Samuel et al. Yparraguirre 1982 Tacha et al. M A 0.50 Martin et al. A Y 0.59 0.44 0.52 0.32 L. D. Schroeder, unpubl. All estimates except those for the leucopareia subspecies of the Canada Goose were obtained using band recovery data with the models of Brownie et al.
All estimates represent arithmetic means over years and, in many cases, geographic areas.
Sex differences in survival appear to depend on the roles of the sexes in incubation and brood-rearing. Among geese and swans, however, males generally remain in attendance at the nest and with the brood. Condition and Social Status of the Bird Physiological condition is commonly assumed to influence survival probability of birds, but until recently there have been few efforts to investigate such a relationship. Some relevant studies addressed mortality from all sources over a specified period, others addressed only hunting. Haramis et al.