Polarity refers to direction of character evolution. Arbitrary decisions in terms of word usage. Opertaional neglect of evident facts. Neglects how far taxa have deviated from ancestors. Types of Characters DNA sequences Phylogenetic relationships of hominoids as revealed by DNA hybridization.
Dotted lines indicate uncertainty.
May give new species or discrete populations. Biogeography is study of distribution of organisms in space through time. Biogeography of chironomid midges in southern hemisphere. Midges live in regions indicated in black. Area cladogram for spiders in Hawaii based on 12S mitochondrial DNA Comparison of Methods Phenetic and phylogenetic trees can differ.