Cigarette smoking is discouraged. Treatment of other causes of renal disease, particularly obstructive uropathy and infection is required. Prompt treatment of any urinary tract infections is essential. Repeated urine cultures after treatment should be preformed to ensure resolution. Cardiovascular Disease Occurrence.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among persons with diabetes.
In the United States in 1986, approximately 80,000 deaths from cardiovascular disease were associated with diabetes. The annual risk for death from cardiovascular disease is two to three times greater for persons with diabetes than for persons without diabetes. For persons with diabetes, the risk for cerebrovascular disease and for coronary artery disease is two to three times greater, and the risk for peripheral vascular disease is five times greater. Hypertension, also a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease, occurs two to three times more often in persons with diabetes than in persons without diabetes. The risk for cardiovascular disease increases linearly with increases in blood pressure.