The third example is to transfer nearly all the money being spent on 'defence' to civilian activities. Britain suffers from the misfortune of having been, before the 1939-45 War, one of the two or three world military powers, and we still try to have forces big enough to make us a 'world policeman'. Japan and Germany have not been so unfortunate. Enable 10,000 million people to live well' The three components of 'defence' expenditure are research, manufacture of military equipment and fighting personnel. We spend about half of a government sponsored research effort on 'defence', while our sponsored civilian research, both fundamental science and applicable science, is starved, as are teaching services in these areas.
Japan provides an excellent example here as far as applied science is concerned.
All applied science research should be directed to the equipment of Equilibrium Engineering, that is the equipment which would enable 10,000 million people to live well in stable equilibrium with the environment. The manufacture of military equipment is the worst kind of activity from the point of view of cost of workplace per employee, hence shifting this money to support civilian production could both give far more jobs and restore our civilian manufacturing industry. This has been so damaged in the last decade that, unless we do something about it soon, any recovery from recession will only benefit importers. However it gives us the opportunity to lead the world, by being the first to produce the equipment for Equilibrium Engineering. Restoring our manufacturing base, especially small local businesses involving much more hand craftsmanship, and undertaking public works to leave a decent countryside to our descendants, would provide worthwhile work for a 'defence' personnel, provided it was done gradually over a period of say 20 years.