Attendance at church enforced with fines and military force. The Pentland Rising by Presbyterians in Galloway and a march on Edinburgh routed at Rullion Green November 28. First show of organised militancy by the Covenanters. Excuse for greater persecution. Conventicles banned and deemed treasonable, death penalty for ministers preaching at them.
Conventicles start to be armed.
Another rising in Galloway results a minor battle at Drumclog on June 1 and victory for the Covenanters. But they fail to take advantage of the moment and do not seize Glasgow. The extremists begin to hold that by breaking his oaths made at Scone in 1651 the King had forfeited all rights to civil obedience. Led by Richard Cameron and Donald Cargill armed resistance becomes a tactic. Declaration of Sanquhar by Cameron June 22.