Students compare asexual and sexual reproduction to illustrate that genetic materials are responsible for both dominant and recessive traits in organisms. Science is a way of learning about the natural world. Students should know how science has built a vast body of changing and increasing knowledge described by physical, mathematical, and conceptual models, and also should know that science may not answer all questions. A system is a collection of cycles, structures, and processes that interact. Students should understand a whole in terms of its components and how these components relate to each other and to the whole.
All systems have basic properties that can be described in terms of space, time, energy, and matter.
Change and constancy occur in systems and can be observed and measured as patterns. These patterns help to predict what will happen next and can change over time. Students should understand that certain types of questions can be answered by investigations, and that methods, models, and conclusions build from these investigations change as new observations are made. Models of objects and events are tools for understanding the natural world and can show how systems work. They have limitations and based on new discoveries are constantly being modified to more closely reflect the physical world.