Energy density is a measure of how much energy can be extracted from a battery per unit of battery weight or volume. Power density is a measure of how much power can be extracted from a battery per unit of battery weight or volume. In an analogy to a car's fuel system, the energy density is analogous to the size of the fuel tank and the power density is analogous to the octane of the fuel. Batteries work best within a limited temperature range. At temperatures above 125 F, lead-acid batteries will be damaged and, consequently, their life shortened.
Batteries can also freeze.
When the water in a battery freezes it expands and can cause unrepairable damage to the cells. In a low SOC state, lead crystals that are formed during discharge can become so large that they resist being dissolved during the recharge process. This prevents the battery from being recharged. Sulfation can occur when the battery is left at a low SOC for a long period of time. A battery that is left alone will eventually discharge itself.