This is also know as swidden agriculture. In many instances, foraging is also practiced. Production for subsistence. The nuclear or extended family is the main source of labor. Men and women cooperate in the cultivation of crops.
Land is controlled by multifamily corporate kin groups.
Settlement in villages or in well-defined clan territories, with populations of several hundred members. In many cases, village sites are moved due to various factors, including decreasing soil fertility and hostile social relations. Political leadership is exercised by a headman or a Big Man, with important roles in production, exchange, and resource allocation. Cultivation of permanent fields with little or no fallow and the use of various techniques to maintain soil fertility such as irrigation, terracing, animal husbandry, fertilization, crop diversification and rotation, and drainage. Cultivation of a variety of domesticated crops rather than a single crop.