Some analysts have considered the existence of a value that resides within an object, unassociated with either use or nonuse. This intrinsic value is seen as existing in all things throughout the cosmos. Given this somewhat metaphysical approach to the natural world, it is no wonder that scientists, managers, and other professionals have had trouble accepting the existence of intrinsic value in natural ecosystems. It is much easier to work from the point of view of human purpose. Then, a specific environmental element, or an ecosystem, can be seen as supporting some chosen end.
Land is the base upon which human society exists.
Decisions about the use to which land is put reflect the character of humanity. Decisions are made on various grounds, normally economic, but more and more moral and aesthetic. However, unless the values inherent in policies are evaluated, and an understanding developed as to how they relate to decisions, environmental solutions will likely remain unattainable. Rowman and Littlefield. Md. Freeman, A.M. 1993.