Evidence of Manila's reduced status and Bangkok's claim for upgrading to the topmost ranking could not be substantiated. Although Osaka and Taipei should have had little trouble in maintaining their second-ranked status, improved showings from Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta were not apparent. As is evident from table 3.4, there were few grounds on which Beijing and Shanghai could be classed as international cities in 1991. It is difficult, however, to draw authoritative conclusions from these data. An analysis is required of changes in flows of goods, people, and information over time - a need that comes up against the barrier of data availability.
Figures refer to both Osaka and Tokyo.
If dynamic changes in international linkages and interactions between Pacific Asian world cities are to be traced, however, the minimum requirement is to obtain dyadic data for at least two points in time. A major problem is the availability of appropriate statistics. The problem is complicated by some economies collecting statistics by country of residence. Yet Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore supply statistics by both country of residence and nationality. Indonesia - n.a.