The key to direct manipulation is to come up with an appropriate representation or model of reality. It is essential to think visually. Try to conjure up a sequence of images rather than thinking in terms of a sequnce of instructions. All is not wonderful however. There are space problems.
Pseudo code is often better than flow charts.
Thus the user does not need to grapple with the syntax or semantics of using the computer and can concentrate on the task semantics. Icons Icons are appropriate where the task is visual since the user is cognitivell tuned to pictures. In an application that is text oriented icons may be less effective. Icon Guidelines Represent the object in a familiar and recognizable manner. Direct manipulation programing Robots can be programmed by direct manipulation.