This must be differentiated from similar signs caused by cervical disc protrusion or a fractured vertebrae. The pressure of the spinal cord is due to improper formation of the anatomical parts surrounding the spinal cord during growth. Just beneath them is the small epidural space which is immediately above the spinal cord. With enlargement of these ligaments, the epidural space is obliterated and the yellow ligaments push directly on the spinal cord. This is based on the breed, age, history and results of both a physical and neurological examination.
Diagnosis is confirmed by radiographic examination.
A subluxation of one or more vertebrae may be the only causative agent and is often only seen when the neck is in and extended or flexed position. At times, a view of the neck from top to bottom must be taken. A myelogram might be needed to properly determine the exact compression sites. Other bone disorders common to the giant breeds can cause gait abnormalities but are usually presented with a lot of pain and do not show any nervous system involvement. The exact reasons why the aforementioned vertebral abnormalities occur are unknown.