The true head cabbage was probably not known in antiquity. White and red cabbages in their typical distinct shape as a firm, closed round head with smooth leaves appear to have been developed in the Middle Ages, around 1200. Breeding varieties are divided into Spring, Autumn and perennial types. Early varieties must form heads rapidly. Firm, medium-heavy heads with a high fibre and sugar content are desired for the sauerkraut industry.
Good storage is important for perennial varieties.