Information provided here is for doctors and other medical staff looking after renal patients.
It is not generally useful or suitable for patients or those without a medical background. Information provided is generally brief and limited to what is required for immediate management, assuming prior medical knowledge. More detail at the foot of the page. Further information on all these topics can be obtained from general nephrology texts. Up to date information with brief literature reviews is particularly well provided by the on-line text UpToDate , which is available to subscribers on CD and via web links.