And often those who have different validity claims have never been taught to express them in ways that we can hear past the wicked little unstated assumptions of privilege. A willingness to grant that the Other does have some claim in which he or she believes, even if we cannot understand it as presented. We weren't even aware of the training. See Peggy McIntosh's list of ways in which privilege advantage us. A willingness to understand that we may not be able to understand another's claim because of unstated assumptions we are making.
Forgiveness is essential to good faith listening.
Past indiscretions of bad faith must be forgiven, somehow allowed to fade into the past, that we may go on with the public discourse leading to communicative action. We also speak of Bad Faith and Antiblack Racism , as put forth so clearly by Lewis R. Gordon. We have and discuss many of these books. Most are not freely available online. We try to direct you to where they are available, and we try to summarize some of the conceptual arguments.