Family practitioners are trained in several basic disciplines including internal medicine, disease prevention, pediatrics, obstetrics, gynecology, general surgery and psychiatry. They place special emphasis on the care of families and refer patients to specialists and community resources, such as support groups, when appropriate. Family doctors diagnose and treat the majority of common illnesses and injuries. Gastroenterologists diagnose and treat disorders of the digestive system, including the stomach, bowels, liver, gallbladder and related organs. These specialists perform complex diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and they consult with surgeons when abdominal operations are needed.
Geneticists are experts or specialists in genetics.
Common genetic disorders include cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia, neural tube defects and Tay-Sachs disease. Gynecologists are physicians who have completed advanced training in female reproductive disorders. These specialists perform routine checkups including pelvic exams, Pap smears and breast exams to help detect disorders of the female reproductive system. They also perform a variety of surgical procedures on the female reproductive system. Many gynecologists often serve as the primary care physician for their patients.