Tick-borne relapsing fever may occur. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever has been reported from Iraq. Limited foci of onchocerciasis are reported from Yemen. The foodborne and waterborne diseases are, however, a major hazard in most countries in the area. The typhoid fevers and hepatitis A exist in all countries.
Dracunculiasis occurs in isolated foci in Yemen.
Other diseases . Hepatitis B is endemic. The risk of poliovirus infection is low in most countries in the area, with the exception of Yemen. Trachoma and animal rabies are found in many of the countries. The greatest hazards to pilgrims to Mecca and Medina are heat and water depletion if the period of the Hajj coincides with the hot season.