The list of values flows logically from the idea of ethical monotheism. G-d has no physical components. A soul, a spiritual entity that is completely non-physical, a piece of the infinite within him, so to speak.
Every human being contains a soul, a divine spark, and therefore every life has infinite value.
Therefore the Talmud teaches that saving a life is like saving a universe. Since every human being has a soul, there is a basic equality amongst all. Since every human being has a soul, then we have the obligation to be like G-d, to emulate the Almighty. Our Sages say, just as G-d is kind and merciful, you too should be kind and merciful. Every human being is responsible for the world.