In addition, distaff thistles are winter annuals and have spiny pinnate-lobed outer phyllaries and fruits with numerous unequal pappus scales . Introduced from Europe as a medicinal herb. Golden thistle is a spiny perennial native to the Mediterranean region. Although currently found only in Alameda County, it poses a serious threat to California's range and wildlands. A noxious weed.
Heavy infestations reduce range quality and carrying capacity.
Livestock rarely graze rosettes and completely avoid mature plants due to their spiny nature. Golden thistle establishes in degraded areas and along fences or waterways where plant skeletons collect after detached stems wind disperse in a tumbleweed manner. Seedlings may emerge from fall to spring. Seeds may also be dispersed in animal hair or fur, vehicles, or other farm equipment. Avoid driving through infestations and prevent livestock from overgrazing around infested areas.