Supreme court ruled that congress couldn t force states to perform background check. Stands out as a case where States actually, gasp, have sovereignty. Federal court rules that handguns in school do not demonstrate substantial effect on commerce, and therefor, congress cannot pass the law. Arazona looked at train length, and decided to limit train length to promote safety. Surrounding states didn t have length limiting law.
Federal laws didn t address the topic.
Sothern Pacific went to Supreme Court saying arizona couldn t have said law. Supreme court claimed that federal law preempted state law. Justice Johnston cliamed State action is preempted in congress. Grants in aid i.e. land grants for schools, money for militias, etc. Locals complained that they were so narrowly defined that it was impossible to adapt categorical grants to local needs Has the greatest degree of lobbying for it.