Culture perceives odors differently and assign them different meaning and importance during interaction. How something is heard and vocalized vary and hold different meanings in different cultures. Responses to violations of personal space are based on individual and cultural factors. Space between couples and space between individuals in public settings vary culturally. Seating and furniture arrangements are also influenced by culture and can reflect status, roles, and interpersonal norms.
Cultures use and see time in very different ways.
How a culture views and uses the past, present, and future gives insight into how its people communicate. Chinese and British cultures are past oriented and resist change Filipino and Latin American cultures emphasize a present orientation to time. North American and Hindus are future-oriented. Edward T. hall describes monochronic and polychronic time orientations. P-time is practiced by African, Native American, and Mexican cultures.