By the Insurance industry. This article will show how that works in Connecticut, but it is undoubtedly true, with local variations, throughout the country. Connecticut's 169 towns are divided into 18 different territories.
Insurance companies charge different rates in different territories.
Using population figures for each town, we can calculate the average rates paid by Black, Hispanic and white car owners. For example, I live in New Haven, the only town in Territory 32. Two miles from my house is the wealthy suburb of Woodbridge, which, along with 11 other towns, is in Territory 21. You will not be surprised to learn that Black and Hispanic people are 54 percent of New Haven's population, but only 9 percent of the Territory 21 suburbs. But that is probably not true.