Yet there are instances when malpractice litigation is appropriate though seldom resorted to for reparation. Those concern the various claims made by psychotherapists regarding their products. Such a claim appears to constitute fraud, not to mention bad therapy. Abolishing the licensure of psychotherapists, e.g., psychologists, social workers, and counselors, would have similar benefits. Prostitutes and therapists could then both be held legally culpable for misrepresentation, i.e., fraud.
Fraud is deliberate misrepresentation.
In trade, sellers cannot misrepresent their products. To do so constitutes fraud, an illegal transaction of commerce. The notion of scientific validity, though not an act, is related to fraud. Validity refers to the extent to which something represents or measures what it purports to represent or measure. When diagnostic measures do not represent what they purport to represent, we say that the measures lack validity.