Angular momentum can be transferred from one object to another or redistributed. However, it is always conserved. Newton found that orbiting objects attracted to the Sun by the force of gravity obey Kepler's laws. He discovered a general form of Kepler's third law relating the separation, orbital period, and masses of any two orbiting bodies. This relationship is the basis of most astronomical mass determinations.
Circular speed is the orbital speed of a body that moves in a circular orbit.
The circular speed at a given orbital distance has the same value as the average orbital speed for an elliptical orbit having a semi-major axis equal to the circular distance. A body moving at escape velocity leaves the solar system on a parabolic path and never returns. At any distance from the Sun, escape velocity is the square root of 2 times the circular speed at that distance. Tidal forces are differences in gravitational force. They occur because the various parts of a body are in different directions and at different distances from the object attracting them.