Atmosphere Gas exchange important for root health. Causes problems because restricts area where roots can grow.
Hardpans can form on golf greens.
Are called black layer. Develop only a few inches below the surface and severely restrict root growth and water-holding capacity of the soil. No till Soil not plowed. Vegetation is killed with herbicide then seeds are planted in shallow trenches that are sliced through the debris. The debris acts as mulch, but can also be a source of disease inoculum.