In the 16th century, two large shells could buy a slave. They are used extensively to adorn ceremonial robes, headdresses, tribal masks and royal thrones. Ivory Coast and Nigeria. Formed over hundreds of years from dripping groundwater and minute deposits of copper. When ships arrived in port, African messengers were sent for the first selection to carry back to their chiefs and kings.
Kenyan women sew large shell discs on their clothing to indicate their unmarried status.
These are becoming more difficult to find as ostrich herds dwindle. They are embroidered by sewing seeds onto garments, belts, and headdresses. Originally designed in Europe for trade in African villages. Found sewn into costumes worn by witch doctors. Also called Mossi.