Incidence in Minnesota is nearly the same as national rates. Incidence is only 1.3 times the mortality rate.
Males have somewhat higher risk than females.
Rates are highest in non-Hispanic whites. Working in certain industries may increase risk, but the specific exposures in those industries have not been identified. Eating cured meats may increase risk. Eating fruits, vegetables, and vitamin supplements may decrease risk. Because nitrosamides, especially nitrosoureas, are potent animal carcinogens, it is possible that exposure to N-nitroso compounds may increase risk in the absence of protective factors.