For the majority of men, the gradual loss of bone mass is so small that it poses no problems. Hip and vertebral fractures often have serious consequences. A hip fracture almost always requires hospitalization and major surgery. It can impair the patient's ability to walk unassisted, may cause prolonged or permanent disability, and death rates from complications are high. Vertebral fractures, which may result in a hunched or stooped posture, are a major cause of severe back pain.
Individual risk is determined primarily by heredity.
This explains why osteoporosis tends to run in families and why it is more prevalent among Caucasians than in most other ethnic groups. While there is obviously nothing anyone can do about his or her age or genetic makeup, almost all other risk factors for osteoporosis involve lifestyle or medical concerns and are thus within the realm of control. Other medications associated with accelerated bone loss include anticonvulsants, thyroid hormone, immunosuppressants, chemotherapy drugs, and aluminum-containing antacids. Gastrointestinal diseases that interfere with the absorption of calcium and other minerals can also result in bone loss. Finally, some risk factors are related to lifestyle.