Any footwear that causes body weight to be concentrated on a small area increases compaction. In addition, the spike shoulders of regular golf shoes cause more damage than golf shoes with recessed spike shoulders or spikeless shoes with modest knobs. Manual and electric-powered hand carts exert more pounds of pressure per square inch than do most riding golf carts. The damage from powered golf carts comes mostly from the abrasive action of their tires in turning, starting and stopping. This is especially true on fairways.
Bad weather can cause damage to underlying soil as well as to the grass.
Compaction increases as the soil water content increases. At saturation, the soil becomes extremely pliable and prone to serious rutting as well. Increased labor costs resulting from corrective procedures - topdressing, spiking and so on. Visit our Contact Us page.