Record retention guidelines are important for e-mail policies. Early drafts of contracts and other legal documents are often fully binding in a court of law and can be used to resolve disputes between organizations. One advantage of e-mail communications is that they cannot be spoofed. The author recommends that automated directory listings should be turned on, so that improved logging takes place on e-commerce servers. The author recommends that remote firewall administration not take place, especially over the Internet.
Passwords are often a weak link to connected systems such as the Internet.
The author recommends more secure authentication such as those from biometrics or fingerprint systems. Parkes Article 11. Copyrights are somewhat limited, in that they only protect written works and do not apply to visual works such as artistic or photographic works. Copyright protection for works made for hire varies by country, in that some countries consider a copyright owner to be the organization that pays an employee to develop intellectual property. However, in other countries, that employee would be considered the copyright owner.