The first step is to state the hypothesis to be tested. Next, the methods to be used to make observations and gather data are described in detail. These must be in accord with a well-designed research plan that takes into account possible bias of the observer. If significant differences occur, then the investigator is able to conclude that the hypothesis being tested is supported by the data. In effect, a new bit of knowledge has been created.
Ethical scientists submit a report of their research to a peer-review jounal.
The journal then sends the article to one or more impartial referees, who have knowledge of the field, to critically review the manuscript as to suitability for publication or the need for revision. It is also the mark of a good investigator, before submission of a manuscript, to report findings to a meeting of an appropriate professional society. This process has resulted in the current standing of the U.S. biomedical establishment as pre-eminent in the world. It is a result of insistence on the highest standards of research. However, it is more likely than not that such research will not yield useful data.