Forgings are made by hammering on or squeezing a metal workpiece so that it approaches its maximum theoretical density and the upper limits of the material's strength. Forgings range from less than an ounce to over 100 tons. Since forgings normally outlast their applications, only a very small aftermarket exists. Due to their high strength and other properties, and the lack of alternative products or processes, forgings are essential components found in virtually all modern military weapon systems and supporting equipment. The M-60 battle tank contains at least 600 separate forgings.
Forgings are the enabling technology that makes a modern aircraft possible.
Forgings are used extensively in the landing gear, structural parts in the fuselage, tail assembly, wing spar, wing and engine attachments, and the engines. Most U.S. forging end-markets, including defense, have declined and are the major cause of the industry's problems. The Forging Industry Association reports that U.S. forging demand has decreased about 20 percent since the 1970's. Aerospace markets began their decline late in the period and plunged 16 percent in 1991. While automotive markets remained stable, industrial markets declined 47 percent, off-road vehicles plunged 63 percent, railroads fell 54 percent and all others contracted 45 percent.