Rubber sheeting, also known as rubber banding, preserves the interconnectivity or topology, between points and objects through stretching, shrinking or re-orienting their interconnecting lines. Developed by IBM in the 1970s, it has become an industry standard for query languages in most relational database management systems. Analytical techniques associated with the study of locations of geographic phenomena together with their spatial dimensions and their associated attributes. Spatial analysis is useful for evaluating suitability, for estimating and predicting, and for interpreting and understanding the location and distribution of geographic features and phenomena. A graphic pattern used to represent a geographic feature on a map.
Many characteristics define symbols, including color, size, shape, angle, and pattern.
A map depicting selected kinds of information relating to one or more specific themes. Examples are soil type, land classification, population density and rainfall maps. The study of the relief of a given area on the Earth's surface, usually on a large scale, including both natural and man-made features. The relative location of geographic phenomena independent of their exact position. In digital data, topological relationships such as connectivity, adjacency and relative position are usually expressed as relationships between nodes, links and polygons.