These topics are cross-references.
Geodesy is also a research area.
Institute of Mathematical Geography - Articles, papers and Solstice, an electronic journal of the interaction between geography and mathematics. Leuven Earth Observation - L.E.O. was established at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven to develop new application technologies in the field of earth observation in response to the growing needs of industrial and governmental sectors. The Quebec Government is doing this to improve land management throughout the territory. U.S. Dept. of Defense Terrain Modeling Project Office - TMPO exists to serve the terrain modeling and simulation community. Site provides access to DOD geospatial data resources.