This means that knowledge and competence are demonstrated as responses to paper and pencil test items, through performance measured on practice examinations or structured observation, or through products of behavior measured using simulations or in-basket exercises. Steps in the process. Specify domains of knowledge or ability that are to be assessed both in terms of content and structure.
Content includes information, concepts, skills.
Structure includes types of knowledge, levels of difficulty. Determine the objective distribution of content within the area to be assessed. Include items that represent a proportional distribution of content as found in the area of assessment. Determine appropriate item types for both content and level of learning. Repeat this process using response strategies appropriate both for content and level of learning.