They include, importantly, international interference, especially from the United States. Any attempt to ignore either side of this dual set of influences is a partial and oversimplified analysis. In this regard, Farmer's book is wanting. Along the way, there are some very interesting and most worthy analyses that Farmer brings out. I wish to conclude this analysis by bring some of these forward, as well as one or two minor quarrels along the way.
Farmer addresses the question of the French debt.
He argues that Boyer, often lambasted by historians for accepting the French debt since this debt shackled Haiti with a disastrous debt. Parts of the Haitian economy were ready to do more international business. But, the international embargo was a great impediment to this. Thus, Boyer calculated, on Farmer's view, that were Haiti to assume the debt as the cost of doing business with the world, that the ultimate outcome would be a profit for Haiti. This is a provocative analysis, and one quite contrary to what I have read in other analyses.