We have now to consider the motives and states of mind of wrongdoers, and to whom they do wrong. Let us first decide what sort of things people are trying to get or avoid when they set about doing wrong to others. Now every action of every person either is or is not due to that person himself. Consequently all actions that are not due to a man himself are due either to chance or to nature or to compulsion. All actions that are due to a man himself and caused by himself are due either to habit or to rational or irrational craving.
Irrational craving is twofold, viz.
So we must ignore such distinctions. The things that happen by chance are all those whose cause cannot be determined, that have no purpose, and that happen neither always nor usually nor in any fixed way. The definition of chance shows just what they are. Those things happen through compulsion which take place contrary to the desire or reason of the doer, yet through his own agency. Acts are done from habit which men do because they have often done them before.