Indirect reciprocity can evolve if the others take this information into account in future social interactions. That's not a debatable matter. The Bible says that morality is a result of choices that people make, and not the result of some conditioned evolutionary response. Instead, Dr. Kagan shows that humans are a special creation, endowed with a spiritual nature, and motivated by a desire to maintain a feeling of virtue, which is unique among sentient animals. He points out that there are no non-human animal models for human pride, shame, and guilt.
Humans also appreciate the difference between moral right and wrong.
11 Conclusions Evolution reduces the value of human life to be equal to that of animal life. Evolution reduces the value of human purpose to the passing on of one's genes. Evolution replaces the value of moral behavior with the concept of survival of the fittest. Why Darwinism Matters by Nancy Pearcey . References Appenzeller, T. 1999.