A visible whiteness in the pupil may be present. Blindness can occur in the affected eye, and the eyes may appear crossed. The tumor can spread to the eye socket, and to the brain, by means of the optic nerve. The risk factors other than a family history are not known. This is a rare tumor.
Genetic counseling can help predict the risk of retinoblastoma if a family history is present.
Treatment options depend upon the size and location of the tumor . Small tumors may be treated by laser surgery . Radiation and chemotherapy may be indicated if the tumor has spread beyond the eye. The eye may be removed if the tumor does not respond to therapy. Spread of the tumor to the brain or other locations can occur.