The toxic level varies from patient to patient. A level of 2.5 to 3.5 is very serious. A level of 3.5 or greater is usually life threatening. Causes include overdose, kidney disease, Na deficiency, strange or drastic diets, diuretics, fevers or gastroenteritis. One needs to watch for fluid overload.
Gastric lavage is indicated if ingestion was acute.
Dialysis in severe cases. Furosemide and Thiazides may worsen toxicity. Aminophylline, Theophylline and Acetazolamide may help toxicity. Tricyclic Antidepressants Cardiovascular signs and symptoms can be quite varied. Treatment may include phenytoin for arrhythmia protection.