Monsoons occur between June and August. The country is effectively an absolute monarchy, respon-sible for its own affairs, but abides by a treaty with India for guidance on foreign policy. Tradition and the Buddhist culture are preserved and a social code enforces national dress and language. An aggressive stance towards the immigrant population has resulted in a flow of refugees into Nepal and India. Subsistence agriculture with bartering is the rule.
Cash crops are fruit and cardamom.
Cement, talcum and timber are the main exports. The majority of trade is with India. Stamps and tourism earn foreign exchange but tourism is strictly controlled. India helps to train the army, maintain Bhutan's roads and is involved in the development of hydro-electric power schemes.