It has been shown that the cone angle controls the formation of some Pc 3 pulsations types.
Dispersion relation Relates the wave number k to the wave frequency.
Contains all the information about the propagation of a given plasma wave mode. I sf can be detected below the ionosphere. This forms a circular motion about a imaginative guiding center of the particle. The sense of rotation is opposite for positive and negative charges, being clockwise for negative particles when viewed in the direction of B . The electrons producing auroras are thus rotating counterclockwise when viewed from the ground in the norther hemisphere.