Responsibility for school budgets, educational programs, school appointments, and the supervision of elementary and lower secondary schools lies in the hands of local boards of education. The members of these boards are selected by the administrative head of the local governing authority. The campus of a public university in the suburbs of Tokyo. As regards the content of education, each school organizes its own curricula in accordance with the Course of Study , prepared and published by the Education Ministry. Textbooks are selected by the local boards of education from among those authorized by the ministry.
Educational background is an important factor in Japan's lifetime employment system.
These schools, which are set up to provide supplementary after-school instruction to help students enter the school of their choice, exist at all levels from nursery school through to university entrance examinations. Engrossed in reading at a public library. Reforms introduced following the Meiji Restoration and World War II paved the way for the spread of education in Japan. Recently, however, a number of problems have emerged in the country's schools, including violence, bullying, and fierce competition to gain a place in the best schools. In addition, it has become increasingly clear that the system needs to be transformed into one that is more appropriate for Japanese society in the present age of industrial restructuring, technological development, and internationalization.