B. Theory X and Theory Y were developed by Douglas McGregor and describe two distinct view of human nature. Theory X was the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, seek to avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. Theory Y was the assumption that employees are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction. C. Motivation-hygiene theory is the theory developed by Frederick Herzberg. The theory suggests that intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction.
Hygiene factors are factors that eliminated dissatisfaction.
Motivators are factors that increased job satisfaction. Herzberg's theory is not without its criticisms, which were associated with the statistical techniques used in his study. Even with the criticisms, Herzberg's theory is widely popular with managers. The contemporary theories of motivation have a reasonable degree of valid supporting documentation. The three-needs theory developed by David McClelland cites the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation as major motives in work.