When Aristotle claims in the Nicomachean Ethics that Socrates does not believe in incontinence, he misunderstands how Socrates tries, for example with Callicles in the Gorgias, to combat a person's own passive relation to what he already knows about his own behavior. Trace the significance and treatment of the category of substance from Descartes to Hume. Explain in what ways each one of these claims would be a fair reading of Kant. Alfred North Whitehead has made a famous claim to the effect that all philosophy may be conceived as being only a footnote to Plato. Develop an argument supporting your view which is both careful and thoughtful.
Freedom is either spontaneous or illusory.
Spinoza's metaphysical monism contrasts sharply with Descartes' dualism. In careful detail, explain how. Explain its sense and meaning. Art is simply what one thinks art is. Explain the argument Newton uses to maintain traditional theism while still maintaining mechanism.