Some, for example, go the Naval War College or the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, both of which are for senior and highly motivated officers. You must be physically fit, and not significantly physically impaired. Eyeglasses are OK, for example. All of us are expected to go to sea, which is no place for someone who is handicapped. Of course, gender is not an issue - we have women filling all conceivable oceanographer positions.
Enlisted sailors earn somewhat less.
We do not get bonuses, but we do have a good medical and dental plan, and we also get paid extra for special situations, like sea duty. There are many fine schools for oceanography. The US Naval Academy also offers a good degree in oceanography, which leads, of course, to a career in the Navy. Other good schools include the University of Hawaii and University of Washington. Make sure you visit the Careers in Oceanography page on this website.