Controversies are an inherent as pect of decision making and problem solving.
If individuals get intellectually and emotionally involved in cooperative efforts, controversies will occur no matter what the individuals do. Whether positive or negative outcomes result depends on how effec tively leaders structure the decision-making process. A decision implies that some agreement prevails among group members as to which of several courses of action is most desirable for achieving the groups' goals. Administrators and faculty members have to make decisions to solve problems in schools just like engineers, executives, politicians, and judges have to m ake decisions to solve problems in their work settings. Participating in controversies is just as powerful in schools as it is in business, industry, government, and other organizational settings.