Expert systems employ feedback from one or multiple users to determine relevancy and retrieve appropriate data, or to forecast plausible scenarios. In systems design, we can take data directly from the system's users via keystrokes or other input. We can have intermediaries such as professional online searchers reformulate input into more refined categories. Artificial intelligence research inspired some to expect that machines might be constructed with autonomous intelligence. This approach, strongly reflected in the information technologies influencing organizational restructuring, dissociates the human from the machine, in effect constructing an artificial and abstract environment in which processes are efficiently automated.
Human feedback is removed as much as possible.
Many information systems began to take on a self-contained aspect. Mechanical systems are becoming highly knowledgeable in artificial environments. The result is an extremely rational model of work, processes, and intelligence. Problem solving, or task, still defines the boundaries of the system's behavior and utility. In other words, humans still determine the intentionality directing the information system.