It was also found that an explicit finite element method is more effective and easier to use than an implicit code. The models presented are one step towards a general and more complete computational model of flat rolling. They are not complete as they depend on a separate estimation of the roll bending. Otherwise, all three-dimensional aspects of the rolling process are included. The material models used work quite well for the simulation of the hot rolling operation.
High accuracy is obtained for global quantities like rolling force and torque.
A better material model would improve the prediction of the stress distribution in the rolled material. It should be able to describe the effect of rapidly changing strain rates and temperatures during deformation as well as recrystallization and thermal strains.