In the presence of unresolvable uncertainty, we must allocate risks using precaution as a principle. C. Include, engage, and address historical inequities, including racism as an ideology justifying exploitation. After 600 years of imperialism, and in the US 300 years of legal slavery and segregation by race, what remains are tremendous disparities in economic, physical, and environmental well being. C. Clean up and abatement, and sanctions show racial differences in environmental burdens and benefits. D. Gross environmental inequities now threaten systems on which all life within whole bioregions depend.
Cities Do have ecologies, and they are intertwined with race, class, and political policies.