Chiefs and other leaders preside over customary, traditional courts, though all persons have a right to request that their case be considered under the formal, British-based legal system. The roots of Botswana's democracy lie in Setswana traditions, exemplified by the Kgotla, or village council, in which the powers of traditional leaders were limited by custom and law. Botswana's High Court has general civil and criminal jurisdiction. Judges are presidentially appointed and may be removed only for cause and after a hearing. The constitution has a code of fundamental human rights enforced by the courts, and Botswana has a good human rights record.
Local government is administered by nine district councils and five town councils.
District commissioners have executive authority and are appointed by the central government and assisted by elected and nominated district councilors and district development committees. The government's policies for remote area dwellers continue to spark controversy and to be revised in response to domestic and donor concerns. Foreign publications are sold without restriction in Botswana. Botswana's impressive economic record has been built on a foundation of diamond mining, with prudent fiscal policies, international financial and technical assistance, and careful foreign policy ensuring success. Since the early 1980s, the country has become the world's largest producer of quality diamonds.