Startup delays for standby items. Bulk and buffer stores. Common mode failures. Active and standby redundancy. Queuing for repairs.
RAMP measures availability in terms of volume of throughput capacity over time.
Thus unavailability and unreliability are expressed in the units which really matter to the business - production loss. Calculating the optimal reserve or buffer stock holding. Proving the potential of the design to meet availability and reliability requirements, especially at the tender stage. Quantifying the true benefits of redundancy, thereby avoiding unnecessary capital expenditure. Assessing the impact on availability of increases in production demand, alterations to maintenance strategies, etc.