In each case, the structure on the left is complete and the structure on the right should be made into the equivalent structure from a different viewpoint. Describe the relationship between the two compounds shown below, using the most appropriate terminology. Indicate stereochemistry if it is specific. Show all steps and all intermediates involved. Use electron-pushing arrows to indicate electron flow for each step.
Acid catalyzes the reaction shown below.
Write a stepwise mechanism that illustrates how this reaction occurs, including electron-pushing arrows. Explain how you might generate the reaction shown below. Refer to the data in Table 6.3 to compare the stabilities of the following isomers. In fact, each of the less stable isomers can be converted into the more stable isomer by treatment with acid. Select any one of the three cases above, and write a mechanism and a potential energy diagram that illustrates reversible protonation as a means of interconversion of the two isomers.