Apply at consulate in U.S. Paperwork is sent to the German Foreign Service office for approval. Business plan and proof that you will not be dependent upon the state for financial or medical assistance. Usually takes about six weeks. Depends upon nature of business, though usually somewhere between three months and one year. Yes, but it depends upon business.
High unemployment makes getting approval especially difficult, according to a visa specialist.
The Netherlands Seek work permit at the consulate. It will then be forwarded for approval to the Central Board for Provision of Labor in Holland. Successful history in endeavor, financial statements, contract with Dutch client, and business plan. Generally one to three months. Permits for contract work last for the length of contract.