Then an electric spark, heat, percussion or other means can set it off. The compendium assembles costs and performance of remedial actions using various technologies to address different sites and contaminants. It allows managers and decision makers to compare the anticipated performance of innovative technologies to established ones. It lists, for example, biological, chemical, physical and thermal treatments for groundwater, soils and other media. The data come from actual commercial or pilot-scale remedial actions.
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Tracking and understanding such rapid changes can be tough, but ultra-fast laser spectroscopy is starting to tease out significant details. The researchers studied retinal as part of a membrane protein in a bacterium. They determined the beginnings of the reaction pathway by which the retinal absorbs a photon, drives a proton across the bacterial membrane to synthesize ATP and reverts to its original arrangement. The study has implications for the design of novel protein sequences that fold into structures for specific functions. Operated by the University of California for the National Nuclear Security Administration , of the US Department of Energy.