Contrast is introduced via catheter, which is typically percutaneously placed through the femoral artery. This is the traditional technique by which the coronary arteries are evaluated. It also is used to evaluate the aorta and peripheral arteries. DVT manifests as filling defects in the veins. AP technique magnifies the heart and therefore cannot be used to assess cardiac size.
Enlargement is commonly from ventricular dilation.
Cardiac valves can be visualized with two-dimensional echocardiography. Pressure gradients can be estimated with Doppler and the degree of stenosis and regurgitation demonstrated. Focal motion abnormality due to ischemia or scarring can be demonstrated as well as generalized contractile abnormalities. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is most commonly related to left ventricular heart failure. The first sign of edema recognized on plain chest radiographs is interstitial edema with Kerley B lines.