Cartilage breakdown or degradation causes bone to rub against bone, causing pain and loss of movement. Some people may be predisposed to OA at birth due to defective cartilage or defects in the way joints fit together. Also, when a person ages, there is increased cartilage breakdown. The general symptoms of osteoarthritis are slowly developing joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. OA generally affects middle-aged and older people, and can range from very mild to very severe.
Diagnosis is based on physical exam and a history of symptoms.
X-ray is used to confirm the diagnosis. Most people over 60 have OA on x-ray, but up to half may have actual symptoms. Optimal medical management of OA requires a balance between rest and activity, with the goal of achieving as much activity as possible without side effects. Focus is on decreasing pain and improving joint movement. Treatment therapies involve both pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities.