It also contains albumen, fixed oil, colouring matter, lignin, extractive, and sugar. Authorities differ as to the presence of resin. It may be used as other pure bitters. In New England it is valued as a local application in thrush, for children. It is stated to be good for dyspepsia, and combined with other drugs is regarded as helpful in combating the drink habit.
Flowers usually appear the following year.
Mulch in winter with oak leaves, which should be partially removed in spring.