Income Decile a Total Population Pop. See section 3.2. These data indicate that industrial air pollution in Brazil is a problem for the relatively affluent, not the poor. Moreover, despite the greater pollution intensity of small enterprises, the mix of sector and plant scale in high-income areas is such that large plants create most of the problem. Large power plants are a major source of particulate pollution, and including them would obviously increase estimates of deaths attributable to large plants.
Motor vehicles are another major source of particulate pollution.