Dysphagia produced by a contractile ring in the lower esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux as a pathogenic factor in the development of symptomatic lower esophageal rings. Radiographic and endoscopic sensitivity in detecting lower esophageal mucosal ring. Radiological evaluation of dysphagia. Radiographic techniques and efficacy in evaluating esophageal dysphagia.
Long term follow up of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.
American gastroenterological association medical position statement on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus. AGA technical review on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus. Medicine is a constantly changing science and not all therapies are clearly established. New research changes drug and treatment therapies daily. However, as medical science is constantly changing and human error is always possible , the authors, editors, and publisher or any other party involved with the publication of this article do not warrant the information in this article is accurate or complete, nor are they responsible for omissions or errors in the article or for the results of using this information.