In this framework the most difficult problems of biology, from morphogenesis to evolution, find a natural model. A thermodynamics of evolution and even equations for ecosystems are proposed. An introduction to the theory of dynamical systems. Equilibrium states and nonequilibrium constraints are defined operationally, with the emphasis on fluxex between a system and the environment. A system subject to the action of a nonequilibrium constraint becomes susceptible to change as localized tendencies to deviate from equilibrium are amplified, thus becoming sources of innovation and diversification.
Dissipative structures emerge under nonequilibrium conditions.
Therefore, nonlinear systems driven away from equilibrium can generate instabilities that lead to bifurcations and symmetry breaking beyond bifurcation. The methodology of phase spaces is introduced to study nonlinear nonequilibrium systems, leading to formal definitions of limit cycles, attractors, fractals, etc. Catastrophe and chaos theories are viewed as special cases. A model of bifurcation and evolution is worked out. The ultimate textbook on nonlinear methods for describing complex systems.