The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed after the king of Naples surrenders to Garibaldi. Dorothea L. Dix and others work with Passavant in the care of sick and wounded soldiers during the Civil War. President Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation. Victor Hugo publishes Les Miserables. 1862 French troops occupy Mexico City and install Maximilian as emperor.
Confederate troops lose decisively at Gettysburg.
International Red Cross is founded in Geneva. Tolstoy writes War and Peace. First transatlantic cable is laid successfully. End of U.S. Civil War, Lincoln is assassinated. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright is born.