Female sterilization blocks the fallopian tubes so the egg can't travel to the uterus. Sterilization is done by various surgical techniques, usually under general anesthesia. Complications from these operations are rare and can include infection, hemorrhage, and problems related to the use of general anesthesia. This procedure, called a vasectomy, involves sealing, tying or cutting a man's vas deferens, which otherwise would carry the sperm from the testicle to the penis. Vasectomy involves a quick operation, usually under 30 minutes, with possible minor postsurgical complications, such as bleeding or infection.
Research continues on effective contraceptives that minimize side effects.
One important research focus, according to FDA's Rarick, is the development of birth control methods that are both spermicidal and microbicidal to prevent not only pregnancy but also transmission of HIV and other STDs. But the male latex condom is the only contraceptive method considered highly effective in reducing the risk of STDs. Unlike latex condoms, lambskin condoms are not recommended for STD prevention because they are porous and may permit passage of viruses like HIV, hepatitis B and herpes. Polyurethane condoms are an alternative method of STD protection for those who are latex-sensitive. Because it is a barrier method that works in much the same way as the male condom, the female condom may provide some protection against STDs.