Functions may not be nested. Identifiers are case-sensitive.
Every statement is an expression, and so it has a value.
This is a reference to a variable. Shorthand operators use and change single lvalue. Carriage return provided by endl . Any expr that evaluates to non-zero is taken to be true, and the statement is executed. The expr is evaluated, execution transfers to the first case with that value, and all cases following are executed, as well, unless break .