Each of these can alter behavior, but none qualifies as learning . . . . Learning creates mental expectancies about events . Once acquired, these expectancies alter behavior. If expectations change, behavior will too. And, the adaptive value of information helps explain why much human learning occurs without obvious reinforcement by food, water, and the like.
Humans readily learn responses that merely have a desired effect or that bring a goal closer.
A responsive environment and Information are two key elements that underlie learning. Some learning can be thought of as just a connection between stimuli and response. As a human, you can anticipate future reward or punishment and react accordingly. Human learning includes a large cognitive, or mental, dimension. We are greatly affected by information, expectations, perceptions, mental images, and the like.