Parallel computing consists of multiple processors that break down applications into many separate and independent operations of massive amounts of data. One of AI's biggest problems is having enough speed and memory to accommodate bigger programs and large mountains of data. Roger Schank, an AI researcher from Yale, is an opponent to the parallel computing theory. He feels that the optimism over parallel computing is misdirected. Holographic processing and genetic programming are more recent approaches to Artificial Intelligence.
Holographic processing is similar to human vision.
Holograms are three-dimensional images and regenerate light waves and may solve AI vision recognition problems since it exhibits associative abilities like the human mind. Genetic programming mimics natural selection to evolve strategies for solving complicated problems. These are ambitious notions but Hogan includes them in his book to show how far AI has come. However, his optimism towards building a machine that thinks like a human is evident throughout the book. Hogan also focuses on the failures to predict the future of technology.