Mongols invade north and later under Genghis Khan Beijing is established as capital. Paper money is used and tea becomes popular throughout China. In 1250, census 108 million. Native Chinese re-establish rule and set up new government structures. Buddhism and Taoism were made state religions.
Rulers institute isolationism policies and conservatism.
Original Forbidden City and Temple of Heaven are built in Beijing. In 1662, census 111 million. Qing Dynasty Manchurians invade, adopt Chinese ways, honor heritage, and set up government modeled after Ming leaders. Trade with the West leads to the importation of opium, the Opium Wars with Britain, the cession of Hong Kong and establishment of foreign colonies. Sun Yat-sen leads revolution that ends Manchu empire.