Among the anxiety disorders, social phobia appears to pose a particular risk for alcoholism. One study suggested alcohol itself, however, has no direct beneficial effect on anxiety, but that many belief it does. They experienced less stage fright than those who knew they were not drinking alcohol. Self-medicating anxiety with alcohol, then, has to do with the belief in its benefits rather than any true chemical effects. It should be noted, moreover, that long-term alcohol use can itself cause biologic changes that may actually produce anxiety and depression.
Anxiety can also have a negative impact on work.
The long-term impact of a traumatic event is uncertain. Survivors of natural catastrophes, such as earthquakes and hurricanes, appear to have an impaired immune response, which may cause problems over time. Some studies on people, including military veterans, who have endured major traumatic events have found a higher risk for health problems. A recent study of Vietnam veterans reported that PTSD was associated with greater physical limitations, poorer physical health, and a lower quality of life than in those in the normal population, regardless of other accompanying emotional or medical disorders. One study of twins, however, reported that among those who had served in Vietnam, combat stress increased some hearing and skin problems but had no major impact on health.