Cognition is any mental activity involved in the representation and processing of knowledge. Comparative psychology is an area of psychology that studies similarities in the behavior and mental processes of humans and nonhumans. An internal cognitive map is an inner representation of the learning situation as a whole. Observational Learning is the type of learning that occurs when someone uses observations of another person's actions and their consequences to guide his or her own future actions. The Lessons of Research Check Your Recall Remembering Implicit memory is the ability to remember things that were not consciously processed.
Explicit memory applies conscious effort to the storing and recalling of information.
How Memory Works Encoding is the translation of incoming stimulus energy into unique neural code that your brain can process. Storage is the retention over time of encoded material. Retrieval is the recovery at a later time of the stored information. Elaboration relates the new input to other information you already possess or to goals or purposes for which it might later prove relevant. Recall is a retrieval method in which you reproduce information to which you were previously exposed.