For more information, consult the Health appendix. Avoid swimming and paddling in fresh water. Swimming pools which are well-chlorinated and maintained are safe. Hepatitis B is endemic and hepatitis A also occurs. Visceral leishmaniasis is common in central Iraq.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is reported.
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever has been reported. Tick-borne relapsing fever may occur. Health insurance including emergency repatriation cover is essential. Basic modern medical care and medicines may not be available. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for services.