Even at these higher levels of organization there is communication and cooperation between the ephemeral entities created by the groups of cells. These groups of groups are also seen as combining at even higher levels of organization to produce biological shapes and form which at an outward physical level combine to produce life forms. Even at the level of a biological life form, this process of information exchange and cooperation continues to create larger and larger systems or hierarchic groupings. We know, as human beings, groups form as a result of communication and cooperation between individuals. We know that groups of individuals can act collectively to communicate and cooperate with each other.
Groups form into communities and communities form into nations.
The wonder, of the biological masterpieces created by nature, is not in the complexities of their final structures, but, in the underlying simplicity which brings it all together. This book is about applying such simplicity to the Internet where in all likelihood we shall soon be rivaling nature in the extravagance and magnificence of our creations. Already we are using the techniques of evolutionary biology to design information systems. Object oriented programming techniques are enabling applications and services to be designed which go far beyond any individual designer's ability to comprehend their full complexity. Systems are no longer being designed to be isolated or be regarded as stand alone products.