Incidence and mortality in Minnesota are very similar to national rates. Incidence is about 5 times the mortality rate. Since 1988 in Minnesota, incidence and mortality in both sexes have been stable.
Males have about three times the risk observed in females.
Incidence in white females is higher than in black females, but mortality in white females is lower than in black females. The role of dietary factors is unclear. Schistosomiasis, a parasitic infestation that irritates the bladder and is common in some parts of the world, can be a cause. A history of urinary tract infections also increases risk. Early Detection Looking for abnormal cells in the urine has been suggested, but is not established as effective, for bladder cancer screening in the general population.