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Action is based on the manager's judgment.
Of course, this omniscience does not exist. Thus, the manager who attempts to follow this metaphor too closely finds herself making decisions based on guesswork to a greater or lesser degree. The result is mistakes, for which the manager is held responsible. Managers who make too many mistakes may be fired, demoted, or disciplined. Because of the authoritarian mindset, problems are ascribed to individuals, not systems.