Canadians are among the highest water users in the world. Eleven percent of all surface water and groundwater withdrawn in Canada is used for municipal purposes. Reasons included seasonal shortages due to drought, infrastructure problems and increased consumption. Water drawdown, especially in drought-prone areas, decreases water levels and stream flows which affects ecosystem functions as well as impacts on aquatic and terrestrial habitats. These municipalities experience more frequent water shortages than those relying on surface water.
Many communities require significant infrastructure upgrades.
Technological measures Numerous water-saving devices are available for use in homes and businesses. For a low-flow showerhead, the flow rate can be half that of a conventional showerhead. Currently, there are substantial regulatory barriers to its implementation, such as existing plumbing codes. Educational and regulatory measures Jurisdictions are providing educational materials to the public through a variety of means. Internet sites such as the Water Efficiency Experiences Database, developed by Environment Canada and the Canadian Water and Wastewater Association, encourage the sharing of knowledge on water use and water efficiency initiatives among municipalities.