This newspaper version, edited with Dr. Keith Hilton of Univ.
Affirmative action is still the solution for systemic or universal racism.
Systemic racism encompasses white attitudes, emotions, practices, and institutions integral to long-term power over Black Americans and other Americans of color. This system began with legalized slavery of Africans in the 1600s. It was later legally enshrined in the U.S. Constitution. From 1619 to the present, trillions of dollars in wealth have been taken from those enslaved and those exploited under legal segregation and current discrimination trillions that account for much white prosperity. Affirmative action is only a modest start to countering white racism.