The haze was caused by land and forest fires in Indonesia. Singapore's water courses are relatively pollution-free. Dissolved oxygen levels are good, ranging from two to eight milligrams per litre, and support aquatic life. Public Health Public health standards are good. The average life expectancy at birth is 77 years and the infant mortality rate is 3.8 per 1,000 live births.
Childhood diseases like poliomyelitis and diphtheria are absent.
Plague and smallpox were eradicated in 1933 and 1959 respectively. The ministry's vision is to make Singapore the best home for all Singaporeans, with high standards of public health and a quality environment. Under this vision, the streets will remain clean. Air and water quality will continue to meet international standards. Food will be safe to eat, and sources of infectious diseases will be eliminated when identified.