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The rights of Tribal Governments to exercise authority, jurisdiction and control over tribal water resource boundaries are being challenged by state and federal assertion of authority to control Indian water use. The tribes have the full author- ity to administer, control and allocate the water resources within tribal water resource boundaries. Increasing competition for scarce water resources means that litigation and negotiation will continue to play a predominant role in the formulation and protection of Indian Water Rights. The United States, as Trustee of Indian water resources, owes a duty to act solely in furtherance of that trust. However, the United States has expressed and continues to express positions in numerous cases in conflict with Indian interests and in derogation of the trust responsibility.