The Supreme Court held that federal courts had jurisdiction over cases where state officials, acting under the color of law infringed on rights protected by the Constitution even if they are challenging other than serious physical abuse. Opened direct path for prisoners to petititon federal courts about conditions of confinement through Section 1983. An Illlinois prisoner was granted the right to challenge administrative restrictions of his access to the Koran and opportunities to worship among prisoners professing the Muslim faith. Every citizen who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, or any State or Territory, subjects, or causes to be subjected, the citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress. An impulsive and emotional response to tension.
Expressive violence is spontaneous, irrational aggression that releases tension.
Instrumental Violence Rational, calculated aggression that sets out to achieve a particular goal. The Spontaneity Model Riots are unplanned, spontaneous events. Riots occur when some incident sets off a chain of events that becomes a collective violent disturbance aimed at taking control of a prison or some portion of a prison. The official and unofficial mechanisms for social control in the prison break down and lead to instability. When frequent administrative or staff turnover occurs, inmates experience tension due to the perception that the institution lacks competent management.