Commonly known as gum disease, periodontal disease is a family of related chronic inflammatory diseases that are all bacterial infections. It results in red, swollen gums and can lead to the destruction of the connective tissue and bone that hold teeth in place. Each tooth is embedded in the gum, or gingiva, and attached by connective tissue to bone.
Healthy gums are pale pink, smooth, and firm, and form a peak or cone between adjacent teeth.
They surround your teeth like a turtleneck fits your neck, with just a narrow crevice in between. It is in this crevice where problems can begin, for even when your gums are healthy and you brush and floss daily, this crevice teems with all sorts of bacteria. Bacteria produce the sticky, soft, colorless substance known as plaque. As plaque accumulates on the surfaces of teeth and in the crevices, bacteria release toxins that irritate the gums, triggering an immune response that causes the gums to swell, turn red, and bleed easily. The build-up of tartar worsens the condition, causing the gums to pull away from the teeth.