These effects help students to understand electric motors and generators. The total energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred by collisions in chemical and nuclear reactions, by light waves and other radiations, and in many other ways. However, it can never be destroyed. As these transfers occur, the matter involved becomes steadily less ordered.
Heat consists of random motion and the vibrations of atoms, molecules, and ions.
The higher the temperature, the greater the atomic or molecular motion. The energy of electromagnetic waves is carried in packets whose magnitude is inversely proportional to the wavelength. Each kind of atom or molecule can gain or lose energy only in particular discrete amounts and thus can absorb and emit light only at wavelengths corresponding to these amounts. These wavelengths can be used to identify the substance. Nervous systems are formed from specialized cells that conduct signals rapidly through the long cell extensions that make up nerves.