease include extension of tumor through the testicular capsule, Leydig cell hyperplasia away from tumor, and vascular invasion.
Patterns consist of sheets, papillae, or glands.
They show varied types of differentiation along 2 or more germ lines. Nerve, cartilage, and epithelium are the most frequent tissues seen. These may be sarcomas or carcinomas. However, marked atypia of epithelial or stromal cells post-chemotherapy is not diagnosed as malignant unless invasion or large areas of atypical cells are present. Metastases often show a pattern of mature teratoma even though the primary is predominantly of another type.