It results in red, swollen gums and can lead to the destruction of the connective tissue and bone that hold teeth in place. Each tooth is embedded in the gum, or gingiva, and attached by connective tissue to bone. Healthy gums are pale pink, smooth, and firm, and form a peak or cone between adjacent teeth. They surround your teeth like a turtleneck fits your neck, with just a narrow crevice in between. It is in this crevice where problems can begin, for even when your gums are healthy and you brush and floss daily, this crevice teems with all sorts of bacteria.
Bacteria produce the sticky, soft, colorless substance known as plaque.
As plaque accumulates on the surfaces of teeth and in the crevices, bacteria release toxins that irritate the gums, triggering an immune response that causes the gums to swell, turn red, and bleed easily. The build-up of tartar worsens the condition, causing the gums to pull away from the teeth. Over time deeper and deeper pockets may form. Bacteria invade these pockets and from there can infect and destroy the underlying connective tissue and bone, loosening the teeth. To learn more about the role of bacteria in the development of periodontal disease read Causes and Risk Factors .