However, the groups also noted that this type of action may have limited efficacy. This category of action has limited efficacy. Quite simply, a university is one of the least disciplined workplaces. Tenured faculty can't be forced to do much of anything. Students can't either.
Administrators can to some extent, but their power to command faculty and students is limited.
Alternative forms of action include incentives and political action. Incentives are important but also limited at a time of tight money. Nevertheless, we should devote more attention to them. Political action is the neglected stepsister. It can be highly effective in a university because there is a general disposition in favor of diversity.