These are documented in printed materials, online computer networks and reports which are being widely distributed throughout California's research and tobacco control communities. Targeted delivery of the p53 gene or protein could provide a new and more specific approach to the treatment of lung cancer, particularly late stage cancers resistant to traditional chemotherapy. Cardiovascular Disease Dietary supplements with fat soluble antioxidants have been found to provide smokers with enhanced protection against cardiovascular disease. A pilot study suggests that nicotine patches generally are safe for smokers with coronary heart disease who are trying to quit smoking. Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Nicotine on Reproduction and Development Cigarette smoking has been shown to directly contribute to ectopic pregnancies in humans.
Nicotine causes changes in the oviduct that impede progress of the fertilized egg to the uterus.
A systematic study of factors that enable minors to purchase cigarettes is now leading to community interventions by parents and teachers to reduce children's access to tobacco products. The odds that a woman will continue to smoke throughout pregnancy are significantly increased if she started smoking before 16 years of age, and if she has smoked for more than 10 years. Tobacco prevention programs aimed at pre-teen and teenaged girls will help not only the target group, they will also effectively reduce the human and economic costs of problem pregnancies related to tobacco use in the next generation. A study has identified a need to aim special, concentrated smoking cessation programs at Hispanic males with 12 years or less formal education, and to design prevention programs specifically targeted to Hispanic females and males who are not well integrated into the U.S. culture. A study of sidestream smoke dispersion and inhalability enabled investigators to develop analytical tools to help assess the exposure of non-smokers to sidestream smoke emanating from an adjoining smoking section.