Some parasitoids are solitary, leaving single holes in scales. Gregarious parasitoids often emerge in large numbers leaving multiple holes. This predator is carried between scale infestations by ladybeetles. These mites are present beneath the scale cover of armored scales all year long. Live scales will bleed when crushed.
Dead scales are dry.
Use in dormant season and immediately after crawlers have settled. Exclude ants from trees infested with soft scales. These ants actively defend scales from local natural enemies. Use sticky or mechanical barriers when possible. Design landscapes that help them survive.