In a positive development, the majlis passed a law in November allowing judges to award custody of minor children to the mother in divorce cases. In a break with taboo, women attended celebrations of the national soccer team s advancement to the World Cup alongside men, and openly flouted the dress code without penalty. Women may be fined, imprisoned, or lashed for violating Islamic dress codes, though enforcement of these provisions slackened somewhat this year. Unlike women in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states, Iranian women may vote, stand for public office, and drive. However, a woman must have permission from a male relative to obtain a passport.
Religious freedom is limited.
The 1979 constitution recognizes Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians as religious minorities. Authorities rarely grant approval for publication of Christian texts, and church services are routinely monitored. Christians and Jews are restricted in opening schools, and in areas such as employment, education, and property ownership. Demonstrable knowledge of Islam is required for university admission and civil service employment. Jewish families may not travel abroad together.