New World Tribes Ecology Larvae References Characteristics . Clypeus expanded, covering mouthparts.
Mandibles lamelliform, mostly membranous, with only outer margin hardened.
Antennae with 8 or 9 segments, club with 3. Middle coxae widely separated. Anterior tarsi sometimes absent either in female or in both sexes. Members of this subfamily are commonly called dung beetles. Although many species feed on mammalian dung, others specialize to varying degrees upon the dung of other vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as on carrion, mushrooms, rotting fruit, and other decomposing plant material.