Major topics of geology include mineral and rock formation, earthquakes and plate tectonics, Earth's interior layers, fossil life and ancient climates, and surface processes including rivers, groundwater, glaciers, wind, waves, and landslides. Geology, as one field in the Earth Sciences, is closely linked to processes covered in oceanography and our solar system. Geography is the science of space and place on Earth's surface. Its subject matter is the physical and human phenomena that make up the world's environments and places.
Geographers describe the changing spatial patters of places in words, maps and geo-graphics.
Geography's continuing quest is to understand the physical and cultural features of places and their natural settings on the surface of Earth. GIS is a tool with applications in fields such as environmental science, forestry, agriculture, geology, crime analysis, insurance, real estate, marketing, and retail site location.