They work to solve problems associated with pollution, waste management, urbanization, and natural hazards, such as flooding and erosion. Geochronologists use the rates of decay of certain radioactive elements in rocks to determine their age and the time sequence of events in the history of the Earth. Geologists study the materials, processes, products, physical nature, and history of the Earth. Geomorphologists study Earth's landforms and landscapes in relation to the geologic and climatic processes and human activities, which form them. Geophysicists apply the principles of physics to studies of the Earth's interior and investigate Earth's magnetic, electric, and gravitational fields.
Glacial geologists study the physical properties and movement of glaciers and ice sheets.
Hydrogeologists study the occurrence, movement, abundance, distribution, and quality of subsurface waters and related geologic aspects of surface waters. Meteorologists study the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena, including the weather. Mineralogists study mineral formation, composition, and properties. Oceanographers investigate the physical, chemical, biological, and geologic dynamics of oceans. Paleoecologists study the function and distribution of ancient organisms and their relationships to their environment.