Eradication has been successful through blood testing of the breeders. Egg transmission can be reduced by dipping of eggs with antibiotic. This condition is caused by bacterial infection. S. aureus is the major cause with secondary involvement of E. coli and Pasteurella multocida. Invasion of bacteria after toe trimming or by cuts and scratches produce toxins that prevent cartilage formation.
Birds often have a hopping gait and the affected area is swollen and warm to the touch.
Biosecurity, good hygiene and treatment with antibiotics will reduce problems if caught in the early stages. TD does not appear to be related to virus infection. Faster growing flocks on a high plane of nutrition are often affected. Aflatoxin reduces vitamin D absorption and liver damage prevents conversion to the active 25-OH form of vitamin D3. Vitamin C has also been found useful.