Deforming the metal creates more dislocations which entangle, pinning them and thereby strengthening the metal. The carbon atoms distort the BCC ferrite into a BC-tetragonal structure. Oxidation occurs at the electrode called the anode. Reduction occurs at the cathode. Steel usually contains some other alloying elements such as silicon, manganese, etc. as well as impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus.
High toughness requires both high strength and high ductility.
The smallest repeating array of atoms in a crystal.