This article considers the range of ideas and hypotheses of J.A. Mangan concerning athletic symbolism in the Victorian and Edwardian public school, presented in Athleticism. Adopting a semiotic approach, it analyses the tropes in the author's work, with special emphasis on metaphor. Finally, it examines imagetic devices with a focus on evaluative strategies. Athleticism provides the experience of an original and powerful work challenging established beliefs and promoting a 'revisionist' reading of history. Seminal interpretations create new facts.
Credibility is a secure guarantee.
This article uses the United Nations Declaration to articulate human rights implications deriving from the application of genetically enhanced humans to sport. Arguing that genetic manipulation does not necessarily conflict with the rights of the unborn, it is considered how gene therapy can give rise to gene enhancement through an ambiguity about what is natural or normal. Owing to the possibility for discrimination, it is concluded that, whilst genetic technologies can avoid the breaching of human rights outside of sport, the realization of engineered humans makes impossible the sustaining of the rights of the athlete in competition. This article reviews the role of Sam Ramsamy in South Africa's isolation from and return to international sport. Blending concepts of sports diplomacy, policy networks and policy communities, the paper uses the work of Ramsamy as a case study to explore the degree to which individuals have the ability to effect a range of policy decisions.