It is the written resolution of the issues in dispute, written by a judge or a panel of judges. It is not a jury verdict.
Cases come from courts.
On the state level, reported, or published, opinions generally come from the appellate courts not the trial courts. On the federal level, some trial court cases are reported. The full text of published opinions are printed in sets of books called reporters. Only those opinions that the court deems to have precedential value are published. Judges use these published cases to decide later cases involving similar facts or issues.