Choice D. is the best answer. Choice A. is offered you as a contrast to choice D., to emphasize that states are not bound to enforce ouster clauses by Carnival Cruise Lines . Choices B. and C. are contradicted by the Carnival Cruise Lines holding and analysis. Choice A. is the best answer. Choice B. is undermined by Mullane , which emphasizes that the labels of in personam and in rem cannot determine what constitutional test is appropriate.
Due process requires in every case that notice reasonably calculated to inform be given.
Choice C. attempts to make one of the methods of service of process of FRCP 4 the only constitutionally valid method. Of course merely following the statutory requirements for notice does not guarantee that the method will be constitutionally valid, but there's nothing in Mullane that indicates service for known persons must be accomplished by handing it to individuals who will see those people. In fact, mailed service was deemed an appropriate method in Mullane. See, e.g., Hanson , Schaffer , Kulko , and Worldwide Volkswagen . The Court has endorsed D. in International Shoe and all subsequent minimum contacts cases.