It can be a useful managerial tool. Behavior can be shaped in four ways. Positive reinforcement is providing something pleasant after a behavior. Negative reinforcement is rewarding a response with the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant. Punishment penalizes undesirable behavior.
Extinction involves eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior.
D. Implications for managers. Managers can clearly benefit from understanding the learning process. An organization is like an iceberg because a lot of informal elements lie beneath the surface and cannot be observed, just like the base of an iceberg lies below the surface beyond visibility. The field of organizational behavior is like an iceberg because there are many behaviors within in organizations that are not visible or known. The three components of an attitude are the cognitive component, the affective component, and the behavioral component.