The main task of this instrument is to generate a topological map of the surface. To achieve this, MOLA will transmit an infrared beam of light to the surface of Mars. By measuring the time it takes the light to return from the surface, scientists will be able to tell the distance between the spacecraft and the point on the surface. Scientists can replicate these measurements across Mars and use that information to specify the elevations over the planet. It will also delve into the history of Mars by searching for evidence of an ancient magnetic field.
Magnetometers detect trapped charged particles around the planet.
The Earth's own Van Allen radiation belts hold positively charged hydrogen ions and electons, which originated from the sun, but have been trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. It is this type of phenomena on Mars that scientists seek but in smaller quantities. It may tell researchers what Mars was like during a time when it had a stronger magnetic field. The radio science instrument utilizes data from its telecommunication system and onboard ultrastable oscillator to detect and map variations in Mars' gravity field. It senses when the spacecraft changes speed as it journeys around Mars.