Permafrost Model in the Arctic Article from ARSC newsletter Challenges, Volume 3, Number 1 Permafrost Model in the Arctic Visualization shows concentrations nine days after injection.
Flow is over and under permafrost.
The sub-Arctic is a vast region with long summer days and exceptionally cold winter nights. But below the surface tempertures range a only a few degrees above and below freezing creating a mosaic of frozen and un-frozen ground. Permanently frozen ground is called permafrost, and the study of subsurface hydrology and contamination transport in northern regions must consider this permanent frozen condition. In Alaska, permafrost north of the 66th parallel is continuous, but south of that latitude it is discontinuous. Permafrost affects soil percolation and human activities including construction.