Anterior ventral glands are present in male cloacae. Posterior ventral glands are absent from male cloacae. Kingsbury's glands are absent from male cloacae. Dorsal pelvic glands are absent in males. Lateral pelvic glands are absent in males.
Glands secreting into the male cloacal orifice are absent.
Parental care of eggs is by males. There are no formally recognized taxa ranked between the family Hynobiidae and its component genera. This analysis included the genus Pachypalaminus, which has been synonymized with Hynobius, and omitted analysis of the genus Pachyhynobius. Because the number of characters studied is relatively small, these relationships should be considered tentative. References Duellman, W. E. 1993.