Maximizing inclusion of stakeholders is always conducive to education reform. Disseminating information is a sufficient antidote against resistance to reform. Teachers' union opposition constitutes an insurmountable obstacle. Ruling-party affiliation ensures the cooperation of teachers' unions. Teachers' unions are the most formidable reform enemies.
Governments can count on local organs to support decentralization initiatives.
Access reforms are politically unassailable. Educations reforms cannot prosper in politically unstable or polarized environments. By establishing carefully targeted information campaigns, not so much in the early stages of the reform but when reform design is at a more advanced stage, reformers have been able to stimulate societal demand for reform. And by isolating anti-reform players through the formation of alliances with other societal players, reformers have been able to survive potentially destabilizing acts of enemies of reforms. The paper concludes with a summary of findings and suggestions for future research.