None of the above. All of the above. Neither process is exergonic. Both processes are exergonic. Fermentation leads to the production of two ATP molecules.
Fermentation can lead to the production of alcohol or lactic acid.
All of the above statements are correct. Years of research in the field of photosynthesis have lead to the following observations. ATP synthesis can occur in the absence of light. The first step of the Calvin Cycle produces glucose from carbon dioxide. The enzyme Ribisco fixes carbon dioxide in the first step the Calvin Cycle.