Disciplinary arrangements can also be covered by the legislation. Their employer can discipline general labor law employees in any legal manner subject to collective bargaining agreements, although judicial review is often possible under general labor law. By contrast, civil servants can be disciplined according to specific legislated disciplinary provisions. Rewards and wage-bargaining are often also covered by civil service legislation. General labor law employees can be rewarded in any manner subject to minimum wage legislation and collective bargaining agreements.
Civil servants can have rewards packages reflecting factors other than market conditions.
Generally, civil service remuneration is determined by legislation. Trade unions have usually only a consultative role. In career systems, the objective is to ensure that initial entry to the civil service is based on the knowledge of the candidates, generally as indicated by a relevant university degree or academic credentials. Subsequent mobility and promotion allow movement within the civil service. Closed career systems make appointments through promotion from within the civil service and are characterized by limited possibilities for lateral entry and a strong emphasis on career development.