Ask family or nurse regarding patient's baseline level of function and any recent mental changes or history of mental illness. Perform a thorough physical and neurologic exam paying attention to signs of the causes listed above. Minimize any aggravating medications. Optimize nutrition and hydration. Create a supportive environment.
Family members provide reassurance and familiar items from home to reorient patient.
Avoid disturbances of sleep. Place patient near a nursing station for easier monitoring. As last resort, restraints may be necessary for safety. All rights reserved.