A debtor who has only exempt property or no property, so that a creditor will be unable to collect a judgment against him or her. The appellate courts give trial court judges deference in their rulings when reviewing their decisions on the basis that the sitting judge was actually present during trial. Judges are therefore given wide discretion on their rulings and how they conduct their court. The power of the court to make a finding of a fact as true. Examples of matters given judicial notice are public and court records.
Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases involving violations of federal law.
In a criminal trial the law requires a unanimous decision by the jury. Civil court juries do not require a unanimous verdict. A master list from which jurors are chosen to sit in the jury box and answer questions about their ability to be unbiased and fair as prospective jurors. The procedure by which a jury is chosen. From a panel of potential jurors the judge and attorneys ask questions of prospective jurors to determine if they can be fair and unbiased about the case.