The Court, speaking through Chief Justice John Marshall establishes its authority to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. In this case, the commissions of some persons who had been appointed justices of the peace were signed by President Adams, but not delivered before President Jefferson took office. James Madison, Jefferson's secretary of state, refused to deliver the commissions. The disgruntled appointees, relying upon that law, asked the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus to force the delivery of their commissions. The Court determined that it could not issue the writ because the law was unconstitutional.
Jurisdiction is the authority to hear and decide a case.
Notice how each of them describes the doctrine and the points each one gives for and against it. In each case, it is important to determine whether speech or expression has taken place. Note that expression may not necessarily be speech but still come under the protection of the First Amendment. Finally, if there has been some form of expression which the government is preventing, then there must be an analysis as to whether the government should be allowed to take such action in light of the circumstances. In other words, the government must articulate some compelling reason for suppressing the speech or expression.