An experimental study of punishment. Instrumental escape performance as a function of the intensity of noxious stimulation. Punishment by noise in an alternative response situation. The gradient of delay of secondary reward in avoidance learning. Conditioned suppression as a monitor of fear of the CS in the course of avoidance training.
Inescapable shock has multiple effects.
An experimental approach to anxiety, escape, and avoidance behavior. On depression, Development, and Death. The alleviation of learned helplessness in the dog. A cognitive theory of avoidance learning. Failure to escape traumatic shock.