The article approaches conceptually the motives and types of tourists introduced in theoretical literature on tourism. The aim is a critical evaluation of content theories of tourist motivation based on Maslow's theory of needs. Motives and tourist typologies are seen as socio-spatial constructs that cannot be explained by individualistic means. The purpose is to construct links between tourist motives, tourist typologies and the spatial environment of tourists and their actions. Jarkko Saarinen , Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi Research Station, P. O. Box 16, FIN-96301 Rovaniemi, Finland.
Ecosystems are functions of the past.
Past is represented by various historical data, such as old maps. In landscape ecology, understanding of landscape structures, their function and change can be increased with the aid of historical maps. Maps, however, are problematic data and, therefore, require careful interpretation. When the aim is to study dynamic changes of landscape structures, it is relevant to extract information related to land use, biotopes and species. There is a large collection of historical maps portraying the island of Ruissalo in Finland.