The above transcription factors only turn on transcription at some low, basal rate . Proximal control elements - sequences within 100 bases of the core promotor to which other transcription factors bind and improve the efficiency of the core promotor. The transcription factors that bind outside the core promotor are called regulatory transcription factors . They bind and interact with the transcription apparatus. The combinations of control elements and transcription factors are specific to each gene.
Distal control elements Far away from the core promotor.
Can be upstream, downstream or within the gene. The transcription factors that bind here are called activators . The transcription factors are called repressors . Diabetes Insulin A hormone stimulates exocytosis of pre-formed glucose transporters to the cell surface stimulates expression of genes coding for glycogen anabolism enzymes. So named because it controls transcription of a number of genes in the liver Also expressed in pancreatic beta cells, which secrete insulin.