The petiole, or leafstalk, carries nutrients and water from the branches to individual leaves. Pigments called anthocyanins are responsible for the deep red color of these leaves.
Dogwoods produce a mixture of colors from bright red to blackish-purple.
This brilliant 'October Glory' red maple in Paul James's front yard has been known to stop traffic when at its peak. Why Trees Turn Color Believe it or not, North America is one of the few places on the planet where deciduous trees produce vibrant fall colors. In Germany, for example, a sugar maple turns a dull yellow at best, whereas in Vermont an identical sugar maple will turn a yellow so bright it's almost fluorescent. To produce great fall color, trees need a combination of crisp, cold nights and clear, sunny days. Sunlight is especially important, and nearly all trees planted in full sun yield bolder colors than those planted in shade.