In another type of crisis, production of new red blood cells drops sharply. This leads to sleepiness, difficulty breathing, and possible coma. Infants may have a crisis in which massive amounts of red blood cells are suddenly trapped in the liver and spleen. Long-term effects include heart problems, lung damage, chronic fatigue, and liver disorders. Swollen joints, aching bones, and ulcers around the ankles may develop.
Affected persons are also more likely to have infections.
Treatment begins in infancy with antibiotics to prevent infections. If the condition worsens rapidly, the person receives transfusions of packed red blood cells. A severe crisis requires a hospital stay. During a painful crisis, the person should get bed rest in a sitting position and use warm compresses and blankets. Water loss can be avoided by drinking extra fluids.