Lack of contact between observationalists and modelers exacerbates this problem. There is a need to compare the parameterizations using variables which are readily measurable observationally. One such variable is the net solar flux at the surface which also shows significant differences when the various cloud parameterizations are used. This eliminates the limitation of externally specifying horizontal convergence. When a liquid water budget is included in the model, some high tropical clouds are underpredicted.
All versions predict a strong temperature increase in the upper troposphere.
This is because a large vertical transport of heat is produced by the CCM2 mass flux convective scheme, regardless of the cloud parameterization used. Reference Iacobellis, Sam F. and Richard C.J. Somerville, Diagnostic Modeling of the Indian Monsoon Onset. Model Description and Validation, J. Atmos.