There is no consistent adaptation effect. Associated body part movements are infrequent. Frequently, but not always accompanied by other types of deficits such as aphasia, dysarthria, etc. Apraxic stuttering involves the Broca's area and consists of part-word repetitions and blocks. Psychogenic Stuttering Onset is sudden and can usually be traced to events that resulted in significant emotional stress.
Disfluencies are primarily repetition of initial or stressed syllables.
Disfluencies are unaffected by DAF, singing, metronome, etc. Person may appear indifferent to and unconcerned about the disfluencies. Psychogenic stuttering may occur at any age. Counselling rather than speech therapy is the appropriate treatment for this primarily adult disorder.