The Future Controversies in theory and interpretations in geomagnetism will likely continue unabated so long as research continues in this discipline. It is clear from all of the results reported herein that an essential ingredient for meeting future practical and scientific objectives for using and understanding the geomagnetic field is the long term monitoring by Earth satellite. Although such a service appears expensive, the alternative of filling in significant gaps in surface monitors globally is even more so.
International cooperation employing several spacecraft systems appears to be required.
This is to acknowledge the help of the editors, two anonymous reviewers, Coerte Voorhies in reviewing the manuscript, and the numerous authors who sent reprints and comments.