Structural violence is the dominance of one group over the other, with subsequent exploitative practices. Jerome Skolnick pointed out that violence is an ambiguous term whose meaning is established through political processes.
Institutional violence is violence exercises on behalf or under the protection of the state.
Noninstitutional violence includes those who are opposed to established authority. The frustration-aggression theory says that violence is an unfulfilled need that leads to frustration, and the frustration is vented in aggression. If violence is acquired through the process of socialization, then aggressive or violent actions are most likely to occur in a culture or subculture in which violence is accepted or encouraged. Rational-choice theory looks at all forms of human behavior or evidence of the actor s conscious or unconscious weighing of costs versus benefits. Strategic crimes are defined as extortion, kidnapping, and blackmail.