The exclusion principle, in a simplified form, states that no two particles can simultaneously have the same properties and location. Another difference between the two is the possible spin numbers of the particles. Bosons have spin numbers of whole positive integers like 0 and 1. The last difference is the function of the fundamental particles that fall into each category. The analogy most commonly used to describe the way these two categories work is that they are like the classification of whole numbers as even and odd.
Every number is either one or the other, but never both.
This is the same with fermions and bosons. Like even and odd numbers, fermions and bosons can be added together. The even numbers, then, are bosons, and no matter how many you put together, you will always have another boson. Fermions and bosons are the broadest categories for classifying particles. There are two types of fundamental fermions, leptons and quarks.