They also identify rocks, minerals, and fossils, conduct geological surveys, draw maps, take measurements, and record data. Geological research helps to determine the structure and history of Earth and may assist in predicting future geological events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. A second important aspect is protecting our geological environment from pollution. Geologists use many tools and instruments, ranging from simple hammers, levels, compasses, and cameras, to more sophisticated equipment such as surveying instruments, gravity meters, and seismographs. They evaluate information from photographs or imagery taken from aircraft, satellites, GPS instruments and use computers to record and analyze data.
Geologists also examine chemical and physical properties of specimens in the laboratory.
They study fossil remains of animal and plant life and experiment with the flow of water and oil through rocks. Geologists use complex instruments that determine the mineralogy, physical texture, and chemical composition of rocks, soils, and water. Besides locating resources and protecting the environment, geologists advise construction companies and governmental agencies on the suitability of certain locations for constructing buildings, dams, or highways. Some geologists administer and manage research, exploration, and environmental programs. Others teach and work on research projects in colleges and universities.