When purchases are necessary, consider splitting the costs with someone else. Substitution also can be an effective cost-cutting technique. Bechman says consumers can save by choosing less-expensive options or brands. She says that if you enjoy something but it is not a necessity, don't give it up if it will make you miserable. For example, cable television is not a necessity, but it may be cheaper than frequent trips to the movie theater.
Impulse purchases can undo even the best belt-tightening measures.
To keep spending under control, Bechman suggests planning ahead by making shopping lists. And don't limit them to grocery shopping lists. Comparison shopping also may save money, because some stores honor other stores' advertisements, she says. Cooper, a Purdue doctoral student in mechanical engineering, is conducting research that may help manufacturers produce jet engines that produce fewer pollutants. Color photo, electronic transmission, and Web and ftp download available.