Better alternatives exist. Some collections use railings as barriers, and moats with a sloping approach could perhaps be used more often. Chester has replaced its inside moats with railings, and all of Aspinall's extensive accommodation at Howletts and Port Lympne is fenced. Electric fencing is used to good effect at many safari parks. But dangerous looking moats still exist at several major zoos.
Elephants are intelligent, and emotional animals.
They require companionship, sensitive handling, and plenty of space. Not all zoos can, or do, provide all three of these. Where strong fences and crushes are used, a 'zero handling' policy can be employed. But some collections, favour building up a closer association between elephant and keeper with daily training and handling. Tame elephants can mean closer contact for the public.