Oil is found only in sedentary rock. The surface layer of oceanic water is more dense, which is why there is a rapid decrease in temperature in the thermocline layer compared to the surface layer. Albedo is reduced by increased cloud cover. Plants store energy as fat. A negative feedback loop reinforces an action in a system.
Efficiency is the ability to do work.
The amount of producer biomass is determined by net primary productivity. R-selected species invest a large fraction of their net energy in reproduction. Dead leaves are an important source of energy for river ecosystems. Grazing by herbivores can increase net primary productivity.