Managers speak to higher management on behalf of their subordinates. Managers view their presence as essential to the work getting done. Managers are selected primarily for their technical skills. Managers explain the results that are needed and help their subordinates figure out how to do the work. Managers focus a lot of energy on what is happening outside their own part of the organization.
Managers encourage innovation even when it means breaking the rules.
Managers provide regular feedback to employees on how they are doing. Managers are often evaluated by their subordinates. Managers facilitate discussions at meetings on how performance can be improved and invite questions from their employees. Meetings are designed to encourage two-way communication. Employees make their own work assignments, schedule work, provide training, review performance, and decide on work procedures.