These sites serve as ion exchangers. Ions are separated based on their charge and size. Ion chromatography is a widely used technique for the analysis of ions in environmental samples. Electrochemical analysis is a widely used technique for analyzing substances in our bodies that can be easily reduced or oxidized. Since many biochemical processes involve redox reactions, there are many useful applications of these techniques.
Electrochemical analysis is also useful for the trace detection of metals.
Protein Perfusion Chromatograph Protein perfusion chromatography is an advanced technique for the rapid separation of proteins. Samples pass through small beads that have pores specially designed for protein separation. Effluents are collected and repurified. This instrument is used to separate cell components to obtain pure protein samples for crystallization and for structure determination with X-Ray diffraction.