Scientists from many nations collaborate on research projects in Antarctica. Every summer about 5000 of them travel to the continent to obtain vital information on the Earth's ecosystem. Antarctica's ice and sediment cores provide insights into how the world's climatic system functioned in the past. Information on the breakup of continents and the interaction between the Sun's wind and the outer limits of the Earth's atmosphere can be gained from studies here. Tourism cruises are now available to Antarctica, sub-Antarctic islands such as South Georgia and other polar regions, and are becoming increasingly popular.
Itineraries vary according to the type of vessel.
For trips beyond the Antarctic Peninsula an ice-strengthened ship is required. The passage from South America to the Antarctic Peninsula takes approximately two days. Some ice-strengthened ships also provide helicopters for accessing Emperor penguin colonies.