Amboy, Dunkirk, and Hudson soils, and their wetter associates, formed in nearby lacustrine sediments. Appleton, Conesus, and Lyons soils are the progressively wetter members of the same drainage sequence. Arkport and Colonie soils formed in nearby sandy deltaic deposits. Aurora soils have bedrock within a depth of 40 inches. Howard soils formed in outwash materials.
Internal drainage is slow or very slow.
Runoff is moderate to rapid. Permeability is moderate within the solum, but slow through the C horizon. Most areas are farmed. Crops are dominantly corn, small grains, and hay in support of dairying, but some vegetable crops are grown. Woodlots contain sugar maple, red and white oak, and American beech.