Simple proteins are all protein, with no non-protein comoponents. Conjugated proteins are covalently bonded to some non-protein materials. Examples include glycoproteins which have some carbohydrate portions, lipoproteins, which include lipids such as cholesterol, metalloproteins which include metal ions, etc. This classification has to do with shape, and the terms are pretty much self explanatory. Fibrous proteins are found in fibers and are insoluble.
Globular proteins are soluble and are thus less obvious.
Table 7.3 has examples. Another useful classification is by function. Table 7.4 lists several of these. Enzymes are a particularly important class. These classifications overlap, so that, for example, hemoglobin is a hemoprotein, a globular protein, and a transport protein.