Significant changes in body composition and organ function may suggest malnutrition as a cause. The skin should be examined for dryness, scaliness, atrophy, petechiae, and ecchymoses, and the mouth for angular stomatitis, glossitis, swollen or bleeding gums, and decayed teeth. Depigmentation of the hair and spooned nails point to malnutrition. The musculature should be examined for size, strength, and tenderness. A neurologic examination may detect disorientation, an abnormal gait, altered reflexes, and sensory or motor neuron abnormalities.
Anthropometric measurements are essential to diagnosis.
Abnormal electrolyte levels may point to a mineral deficiency or a defect in ion homeostasis. Skin tests using antigens are used to evaluate cell-mediated immunity. Surgical procedures place additional stress on undernourished persons. All rights reserved.