The first major philosophy of history, which foresees the eschatological end of history and the final achievement of justice in the City of God, because God only can remove the flaw of original sin from humankind. The reconciler between Christianity and Aristotle, whose work was rediscovered by means of the Arabian translations. In spite of original sin, it is possible to achieve a natural justice, because the whole Creation is made in accordance with God's rational project. XV The breakdown of the mediaeval respublica Christiana as a political and religious unity urges people to deal with politics without taking theology into account . An attempt to legitimize a political community in the form of the modern State, on the basis of reason and consent.
History is the root of human political existence.
Hume , A Letter From a Gentleman to his Friend in Edinburgh Against contractarianism, a foundation of civil society that operates without consent. On Revolutions Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. The dispute about the legitimacy of the French Revolution was, at the same time, a debate on the legitimacy of Enlightenment. Democracy and social contract are not viewed as ways out of the state of nature. Rather, they establish a second nature, which regains the freedom of the first one.