Geologists study the materials, processes, products, physical nature, and history of the Earth. Geomorphologists study Earth's landforms and landscapes in relation to the geologic and climatic processes and human activities, which form them. Geophysicists apply the principles of physics to studies of the Earth's interior and investigate Earth's magnetic, electric, and gravitational fields. Glacial geologists study the physical properties and movement of glaciers and ice sheets. Hydrogeologists study the occurrence, movement, abundance, distribution, and quality of subsurface waters and related geologic aspects of surface waters.
Meteorologists study the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena, including the weather.
Mineralogists study mineral formation, composition, and properties. Oceanographers investigate the physical, chemical, biological, and geologic dynamics of oceans. Paleoecologists study the function and distribution of ancient organisms and their relationships to their environment. Paleontologists study fossils to understand past life forms and their changes through time and to reconstruct past environments. Petroleum geologists are involved in exploration for and production of oil and gas resources.