In Kilimanjaro region, in northern Tanzania, the experiences of Same District Council can help to further develop the concept and its practice. Among the challenges and pre-conditions for effective joint action is the presence of different types of decision making and consultative structures and processes. In the Tanzanian case the structures have been created and are being improved through the local government reform programme. Local councils with elected representatives from the ward level constitute parts of the structure. In order to encourage joint action between the councils and other development actors, the local government reform programme has created room for civil society organisations and institutions which are becoming increasingly active in local level development.
Directives are in place to ensure collaboration among different development actors.
Thus with more open district and local level decision-making and consultative structures, there is more room for joint action efforts to bear fruits in Tanzania than before. However, the challenge demonstrated in the Same District case is the strong reluctance among elected councillors to open up sufficiently. Part of their reluctance to incorporate other actors in the decision making processes, could be explained thus, since joint action practice requires administrative and financial openness and accountability, they are afraid of loosing their freedom. In most of the joint action activities carried out in Same District Council, sound financial management seem to be an important pre-condition, not only for the successful completion of a particular project but also to enhance credibility among the actors and those providing the funds. Among the various ways adopted include cost sharing.