The earth consists of four major reservoirs which include the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the biosphere and the geosphere. The earth can be considered a closed system where energy but not matter can be transferred. The earth s four major reservoirs can be considered open systems. The earth system and its various cycles are driven mainly by the earth s internal heat energy. Folds are examples of ductile rock deformation.
Joints are fractures in rocks along which significant displacement occurs.