Ethnohistorians are anthropologists who critically examine documents for evidence of human actions, relations and attitudes. Enthographers study customs based on observations and understandings that guide indigenous peoples' adaptive strategies. This cultural information is transferred in complex ritual behavior or casual conversation. Historical Ecology is the practice of a globally relevant archeology, ethnohistory, ethnography and related disciplines. Contradictions Contradictions emerge between human groups because people occupying particular localities develop models of their environment.
Contradictions constitute the raw materials for change.
Landscapes manifest the resolutions of these contradictions. Scale Landscapes cannot be studied in their totalities. Investigation are done at different scales. When a particular scale is chosen during one moment of the analyses, it is because at that effective scale one can comprehend patterns. Factors of duration, intensity, and periodicity at specific temporal and spatial scales must be examined.