An understanding of the nature of earth materials and of geologic processes operating both on the earth's surface and in the interior provides valuable clues to reconstructing the historical record of the earth. This understanding allows geologists to locate and develop valuable natural resources and to deal with a variety of geologic processes which affect our everyday lives. Geology is, therefore, a very practical science. As the science of geology has matured, we have learned to use geologic products and geologic knowledge in many ways. For instance, the expertise of geologists has contributed to more efficient methods of exploration, production, and conservation of nonrenewable resources.
Geologists are also concerned with solving the many problems of our physical environment.
To meet the challenges introduced by various natural occurrences, geologists are involved in the prediction and control of such geologic hazards as floods, landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and global climate change. Geologists are also working to find solutions to a variety of geologic problems created by the increasing incidence of environmental pollution and the need for proper disposal of hazardous waste materials. And since geologic factors need to be considered to ensure safe design, geologists are also involved in large-scale construction and engineering projects. Finally, the study of geology provides fertile ground for the development of new and original ideas. One of the most revolutionary discoveries in the history of science is the concept of plate tectonics, or the concept that the earth's crust is broken into a number of huge blocks or plates that slowly move laterally, splitting continents apart to form new ocean basins between, and in other locations, colliding to build mountain ranges.