A pass or shot, made with either a bent or straight arm, in which the ball is projected directly behind the thrower. If the goalkeeper or any defensive field player takes the ball under inside the four meter area, with the object of preventing a goal, a penalty throw must be awarded. A major foul which includes deliberately attacking, striking or kicking an opponent or making disproportionate movements with that intent or to endanger another player in any way. The offending player is excluded from the remainder of the game and a penalty throw is awarded. Visiting teams wear white caps in highschoool and college games.
Home team wears white under international rules.
Goalkeepers caps must be red or quartered with two contrasting colors. Determined by the toss of a coin at the pregame meeting between the team captains, coaches and referees. In pools with one end deep and one end shallow, it is believed to be an advantage to attack the deep end in the final period of play. A player in control is not holding the ball, but the ball is within his reach and protection. A defensive player committing a foul is ejected for 20 seconds.