It is more difficult to insert than the diaphragm, but may be left in place for up to 48 hours. There also appears to be an increased incidence of irregular Pap tests in the first six months of using the cap, and TSS is an extremely rare side effect. The cap has a failure rate of about 18 percent. Unlike barrier methods, hormones are not inert, do interact with the body, and have the potential for serious side effects, though this is rare. When properly used, hormonal methods are also extremely effective.
Hormonal methods are available only by prescription.
The combination pill prevents ovulation, while the mini-pill reduces cervical mucus and causes it to thicken. This prevents the sperm from reaching the egg. This prevents the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus. Women who take combination pills have a lower risk of functional ovarian cysts. The decision about whether to take an oral contraceptive should be made only after consultation with a health professional.