The use of pinholes in clinical refraction is discussed. The directional sensitivity of the cones is discussed and related to the previous sections. This section brings together much of the material in the course. Stimuli for accommodation are treated in detail, including binocular vergence, monocular depth cues, volition, spatial frequency, and blur from defocus and chromatic aberration. Students must understand the effect of defocus, aberrations and diffraction on MTF, and the effect of chromatic aberration and defocus on the retinal image of broadband sine-wave gratings.
Dynamic optometry is demonstrated in the laboratory.
Students are introduced to Reduced, Simplified and Schematic Eyes, and must be able to apply the principles of Geometric Optics to the optics of the eye. The optical components of the human eye are compared to those of model eyes, and students must memorize the principal curvatures, refractive indices, positions and thickness of the optical components. Students must be able to calculate powers, image size and location, and ametropias. The principles of ocular accommodation are introduced, including mechanical, anatomical and optical views. Axes and Angles.