The cell is no better than its DNA, a compound made up of a series of paired nucleotides that programs both the cell's structures and functions. The protocols in this module are but a few examples of how DNA can be extracted and manipulated to help gain a basic understanding of some of universal secrets of this key to life. Even though these protocols are not applicable to all students at all grade levels, both the scientists and teachers who have worked on this module feel strongly that the basis for this technology be understood. The aim of this unit is to demonstrate the types of experiments a researcher does in a typical recombinant DNA laboratory. The objective of recombinant DNA experiments is to understand the effect of DNA and DNA products on plants, animals and bacteria.
Experiments usually involve changing the genetic makeup of the organism and observing the effect.
Recombinant DNA experiments are allowing scientists to understand how bacteria and viruses cause disease, and to develop better methods of diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Recombinant DNA experiments have also allowed researchers to better understand such inherited genetic diseases as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and Tay-Sachs disease. This understanding has led to methods for diagnosis and treatment, and potential elimination of the diseases by genetic replacement therapy. The agricultural industry has developed more disease resistant crops using recombinant DNA methods. Scientists are just beginning to use recombinant DNA methods to develop bacteria that will destroy toxic compounds in a process known as bioremediation.