Inland and small-scale coastal fisheries. These important fisheries, which are particularly vulnerable to environmental changes and overfishing, and contain groups of organisms that are in need of environmental and fisheries management, require a more holistic and interdisciplinary approach, including ecosystem and socio-economic perspectives. Important aspects of fisheries globalization, including trade and marketing, technology transfer, international investment, international standardization, influences on traditional values and cultures, and wealth redistribution, have yet to be incorporated into the fisheries management paradigm. Economic aspects of fisheries trade and the distribution of benefits. Many of the factors driving the present problems in fisheries can only be understood and addressed with a more complete understanding of the nature and extent of barriers to trade, and of the processes that control the distribution of benefits.
Important processes act on scales ranging from global to highly local.
Scientific basis for fisheries management policies, instruments, and institutions. Research is needed on alternative forms of rights and obligations in order to promote incentives for conservation and efficient use of resources, and to enable diverse views to be incorporated in decision making. Ecologically sound aquaculture and stock enhancement. As aquaculture production has increased, so have concerns about the social and economic effects on local communities, the degradation of coastal habitats used for aquaculture, spread of diseases, genetic pollution, and the inefficient use of wild fish production as aquaculture feed. There is a critical need for research in this area before the adverse effects of some types of aquaculture become too severe, or become hardly or non reversible.