Urban Ministry Volume 3, Number 3, Page 4 A Publication of McCormick Theological Seminary Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Vol. There are four types of power, according to Norman Shawchuck and Roger Heuser, authors of Managing the Congregation . These four types of power must be understood by organizations and those leaders who want to manage successfully. Exploitative power manifests itself in destructive ways and tends to manipulate others in an attempt to control. This kind of manager sees people not as valuable contributors, but as objects.
Exploitative power depends on brute force or aggression to achieve a desired result.
This tactic would be devastating to any organization and in time would lead to rebellion, abandonment and desertion. Coercive power is an assault on another using deceit and intimidation as weapons of choice. Fear is used to get a person to follow or obey. This kind of leadership may initially appear to work, but fear always gives way to negative effects. The person being manipulated may comply for the moment, but will ultimately respond with distrust and discontent.