In addition, I think you are missing some steps between the endpoints. As for the differences, I don't claim to have the answer either, but can take up a position. Data exist outside of any context. They are the primary bits, if you will of communication. They have no use sensable in and of themselves.
Information are data in specific relation to other data.
That is there is a context, another object to which the data is relative. Information can be very simple, or very complex, as media and other contexts can be very rich are poor. I imagine two bits of data can carry information. The next major steps in the chain are understanding and belief. Understanding is the cognitive episode of information recognition, while belief is an attitude toward that understanding.