ID begins with a precise plan of action, including clear goals and objectives. Behaviorists invest the most assessment effort in summative evaluation because it proves whether the material works or not. Objective tests are used to determine success and achievement in instruction. Practitioners should look to research for universal solutions that can be applied to a particular problem. Bruner, who is still alive today, is from Harvard University.
Constructivism provides general concepts for thinking about teaching and learning.
It is a way of thinking about how people learn and teachers teach. Most of us do not think about why we do things, Willis said. We do not reflect on what we are doing. Constructivist ID strives to make learning and assessment environments authentic and meaningful. Instructional designers begin with a vague plan and fill in the details as they progress.