Then, well, a cliff. There's a minus sign here because of Ben Franklin. I think we can tell that Barb has decoupled from the rest of the class. This is where you run into trouble, or this is where the physics becomes full and rich, whichever you want to write in your grant proposal. I do most of my best thinking in the horizontal position.
Electrons are smart.
When they realize that they can do it, they will do it, unlike students and faculty. We are now going off to theory-ville. This is the Malmquist bias. It's named that because, like so many things in astronomy, it disguises what it really is. It's always good to have neat names for things.