A two- pipe system must be used when mixing of spent fluids is called for, and when the spent cold fluids need to be injected into the reservoir. The quantity of thermal insulation of transmission lines and distribution networks will depend on many factors. In addition to minimize the heat loss of the fluid, the insulation must be waterproof and water tight. Moisture can destroy the value of any thermal insulation, and cause rapid external corrosion. Aboveground and overhead pipeline installations can be considered in special cases.
Considerable insulation is achieved by burying hot water pipelines.
For example, burying bare steel pipe results in a reduction in heat loss of about one-third as compared to aboveground in still air. If the soil around the buried pipe can be kept dry, then the insulation value can be retained. Carbon steel piping can be insulated with polyurethane foam, rock wool or fiberglass. It is less for larger diameter pipes and for higher flows. Uninsulated pipe costs about half of insulated pipe and thus, is used where temperature loss is not critical.