Assume that when students were asked to explain the source of a person's grades, they provided the explanations 1-5 below. Examine each explanation and identify the explanatory device it relies upon. Two of the items reflect two types of bias. Grades result from a person's intelligence and self-discipline. When these are high, grades are good and vice versa.
Grades depend on doing the right things.
A person earns good grades for following the rules and bad grades for slipping up. Grades depend on quality teaching and educational materials. A person does well when quality is high and vice versa. I got a bad grade because the teacher wrote tricky questions that had nothing to do with what we talked about in class.