They were designed to increase access to and equal enjoyment of various forms of public benefits. None involves quotas.
None guarantees concrete benefits to anyone to the exclusion of anyone else.
As a result, despite the passage of Proposition 209, all are legally and constitutionally sound. 2 Education is also the major determinant of an individual's economic and social achievement. Yet access to higher education is not equally available to all Californians. High school graduation and college matriculation rates vary widely among California's racial and ethnic minority groups. For example, while 72 percent of white high school students in California graduate, only 54 percent of African Americans and Hispanics do.