Milliseconds to kiloseconds. The third time domain F-ATPases. The means by which ATP synthesis results from movement of protons back across the coupling membrane can be inferred clearly from the structure of the extrinsic F1-ATPase of bovine heart mitochondria.
Adaptations begin in third time domain.
It is possible to magnify the part of the pts scale that corresponds to the boundary between domains three and four. The most versatile and widely-deployed case appears to be protein phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation is implicated in physiological control of excitation energy transfer in cyanobacteria and purple photosynthetic bacteria, too, despite the absence, in the latter, of the problem of redistribution of light-harvesting function between reaction centres of two different kinds.