In 1968, when we decided Kiefel, sec. 1927 authorized only cost-shifting. 1920, Congress amended sec. 1927 to cover expenses and attorneys' fees in addition to costs. Kozel ignores this amendment.
Attorneys customarily charge their clients for time on an opportunity-cost basis.
Statutes authorizing compensation for attorneys' fees there- fore permit compensation for travel time. 1927 the court may shift these fees to the person whose miscon- duct caused them to be incurred. Judges have a duty to protect the public from lawyers who are unable or unwilling to defend them in litigation. Kozel's incompetence at protecting even his own interests suggests that he is a menace to his clients, and this case shows that in the process he heaps unwar- ranted costs on adversaries. This appeal appears to be frivolous, so we direct Kozel to show cause, if any he has, why sanctions should not be imposed under Fed.