It is a major cause of dental caries . Plaque and calculus cause mechanical irritation and inflammation of the gingiva. Bacteria, and the toxins produced by the bacteria, cause the gums to become infected, swollen, and tender. Injury to the gums from any cause, including overly vigorous brushing or flossing of the teeth, can also cause gingivitis. Medications such as phenytoin and birth control pills, and ingestion of heavy metals such as lead and bismuth are also associated with gingivitis.
Many people experience gingivitis to a varying degree.
It usually develops during puberty or early adulthood and may persist or recur frequently. Examination of the mouth and teeth shows soft, swollen, red-purple gingiva. Deposits of plaque and calculus may be visible at the base of the teeth. The gums are usually painless or mildly tender. The goal of treatment is reduction of gingival inflammation.