The system of interest is the instantaneous contents of an engine cylinder which is treated as a variable volume plenum.
Heat transfer is included in each process.
Convective heat transfer from the gas to each component surface is modeled using available engine correlations based on turbulent flow in pipes. The characteristic velocity and length scales required to evaluate these correlations are obtained from a mean and turbulent kinetic energy model. Radiative heat transfer, based on the predicted flame temperature is added during combustion. More details about the simulation model can be found in the following articles .