In 1987, Yale historian Paul Kennedy published The Rise and Fall of Great Powers . The handing back to France of fortresses such as Louisbourg and Port Royal angered the colonists. New Englanders led by William Phipps take Port Royal. Returned to France 1689. 4,100 Colonists led by William Gooch join British in attack on Spanish-held Cartenga.
Expedition fails .
Thousands drown in accident on St. Lawrence River . William Pepperrell's New Englanders, with British naval aid, take Louisbourg. Returned to France 1748 . Earl of Loudon assembles fleet in Halifax for attack on Louisbourg. Hurrican smashes the British fleet .