Two available vaccines provide equivalent protection against typhoid fever- oral and injectable. CDC recommends a typhoid vaccination for those travelers who are going off the usual tourist itineraries, traveling to smaller cities and rural areas, or staying long term, that is, a traveler for six weeks or more. Typhoid vaccination is not required for international travel. The virus is inactivated by boiling or cooking to 85 degrees centigrade for one minute, therefore eating thoroughly cooked foods and drinking only treated water serve as general precautions. Hepatitis A vaccine is preferred for persons who plan to travel repeatedly or reside for long periods of time in intermediate or high risk areas.
Immune globulin is recommended for persons of all ages who desire only short term protection.
Symptoms and evidence of infection may include, but are not limited to fever, swollen lymph nodes, rashes or itchy skin, digestive problems such as abdominal pain or diarrhea, eye problems, and anaemia. Travelers to Temperate South America are at risk of parasitic infections. Several types of parasites can penetrate intact skin and travelers are advised to wear shoes and avoid swimming, wading, or washing in fresh water. AIDS is found throughout the region. In Temperate America, heterosexual transmission is now the predominant mode of transmission, with the largest number of cases in males, and there are high numbers of HIV-positive injecting drug users.