Hypertension is common. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances result in varying signs and symptoms. Loss of erythropoietin and vitamin D function results in anemia and osteodystrophy. Generally reflected in an elevated BUN and creatinine. A 24-hour urine study will show a decreased creatinine clearance.
Acidosis is usually present and so too a normochromic-normocytic anemia.
Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia are often present. Protein restriction may reduce progression of chronic renal disease though the data are conflicting. Blood pressure control is crucial because hypertension will accelerate renal failure. Sodium and fluid hemostasis. Generally not a problem.