All the Court does is to take the case before it and decide which law to apply. Review the comments on Qs 1 and 2 above. Nothing in the text grants power to the Supreme Court to overrule the national legislature. Be sure to study, e.g., Lincoln's First Inaugural Address. Hamilton's argument appears to be more complete on this point.
Courts have a well known role of reasoning from starting premises.
Comment on Q 3. See 1969 Duke L. J. 1. This type of argument is very important in constitutional law, as well shall see. They search for a construction that does not violate the Constitution. Comment on Q 4.