Copper deficiency can impair carbohydrate metabolism, allowing for increases in protein glycation, which can degrade their structure and function. Copper deficiency interferes with enzymes related to nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction. Taking multivitamins during this time period reduced the risk for nuclear and cortical cataracts but not for posterior subcapsular cataracts. These data add to a body of evidence which suggests a lower risk for cataract among users of vitamin supplements and stronger associations with long-term use. Differences in lifestyles did not influence the associations, nor did dietary changes.
Exercise increases cardiac output, redistributes blood flow and increases blood flow to muscles.
Exercise is extremely important for the prevention and treatment of high blood pressure. In a meta-analysis of 13 controlled studies of exercise, there was a mean reduction of 11.3 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure and 7.5 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure. In diabetic patients, this is extremely important. Obese children have elevated insulin levels which can normalize with exercise. Exercise helps osteoarthritis.