These levels of differentiation must be distinguishable from coding errors or noise in the system. Usually this system must also have the potential to operate in both directions in order to be considered a communication system. Otherwise it is just an information transfer system like the speedometer on a car or a velocity meter on a wind mill. This cybernetic model can become very complex because multiple channels of communication can be used to code the same message simultaneously and all the coding procedures must successfully transmit their messages and be decoded correctly. The situation can indicate several alternative possibilities.
Intentional deceit is one and confusion of intent is another.
A third possibility is that the actual information is not really the important part of the interaction which may have another function entirely. For example, the overall level predator alarm among vervets has been demonstrated to include additional information which can be classified as leopard alarm bark or snake chatter, indicating danger of specific types. Another example is the 'teeth chatter' face used as an indication of friendly approach. How the teeth chatter is done, involvement of lips, nostrils, eyebrows, ears, facial tension, tongue protrusion etc. can differentiate species, and age, sex or kin group. But layered over this is also the level of what can be called the more ultimate level of purpose in the gesture.