Plants in classical Chinese gardens were grown as much for their symbolic and literary associations as for their beauty. Ancient pine trees are valued as symbols of longevity and for their indomitable spirit. Plums which flower during the winter represent an unconquerable spirit, which blooms in the face of adversity. The lotus, which rises spotless from a sea of mud, symbolizes purity and truth. Bamboo, which bends in the wind without breaking, represents the honorable man.
Peaches symbolize fecundity and immortality.
Orchids represent the true gentleman, because they scent the room so subtly that no one notices the fragrance until they leave. A favorite combination in classical Chinese gardens is that of bamboo, plum trees, orchids and chrysthemums, this combination is known as the four virtuous gentlemen . Another favorite combination is that of bamboo, pines and plum trees, they are known as the three friends of winter . Another characteristic which all classical Chinese gardens share is that they are dominated by architecture rather than plants. Yuan Ye is the most comprehensive manual for classical Chinese gardens in existence.