Reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase are the primary antioxidants used in the body to scavenge free radicals. Phytochemicals such as indoles from cruciferous vegetables and quercetin also help in the first phase of detoxification. Beta-glucuronidase is an enzyme produced by intestinal bacteria that reverses the glucuronidation reaction and releases previously conjugated toxins to be reabsorbed from the intestines. Calcium d-glucarate is currently being investigated for its effects in preventing breast cancer in high risk women at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Vitamin, mineral, and protein deficiencies will decrease the activity of the detoxification pathways.
Fats can promote the uptake of many chemical carcinogens.
The omega 3 polyunsaturated oils have a neutral effect in promoting the uptake of carcinogens. The omega 6 polyunsaturated oils have a postive effect in promoting the uptake of carcinogens. Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, and cabbage enhance the first phase of detoxification. Plant flavonoids such as quercetin diminish the mutation of many carcinogens. This action probably occurs through the modulation of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme activation.