Photosynthesis and N uptake from the soil are functional response models and are sink-driven.
Growth occurs per degree-day above developmental threshold of grapewine.
The plant subunits, i.e., the annual populations of fruits, leaves, shoots and roots developing on a perennial frame are age-structured and have distributed developmental times. Their dynamics simulated as a time-invariant distributed delay process with attrition. The model forms a basis for analysis in the vineyard ecosystem. It is designed as a research tool for explorative studies in multitrophic systems and can be connected to other models such as insect herbivore models. Handbook of Environmental and Ecological Modelling.