Resource-defense Polygyny . Males control access to females indirectly by monopolizing critical resources. A female may have a better chance of producing viable offspring by choosing a male who already has a female in his territory. Allows males to pool their displays so they can be heard from a distance, for example. Males search out mates but don t overtly compete for them.
Females control access to multiple males.
Extremely rare, but there are a few key examples in birds where males get stuck incubating the eggs. Females control access to males indirectly by monopolizing critical resources. Jacanas, Spotted Sandpipers. Females do not defend resources essential to males, but they interact among themselves to limit male access to females. The type of mating system can reflect aspects of a species ecology.