We propose the following framework Spatial concepts are structures that humans use to organize their perception of geographic space. Spatial data models are formalizations of the semantics of spatial concepts. Spatial data structures are implementations of spatial data models. Spatial Concepts Informal conceptual tools to comprehend and structure our perception and cognition of reality. Formally defined Implementable Widely applicable.
Data collection is based on the geometric data model of a square raster.
Data storage is often done in a quad tree data structure. Some Advanced Solutions Models for Spatial Relations Spatial relations are more complex than relations between standard data types such as integers or strings. A geometric data model for capturing complete topological information in arbitrary dimensions. The model is based on simplicial complexes, in particular closed surfaces. In practice, a closed surface is a triangulation of the plane resulting from the complete intersection of all geometric objects and its subdivision into simplexes.