TES management strategies may be revised as data are obtained from additional inventories and monitoring. This process is called adaptive management, which maximizes the integrative value of monitoring and management strategies by maintaining a feedback loop of information among these activities. The process thus results in more effective management of TES populations by use of the most current information available. The cycle of feedback that characterizes adaptive management is illustrated in Figure 1 . A. Questions for TES Management Specific questions may be identified to provide important baseline information necessary to appropriately guide TES management. The function of surveys is to determine the occurrence and distribution of TES populations.
Inventories provide data on populations and their habitats.
This information is useful to delineate potential areas for field searches, areas of potential habitat for possible protection or population reintroduction, and to provide baseline information for habitat manipulation. Monitoring can facilitate assessment of management practices and help establish priorities among species of concern. Properly designed research can frequently culminate in a set of informed management recommendations for the TES in question. Addressing the above five questions leads to a series of activities that should provide information for development of TES management strategies. Section IV contains an expanded discussion of the protocol.