Journal of Great Lakes Research . Stepien, C.A., and A.K. Dillon. Photo of ruffe by Gary Cholwek. This is a diagram of the mtDNA control region of ruffe. Red lines indicate intraspecific substitutions.
Black lines indicate interspecific substitutions.
The haplotype sequences from the mtDNA control region for the ruffe. Genetic distances of ruffe populations in Eurasia from Stepien and Dillon 2001. This shows nuclear data from the LdhA6 intron versus mtDNA control region sequences. Here is a neighbor-joining genetic distance tree of mtDNA control region genotypes for the ruffe and congeners. It shows the relationships among genotypes across Eurasia and the source population for the exotic population in North America.