They can cause persistent coughs, phlegm, wheezing, and physical discomfort. Several recently published community health studies indicate that significant respiratory and cardiovascular-related problems are associated with exposure to particle levels well below the existing particulate matter standards. These negative effects include premature death, hospital admissions from respiratory causes, and increased respiratory symptoms. Long-term exposure to particulate matter may increase the rate of respiratory and cardiovascular illness and reduce life span. Children, the elderly, and individuals with cardiovascular disease or lung diseases such as emphysema and asthma are especially vulnerable.
Fine particles can soil manmade materials, speed their deterioration, and impair visibility.