For example, at Blackville it's risky to plant before Nov. 15, and we should try to finish by Dec. 1. Plant earlier-maturing varieties last to reduce freeze risk. Soil test is fundamental. N application is critical prior to jointing. Split spring topdress N can reduce leaching, usually does not increase yield.
Excessive N can increase disease, lodging and drought stress during head fill.
Fall-apply P and K to the high range by soil test. K can be split fall and early spring on sandy soil. Breaking the hardpan greatly reduces S and N deficiency risk. The typical reason for falling short on head count is N deficiency due to rate, timing, leaching, or hardpan. Water-logged soils during tillering also reduce stem count by depriving the roots of oxygen.