With increasing numbers of people migrating to urban centers in search of employment, sustainable development likely will become a priority for the protection of sub-Saharan Africa's complex and diverse environment. However, inadequate levels of investment of both physical and human capital persist, as exceptionally high levels of risk and uncertainty remain at the core of Africa's lack of competitiveness. Environmental Impact of Oil Exploration and Production Oil pollution is an important and controversial subject of discussion in sub-Saharan Africa. In countries such as Nigeria and Angola , where the principal source of revenue is oil, debate on the impacts of oil exploration and development on the environment and the health of the community occurs frequently between government, local citizens, environmental groups and oil companies. Many believe that the presence of oil refineries, wells and transportation activities in their countries is positive, giving them the opportunity to increase and diversify their trade relationships with other nations and to participate in the global economy.
Environmental problems associated with oil-related activites are numerous.
For example, in shipping ports, where the trans-shipment of oil takes place, the chronic release of oil into the water through ship leakage, ship maintenance or mishandling is a continuing dilemma. This problem is often ignored, despite the fact that its cumulative effects may have significant effects on the surrounding ecosystem. Natural habitats, such as seabeds, wetlands and mudlands, which are increasingly recognized as fundamental elements of a country's natural environment and economic resource base, are often located near or in maritime port locations. As shipping lanes become more congested, the chances of spills and accidents increase, putting the environment at greater risk. A recent example of growing global awareness towards the environmental impacts associated with oil exploration and development is the controversial World Bank approval of the Chad - Cameroon Pipeline Project in June 2000.