This can be done by using protective masks, and by strictly controlling maximum permitted dust levels in occupational settings. Emphysema is a condition in which there is over-inflation of structures in the lungs known as alveoli or air sacs. This over-inflation results from a breakdown of the walls of the alveoli, and reduces the ability of the lungs to function properly. Early symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath and coughing. About half of those who suffer from emphysema find that it restricts their ability to carry out their normal daily activities.
Complications can lead to heart disease.
Miners are not the only group at risk of developing emphysema. Many of the people with emphysema are older men, but the condition is increasing among women. The disease is sparked by a change in the balance of the chemicals which regulate the expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing. When this balance is altered, the lungs lose the ability to protect themselves against the destruction of the elastic fibres which control the breathing movements. The chemical balance can be disrupted by a number of agents, including coal dust and cigarette smoke.