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We are now examining their functions in gonad and germ cell development. Also, we have succeeded to develop a novel method of introducing foreign genes into spermatogenic cells in the testis and subsequent production of transgenic mice by in vitro fertilization using transfected spermatozoa. We have established many ES cell lines from various mouse strains. Using such cell lines, we are studying regulation of cell differentiation in culture. We have also established several primate ES cell lines from monkey blastocysts, as the first step of the application study for regenerative medicine.