The typical course of light reactions using both photosystem complexes. This results in a NET LOSS of carbon to the plant. Uses Rubisco enzyme to initially grab CO 2 . Subject to photorespiration. Typically do well in the shade.
Light saturate at lower levels.
Physiologically operate more efficiently in cooler temperatures. Has Kranz anatomy in leaves. Uses PEP carboxylase to initially grab CO 2 in the mesophyll cells forming oxaloacetate which is almost instantly converted to malate or malic acid. The malate travels from mesophyll to the bundle sheath cells where the CO 2 is dumped and Rubisco picks it up. Advantageous because it virtually eliminates Rubisco s oxygenase activity which leads to photorespiration.