Each color corresponds to a number, then a multiplier, then a tolerance. There is often a gap between the tolerance band, and the other color bands. The color is shown in Figure 1. When first looking at resistor values the sequence does not seem rational. But, the sequence is devised so that any resistance value can be obtained by adding two or more resistors together.
Batteries are typical voltage sources that use chemical reactions to create an electrical potential.
They are also prone to variations in production and the limitation of the battery life. As a result new batteries will not produce identical voltages, and the voltage will decrease with use. The spacing of resistors is a function of the nominal resistor values and the tolerances. The sequence is determines so that the positive tolerance value of a resistor will be equal to the negative tolerance value of the next resistor value in a the series. Set up a Mathcad calculation to allow the entry of individual resistor values and calculate the mean and standard deviation as required in verification step 4.