In some cases, direct uptake in water solution occurs. Sometimes, plants actually have to protect themselves against too much nutrient intake. Too much of a good thing can prove poisonous. An example of this can be seen in the accumulations of calcium carbonate deposits that surround the roots of some desert shrubs. The approximate ratio of needed nutrients is shown in the table to the right.
Excess nitrogen can lead to the loss of fine root biomass and deficiencies in other nutrients.
The pool of nutrients held in the soil and vegetation is many times larger than the annual receipt of nutrients from the atmosphere and rock weathering. Thus, life husbands its needed nutrients on land, storing much of the total in the humus. The data of the table came from a study of the famous Hubbard Brook ecosystem in New Hampshire. It shows how effective the soils are in storing the needed nutrients and how limited are the rates of supply from atmosphere and rock weathering. Acid rain caused by human emissions of nitrogen and sulphur oxides leads to enhanced weathering and changes in nutrient ratios.