Grows best in open, disturbed sites and on slightly acidic to neutral soils. Does not tolerate saturated soils. Seed and capsules disperse with water and adhere to machinery, tires, shoes, clothing, and feet, fur, or feathers of animals. Seeds are hard-coated, and those consumed by animals remain intact and viable. Seeds from plants in the Pacific Northwest usually do not require an after-ripening period.
Germination occurs fall through spring.
Calcium ions in water appears to inhibit germination of some biotypes. Plants typically produce an average of 15,000-33,000 seeds per plant. Seedlings survive best on disturbed open sites. Cultivation readily controls plants on agricultural lands. Improving soil fertility and reseeding with desirable vegetation can help reduce or eliminate infestations in pastures.