Its poor transportation system and its distance from the sea have tended to limit economic growth. The economy is almost entirely agricultural, with most engaged in subsistence farming, growing beans, cassava, corn, and plantains. Cotton, tea, and hides are also exported. Cattle, goats, and sheep are raised. The country's few manufactures include basic consumer goods, such as processed food, beverages, clothing, and footwear.
Heavy industry is government-owned.
Burundi relies on international aid for economic development and has incurred a large foreign debt. Burundi's imports usually considerably exceed the value of its exports. European Union nations make up its chief trading partners. Probably in the 15th cent. Under the German and Belgian administrations Christianity was spread, but the traditional social structure of Burundi was not altered, and there was little economic development.