The security facility that is used to protect against disclosure is that of confidentiality. The security facility that is used to protect against corruption, or partial loss of information, is integrity. Unfortunately, although integrity will tell you that your information has been corrupted it would be better if some form of prevention is available. The main mechanism used to prevent unauthorized access is that of access control. It is impossible to tell if information has been copied, since there is no evidence left with the original information.
Information represents the semantics, data represents the syntax.
Confidentiality is provided by translating the data in such a way that it can only be turned back into its original format by entities authorized to have access to the information. Any other entities would only be able to access the gibberish version. The corruption of information is difficult to prevent, hence the need for access control, but it can be detected since there is evidence left with the information that a change has taken place. It is not necessary to transform data to detect corruption, usually a checksum is carried with the data. The checksum is calculated in such a way that only entities authorized to change the data can compute a valid checksum.