Thus policy documents and research results were readily available for analysis by research teams situated within Faculties of Education in each country. The conceptual framework used for analysis was a matrix based upon a review of literature. A short list of schools, with reputations for implementing effective strategies, was compiled but further contact was not developed during this phase of the study. Key terms include attempts to define violence as well as to articulate positive alternatives. Zero tolerance policies are implemented in all three countries.
Harassment is usually verbal assault, experienced and practiced more by girls.
Incidents of serious behaviours have increased although the frequency of mild disruptive behaviours is probably underreported. Some children are habitual bullies and victims thus generalized statistics do not necessarily accurately illustrate the experiences of most students. A national 1993 Finnish survey indicated approximately 15 per cent of students had participated in bullying activities but age and locale were not influences. In all three countries, expulsion from school was used only when other methods failed. Preferred strategies for individual students involved programs that develop pro-social skills such as conflict resolution or specific skills such as alcohol and drug reduction.