The relationship between society and science. Many research ideas come from areas considered important in society. The federal government and other funding agencies use grants to affect the areas researchers choose to examine. The primary ethical concern here is fraudulent activity by scientists. Obviously, cheating or lying are never defensible.
Duplicate publication is much more serious than partial publication.
Partial publication is usually not unethical for large research studies where partial reports of data are likely. These studies include, for example, large multivariate data sets and longitudinal studies where the results are compiled over time. Duplicate publication is sometimes acceptable when the results are being reported to different audiences in publications tailored to those particular audiences. Treatment of research participants. This is probably the most fundamental ethical issue.