We can even characterize your thoughts that John is a male human person, and that the house is to some degree made of wood, as inferences. There are good inferences and bad ones. A bad inference fails to make sense. Arguments are inferences. More specifically, an argument is used to lead a thinker from premises taken to be true to a conclusion which should follow as true.
All roads lead to Rome.
Pennsylvania Avenue is a road. It isn't true that all roads lead to Rome. Pennsylvania Avenue is a road. Its premises do indeed support the truth of its conclusion. Its premises could be accepted as true and yet its conclusion still be false.