These examples are the embodiment of true liberal nationalism. Militant nationalism however, was born under very different circumstances, and is indeed, a very different animal. This form of nationalism affected every aspect of a persons life, and could indeed be considered a substitute for religion, where God is replaced by the state. The most significant expansionist movements in modern history were Mussolini's Fascists, and Hitler's National Socialists. Their initial success was evident, as between them, the had conquered most of Europe, and successfully persecuted and attacked the Jewish minority.
Expansionist nationalism asserts the interests of one nation in a ruthless manner.
These nations saw themselves as the disadvantaged competitors in the race to divide up the world. Germans and Italians are classic examples of this. Bismarkian Germany was without colonies, and jealousy of their British and French colonial superiors led these weaker countries to pursue a strict policy of national expansion, in order to overcome a growing inferiority complex. It could be suggested that Kaiser Wilhelm II was solely responsible for the growth of German nationalism, through his desire for world power. The growth of military associations and leagues dedicated to the expansion of the state, established by an ambitious government, also had a significant role in spreading nationalist thought.