The journal is published by an institute, university or a professional association. The journal has an editorial board comprised of experts who often review and recommend changes in the articles before they are published.
Authors are experts in their fields which is often evident from their affiliations.
The language of the article is very technical, and may contain terminology specific to the discipline. The text of the article often includes graphs, charts, tables and research methodology statements. The article contains bibliographic references to research sources. The articles are often indexed in a specialized index.