Rumbaugh et al. They have a hard time finding the classes and write a lot of function-oriented code.
Apprentices begin to understand what object-orientation really means.
They still prefer to work with others, who help foster an environment of discovery. Apprentices begin turning out good designs, although not consistently. Gurus and journeymen still need to keep an eye on apprentices. They can provide key inputs during the design reviews. They still have mental roadblocks that may require a guru to break through.