They can be applied topically, in the form of sprays or drops, or taken orally. But using sprays or drops longer than three days may cause nasal congestion to worsen. Antitussives, also known as cough suppressants, can quiet coughs due to minor throat irritations. They include drugs taken orally, as well as topical medications like throat lozenges and ointments to be rubbed on the chest or used in a vaporizer. Expectorants, taken orally, help loosen mucus and make coughs more productive.
Adults average two to four a year, with a greater frequency in the parents of children.
The high rate in children is blamed on their lack of a built-up resistance to infection and the close contacts with other kids in schools and day care. Women's closer contact with children may also explain the greater prevalence of colds in women than in men. Adults over 60 usually suffer less than one cold a year, probably because they have built up a natural immunity. Most colds strike Americans in the fall and winter. Contrary to what many people believe, the increased rate of colds during this time is actually not due to the cold weather.