The greater problem of global pollution requires an international agreement to make all polluters pay for their damage. This cost would have two effects. The pollution charges would be passed on to the consumers of the products, making those items more expensive and thus reducing the quantity purchased, and thereby reducing the pollution. The charges would also induce polluting firms to reduce the charge by putting in equipment and changing their production methods to reduce the pollution. The charges could be used to pay for monitoring the wildlife to enforce the payments.
Fishing is a problem because the oceans are unmanaged common property.
The remedy is to limit the fishing to a sustainable level and then auction off the rights to fish. The payment for fishing permits would be a type of rent for the use of the fishing water. Killing penguins and other endangered wildlife should be penalized as well, and non-native predators need to be controlled. Because penguins capture the public imagination, environmental groups can use their plight to educate the public on the general problem of the destruction of wildlife. But environmental groups should also educate themselves on the economics of conservation.