Plants adapted to these environments often have shoots that can grow up through the sand. Larger seeds are also an adaptation for growing in habitats subjected to sand burial. With adequate rainfall and dew formation sand may not be highly deficient in moisture. Long, extensive roots systems allow plants in deep sands to tap the water supply. Succulent, thickened, hardened, and waxy leaves are adaptations seen in plants in arid coastal environments.
Animals have dramatic affects on coastal vegetation.
Nitrogen and phosphorus are limited in sandy coastal soils and constrain plant growth. Hurricanes and other violent storms can readily alter coastal environments. Dunes may be flattened by wind and water action. Breaches in dunes and barrier islands will increase salt concentrations on back dunes and in swales. Development for housing, industry, and agriculture replace natural habitat.