Successful software development requires knowledge of computer organization. To present foundational concepts for learning computer organization. To describe the technological context of current computer organization developments and the historical background of digital computers. To introduce the organization of the text. Information in computers is represented in binary-this does not restrict the representational power, though.
Instructions tell the computer what to do.
The instructions act on data, and both instructions and data are represented as binary on a computer. Tedious, hard to think in binary, prone to error, hard to debug. This helped, but assembly language was still very cryptic. So, people decided to extend this process one step further. Soon, the management of processes and resources became quite hard to do manually.