Haematuria is also a complicating feature. Jaundice and gallstone formation are a consequence of chronic haemolysis. Liver failure may supervene as a result of multiple infarcts or haemosiderosis from frequent blood transfusions. Sickling and microvascular occlusion within bones and epiphyseal plates often leads to shortening of the limbs and gross deformity of joints. Osteomyelitis may occur.
Leg ulcers following skin infarcts are common and often complicated by trauma and poor hygiene.
It is characterised by confusion with variable neurological defects. Whilst most resolve spontaneously permanent damage can occur. There is an increased incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage, blindness and deafness. Many patients with sickle cell anaemia have frequent hospital admissions for exacerbations of the disease. This can alter their mental health to an extent that considerable psychological, as well as physical, support is essential to their well being.