So when organizations combine to form larger organizations, the combining parts are not necessarily whole organizations, as we may commonly think of them. Note also that many businesses in America contribute to both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Thus we see that organizational affiliations do not always fall into an orderly hierarchy, but rather can appear to be a confusing mishmash, with overlapping and even conflicting associations. Since life in this universe seems to consistently offer greater opportunities to those smaller organizations which succeed in finding ways to combine in larger organizations, we should expect that presently surviving strains, being the fruit of eons of such selection, will be disposed to seek new ways to organize, after present demands for survival have been fulfilled. The progress of living organizations in the universe seems to run as a corollary to the second law of thermodynamics.
Life increases as entropy increases.
Life grows in the zones of transition, such as the surface of Earth, where energy and raw materials meet and mix. The points made above deal with organizations in general. But clearly we see that there are different types of organizations. Some organizations have characteristics which other organizations lack. The accompanying table shows the eight types of organizations which can be distinguished by the presence or absence of each of these three characteristics.