We will also review classical measurement schemes, such as voltage clamp, patch recording, extracellular unit recording, the use of optical based contrast agents, and basic anatomical techniques, including classical functional techniques. The goal is to review basic neuronal and synaptic physiology with an emphasis on common principles and modern analysis techniques. The basis of action potential generation, the control of firing properties with a plethora of channels, and the reduction of single cell dynamics to low dimensional systems will be presented, along with system identification of cell parameters through experimentation. Diffusion and chemical waves as a means of local computation and control in neuronal processes will be addressed. The dynamic properties of synapses, particularly with regard to short-term plasticity, are viewed both from a biophysical and a functional perspective.
Emphasis is placed on the role of genetics and chemical networks in maintaining synaptic function.
Lastly, the general issue of cell homeostasis is considered, with a discussion of mechanisms to maintain cell parameters like threshold levels and gain. The goal is to describe the common themes in the process of rhythmic motor output, as occurs in respiration, oral tasks like chewing, licking, and whisking, and motor tasks like walking and swimming. Two aspects of motor control are presented. First, the general rhythmic patterns at the single cell or small network level, and second, the interaction among oscillators to form ungulatory motions, as occurs in swimming. The connection between the experimental data and biophysically-based as well as abstract models will be discussed.