Clinical signs include symmetric ataxia, weakness and spasticity in all 4 limbs, usually worse in the rear limbs. Hyporeflexia over the neck and trunk may be present, particularly in severe or longstanding cases. Gross pathology is unremarkable. Histologic lesions are in the brainstem and spinal cord. Major lesions are diffuse neuronal dystrophy.
Demyelination is usually significant.
Low serum vitamin E levels may support a diagnosis. However, antemortem diagnosis is a diagnosis by exclusion. Therefore, appropriate ruleouts are essential. The only definitive diagnosis is at post mortem. It can affect any age, breed or gender.