Vitamin supplements are commonly used by athletes to make up for less than optimal diets. Food contains fiber and a host of phytochemicals that provide health benefits. Add more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to the foods already being consumed. Supplements are not replacements for food. While many supplements contain beta carotene, an antioxidant, at least 450 carotenoids are found in foods.
Antioxidant value exists in other carotenoids as well as in beta carotene.
Calcium, iron, and zinc perform especially important functions for athletes. The latest calcium recommendations are based on levels of intake to promote calcium retention, maximize bone mineral density, and inhibit bone loss. Increased risk of stress fracture among athletes is associated with lower calcium intake and lower bone density compared to control athletes. Dairy products, fish with bones, broccoli, and fortified cereals and juices are good calcium sources. Iron affects oxygen transport and aerobic metabolism as a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and oxidative enzymes.