In addition, any good that can only be enjoyed in a particular location can be turned into a private good by making the location private property. There's no way to let enemy missiles through to hit just the houses of non-contributors while leaving those of contributors alone. But there are at least ways of slicing the problem up into more manageable pieces. If we consider defense of the continental United States as a whole, it becomes clear that local areas that are net non-contributors can certainly be excluded from that good. So we implement Solution Five by decomposing national defense into a plurality of regional defenses, and then allow the other Solutions to operate within those regions.
Lighthouses are another example.
For decades, standard economic textbooks had loftily explained that lighthouses could never be supplied privately, because ships at sea benefit from the light whether or not they pay. But one day free-market economist Ronald Coase decided to do some research, and discovered that in fact lighthouses in Britain had in the past been supplied privately for many years. Once again, entrepreneurs who stood to make a profit were motivated to devise innovations undreamed of by pessimistic academic economists. Providers of goods and services value advertising air time - and this definitely is a good from which they can be excluded, and for which they are consequently willing to pay. Quite a bit, I would bet.