They can all change allele frequencies in a population 2. It is completely independent of time. D is not correct.
Different species are likely to have different chromosomes.
The hybrid resulting from such a cross will be diploid but its chromosomes won t have their homologs. If it survived up to this point, when it goes to make its own gametes by meiosis, the chromosomes will not have homologs to pair with. They will migrate randomly to different poles of the potential daughter cells, none of which are likely to be viable because they will be missing so many chromosomes. Therefore the hybrid will be sterile, ie, unable to produce viable gametes. Adaptation is the result of natural selection.