They are the essence of what it is to be human, and bring meaning to life. The next issue that Johnston addresses is the argument of free will versus determinism. He believes we can never truly be free in the decisions we make. These determinisms are considered to be the three possible types of free will as well. Genetic determinism cannot be because identical Page 2 twins, which share the exact same genotype, often vary significantly.
Environmental determinism is faulty because humans largely create our environment.
This would mean that others are in control, and therefore free will is not existent. Biological determinism means that our genetics as well as our environment determine us. Johnston believes that free will is doing what we want to do, yet our genes and environment determine what we want to do. Johnston also takes a look at creativity as well. Our creativity is a very useful adaptation that lets us learn, as well as adapt to our environment in a very unique way.