The 5m telescope collects 100 times as much light as the 0.5m telescope. A wave is a propagating disturbance. Wavelength is the distance between crests of a periodic wave. Reflection is the bouncing of light off a polished surface. The angle of the incident light equals the angle of the reflected light.
Refraction is the bending of light as it moves through different media.
A photon is a particle of electromagnetic wave energy. The X-ray photon has 500 times the energy of the visible photon. This would be in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The three powers of a telescope are light-gathering power, resolving power, and magnifying power. Light-gathering power refers to the ability of a telescope to collect light.