Space is uniformly expanding at the rate of approximately one part in 15 billion per year. The expansion of space results in the release of energy and the creation of matter. Space supports electromagnetic wave propagation. The speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant for all uniformly moving observers. Within space, stable electromagnetic structures may be formed, for example atoms, stars.
Electromagnetic energy is constrained to exist in discrete quantum units.
This applies to atoms and the emission, detection and absorption of electromagnetic waves. Space is curved in the vicinity of a massive object. The universe as a whole has a curved space structure. Summary The structure of the atom is explained using a curved space model. The objective has been to provide a new theoretical model which can provide the impetus for a different approach to experimental investigation and mathematical modelling.