Since 1975, the average number of debarrments each year has been only 1.5. It takes, on the average, about three years for a company to be debarred. If a debarred company applies for reinstatement, it takes only 8 months. In March 1996, however, a federal appeals court said that this was illegal in a case of law school admissions in Texas. Presumably, the U.S. Supreme Court will rule on this case in the next few years.
Any school can try to recruit more qualified black students by visiting black high schools.
The Supreme Court has ruled against special minority scholarships. In most situations, it is also illegal for a school to reserve a number of seats for minorities. In order to justify a quota, the plaintiff must first prove that an employer has intentionally discriminated and has not taken sufficient steps to stop the discrimination. There are also other legal requirements to justify quotas. They are more supportive of policies that don't involve quotas and that are not intended to compensate for past discrimination.