Organic matter includes residue and roots from the previous crop, animal manure, cover crops, or amendments from off the farm. Avoiding excessive tillage and soil compaction Tillage is valuable for loosening surface soil, preparing the seedbed, and controlling weeds and pests. But tillage can also break up soil structure, speed the decomposition and loss of organic matter, increase the threat of erosion, destroy the habitat of helpful organisms, and cause compaction. Reducing tillage minimizes the loss of organic matter and increases the residue protecting the soil surface. Compaction reduces the amount of air, water, and space available to roots and soil organisms.
Compaction is caused by traveling on wet soil or by heavy equipment.
In this century, pesticides and chemical fertilizers have revolutionized U.S. agriculture. In addition to their desired effects, they can harm non-target organisms and pollute water and air if they are mismanaged. Nutrients from organic sources also can become pollutants when misapplied or over-applied. Keeping the ground covered Bare soil is susceptible to wind and water erosion, and to drying and crusting. Farmers often leave crop residue on the surface to cover the ground between growing seasons.