Hoa Hao, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Hinduism, and animism. Education consists of nine years of primary and junior high school, three years of secondary school. First nine years compulsory. Manual labor comprises 15 percent of primary curriculum and 17 percent of secondary. Ninety-three colleges and universities, with close to 130,000 students enrolled, are able to admit only 10 percent of applicants.
Education emphasizes training of skilled workers, technicians, and managers.
Students nevertheless tend to avoid vocational schools and specialized middle schools because they are believed to preclude entry to high-status occupations. Produced National Income grew by 2.1 percent in 1987, down from 3.3 percent in 1986. Mineral resources included iron ore, tin, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, manganese, titanium, chromite, tungsten, bauxite, apatite, graphite, mica, silica sand, and limestone. Energy Sources are Timber, coal, and offshore oil deposits. Principal exports consisted of coal, rubber, rice, tea, coffee, wood, and marine products.