Further bonding and deformation finally lead to a rate of compression which is close to or above the rated cross-section. Measuring the deformation The deformation work is measured during the welding process. It serves to retrace the welding time, to determine the energy flow and the end of the welding process as soon as optimum and predetermined conditions are achieved. The setting of the machine and control parameters takes place initially on the basis of experience. Mainly tensile tests are made to confirm these settings, or to make adjustments, if necessary.
Metallographical tests show a plastic deformation and a reduction of the grain size.
Diffusion takes place in the area of the welding. Figures 42 to 44 show welding applications where an exact control of welding parameters has led to a uniform weld quality for high-volume production.