She can take a piece of glass and put it into a dry freezer to make it very cold. Her hypothesis will now be considered fact. Types of Logic in Science. Induction is the type of logic through which a person draws a conclusion from particular facts or individual observations. In the rain example, person 2 demonstrated Induction by using her observations to formulate her hypothesis.
Deduction is the use of known principles to formulate a hypothesis.
If person 2 had simply stated that it is well known that water vapor condenses to liquid water when cooled, and that rain is probably caused by the cooling of moist air, she would have been using deductive reasoning. Note that, based upon a known principle she would have been predicting a result. Lastly, the rain example also illustrates the rule that scientists follow which simply states that you always look for the simplest answer. This rule is given various names including Occam's Razor and the Principle of Parsimony . Note that hypothesis 1 requires spiritual intervention in a natural process, while hypothesis 2 required no supernatural occurrence, only simple natural phenomena.