Fractures that occur in the weight bearing vertebrae usually occur with little or no trauma. Fractures that occur in the hip or wrist are usually due to a fall. Also, urine tests are available that assesses bone resorption by looking at markers such as pyridinum and N-telopeptides. These tests help identify those who are rapidly losing bone. Lifestyle risk factors associated with osteoporosis include high intakes of caffeine, alcohol, sugar, soft drinks, animal protein, as well as smoking, inadequate weight bearing exercise, lack of sun exposure, and never being pregnant.
Genetic factors play a role.
These include Caucasian or Asian ethnicity, female, family member with osteoporosis, and a small body frame. Medications that can lead to osteoporosis include long term steroid use, too much thyroid hormone, lithium, chemotherapy, heaprin, long term glucocorticoid therapy, and long term use of anti-convulsants. Conventional therapy relies upon calcium supplementation, synthetic estrogen replacement, and the use of medications such as Calcitonin, Fosamax, and others. The typical North American is detrimental to bone health. A bone healthy diet includes fresh, organic vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole grains.