There are other inferences worthy of being studied, analyzed and assessed by logicians and students of logic, even if those inferences don't involved language. In general, a deductive inference is a movement of thought such that if the earlier, 'premise' thoughts are assumed correct or meaningful, then the later, 'concluding' thought is guaranteed correct or relatedly meaningful as a consequence. An inductive inference is a movement of thought such that, if the earlier premise-thoughts are assumed correct or meaningful, then the concluding thought is only more probably correct or relatedly meaningful than incorrect or unrelated as a consequence. Deductive arguments are deductive inferences. But there are more deductive inferences than just deductive arguments.
Inductive arguments are inductive inferences.
But there are more inductive inferences than just inductive arguments. In many of the problems in that exercise, we were given parts of a figure and asked to infer the whole. For example, we could be shown a figure which looks like a part of a champagne bottle. They aren't arguments at all. We are asked to infer a final, concluding thought from a set of prior, premise-thoughts.