State the fundamental contribution of fungi to ecosystems. Most plant species are vascular plants with well-developed root and shoot systems. Nonvascular plants such as bryophytes have either simple internal transport systems or none at all. Describe the evolution of root and shoot systems. State the advantages of strong, thick-walled cells for plants living on land.
Land plants have a waxy cuticle covering their young stems and leaves.
The life cycle of complex land plants is dominated by a large, diploid body, the sporophyte. A plant spore is a reproductive cell that can develop into a gametophyte , which produces gametes. State the outstanding characteristics of organisms of the red, brown, and green algae divisions. Be able to trace the life cycles of Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, and Ulva. Know the moss life cycle.