12-5 d. a bad outcome is assured and its mechanism is well understood. No Observable Adverse Effect Level d. Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level e. All of the above. 12-9 c. using speculative information to infer something about the known.
Environmental risk is a well-understood entity.
Cross-sectional studies look at the exposure and disease at the same time. Bias is a problem primarily of Clinical Trials. Subchronic studies are shorter than Acute studies. Case Control Studies start with the exposure and follow for the disease. Case Control Studies are good for rare diseases.