This is particularly true for the equipment developed for chlorine dioxide bleaching systems. Ultrasentrifuges Titanium has an established application in medical ultracentrifuges. Titanium is the most bio-compatible of all metals due to its total resistance to attack by body fluids, high strength and low modulus. Titanium is widely used for implants, surgical devices, and pacemaker cases. Titanium replacements for hips and other joints are well established and have been in use for over 30 years.
Advanced coatings are now available which hasten the bonding of titanium with adjacent bone.
Petrochemical refineries Titanium has been used in refineries for over forty years. Initial applications were in tubing for heat exchangers where titanium was specified because of corrosive cooling water. More recently, titanium is used increasingly because of corrosive process fluids and lower quality crudes. Applications are extending from shell and tube exchangers to plate and frame exchangers, scrubbers and other related equipment. Several refineries were forced to upgrade their processing equipment because of supply problems with high quality crude oil.