Since 1973, U.S. rates decreased for white males and increased in white females age 65 years or more. Rate for U.S. blacks is 1.6 times the rate for U.S. whites. Risk is higher in lower SES groups. Use of chewed or smoked tobacco products increases risk. Smokers have 10 times the risk of nonsmokers.
Alcohol consumption increases risk.
Combined effect of tobacco use and alcohol significantly increases risk. Occupational exposures to asbestos, nickel, mustard gas, cutting oil mist, and sulfuric acid mists are associated with increased risk. Last updated December 15, 1999. Specific advice on diagnosing or treating a health care problem should be obtained from your health care provider. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer.