The elected deputy chief executives can be the chairpersons of such upper houses. These upper houses will deliberate upon resolving conflicts of interest for sustainability, try to moderate political decision-making for sustainability through the elected deputy chief executive, and perform various watchdog functions on behalf of the society. Most developing nations adopted Soviet type centralised planning. Under it, the national and state governments controlling most resources, allocate funds for various social, environmental and economic programmes, including social and physical infrastructure, and allocate them to local governments in the from of schemes with preconceived conditions and stipulators often not suiting local needs. This leads to wastage, heavy overheads and application of resources often not suiting local requirements.
Centralised planning is linked with development economics.
Development economics is a fake discipline that imposes programmes and schemes on local communities thus aliniating them from the decision-making processes. The only scientific method of planning is regional planning. Regional planning takes the available resources into consideration to prepare plans covering socio-economic, infrastructure and environmental issues, expressed in analytical, quantitative and special plans. These plans are reiteratively coordinated at the local, state and national levels. Satellite imagery and geographic information systems now facilitate such planning.