Areas confounding genetic determinism in biomedicine. Most common diseases are not genetic. No relationship between genetic and morphological complexity. There are no genetic programs. Molecular and Cell Biology Informational redundancy confounds linear genetics.
Genes determine aging.
Genetic analysis provides diagnosis and therapy for disease and aging. These assumptions underlie the human genome project, the multi-billion dollar national project to sequence, clone, and map the 100,000 genes in the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. But fundamental rules governing population genetics stand in at least partial opposition to the uniqueness equation and to the assumptions. Rather the relationship between genome and phenome is characterized by great complexity involving interaction between many genes, gene products and environmental signaling. In addition, the interaction will be function of personal natural history and present environmental setting, so that even in simplified cases, where genetic connections may be traced, the genes will have different effects in different environments.