Syngman Rhee founds the Korean Christian Church in Hawaii. I receive right of naturalization. Asian Indians form the Hindustani Welfare Reform Association in the Imperial and Coachella valleys in southern California. 1919 Japanese form Federation of Japanese Labor in Hawaii. 10,000 Japanese and Filipino plantation workers go on strike.
Japan stops issuing passports to picture brides due to anti-Japanese sentiments.
Initiative in California ballot plugs up loopholes in the 1913 alien land law. 1921 Japanese farm workers driven out of Turlock, California. Filipinos establish a branch of the Caballeros Dimas Alang in San Francisco and a branch of the Legionarios del Trabajo in Honolulu. Washington and Louisiana pass alien land laws. 1922 Takao Ozawa v. U.S. declares Japanese not eligible for naturalized citizenship.