Many antiseptics and disinfectants act at multiple sites and targets on microbial cells and therefore do not show a great deal of selective toxicity as do many antibiotics. Heat Filtration Radiation Refrigeration Desiccation Heat Sterilization Heating is the most frequently used means to destroy microbes, being both economical and easily controlled. Successful heat sterilization must consider the degree of heat resistance demonstrated by a microorganism. Death from heating is an exponential function and occurs more rapidly as temperature increases. Moist heat Boiling will kill most vegetative bacteria and viruses within 10 minutes.
Bacterial endospores can survive boiling temperatures.
Certain bacterial toxins such as Staphylococcal enterotoxin are also heat resistant. Autoclaving Uses steam heat under pressure to penetrate and kill microorganisms. Steam produced at 15 psi heats to 121 C and will kill endospores after 15 minutes. Denser materials or large objects will need to be autoclaved for longer periods. The USDA recommends that all low-acid foods should be processed by pressure cooking.