A mutualistic association. An example of commensalism which increases the fitness of heather. Parasitism of roots of the grass on roots of the heather. Increased competition from the grass when nutrient availability is high. Mycorrhizal fungi of heather supply nitrogen directly to the grass roots.
Aposematic coloration is present in both the target species and the mimic species.
A mimic feeds on the same food plant as the target species. The target species is rare compared to the mimic. The mimic and the target species are inter-fertile and cross. The mimic is unaffected by the toxin in the food plant. They are all woody.