Blood or urine is placed on specially treated film and then electrical current is run through it. The electric field causes different antibodies to move at various speeds in different directions. This movement forms dark bands that reveal the types of antibodies in the tested fluid. Radial immunodiffusion . Measures proteins in blood or urine.
Bound antibodies form characteristic patterns that can be detected.
Indirect immunofluorescence . Most frequently employed to detect antibodies. Blood is placed on slides with antigens that bind with the antibody being tested. Antibodies present in the blood show up as tiny dots of fluorescent light. Flow cytometry .