Because people don't feel life has an understandable and good purpose they are pessimistic. The individual does not matter and he has no real power to control and shape his own life. He is at the mercy of an uncaring and hostile world. Loss of faith . Many people no longer accept the existence of a loving and comforting God who gives meaning to life.
Existentialism is the most important modern philosophy, and it is essentially a negative one.
The Metamorphosis One thing to note here is the calm acceptance of Gregor's condition by his family, and also by himself. Nothing like that happens here, and you should ask why. Gregor becomes increasingly isolated from his family. Trace the stages of this isolation. After the first shock at Gregor's change, the family treats his condition realistically and practically.