However, additional, potentially environmentally produced, mutations have also been detected. Their source remains unclear with the only hint as yet reported being correlation between higher frequencies of mutants in cord blood and medical indigency. Translating the results of a few human studies to the many questions that remain about reproductive effects of mutagen exposures is difficult. In summary, experimental evidence from animal models, analyses of ionizing radiation exposures, and the epidemiology of tobacco smoking indicate that current levels of exposures to mutagens are not likely to be contributing significantly to risks for birth defects. However, should mutagen levels increase, developmental effects could be significant.
Birth defects are the least sensitive indicator of reproductive toxicity due to mutagens.
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