You cannot diagnose human papilloma virus infection by Pap smear. You can suspect it, but the diagnosis is by DNA sequence subtyping of cervicovaginal smears. Most doctors consider the infant culture data evidence of contamination when the baby is delivered rather than infection since the positivity of the infant decreases over several months. There are no current recommendations to alter delivery based on having signs or laboratory studies showing and HPV infection. This is a very common question doctors are asked during antenatal care.
Human infection occurs mainly from the ingestion of raw lamb, pork or beef.
Rarely, it can come from eating oocysts in cat feces or even water system contamination. Inside cats have almost no exposure to toxoplasmosis, but even in that case, a non pregnant person ideally should be responsible for changing the cat litter. Sometimes there are no symptoms with an infection, but when they do occur, they are mild. Tiredness, lymph node swelling, a generalized not feeling well and muscle aches are the most common, albeit nonspecific. Others are asymptomatic at birth but develop these same problems and hearing loss in early childhood.