Families are broken up by the recruitment of child soldiers and attacks on women, especially when sexual assault and rape are used as weapons of war. The international arms trade in small arms and landmines is a further cause of flight. In the period from 1989 to 1992, only 3 of the 82 wars that occurred were between nation states. The nation state is weak or is deteriorating in many regions of the world. Afghanistan, Somalia, Liberia and Zaire are prime examples.
Internal wars destroy government infrastructure and the chance of building up civil society.
Increased debt, often dealt with by enforced Structural Assistance Programs imposed by the World Bank, often lead to loss of services such as education and health care. Governments become powerless to rule and anarchy takes over. The final report will be published soon. Push factors emerged as the much stronger set. This view is then built into law and policy.