Unlearning what is already known is often more difficult than learning new information. Information organized in personally meaningful ways is more likely to be retained, learned and used. The ways in which learners are assessed and evaluated powerfully affect the ways they study and learn. Mastering a skill or body of knowledge takes great amounts of time and effort. Learning to transfer, to apply previous knowledge and skills to new contexts, requires a great deal of practice.
High expectations encourage high achievement.
To be most effective, teachers need to balance levels of intellectual challenge and instructional support.