In analysing the African clusters, it became evident that in spite of the variations and differences, each group has its own part to play in the drive towards efficiency. Increased production and sales and the opportunity to re-invest followed soon after. Greater specialisation has also lead to increased efficiency. Higher level technologies in some firms lead to positive technological spillovers and upgrading. Clustering promotes joint action which in turn helps firms deal with external shocks, especially export firms exposed to international monetary and trade risks.
Clustering enables firms to share scarce resources.
Access to a pool of skilled labour is theoretically supposed to be a benefit but only emerged as important in one cluster. Unemployment, too many newly qualified trainees, and low skill requirements offset any benefit in the other five. Collaboration helps firms market their products and offers them improved access to skilled labour, to inputs, or new technology. Crucially, close proximity encourages co-operation regarding common ground and resources. To further promote industrialisation, there are clear practical implications for governments, donors, and the business community.