Most likely, multiple causes are involved. There is evidence to suggest genetic involvement. A lack of folic acid during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of spinal defect. If one child is born with a myelomeningocele, the risk for a second child having the same problem increases. The symptoms of a myelomeningocele are related to the level and severity of the defect.
Higher defects can result in complete paralysis of the legs.
Hydrocephalus is often seen in association with myelomeningocele as is the Chiari type II malformation. As always, a careful history and physical examination are the first steps in diagnosis. Inspection of the defect in the case of meningocele or myelomeningocele will demonstrate whether the defect is closed or open. Ultrasound examination and sometimes CT scanning of the brain will show the ventricular size. A careful examination by a neonataologist soon after delivery will help to determine other possible congenital defects, particularly heart problems.