But not all countries will find that they gain from participating. Compensation could take many different forms. It could be a direct cash transfer. It could result from trading in emission entitlements. The conditions I have listed above are hard enough to satisfy.
Enforcement is much harder.
Although the enforcement problem isn't often discussed, in my view it is the steepest challenge to international cooperation. There are two sides to the enforcement problem. It is a fact that almost all countries comply with the treaties they are parties to almost all of the time. But this does not mean that compliance is not a problem. All this means is that countries only enter into agreements that they know they will comply with.