Occur in early to intermediate successional stages of most forest, woodland, and brush habitats. Prefer a mosaic of various-aged vegetation that provides woody cover, meadow and shrubby openings, and free water. Mule deer browse and graze. Forage from ground surface into bushes and trees as high as can reach. Also dig out subterranean mushrooms.
Food preferences vary with season, forage quality, and availability.
Forbs and grasses are important in spring. Feed heavily on acorns where available, primarily in autumn. Various shrubs are critical in summer and winter. Commonly frequent salt or mineral licks. Vegetative cover critical for thermal regulation in winter and summer.