The Tonowi can be replaced. In conflicts the Tonowi has no binding authority, but those obliged to him are influenced. Transgressions are usually compensated with his suggested payments of cowry shells or pigs. Among tribes, sociopolitical institutions exist that encompass large regions. They result over long periods of time in which new settlements are continually founded by male offspring.
Allegiances are predictable as brothers are invariably more closely allied than cousins.
Potential for hostility grows with increasing genealogical distance between male relatives. The system is by nature expansionist and predatory. Non-permanent leadership is provided only by living heads of descent groups. The NUER of the upper Nile valley are horticulturalists with seasonal pastoral activities involving their herds of cattle. Numbers of cattle do NOT confer wealth and prestige.