Applied epidemiological research within countries will be needed to characterize and control exposure resulting from mining related activities and from informal cottage industries that recycle batteries, fabricate ceramics or repair radiators, among others. Several studies give indication of the importance of different sources. Actions driven by the findings in these studies differed, while in Nicaragua the plant was closed, in Albania the population received advice regarding how to avoid lead exposure. Families depending on employment in polluting industries may have a double side impact when severe control measures are implemented. On one side, their children may be suffering health effects due to exposure to the toxic, while on the other, children may suffer consequences of unemployment if the factory is closed.
Current technology allows clean production and therefore substantial reductions in emission rates.
These cases illustrate some of the complicated issues regarding environmental control. Other studies have documented the impact of mining activities. Although these samples were collected in 1995, the impact of this environmental exposure remained unattended until 1999, when local newspapers reported in the issue. Recently, community driven interest has forced the company and governmental agencies to evaluate the problem and to initiate remedial actions for the affected area. Other sources of lead exposure have been linked to cottage industry in many parts of the world.