Senegal achieved independence from France in 1960, and the country experienced periods of stability in the 1970s and 1980s. Despite some turbulence over the independence of the The Gambia in the late 1980s, Senegal has since returned to stability and is a democratic republic with a strong presidency and numerous political parties. The Islamic religion had reached this area in the eighth century through the establishment of a trading center, and continues to have a strong influence into modern times. The Europeans concentrated their religious efforts on the coastal ports, while Islam continued to spread to people throughout the region. The official language of Senegal is French, although other widely- spoken languages include Wolof, Pulaar, Serer, Diola and Mandingo.
Arabic expressions are also widely used, as the majority of the population is Muslim.
English-speaking visitors will find that good phrasebooks and knowledge of a few phrases in French, Wolof and Arabic will go far in facilitating communication. Senegal is well known for its arts and handicrafts. Jewelry is made from gold, silver, bronze, amber and antique beads. Artisans also produce beautiful baskets, pottery, glass painting, wood carving and fabrics. Locally printed and dyed cotton fabrics are used for traditional and modern clothes, as well as for decorating bags and personal items.