Physicists conduct basic research of natural phenomena and develop new processes and devices in areas such as electronics, aerodynamics, communications, power utilities, optics and lasers. Astronomers research the universe and develop instrumentation and software for astronomical observation and analysis. Chemists conduct research and are involved in process control, product development, industrial operations, environmental control, biotechnology and other areas. Most of these professionals require a bachelor's degree in their science or a related discipline. Those conducting research or teaching in a post-secondary establishment usually require a master's or doctoral degree.
Most recent entrants have an undergraduate university degree.
Physicists and astronomers require a master's or doctoral degree. Geologists and geophysicists may require registration by a provincial or territorial association. The proportion of self-employed workers in these occupations has increased significantly over the last ten years. This rate is among the highest for professional occupations and for occupations in the natural and applied sciences sectors. The number of job openings for physical science professionals is expected to increase more rapidly than the number of qualified job seekers, mostly due to a high retirement rate in these occupations.