Dosage levels of theophyline or aminophylline are closely monitored. Excessive levels can lead to nausea, vomiting, heart rhythm problems, and even seizures. In certain medical conditions, such as heart failure or cirrhosis, dosages of methylxanthines are lowered to avoid excessive blood levels. Corticosteroids are given orally for severe asthma unresponsive to other medications. Unfortunately, high doses of corticosteroids over long periods can have serious side effects, including osteoporosis, bone fractures, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, thinning of the skin and easy bruising, insomnia, emotional changes, and weight gain.
Expectorants help thin airway mucus, making it easier to clear the mucus by coughing.
Potassium iodide is commonly used but has the potential side-effects of acne, increased salivation, hives, and thyroid problems. In addition to bronchodilator medications for those patients with atopic asthma, avoiding allergens or other irritants can be very important. In patients who cannot avoid the allergens, or in those whose symptoms cannot be controlled by medications, allergy shots are considered. Some doctors are still concerned about the risk of anaphylaxis, which occurs in 1 in 2 million doses given. Other benefits can be seen with grass pollen, ragweed, and animal dander.