Calves can die in-utero, at birth, or in the days or weeks after birth.
See Note below. Dairy and Continental X heifers should be at least 340 and 360 kg respectively at mating. Use easy-calving bulls. Cu or Se can cause the birth of small weak calves. Severe Mn deficiency is a specific cause of dwarfism, with chondrodystrophy, joint laxity, superior brachygnathism and domed foreheads.