Reforms are often cost effective because they remove distortions and allow more cost effective solutions to transportation problems. Impacts vary, depending on the nature of institutional reforms and how they are implemented. Table 2 Benefit Summary Objective Rating Comments Congestion Reduction 2 Supports TDM strategies that reduce driving and sprawl. A 0 indicates no impact or mixed impacts. Equity Impacts Institutional reforms can provide equity benefits by creating more neutral and transparent public policies with respect to transport planning and the distribution of resources.
Actual impacts vary, depending on the nature of institutional reforms and how they are implemented.
Table 3 Equity Summary Criteria Rating Comments Treats everybody equally. 3 Reduces existing distortions that favor motorists. Individuals bear the costs they impose. 3 Reduces external costs of automobile use. Progressive with respect to income.