Surveys were used to obtain service delivery and corruption-related information for the World Bank s World Development Report 1997 . Given the complexity of measuring efficiency and quality, many approaches assess work processes or institutional arrangements that are reasonably thought to contribute to efficiency and service quality. Tools have been developed to measure specific services. In each of these areas, the questions dealt with both personnel and expenditure management. A complementary approach is to measure proxies for public sector performance.
Results focus is evidence that public officials are striving to achieve organizational goals.
It is a reasonable, though empirically contestable proposition that rewarding good performance and punishing bad performance encourages a results focus. In measuring performance, the past enforcement of these rules was tested in the same four areas. Accountability is performance in the distinctive sense of adhering to the formal rules that allow actual behavior to be tested against mandated standards. For public sector organizations, which work with public funds, accountability is an important element of performance. Corruption is a symptom of poor accountability performance, but accountability as a concept is broader than corruption.