Death entered the world through sin. So the woman saw that the tree was good for food, that it was pleasant to the eyes, and she took of its fruit and ate. She also gave to her husband, and he ate. Through one man's offense, condemnation came to all men. The second consequence of sin is condemnation, namely, the condition of enmity with God in which man stands, until he is reconciled through Christ.
Damnation is spiritual death, as a contraposition to the physical death of the body.
The condition of man is to be sinner. The fundamental disposition to attain the justice of God, by faith, is to recognize the condition of being a sinner. As there is nothing that moves us away from God more than believing and considering oneself righteous, there is also nothing that attracts the mercy of God more than considering oneself sinner. Jesus Christ made many references regarding the need of being humble and recognizing himself sinner before God, but probably the clearest reference is the parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector. Justifying faith, which is called faith of conversion, originates in the recognition of the condition of sin, in repentance, in conversion to the Lord.