Tickborne diseases B. canis Source Trop. Antigenic variation in vector-borne pathogens . As these pathogens are vector-borne, there is strong selection for mechanisms that prolong parasitaemia. The pathogens use clonal antigenic variation to evade the host's immunity.
Antigenic variation has important implications for the development of vaccines.
Endemic stability for babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in the Bolivian Chaca . While the number of animals tested is relatively small, the conclusion that a state of endemic instability exists in the region appears to be justified and the final recommendation that animals should be vaccinated is sound. It is unusual that B. bovis has a higher prevalence than B. bigemina given that, in our experience, Boophilus microplus transmits B. bigemina much more efficiently than it does B. bovis . An estimate of sensitivity and specificity is provided for the B. bovis assay but not for the B. bigemina or A. marginale assays. Inoculation rates were calculated based on the serology results which were 0.0023 for A. marginale , 0.0039 for B. bigemina and 0.0046 for B. bovis .