The importance of the electric field generated by epithelium in growth has been indicated in limb regeneration. The regenerators and non-regenerators have different electric field changes after amputation. By simulating the electric field of regenerators on the limb stumps of non-regenerators, partial regeneration can be induced. Simulating the electric field of non-regenerators on the limb stumps of regenerators can inhibit their regeneration. The optimal current density used in the simulation is within the range of physiological current density.
Development involves bifurcation of the singular points.
In immature oocytes of both frogs and fish, a transcellular current enters the animal pole and exits the vegetal pole. This current is present prior to the development of the pigment asymmetry. Several calcium channel blockers can rapidly reduce this current and cause maturation. This result supports the notion that the change of electric field usually precedes the change in morphology and correlates with signal transduction. Some singular points are connected by separatrices which serve as major pathways of intrinsic electric currents and divide the body into domains of different electric current directions.