If the identified cause is not the real cause, nothing assures that the point of discussion is true. Hussein did not have any nuclear weapons. This fallacy also occurs when the writer introduces an unsupported value judgment. The writer uses two different senses of the same word in an argument, and this ambiguity allows a mistaken conclusion to be drawn by the writer. It is immoral to kill an innocent human being.
Fetuses are innocent human beings.
Therefore, it is immoral to kill fetuses. When restating the opposition's view, the writer mistakenly ignores information which is relevant to the conclusion reached by the opposition. Freud argued that women have penis envy because they want to be men. The writer, consciously or unconsciously, establishes conclusions without stating all of the facts relevant to the situation. The Geo Metro is a superior car because it averages 43 miles per gallon.