When an external source sends vibrations through the soil into the foundations of a buiding, the vibrations move both sideways and upwards. Soft soils give larger amplitude vibrations than hard or rock-like materials, but the amplitude of those vibrations decreases more rapidly with distance. Extending the foundation down to hard layers will reduce these. Barriers in the path to the structure can reduce the incidence of vibrations e.g. backfilled trenching or piles set in suitable locations Another way is to reduce the production of the external vibrations. The allowed speed and weight of nearby vehicles can be reduced.
Road surfaces can be smoothed and road beds can be improved.
Isolation pads can be used between the rail and the subgrade for both surface and subway rails. The rolling stock can have rubber tires instead of steel wheels. The use of rotating rather than reciprocating machines can be encouraged. Vibrations in structures come from two main sources, internal or external. Vibrations can be reduced by damping materials and design.