Hardness is not harmful to poultry unless certain ions are present in toxic amounts. Extremely hard water can diminish the effectiveness of medications, disinfectants and soaps. Seven is neutral, less than 7 is acidic and greater than 7 is alkaline. Ideally, pH should be between 6.5 and 8.5 for poultry. Sulphates in high concentration have a laxative effect on poultry.
High sulphate can also interfere with copper absorption.
Sodium in high concentrations can increase water consumption and cause wet litter. Chloride at high levels cause increased water consumption, decreased feed intake and a laxative effect. Calcium high calcium levels are not directly harmful to poultry. Levels above 600 ppm cause excessive scale formation and can result in restricted water flow. Magnesium High levels of magnesium only present a problem when high sulphate levels are also present because the two combine to form Epsom salts, creating a laxative effect.