Environmental programmes constitute an umbrella of broad approaches that aim at preserving, implementing, educating, or controlling environmental effects, both negative and positive. Certain environmental problems are best tackled through legislation - at the local, national and international levels. Legislative action can take various 'stick-and'carrot' forms, where positive action is rewarded and negative action is punished. Laws, rules, regulation, standards, acts etc. They may call for the setting up of institutions and regulatory bodies, procedures for action, fees, fines, taxes etc. to be paid.
Legislation falls under, and is a part of, the broader umbrella of governance systems.
Maintenance and preservation of natural reserves or heritage resources typically require extensive maintenance and preservation of their status. The maintenance and preservation may be carried out by a specialized organization, a body of experts, the proximate community, or other local and regional stakeholders. Most environmental activity, in one form or another, require financial resources to be allocated to operationalize a policy, programme or project.