Additionally, estrogen has extremely potent effects on the immune system, as evidenced by both the increased prevalence of autoimmune disorders in women and in the alterations in humoral immunity during pregnancy. Altered responses to ischemic and excitotoxic brain injury in transgenic mice lacking tumor necrosis factor receptors. Nature Medicine . Modulatory role of NFkB in neuronal and glial responses to injury. J. Neuroimmunol .
Caloric restriction decreases neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxic and metabolic injury.
Microglial - neuronal signaling and synaptic damage and recovery. Anti-inflammatory properties of estrogen on microglial activation . J. Neurochem .