Cold Dark Matter. It does not correctly describe how smaller objects, namely galaxies, came into being. Conversely, the contemporary picture for the evolution of the universe, which does work well in explaining galaxies, does not explain the voids, threads, and sheets. In addition to clarifying the qualitative picture of the universe's history, the work of Melott and his collaborators provides an important tool that allows researchers running computer simulations to quickly test and refine specific theories. In the latter view, galaxies, which have about 100 billion times the mass of the Sun, formed first.
Galaxies gather together to form clusters, which, in turn, clump into superclusters.
Conversely, in the pancake model the first structures are much larger, formed from blobs with the mass of hundreds of thousands of galaxies. Because the blobs would not have been perfectly even spheres, Zel'dovich envisioned that the mass would contract more quickly in one direction, forming a pancake-shaped object. But Zel'dovich's group had no means to visualize what came out of the equations. When the Russians were able to model their ideas on computers, they found something different. By the early 1980s, the pancake theory had fallen out of favor.