These species do not normally develop into trees suitable for conventional forest products. Primary plant nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Trees or shrubs with crowns receiving full light from above and from all sides. Many trees in a virgin or old growth stand are overmature and are, in fact, dying of old age. Tall mature trees that rise above the shorter immature understory trees.
Examples are outright harvest, girdling, and simply felling the overstory.
Understory trees or shrubs generally of tolerant species such as Engelmann spruce. If they can be released through some kind of treatment, and have not been too badly deformed, such trees will make suitable crop trees. Overtopped trees are often of a younger age than the main canopy. Plus shop online for Smokey Bear merchandise. Bill Beard's Adventure Travel Costa Rica Costa Rica, Central America family vacations.