But visualizing specific arguments can be difficult. We may be faced with unfamiliar terms, poor memories, or lack the imagination to apply this method successfully. So we will next consider another approach, in the hopes of addressing at least some of these problems. This approach will involve analogous arguments, argument forms, and counterexamples. All logicians are philosophers.
All philosophers are rational beings.
So, all logicians are rational beings. Notice that these examples have something in common. Each argument relates terms in an analogous way. To see this more clearly, we may substitute letters for the terms provided. Whenever we substitute a letter for a term in an argument, we must do so consistently throughout the entire argument.