Tajikistan has many IPR laws in place, but lacks the means to enforce them. Incidences of piracy of U.S. goods are small, however. Turkmenistan has signed the Paris Convention in 1994 and the International Intellectual Property Convention in 1995. The government of Turkmenistan has adopted a copyright law and a patent law. With the help of appropriate international bodies and comment from U.S. officials, Ukraine implemented a set of intellectual property laws in 1994.
Enforcement remains sporadic and inadequate, however.
Ukraine has also adopted international conventions such as the Paris Convention and acceded to the Berne Convention in 1995. Once the new legislation is passed, it is expected that Uzbekistan will accede to the Berne and Geneva Phonograms conventions. Piracy of Western copyrighted materials remains common on a small scale. In January 1996 the Government of Belarus announced a series of export stimulation measures. Under the new government plan, exporters will reportedly pay ten percent less tax when they operate a barter regime between enterprises.