Wages, benefits, and working conditions are set in negotiations between unions and employers. Businesses having 15 or more employees must have worker representatives. Businesses with over 150 employees must form joint works councils composed of equal numbers of management and employee representatives. In businesses with more than 1,000 employees, one-third of the membership of the supervisory boards of directors must be employees' representatives. Both Luxembourg law and practice promote union activity and protect union leaders and members from discrimination.
Effective procedures exist and are used to adjudicate employment-related complaints.
Labor tribunals are authorized to adjudicate employment-related complaints. A request for a hearing before the court must be made in writing. Parties to the dispute are summoned before the tribunal to give testimony. The tribunal's decision may be appealed by either party. The tribunal does not have the authority to require that employers found guilty of antiunion discrimination reinstate workers fired for union activities, but it can impose fines on such employers.