Starches and sugars, carbohydrates , are all treated in the same manner by the body. They are essential for normal metabolism and should make up the bulk of the diet. Some are absorbed more quickly than others, but it is not as simple as sugars versus starches. The most common monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. You should know what this means.
Chitin is a polysaccharide composed of aminoglucose moieties.
Proteins are composed of amino acids . There are many types of amino acids, but essentially all living beings only use 20 types to make protein. Others can be made from sugars or from other amino acids. High protein diet supplements may upset mineral balances as they are most often salts of proteins. These may have varying numbers of compartments, but two that are physiologically different.