During the six centuries of Grimaldi rule, Monaco has been intermittently controlled by various European powers. It achieved independence from France in 1861. Under a treaty ratified in 1919, France pledged to protect the territorial integrity, sovereignty, and independence of the principality in return for a guarantee that Monegasque policy would conform to French interests. Of 32,000 residents, Monaco is home to only 5,000 Monegasques. As head of state, Prince Rainier holds executive authority, formally appoints the four-member cabinet, and proposes all legislation.
Legislation proposed by the prince is drafted by the cabinent and voted upon by the council.
The prince holds veto power over the council. The council members are elected for five years by direct universal suffrage and a system of proportional representation. Electors are citizens of both sexes over 21 years of age and in possession of Monegasque nationality for more than five years. Candidates must be Monegasques over 25 years old. There are no legal barriers to women standing for election.