Many of the health consequences of tobacco use are well established.
Cigarette smoking causes heart disease, lung and esophageal cancer, and chronic lung disease.
What is less clear is the effect of tobacco use on bone density and fracture risk. While the majority of the research has implicated smoking as a risk factor for osteoporosis and fracture, some studies have failed to find an association. Tobacco Use and Bone Density Cigarette smoking was first identified as a risk factor for osteoporosis more than 20 years ago. Subsequent studies have also demonstrated a direct relationship between tobacco use and decreased bone density. However, not all studies have supported this finding.