Pleistocene marks the advance of glacial ice over the northern hemisphere. First appearance of Equus , true elephants, and other vertebrate taxa. Great Lakes resulted from continental glacial advance Meltwater filled these depressions.
Lake floors are now the heartland of agriculture.
Glaciers transported stripped topsoils southward to the Great Plains . This visualization displays Quaternary radiation variations in a multi-color format on a sphere and provides an efficient alternative to existing graphical methods. Variation in albedo Ewing-Donn proposed that the interrelationship between ocean currents and polar configurations may have effected global climate due to a change in heat exchange. Paleoclimate analysis is linked with the fossil record of vegetational biomes and their response to these climate oscillations. The expansion and contraction of their biogeographic ranges has been investigated across the globe.