Among specialized population groups in Canada, the incidence of invasive cervical cancer substantially exceeds the national average. Cervical cancer is the first and second most common female cancer in Saskatchewan Indians and Canadian Inuit, respectively. Women of low social economic means and recent immigrants from countries where cervical screening is not well developed are at high-risk for cervical cancer. Vaginal, vulvar, penile and anal cancers are relatively rare in Canada. Vaginal and vulvar cancers are more frequent in women who smoke and have a history of cervical dysplasia and cancer.
Anal cancers appear to be on the increase.
External warts are distressing psychosexually and difficult to eradicate. The incidence of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in Canada is unknown. Laryngeal papillomatosis may also occur in children from exposure at the time of birth. HPV testing has been technically difficult, and even when identified does not necessarily predict disease. Only a proportion of individuals exposed to HPV acquire the infection and only a minority of them develop clinical disease.