Two popular alternatives are bulk tissue culture in encapsulated or hollow fibre systems, and the expression of cloned antibody genes in high producing eukaryotes. The latter is accomplished through recombinant DNA technology. The resulting discomfort to mice is a subject of widespread concern. When FCA is used, specific guidelines commonly require using smaller doses at each injection site and avoiding foot pad or intradermal injections. Due to the pain FCA causes, large-scale FCA use has been banned in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Alternative adjuvants are effective in certain situations.
The Mouse in Science is published by the UC Center for Animal Alternatives.