Carbonic Acid Analysis Apparatus Gas analysis began with an ingenious boiling device shown here. Evaporating gases could be trapped, as was carbonic acid, which was analyzed by chemical titration. This laboratory allowed a mapping of ocean chemistry throughout the world. This was the water sampler used in the Challenger expedition designed by James Buchanan. Samper is sent over the side on a wire as on top.
Bottom picture shows the sampler in closed position.
Bottom Samplers One of the great accomplishments of the Challenger expedition was the collection of deep and shallow water biological specimens throughout the world. The beam was broken through the middle, and otherwise strangely torn and crushed, by the combined action of the of the pressure to shich it had been subjected, and the strain of pulling it up rapidly through three miles of water. The wood was driven in and compressed so as to reduce the diameter of the beam by half an inch, and the knots projected a quarter of an inch on all sides. The samplers lacked a closing device, which later proved to be a real disadvantage for the deep-sea trawl. Many organisms were washed out, and this led to a mistaken impression that the deep-sea bed was uniformly depauperate of species.