Suppose that binary data 1 is transmitted by and binary data 0 is transmitted by where T is the bit duration.
N o is the power spectral density of the additive white Gaussian noise.
Find the numerical values for the lowerbound and upperbound. The signal constellation of a certain 32QAM modulator is shown below. The shortest distance between the signal vectors is d. The upper bound of the probability of error of 32QAM can be found by finding the probability of error of 36 point signal constellation shown below.