Written report and presentation. Inherent errors in these measurements and methods of diagnosis, detection, and correction of them.
Laboratory exercises involving linear and angular measurements, open and closed traverses.
Topographic mapping, video, remote sensing, and optical techniques in surveying. Introduction to the complex relationships of overlapping urban systems such as land, transportation, energy, water, and communications. History of engineering, land, and infrastructure. The social, economic, environmental, political aspects of urban policy and decision making. Examination of current issues in the urban environment.