Avoidance Learning a. Cleckley noted psychopath's inability to learn from their mistakes and low levels of anxiety. Resting heart rate is normal, but increases more than normals when a stressful stimulus is anticipated. Not just underarousal. Psychopaths may tune out aversive stimuli. Skin conductance is not reactive to aversive stimulation because psychopaths do not attend to it.
All approaches make note of the difficulty establishing trust with the borderline client.
Testing with threats and demands common. Fear of intimacy and high sensitivity to rejection. A focus on childhood deprivation and abuse which impairs the individual's attachment relationships. Borderline individuals have extremely weak egos. Full acceptance of the borderline's behavior and views of the world, combined with structured problem-solving approach.