The second and more fundamental task is to demilitarise society itself by changing its attitude towards the violence and its causes. This latter task is the business of deep demilitarisation. Progress is occasionally made by an apparently spontaneous upsurge of ordinary citizens, as happened in Serbia to overthrow President Milosovic. Such actions need to be harnessed and channelled so that the energy for change is not sidelined or dissipated. There is a danger that 'surface' actions might be obstructive.
International intervention seems inevitably to take a military form.
There is more interest in action that leads to political 'quick wins' or which bolsters the justification for military investment at home. While most participants found the distinction between surface and deep demilitarisation useful, there is clearly substantial overlap. It would be a mistake, too, to regard 'surface' demilitarisation as easy. After violence, a larger number of changes may be necessary before one can feel secure. It is necessary to create 'safe spaces' in which people can operate with confidence.