It impairs short-term memory and logical thinking and has also been linked to birth defects. Large doses can lead to symptoms similar to those of hallucinogens. The user may experience confusion, restlessness, hallucinations, paranoia, anxiety, or psychotic episodes. Heavy users may experience problems with sequencing ability in the brain and loss of time sense, depth perception, memory storage, and recall. Long-term use has been associated with low sperm count in males and irregularities in menstruation and ovulation in females.
Amphetamines can cause increased alertness, euphoria, increased blood pressure, and insomnia.
In cases of overdose, agitation, increase of body temperature, hallucinations, convulsions, and in some cases death may occur. Long periods of sleep are also part of amphetamine withdrawal. Narcotics may cause euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, and nausea. In cases of overdose, the person may experience slow and shallow breathing, clammy skin, coma, and possibly death. Depressants include chloral hydrate, barbiturates, benzoate, zephines, and equanil.