Given a reference, you can look-up the paper in the medical library. An abstract is a short summary of a paper. An abstract is usually enough to determine whether a paper is interesting enough to actually be worth looking up at the medical library. Almost all papers start with an abstract, and high quality medical databases such as MedLine contain abstracts for many of the references, but I know of no database that has the full text of articles. The paper is the actual report of the work, and contains all of the details on the background, methods, results, and conclusions.
Every paper also contains a list of references at the end.
As I mentioned above, every paper in the medical literature has a list of references at the end. Often this list is both lengthy and comprehensive. Your doctor I have found many doctors quite willing to give me references and even xeroxes of papers supporting their positions on treatment questions. If you are considering a particular clinical trial and want to know more about it, you should know that each clinical trial has a protocol document that defines the complete plan for the trial and includes scholarly discussion of the history and prior results of the treatments being tested in the trial. This includes a list of references to relevant papers.