They are distinctive because of their peltate brownish scales which give the foliage a silvery appearance. The general appearance of the trees, leaves, and fruits are reminiscent of the olive. Approximately 25 species have been identified as well as numerous varieties. The other two genera within the Elaeagnaceae, Hippophae and Shepherdia are also nitrogen fixing, and are very similar to Elaeagnus in general appearance and growth habits. Species of Elaeagnus may have spines, may be deciduous or evergreen, and generally never reach heights greater than 6-7 meters.
Leaves are simple, alternate, and entire.
Flowers are small and inconspicuous, but are commonly very fragrant. Flowers are borne in the axils of leaves. Fruits are a drupe with a single stony seed, and are usually brightly colored and fleshy with a sweet tart taste. Elaeagnus is distributed in temperate and subtropical climates around the world. Elaeagnus grows readily in almost any soil type although it thrives in calcareous soils.