Medium data requirements as in systemic assessment programs. Incentive Low would direct funds to students with lowest need. Low no guarantee that high performance arises from school program rather than intake characteristics. Medium data requirements as in systemic assessment programs. Value-added Low but could be improved with an additional specification.
High aim is to isolate school and program effects but needs to check for unanticipated influences.
High data and analysis requirements. Improvement Low but could be improved with an additional specification. High provided that sustained improvement is the criterion. High data and analysis requirements. Strategic intervention High but dependent on conditions in that the approach aims to target unsatisfactory outcomes in an absolute sense.