According to the FAO, tariff escalation is probably one of the major constraints to vertical diversification of agricultural products by developing countries. The study also finds no homogenous pattern of increase of effective protection by stages in the shoe industry. But about the same level of protection is accorded in South Korea. In the EU, protection is more pronounced for the leather industry than for shoe production. The non-linearity of effective protection along with the processing chain is even more pronounced for cotton shirts.
Effective protection is relatively high at the first stage of entry to industry.
ERPs for the weaving stage is relatively low and fairly similar.