Cholera produces an intestinal toxin that triggers an outpouring of watery fluid from the walls of the intestine. Symptoms are severe diarrhea and vomiting, with massive loss of body fluids, muscle cramps, and shock caused by dehydration. Cholera is transmitted by water, milk, or other foods, especially shellfish that have been contaminated by the feces of infected persons.
Cholera is mainly an epidemic tropical disease in Asia and Africa.
The patient requires replacement of fluids by drinking or by intravenous injection to counteract the dehydration. Antibiotic drugs are also prescribed. During the recovery period, glucose and potassium tablets may be given. Even when treated, the death rate in adults is about 5 percent and in children 10 percent. People in epidemic areas are advised to avoid unsterilized water, fresh fruit, and shellfish.