With sufficient persistence on the part of the experimenters, sufficient power on the part of the study sample, and sufficient precision on the part of the measurement instruments, respondents can be shown to over- or underestimate the degree of their own typicality within a group, their own qualities relative to the qualities of others, and the relative impact of dispositional and situational causes on behavior.
Bias lies on either side of that point, and it is therefore always detectable.
Rationality is not detectable but only 'retainable' so long as bias has not been detected. Chow describes a hypothetical memory experiment designed to test the idea that subsequent learning interferes with previous learning. According to Chow, the size of the learning decrement leading to the rejection of H0 is irrelevant. In contrast, he acknowledges the relevance of effect sizes in utilitarian experiments. More fertilizer, or fertilizer of a different kind, for example, may increase crop yield, and one would wonder by how much.