Static checkpoints Prohibit new transactions from beginning and wait until all active transactions have terminated. Force any buffered log writes to disk. Force all the dirty buffers in the cache to disk. Write a checkpoint record. Dynamic checkpoints Prohibit all update operations.
Force log to disk.
Force all dirty buffers to disk. Write a checkpoint record that includes a list of all active transactions. Run forward pass from checkpoint only. Fuzzy checkpoints Avoids having to prohibit all updates during a checkpoint. Create a list of all the dirty buffers.