It took an average of 32 seconds to induce the cattle to put their heads in the poorly designed yoke used in this study. The author has observed electrical stunning of cattle in a head restraint in New Zealand. Each animal quietly entered the stunning box and was stunned within 2 seconds after the head was clamped. Stress caused by prolonged restraint will be a severe problem if live animals are subjected to intravenous injections shortly prior to slaughter. Design mistakes in races and forcing pens will cause stress.
Cattle move more easily through a curved ramp.
One of the most serious design mistakes is laying the race out so that its entrance appears to be a dead end. Practical experience has shown that an animal standing in the forcing pen must be able to see a minimum of two to three body lengths up the single file race before it curves. Bending the single file race too sharply where it joins the forcing pen will cause animals to balk. View of a round crowd pen leading to the curved single file race. Note there must be a straight section where the crowd pen is attached to the races.