To assess the impact of a particular field, it is important to systematically study the publications in that field. This process, called bibliometric analysis, is powerful and can give quantitative information on specific fields, but it is less useful for comparisons across fields or countries. Although these data can be useful, quantifying the impact of one laboratory on a field of study is the true measure of productivity and contribution. Thus, a body of literature that defines progress in the field must be collected and reviewed. This process should help to define the status of the field by crystallizing and articulating current research problems, technical limitations that may be impeding progress, and new research or techniques that might be used to help overcome problems.
Discoveries often flow directly from new tools.
The most innovative laboratories develop new approaches or techniques that enable the rest of the field to progress rapidly. Similarly, innovative scientists often make new connections with other fields. However, although trail-blazing is fundamental to the progress of science, scientists who fill in the details about a particular process are also important contributors. Both approaches are essential to science. One valuable tool in evaluation is a method of tracking all publications emanating from the NIH grants program.