Olfactory receptors are located in the olfactory bulbs. Electrical recordings of neural responses to olfactory stimuli indicate that response patterns to odors remain constant. The membrane of the cell depolarizes. Cyclic AMP opens potassium channels. Sodium channels open.
Calcium enters the cytoplasm.
The movement of actin causes muscle fiber to shorten. The myosin crossbridges move, shortening the muscle fiber. Myofibrils extract energy provided by the mitochondria. The Golgi tendon organ detects muscle length. The monosynaptic stretch reflex initiates limb withdrawal in response to pain.