Sliver nitrate in infants eyes to prevent Chlamydia and Neisseria infections. React with sulfur groups on proteins. Detergents in general dissolve membranes. Quaternary ammonium compounds are more penetrating. But still do not kill mycobacteria or bacterial spores.
Examples are formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.
More penetrating and have some activity against mycobacteria and spores. Highly toxic and requires special equipment. Often used to sterilize dry wrapped medical equipment, particularly plastics.