Figure 2 summarizes planning and management strategies that might be suitable for organizations at these different levels of relevance and efficiency. Current emphasis in planning is moving away from resource and routine planning towards strategic planning, planning by objectives, and support for continual organizational innovation processes. Changes in an organization s external context often drive planning processes. The chapters Two chapters in this section concern developments in the international setting. It suggests ways to position research organizations in order to capture the maximum opportunities and benefits of the globalization process.
Competitiveness is a major consideration in questions posed by globalization.
The chapter on globalization also looks at some of the losers in the globalization process and suggests how to ensure that the least-developed countries will not be hurt. Chapter 2 assesses the regionalization efforts observed in many parts of the world. Regionalization is one response to improved information and communication opportunities, as well as to calls for enhanced performance and accountability. The chapter describes various forms of regionalization and identifies success factors for pooling research efforts. Differences between planning for regional and national organizations are also discussed.