There are often no symptoms of infections, so women who are at risk and are considering pregnancy can be tested for immunity prior to conception. All pregnant women should avoid or exercise caution in handling cats and consuming raw meats. Genetic counseling, offered at many large medical centers, can usually help couples assess the relative risk for passing on a particular disorder based on family medical history and blood tests. Counseling can also help the prospective mother to prepare for any medical or social needs of her child well in advance of birth. Appropriate diet modification many months before conceiving can lower that risk.
Doctors recommend that women optimize their intake of folic acid several months prior to pregnancy.
Folate occurs naturally in such foods as dark green leafy vegetables and legumes. Diet can be supplemented by taking folic acid tablets for a daily intake of 400 to 1000 mcg total. Smoking in women is associated with higher rates of miscarriage, lower infant birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, and infant respiratory illnesses. Alcohol intake can affect the developing child. Fetal alcohol syndrome is now recognized as a cause of serious birth defects, particularly mental underdevelopment.