These signs can be tested by observing the patients walking, getting out of deep chairs, and performing rapid repetitive movements. Even with all these signs of PD, it may be present and undiagnosed for years. Patients may present with difficulties in salivation, micturition, and gastrointestinal function, as well as defective control over the cardiovascular system and temperature regulation. Sialorrhea, excessive production of saliva, is a common late symptom seen in Parkinson s. In more advanced cases, difficulties in swallowing may need to be alleviated by administration of drugs which liquefy the saliva.
Constipation is also a common clinical autonomic symptom.
This is often made worse by the use of the anti-Parkinsonian drugs. Weight loss to varying degrees can also accompany the disease. Cardiovascular problems can be seen in PA patients, but these are to a lesser extent than the gastrointestinal problems. Cardiac arrhythmia s were found in a number of patients, but the most incapacitating cardiovascular symptom is orthostatic hypotension. Interestingly, the hypotension in PD is more common following meals.