In organizations with no pressure to commit misconduct, only 7 percent of HR professionals observe frequent cases of misconduct. In organizations with regular pressure, frequent misconduct increases to 16 percent . Rare pressure leads to occasional misconduct. Twenty-nine percent of HR professionals observe occasional misconduct in organizations with no pressure. In organizations with rare pressure, occasional misconduct more than doubles to 61 percent.
Institutional pressure produces misconduct, both occasional instances and frequent occurrences.
Three of every four organizations surveyed have written standards of ethical business conduct . An organization's size is an important factor in determining whether it has a written code. We also some find some variation by type and location of organizations. Fewer manufacturing and retail organizations have written codes - 70 percent compared to 83 percent of finance, insurance and real estate organizations. Codes of conduct are formal mechanisms which, typically, are characteristic of larger organizations.