We can see this by comparing responses to the election of bishops. Similar patterns hold for the other six items and going through all the results would be redundant. The younger Catholics in each country support election of bishops more than older ones do. The margin ranges from 14 percentage points in Ireland to no difference in the Philippines. Academically educated Catholics in each country support the election of bishops more than less educated Catholics do.
Gender gaps are much less pervasive elsewhere.
In Spain, Ireland, and Poland, men and women do not differ significantly on the election of bishops or most other items. After a generation of private opposition to Vatican teachings on sexual conduct, Catholics from a wide variety of nations in Europe and from the United States call for institutional reforms that will reflect the pluralism in the church. Large majorities support changes that will open the church in ways that will allow many voices to be heard. Through electing bishops, advising bishops and the pope himself, and exercising some degree of local autonomy, lay Catholics could carve a more influential niche for themselves. They hope that the next pope will accord them the opportunity.