Non-point source pollution from agriculture is considered the biggest threat to the aquifer's water quality. Recent developments have caused a major shift in land use from sugar cane to pineapple, diversified vegetables, seed corn production, and suburban housing development. The assessment of Dole's plantation practice found it to be very effective at producing high yields and limiting leaching. Leaching might be further reduced by applying greater quantities of dairy manure and improving management of the large pools of residual nitrate also found in the pineapple fields.
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