Febronianism , next mentioned, is an 18th century doctrine of the church that arose in Germany. Like Gallicanism in France Febronianism argued for the independence of the local or national church against the authority of the pope. In the nineteenth century the institutional aspects of the church were emphasised once again in a reaction to liberal Protestantism . Liberal Protestantism responded to the need to relate Christian faith to the human situation and to bridge the gap between Christian faith and modern knowledge. Finally in this section le Guillou refers to Modernism .
Modernism is associated with a number of early twentieth century theologians.
You will perhaps agree that by this time our author has constructed a formidable case for the need to rethink the treatise on the church. In this final section of the article he tables developments anticipating the Vatican II theology of the church. The theology of the mystical body came to full flower in the theological renewal of the post World War II Years. The major approaches to ecclesiology that used by the second Vatican council emerged in these years.