It occurs slightly more frequently in males and usually affects children between the ages of 2 and 6. Although it can occur in any muscle tissue, it is generally found in the head and neck area, the pelvis, or in the extremities. Although rhabdomyosarcoma tends to grow and spread very rapidly, fortunately its symptoms are quite obvious compared to those of other forms of childhood cancer. A noticeable lump or swelling is present in almost all cases. If the neck is involved, there may be hoarseness or difficulty in swallowing.
Definite diagnosis relies on biopsy.
Evidence of tumor spread is sought with x-rays, tomograms, gallium scan, bone scan, liver scan, and bone marrow examination. Other procedures, such as lymphangiography, brain scan, and spinal fluid examination, may also be done, depending on the tumor's location. Traditionally, surgery has been the primary treatment, followed by intensive chemotherapy and radiation. However, if the tumor is so large that surgery presents a major risk to the patient or would result in serious disfigurement or physical impairment, then chemotherapy, radiation, or both are used to reduce the tumor's size until it can be removed more safely. In some cases, the cancer can be treated effectively with chemotherapy and radiation alone.