These methods are based on an improved processing of the standard GSM measurement reports.
Fuzzy handover uses a fuzzy controller to perform handover decisions.
The measurement data are transformed into fuzzy values, which are fed to an inference engine. The inference engine uses a set of fuzzy rules to decide whether a handover is required. Area recognition and trace pattern recognition are pattern recognition techniques, which exploit the characteristic features of the radio propagation. Radio propagation and in particular shadowing caused by obstacles is deterministic and location dependent. Using suitable methods, mobile stations can be located within the network.