This can involve hitting, shaking, squeezing, burning and biting. It also includes giving a child poisonous substances, inappropriate drugs and alcohol, and attempted suffocation or drowning. In some cases, excessive force may be used when feeding, or changing a child's nappy. This might be sexual intercourse, and also includes fondling, masturbation, oral sex, anal intercourse, and exposing children to pornographic material - including videos. Leaving children alone and unsupervised is also an example of neglect.
Parents refusing to give love and affection to their children is an example of emotional neglect.
Emotional abuse - Where constant lack of love and affection, or threats, verbal attacks, taunting and shouting can lead to a loss of confidence and self esteem, making a child become nervous and withdrawn. The child's parents could well be trying to attract attention to themselves by an initial cry for help. In instances of abuse, both the child and the parents need help. Some parents are very relieved to know that their problem has been recognised. Others, unfortunately, may deny that a problem exists or become elusive if they feel that they are under suspicion.