During the 20th century, we saw four major revolutions in science. We moved from an era dominated by chemical sciences to the nuclear sciences, and then quickly moved into the information technology stage that made possible a revolution in the biological sciences. Biotechnology is generally defined as the use of microorganisms to perform certain tasks. For example, microorganisms have been used for centuries to produce alcoholic beverages, cheeses, and in a variety of other applications. Confusion arises about the distinction between biotechnology and genetic engineering.
Genetic engineering is a procedure for isolating, manipulating, and expressing genetic material.
It involves targeting genes for specific properties and transferring them to other organisms. Furthermore, it involves control and regulation of the inserted genes in the host organism. It is genetic engineering, not biotechnology, which has stimulated considerable levels of concern from some members of the public. Although concerns about genetic engineering, especially when applied to food, are gaining momentum in many parts of the world, the highest levels of concern can be found across Europe. It is likely that a variety of factors account for such differences.