Aerial fishing birds exploit the uppermost meter of the sea surface. In the U.S., black skimmers are most common on the Gulf Coast but have recently invaded southern California, commonly seen in upper Newport Bay . They are the only bird with a lower mandible longer than the upper mandible. Shorebirds harvest the animals of beaches, tideflats, and shallow waters. Divers and swimmers pursue prey far below the surface.
Aerial pirates are superb fliers.
Give an example of how a seabird can be ecologically important in terms of its impact as a predator and by its role in the global phosporus cycle. Some pinniped life cycles center on harem mating. Briefly describe the annual life cycle of a northern fur seal. Pinnipeds are easily slaughtered but can also recover quickly. Briefly review the history of Guadalupe fur seal populations in Mexico and California.