The Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection is sometimes used to map large ocean areas. The central meridian is a straight line, others are curved. A straight line drawn through the center point is on a great circle. Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Orthographic Orthographic projections are used for perspective views of hemispheres. Area and shape are distorted.
Distances are true along the equator and other parallels.
Oblique Aspect Orthographic Projection Stereographic Stereographic projections are used for navigation in polar regions. Directions are true from the center point and scale increases away from the center point as does distortion in area and shape. Miscellaneous Projections Unprojected Maps Unprojected maps include those that are formed by considering longitude and latitude as a simple rectangular coordinate system. Scale, distance, area, and shape are all distorted with the distortion increasing toward the poles. In 1992, the Cartographic Standards Working Group proposed a Texas State-Wide Map Projection Standard for the GIS Standards Committee of the GIS Planning Council for the Department of Information Sciences.