Can use deception. Parasitic wasp, female signals receptivity by lowering her antennae. After mating, if another male approaches, the male will pose as a female. New male tries to mate with him while female moves on and becomes non-receptive. Blue Milkweed Beetles.
Males remain mounted on females back after mating.
Almost impossible for new males to dislodge them. Dickinson separated pairs and watched what happened. Last males do better than that. Draw fitness graph.