Extender motion on the order of microns to tens of microns, and force from tens to hundreds of Newtons is typical. These transducers are often referred to as benders, bimorphs, or flexural elements. Bender motion on the order of hundreds to thousands of microns, and bender force from tens to hundreds of grams, is typical. These illustrations show several common bending configurations. The variety of mounting and motion options make benders a popular choice of design engineers.
End takes on an angle.
Simple to mount. Increasing the volume of piezoceramic increases the energy that may be delivered to a load. As the number of layers grows, so does the difficulty of accessing and wiring all the layers. Typically, more than 4 layers becomes impractical. The co-fired stack seen below is a practical way to assemble and wire a large number of piezo layers into one monolithic structure.