Descartes is attributed to separating the universe into the realm of mind and matter. This differentiation of the universe into mind and matter is merely a cultural artifact employed to simplify theoretical discussion of our experience, and in no way should be taken as any absolute description of nature. The strong objectivity implies that 'reality' exists independent of any observer, and can be scrutinized and modeled from a fully objective 'outside' perspective.
Causal determinism says that the world can be explained in terms of cause and effect relations.
Carried to the extreme, it says that if one were somehow able to acquire a complete set of information about all the 'fundamental material units' in the universe at one given instant of time, then the future of the universe would be forever determined. Locality is related to the concept of causality. Physical monism and epiphenomenalism are unfamiliar terms to me, so I'll pass on those. Material realism is a philosophy which implies that the human experience, with our notions of free will, emotions, and meaning, is an irrelevant foot note to the workings of the universe. Since science is part of an evolutionary process, classical mechanistic ideas eventually became superseded by the new ideas embraced by quantum mechanics and relativity, the science of complexity, and so on.