Darker rubies come from Thailand. Rubies also occur in Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and North Carolina. A transparent corundum, or aluminium oxide. Sapphires range from white through blue, violet, yellow, and green to near black. Blue star sapphires with six rays are favourite stones.
Fine sapphires are equal in value to diamonds of equal size.
Found in Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Jammu and Kashmir. A variety of onyx with parallel layers of white, brown, black, and red Sard. Used in cameos and intaglios. Chief sources are Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, India, and Texas. A red, violet, blue, green, or yellow magnesium aluminate.