1241 Guido Guinizelli establishes the dolce stil nuovo school of Italian love poetry. 1240 Theodoric of Luca pioneers anesthesias. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II allows surgeons to dissect human bodies at the Salerno school of medicine. Frederick II sponsors the translation of Aristole into Latin. 1235 Japanese shogun forbids parents to sell their children into slavery.
Inquisition forbids reading of Bible by lay persons.
A Golden Bull exempting clergy from taxation and refusing land or offices to Jews or foreigners. 1218 Newgate Prison, London's debtor prison completed. Genghis Kahn destroys much of Near Eastern civilization. June 15 King John of England forced to sign the Magna Carta at Runnymede 1215 Pope Innocent III nullifies the Magna Carta.