Butler et al. They observed that larvae died in the process of emergence, we noted that death occurred in the emergence process, inability to attach to treated surfaces, or shortly after attachment. Percent eggs hatched, nymphs attached, and nymphs dead after emergence. Percent normal and abnormal nymphal development and mortality. Percent adult emergence.
Oil is most effective when applied on eggs for control of first stage nymphs.
When first stage nymphs are treated, they are prevented from developing normally by oil treatments with or without the addition of oil surfactants. Some of the nymphs do not die and are not able to molt and grow normally. They appear very rounded, as if they need to, but are not able to molt. This has implications for development of symptoms of tomato irregular ripening, if nymphs are able to continue to live on the plant for long time intervals. Costa et al.