In this chapter, Farnham-Diggory describes five different approaches to learning and the implications of these different approaches on education. Declarative knowledge does not necessarily involve understanding, practical application or logic. Thus, summarization helps develop understanding and memory in declarative learning. Procedural learing involves learning a skill by doing it repeatedly until it is automatic.
Intense effort improves skills in procedural learning because it generates mental excitement.
This is different from declarative learing - intense effort generates mental stress. Conceptual learing is an inductive process - knowledge is formulated from examples. Conceptual learning is unconcious, automatic, and something like averaging. Though not stated explicitly in this article, these fragmented experiences can come from declarative, procedural, and other kinds of knowledge. Also not stated explicitly, our general concepts are influenced by cultural norms and personal biases.