For example, if the owner wants to be licked, fine. But the instant the owner gives the command to stop licking, the dog must stop. In this way the dog is able to express affection and yet is being subordinate. Ditto for sleeping in the owners bed. Personally, I do not use treats for training or reinforcement except for a very young puppy.
Dogs are happiest while obeying.
They need structure and prefer to be subordinate. They can exhibit thoughtful, independent behavior. However, they are most happy being free within the structure provided by their Alpha or Alphas.