Clearly identified routes to the toilet are extremely important. Start the child off on the route, trailing as you go. Over a period of time gradually decrease the support given beginning with the last few steps. The detailed toilet chart may now be discontinued but some record is necessary to avoid the possibility of constipation. Introduce this at time when success is a likelihood.
Child stands squarely in front of toilet, touching bowl with legs.
Member of staff coactively holds child's penis - encouraging him to urinate. Direct the child's attention to what is happening. Night time Limit liquid intake before bed time. Reward the child. Do not punish.