It is, therefore, absolutely impossible to build a current evolution on mutations or on recombinations. No matter how numerous they may be, mutations do not produce any kind of evolution. No nascent organ has ever been observed emerging, though their origin in pre-functional form is basic to evolutionary theory. There is no sign at all of this kind of radical novelty. Neither observation nor controlled experiments has shown natural selection manipulating mutations so as to produce a new gene, hormone, enzyme system, or organ.
Pigs remain pigs and oak trees remain oak trees, generation after generation.
If complex computer programs cannot be changed by random mechanisms, then surely the same must apply to the genetic programs of living organisms. I took a little trouble to find whether a single amino acid change in a hemoglobin mutation is known that doesn't affect seriously the function of that hemoglobin. One is hard put to find such an instance. It is hopeless to expect mutations to produce evolutionary change. The one systematic effect of mutation seems to be a tendency towards degeneration.