Functions, Cell types, and Structures Neurons are the functional cells of the nervous system. Sensors receive and convert information. Effectors carry out functions at the command of the nervous system. Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies in primitive animals' nervous systems and are clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS of more advanced organisms. Glial cells support the neurons in many ways.
Astrocytes create the blood-brain barrier that keeps unwanted substances out of the brain tissue.
Other glial cells supply nutrients, consume debris, or maintain the ionic environment of the nervous system. Nerve Impulses or Action Potentials Action potentials are generated through the activity of electrochemical events. Neurons respond to stimuli in this way. This occurs when the membrane potential depolarizes to a threshold level. Voltage-gated channels open and close in response to a change in the voltage across a plasma membrane.