Both processes are the initial stage in a series of coupled reactions leading either to proteins or nitrogen gas. An increase in nitrogen-fixation rates. A loss of ammonium ions in drainage water. An increase in the abundance of fast-growing species. Arctic plant species often take up amino acids directly from the soil.
Arctic plants can only take up organic nitrogen.
Most of Alaska and the Russian Far East were unglaciated in the Wisconsin Glaciation. Rising sea levels in the Holocene severely reduced the northward migration of plants and animals from continental Europe into the British Isles. Plant communities do not move northwards intact when climate conditions improve. The pollen rain into peat bogs reflects local and long-distance transport of pollen. The most recent peat deposits laid down in the present Interglacial show a large increase in grass pollen relative to that of tree pollen.