The salivary glands are believed to form new stylets at a molt. The esophagus ranges from long to short in length. Secretions in the midgut are acidic anteriorly and alka- line posteriorly. Ahsorption also occurs in the midgut. The hindgut empties through the anus, egestion is correlated with molting.
Excretory system is composed of a dorsal excretory gland and a pair of Malpighian tubules.
The nervous system is composed of a brain, a pair of longitudinal nerve strands, and four ventral ganglia. The brain is composed of two lateral lobes connected by two circumpharyngeal cords to a subpharyngeal ganglion. The ventral ganglia are united by the longitudinal nerve strands. Paired nerves from the brain and ganglia innervate the body. Long strands may have small terminal ganglia.