The mineral constituents found in greatest abundance are bicarbonates, sulphates, calcium chlorides, magnesium and sodium. Carbon dioxide contents may be greater than expected as a result of the decomposition of organic matter. Well water is usually clear with a consistent composition. It may contain sodium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, iron and carbon dioxide. Lake water can be clear but may be coloured and slightly acidic.
High acidity combined with the presence of dissolved gases makes the source corrosive.
Although lake water contains some calcium, magnesium chlorides and sulphates, the concentration of electrolytes is low. Surface water contains sulphates, chlorides, calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate. The content of minerals and impurities is determined by the profile of the area from which the water originates, plus seasonal changes. Water quality is affected by the amount of industrial affluent discharged into canals and rivers. Turbidity may be caused by large or small mineral and organic particles suspended in the water.