Later, many establish businesses. 1850s Gold rushes in Victoria and New South Wales lead to large population increases with people coming from many countries, particularly China. Migrants from many parts of Europe and Asia also begin to arrive as labourers. There is large scale Irish immigration in response to potato famine in Ireland. Chinese people begin to migrate within Australia, not only to work in the gold fields but also to look for work in Queensland and the Northern Territory.
First convicts arrive in Western Australia.
The development of a system of pastoral leases in South Australia begins. Governor Young insists that all pastoral leases should include reservations in favour of Aboriginal people, allowing them access to pastoral lands. Victoria passes the first anti-Chinese restriction legislation, imposing a 10 pound poll tax on Chinese arriving in Victoria. 1857 Aboriginal people attack settlers on Dawson River, Queensland, leading to reprisals by local squatters and police. Incidents of racist attacks and violence are reported in Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales.