In addition, in order to make the most out of existing instructional time, many teachers will need training in classroom management. As noted earlier, the research evidence suggests that the majority of teachers need to improve the manner in which they use instructional time. Professional development, when done correctly, has been shown to be an effective means of improving both the way teachers use classroom time and the quality of instruction they provide, so that more classroom time is used for academic learning time. Time outside of school can be used to enhance student learning. There are a number of ways to increase time for learning outside of the time allocated for school.
Homework can extend the amount of learning time beyond school hours.
Starting in the middle grades, when the quality and quantity of assignments are appropriate, homework has been shown to have beneficial effects on achievement. Other factors, such as how students spend their free time, can effect learning outcomes. For example, watching too much television or working too many hours per week can be detrimental, while extracurricular activities such as internships, community service activities, part-time jobs and sports can enhance student learning opportunities. Funding for this paper is partially provided by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Education.