In this century, pesticides and chemical fertilizers have revolutionized U.S. agriculture. In addition to their desired effects, they can harm non-target organisms and pollute water and air if they are mismanaged. Manure and other organic matter also can become pollutants when misapplied or over-applied. On the positive side, fertilizer can increase plant growth and the amount of organic matter returned to the soil. Increase ground cover.
Bare soil is susceptible to wind and water erosion, and to drying and crusting.
Ground cover protects soil, provides habitats for larger soil organisms, such as insects and earthworms, and can improve water availability. Cover crops, perennials, and surface residue increase the amount of time that the soil surface is covered each year. Increase plant diversity. Diversity is beneficial for several reasons. Each crop contributes a unique root structure and type of residue to the soil.