I would pose to you how an unhealthy surrounding become a major constraint for policy implementation. Corruption practices in a crony capitalistic economy cause professionals to become ineffective. The weaknesses engulf the economic structure, the real sectors and the financial sectors, the social as well as political structures. Weak governance is prevalent in both public as well as private sectors. Transparency has not been part of the government and private characteristics.
Legal tradition is weak.
As corruption is both economic, social as well as political phenomena, it is easy to conjecture that it must had been widely practiced in such a muddy environment pertaining in Indonesia, when the economy was experiencing high growth for a long period. One could trace corruption in different stages of budgetary process, from the initial preparation of a proposal for a project to the actual disbursement of the fund, to find where have irregularities been occurring. One could do a similar process to bank loan, awarding contract, tender, procurement, licensing, and other activities to find out about leakage. It is hard to prove but easy to conjecture. People used to interpret the much higher ICOR figures for Indonesia in comparison to the neighboring countries as indicator for leakage, which was arising from practices of corruption, aside from inefficiencies.