The private sector contributes 15-20 percent of agricultural production. Privatization and anti-monopoly legislation is aimed at promoting competition and individual opportunity. Consumer subsidies have been reduced. Subsidies to state-run enterprises are expected to cover some 20 percent of Kazakh output. Government regulatory polices are extensive.
Implementation remains capricious and a major source of corruption.
The right to property is not recognized by law, and a minuscule percentage of land is under private use. Land and other natural resources are considered state property and cannot be privately owned, though they can be leased for 99 years. In general, leases are transerable and inheritable, but cannot be used as collateral. Individuals cannot structure their property holdings as they choose. Enforcement of intellectual property rights is lax.