These risk factors are listed below. Exposure to ionizing radiation Diagnosis of male breast cancer is like that of the female. Most male breast cancers present as a lump on one side, under the areola, that is hard and anchored in surrounding tissues when examined with the hand. Nipple discharge is an occasional presenting symptom. Breast discharge on one side of a male is cause for a diagnostic work-up.
Mammograms are very helpful in identifying the presenting symptom as a malignancy.
However, on a thin male it may be difficult to obtain. Ultrasound is a helpful tool. Needle biopsies, FNA or core, are used to obtain a histological diagnosis. Mastectomy is usually the surgery of choice. A modified radical is most often used, unless there is chest wall involvement of the muscle, which requires a radical mastectomy with removal of the pectoralis muscles.