This section deals with the interactions of organisms and their environment, emphasizing biological principles at levels above the individual. Ecological and evolutionary topics are given equal weight. Ecological questions range from physiological adaptations to the functioning of ecosystems. Although principles are emphasized, some questions may consider applications to current environmental problems. Questions in evolution range from its genetic foundations through evolutionary processes to their consequences.
Evolution is considered at the molecular, individual, population, and higher levels.
Principles of ecology, genetics, and evolution are interrelated in many questions. Some questions may require quantitative skills, including the interpretation of simple mathematical models. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 2.