It has not been posssible to transfer nitrogen-fixing genes. Replacing this MO with a altered MO that has an altered protein that cannot induce ice-crystal formation. Petri plates with colonies are replicated to filter paper. Paper is treated with alkali- producing single stranded nucleic acids and help it to leak out of the cell. The paper is then treated with RA probe - allowing renaturization.
Autoradiography is used to detect the combination of the probe to the nucleic acid of the bacteria.
Southern blotting - Procedure to isolate and identify specific DNA fragments. Transfer to nitrocellulose filter 3. Bathed in RA probe 4. Target DNA is heat denatured - primers, nucleotides,and the Taq polymerase from a thermophilic bacterium are added. DNA is synthesized.