You'd think we'd learn that it's both. But these are learned quibbles. I can't fault Landes for not writing the book on What Happened in History that I would like to write. Edward Said is the Great Satan of Political Correctness. Insofar as one uses this claim to discredit the work of intellectual adversaries, it is polemical and unscientific.
Landes never lets up.
No region or body of scholarship is exempted. The facts gainsay them. So much for blaming an imperialism that ended 50 years ago for India's present problems. It feels better that way. You gotta love him, squash playing, Eurocentrism, quantophobia, anti-economism, and all.