It will then focus separately on sources of funding for research and development, and for international education and exchanges. A brief comment is included on the role of foundations in funding international scientific cooperation. It is emphasized that the discussion does no deal holistically with funding for international scientific cooperation. For example, the discussion does not describe where resources are to be found to develop new international research projects, to maintain international university linkages in scientific and engineering fields, nor to support international professional societies and journals. Unfortunately, the gaps in the statistics often reflect real gaps in the availability of funds.
German rates are consistently higher than U.S. rates across all fields.
Extrapolation from the numbers of published papers with international co-authorships to the financing of internationally collaborative research and development must be done with caution. It seems clear that if 19 percent of all publications by U.S. authors have international collaboration, then the amount must be quite significant. One might suggest for example, that some research and development is of a confidential nature, and is unlikely to lead to either publications or international collaboration. Similarly, the it is possible that international co-authorships are concentrated in fields that are less or more expensive per publication than average. Thus private sector, and especially industrial sources, are far more important for the support of research and development in the United States government sources.