Fear, an aversive emotional state, may be aroused by intense or painful unconditioned stimuli.
Avoidance consists of any response that prevents the occurrence of an anticipated aversive event.
Punishment involves the inhibition of responses by presenting aversive stimuli when such response occur. Escape refers to any situation in which responses are reinforced by reducing the level of aversive stimulation. Any response that removes a human or an animal from the aversive situation is escape.