As long as a horse has free access to plenty of potable water, whether stalled or turned out, he will not damage himself by consumption of salt. Produces seven different toxins, which act by binding irreversibly to presynaptic neurons. Horses either ingest the toxin from foodstuffs, or absorb it from organisms producing it in contaminated wounds or in damaged gut tissue. Sources of ingested toxin are commonly rodent carcasses in cured hay, silage, or improperly cured hay. Often an inability to swallow is the first sign noted.
Animals become recumbent, there is paralysis of respiratory muscles.
Horses which receive antitoxin before reaching the stage of recumbency have a better prognosis. Neither phenylbutazone nor penicillin have any efficacy in treatment of allergic reactions. Bute may decrease inflammation, but it does not treat anaphylaxis. Injectable penicillin can cause a fairly dramatic amount of swelling and discomfort, not to mention the occasional anaphylactic or procaine reaction. DMSO is used intravenously in cases of ischemic damage.