Reinforcement schedules and shaping are linked. This is a tricky set of ideas, but the key difference is that punishment lowers the probability of a response while reinforcement increases probability of a response. This is not in the text. It refers to our ability to extract patterns in the structure of complex stimuli. These can be quite abstract, and the linkages among the parts are 'observed' and stored, and parts of the complex can be used to identify the structure and anticipate parts that will come later in a sequence.
Perceptual processes display many examples that have such processes as a part of their explanation.
This capacity can operate automatically, although it interacts with conscious mechanisms in various ways. This material is in supplementary reading. All memory systems have these functions, but priorities differ re duration of storage required End of first part of memory discussions. STM and LTM systems upcoming.