The problem is rare and challenging, affecting soft tissue and cartilage support.
Iatrogenic injuries cause the majority of the problems seen.
Congenital Stenosis is said to be congenital in the absence of a history of intubation or other acquired causes. Most severe cases are diagnosed in childhood. Acquired Trauma is the most common cause of stenosis in children and adults. Intubation causes injury at the level of the glottis due to pressure between the arytenoid cartilages. Intubation causes injury in the subglottis due to the complete cartilaginous ring or can cause injury distally in the trachea.