However, recall that Burns incorporates the notion of a shared group goal. Burns concedes that the greatest difficulty for a leader is that of identifying and aligning commonalties between leader and follower hierarchies of motivations. It is plausible that modal values such as respect and fairness may provide that commonality as Burns notes that such values are not especially controversial. Assuming that common values can be found, a group level of analysis becomes feasible. For Burns leadership happens when leaders and followers join together to meet their mutual needs and, later, embark on societal change.
Leadership moves beyond dyadic self-interest and ends with the common good.
This is a multi-level theory that encompasses both the dyad and group level of analyses. The justice concept in social psychology. Equity and justice in social behavior. The varient approach. Its elementary forms.