They also expose water to air which leads to water loss through evaporation. Possible Solution Increased efficiency through better engineering, such as use of lighter materials, might make these systems better. However, they are more efficient and use less water than furrow irrigation. Furrow Systems Top Furrow irrigation involves cutting ditches throughout a field or orchard. These ditches are compacted so they will hold water.
Furrows are cheap and low tech.
Flooding is similar to furrow irrigation, but the whole field is flooded with water which drains off the low side of the field. Below is a picture of a typical furrow irrigation system. The water then enters stream and groundwater systems as runoff. Possible Solution Proper water scheduling, such as watering in the cool of the evening would reduce water waste. Preparing the furrows for surface conduction of water and the movement of water into the soil would reduce runoff.