Usually, they do not formally represent political parties. In accordance largely with the Constitution Act of 1867, the federal government handles such matters as defence criminal law banking postal system foreign relations The federal government is also involved in many other areas including transportation, communication, immigration, health, and environmental matters. By law, federal and provincial elections must be held at least every five years, although they can be called earlier. If a minority government has a bill defeated in the House of Commons, an election must take place. In all cases, the decision to call an election is taken by the Prime Minister.
All voting is by secret ballot.
At the local levels of government, elections are usually held every two or three years. To vote in a federal election, you must be a Canadian citizen and at least 18 years old. For provincial or municipal elections, the age and citizenship requirements may vary. All individuals and organizations in Canada, including Parliament, are bound by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. All individuals and organizations are also bound by the laws of Parliament.