There is the opportunity for members to express their commitment spontaneously. Hostility or indifference s expressed toward the secular society and the state. Formally, membership is by voluntary association. Procedures of admission are merely a formality with few or no admission requirements. Breadth and tolerance are emphasized.
Expulsion is uncommon.
Self-conception is unclear and doctrinal position unstressed. Accepts standards and values of the prevailing culture. Has a trained professional clergy. Lay participation is restricted to certain laity and certain activities. Services are formalized and spontaneity is absent.