The cosmic background radiation that is smooth to better than one part in a hundred thousand is claimed to be the relic of the Big Bang fireball. How the universe got to be so clumpy when it supposedly started out so smooth is one of the major problems for the model. The supercluster complexes directly contradict the homogeneity assumed by the Big Bang. Of course, the bigger the clump, the longer the time to form. For stars, a few million years is enough, for galaxies one or two billion years are needed.
Clusters take even longer.
By the time superclusters were discovered, there was an obvious difficulty, and in the eighties cosmologists were hard at work trying to overcome them. Tully s objects made the situation impossible they were just too big to have formed in the twenty billion years since the Big Bang. It s not hard to see why. By observing the redshifts of galaxies, astronomers can see not only how far away they are, but roughly how fast they move relative to one another their true speed, ignoring the Hubble velocities that increase with distance. Remember, redshifts indicate how fast an object is moving away from us.