If a child's parents already espouse a belief in effort, the child has a much better chance of believing in the positive results of effort. The presence or absence of a belief in effort, then, has much to do with poverty or attaining a desired income level. Children raised on welfare, in many cases, have the opposite experience. As the research cited above shows, parents' achievements in the marketplace leads to achievement by their children in the schoolroom. The earlier the parents pass on a belief in effort, the longer and deeper the educational and economic benefits to the child will be.
Economic development happens one economic unit at the time.
The Family and Health Illegitimacy is related to poor health at birth. Infants born to younger women are somewhat more likely to be born prematurely, and to die in the neonatal period. Very low birth weight babies are at high risk for serious complications and their treatments add significantly to the Medicaid cost of births for welfare mothers. The absence of married parents is related to retarded development in early childhood. The professional scientific literature amply documents the relationship to delays in development.