The sap-suckers died within 24 hours of feeding. Castor beans are used as an ingredient in some animal feeds after the oil has been extracted or inactivated by heating for 20 minutes at 140oC. Attempts to use castor beans in feed for livestock involve different methods of inactivating ricin while maintaining nutritional value. Some studies have shown that even afte such heat treatment, toxicity remains. For example, it was lethal to mallard ducks given the feed. Poisoning of livestock usually occurs by accidental incorporation of castor beans in their feed.
Horses are particularly vulnerable.
Grounsels Solanum spp. Common Nightshade, Black Nightshade, Horse Nettle, Buffalo Bur, Potato Sorghum spp. Sorghum or Milo, Sudan Grass, and Johnson Grass Yew Taxus cuspidata Yew Clover Trifolium spp. Tall fescue is a hardy, popular, cool season perennial grass that can grow on a variety of soils in a variety of climates. It is grown on an estimated 35 million US acres.