Cytokines may be pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, or antagonistic in their actions. Explain what each of these means.
Cytokine receptors are somewhat unique among receptors.
Explain how the following is achieved by these receptors. The following are the inflammatory cytokines of the innate immune system. The properties of TNF a that induce local protective and containment mechanisms are the same ones that are responsible for death if the infection becomes systemic. Explain the signals responsible for the killing of a foreign cell, a tumor cell, and a virally infected cells by NK cells and the non-killing of self cells. Explain the function of each of the following cytokines in determining whether the adaptive immune response will be humoral or cellular.