This process is spelled out for four examples in Figures 3.5 and 3.6 . In each case, we have tried to indicate possible labels for components of the process. However, this can only be approximate. We are not aware of an accepted definition for the theoretical or computational parts of the process. A complex system, as used here, is defined as a collection of fundamental entities whose static or dynamic properties define a connection scheme between the entities.
Complex systems have a structure or architecture.
For instance, a binary hypercube parallel computer of dimension d is a complex system with members connected in a hypercube topology. We can focus in on the node of the hypercube and expand the node, viewed itself as a complex system, into a collection of memory hierarchies, caches, registers, CPU., and communication channels. Even here, we find another ill-defined point with the complex system representing the computer dependent on the resolution or granularity with which you view the system. The importance of the architecture of a computer system has been recognized for many years. We suggest that the architecture or structure of the problem is comparably interesting.