A human version of p21 is located on human chromosome 12p11.1. Alterations or mutations in K-ras, which appears to be involved in a signal transduction pathway, could disrupt the pathway and lead to carcinogenesis. In one patient, semiquantitation of serum p21 served as a crude biomarker, with some predictive value, until the patient died. FCM's extensive capabilities could also include probes with wider fluorescent emissions and even FCM on a chip. The greater the radiation dose, the fewer metaphases are required for detection of abnormalities.
Fibroblasts are a convenient and successful target for studies to assess external agent damage.
DNA changes can be mapped to within 10 Mb. An expected outcome of the Human Genome Project is the identification of chromosomal changes associated with some cancers. A number of speakers discussed the health impact of beryllium exposure, which in susceptible individuals can lead to an autoimmune-like pulmonary disease. Beryllium is used industrially in the manufacture of light fixtures and certain ceramics. CBD also causes granulomas in the skin, liver, lymph nodes, and conjunctiva.