Above ground parts killed by hard frosts. Previous infestations in the Central Valley have been eradicated. Reproduction mostly by vegetative clones from rhizomes , occasionally from seed. Seed dispersed primarily by livestock browsing on fruits , but also by water and high winds blowing clumps of branches with fruits. Passing through a herbivore digestive tract or acid scarification appears to stimulate germination.
Light appears to inhibit germination.
Seeds can survive submersion in water for at least 8 months and can remain viable for several years in semi-arid soils. Viability decreases rapidly after 1 year in cool, moist soil conditions. Moving livestock that has browsed on fruits can disperse seeds to new locations. Lack of soil moisture during the warm growing season discourages seedling survival. Mechanical removal can encourage clonal reproduction and spread.