Indicators Explain the founding, expansion, political organization and cultural expression of the Persian empire. Analyze conflicts between Persia and Greek city-states. Benchmark Describe the emergence of Greek societies as well as their major cultural achievements and impact on societies in Egypt, Persia and India. Indicators Describe the emergence of Greek city-states in the Aegean region and the political, social and legal character of the polis. Analyze factors leading to the establishment of Greek colonies in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions.
Indicators Describe the influence of geography on Roman economic, social and political development.
Describe political and social institutions of the Roman Republic and analyze why Rome was transformed from republic to empire. Assess the impact of the spread of Judaism. C.E. Benchmark Assess the different political structures that emerged after the collapse of classical societies in Europe and Asia. Indicators Evaluate the Byzantine role in preserving and transmitting ancient Greco-Roman culture in Eastern Europe. Indicators Evaluate Muslim contributions in mathematics, science, medicine, literature, and the preservation of Greco-Roman learning.