Divergence easy but convergence may underlay processing. Our interest in sensory encoding. Mechanosensors converge, integration of inputs from individual end organs. Is there an analogue of the axon hillock. Are there pacemaker sites and if so where are they located.
Optical techniques allow localization of electrical activity over surface of cell and over time.
Use fluorophores and epifloresecnce or ratio imaging. Detect electric field and changes fluorescence. Other potential metric dyes change position in membrane with potential, e.g. mericyanin. Potentometric changes in F Optical detectors Camera - slow temporal resolution at standard vidoe rates. CCD - specialized better temporal resolution but poor dynamic range and poor efficiency.