The note is to be played detached and very short . Wind players usually use the word 'dit' or 'dat' to produce this. A tenuto mark is a short line placed over or under the note. The note is to be played long but detached . An accent sign is used to place emphasise on a note.
Dynamics refer to the loudness of music.
The mood or tempo of the music is often indicated above the staff at the beginning of the piece. In Classical music standardised Italian terms are used. This means a tempo of 120 crotchet beats per minute. MM stands for Maelzel Metronome . 1812 by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkler of Amsterdam.