Questions have appeared in the past where this topic is merged with a question testing your interpretation of experimental data given in the introduction to the question. If that happens this year, remember to read the data carefully, it will probably contain several marks worth of information. Some more marks are likely to be awarded for your ability to demonstrate that you understand how plants survive in difficult environments. Leaf oils - act as 'anti freeze' to protect, as in conifers. Vernalization ensures that reproduction occurs during warm weather.
Large vacuoles collect and expel excess water.
Large air spaces in leaves allow leaves to float on or near surface and obtain light. Flotation bladders, full of air, hold fronds near surface where light and gas levels are highest. Special structures attract and trap insects. Enzymes digest the insects, releasing minerals to diffuse into plant. Back to choose another topic We welcome your comments about this project .