The parenthetical format alphabetizes the citations by authors' last names and then by title, ignoring any initial articles. The author-date format alphabetizes by author's last names and then by date. If your work makes use of many sources, as do advanced research papers or theses, multiple parenthetical citations can disfigure your text and distract readers from your argument. Even when you use the parenthetical or author-date format of citation, you may also wish to resort periodically to such supplementary notes in order to take advantage of this format's additional power to convey information. As the names imply, endnotes appear after the text, starting on a new page.
Footnotes appear at the bottom of pages where their markers occur.
Most word processing software includes tools for preparing and formatting endnotes and footnotes. Place note numbers at the same points in your text as you would the text citations in the parenthetical or author-date formats. However, unlike those formats, the superscripted note numbers always follow all punctuation marks, except dashes. To avoid interrupting the continuity of your text, generally place note numbers at the end of a sentence or a phrase containing the material being cited. Number your notes consecutively throughout your paper, starting with 1.