They located evil in the cosmic fall of spirit into materiality and temporality. In Gnosticism God and world, God and nature, spirit and nature, became contraries to each other. The solution to evil is in the extinction of desire. European Philosphers Modern humanist theories have drawn on Platonism, Stoicism and Aristotelianism, to reduce evil to ignorance. Their antidote to evil is self-understanding.
Fatalism is the belief that all events are predetermined and controlled.
Fatalism was widespread in the ancient world and continues today. In this belief the human creature is at the mercy of sinister powers beyond human and divine control which irrevocably shape human destiny. He argued that a world containing moral and physical evil is a better one because it is metaphysically richer than one containing good only, and that God must have created the best of all possible worlds. God accepts past evil, transforms it into good and continues to draw each individual toward a self-authenticating acceptance of true value. It looks ahead to a time when God's aims will finally overcome the individual evil events and bring about a true community of love and peace.