Written by an eminent Harvard historian, this book breaks the new ground of differentiating between transformational and transactional leadership. Burns focuses on US presidents looking at transformational leadership as a political commodity. For example, FDR and JFK were very transformational and FDR was both transformational and transactional. Collins, J. C., and Porras, J. I. 1991. California Management Review , Fall, pp.
Many people have difficulty articulating a clear vision for desired change.
This article draws from the successful experiences of a variety of organizations and provides a practical framework for creating specific vision statements. Gardner, J. W. 1990. Motivation, values, social cohesion, and renewal as the issues behind leadership are explored. Shared leadership is discussed, and the author suggests that vitality in leadership at lower levels within an organization can produce vitality at higher levels. Heider, J. 1985.