Feeding ecology makes it hard for males to monopolize females directly or indirectly. Instead they display their merits to females visiting leks. Relation between female feeding ecology and breeding system studied in birds of paradise by Bruce Beehler and Stephen Pruett-Jones. Especially true for fruit 4. Scramble competition polygyny Polygyny does not require territoriality.
Males can compete by trying to outrace rivals to females.
James Lloyd walked 10.9 miles following 199 firefly males and saw 2 matings. Females signalled average of 6 minutes before a male found her Males ignore each other, but most persistent win Thirteen lined ground squirrel has matings that go to males good at finding females rather than fighting off other males. Males wander widely trying to find estrous females during the 2 weeks that females will mate. Explosive breeding assemblage is the most exciting form of scramble polygyny. Its associated with highly compressed breeding seasons.