Advantages Chlorination is inexpensive and effective against bacteria. It is also possible to maintain a residual concentration throughout the distribution system with chlorination. Chlorine dioxide oxidizes organic matter and therefore does not produce chlorinated hydrocarbons. Ozone does not produce chlorinated hydrocarbons and is more effect than chlorine at killing viruses. Disadvantages Chlorine may react with dissolved organic matter to form carcinogenic chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Chlorine gas is toxic.
Chlorine dioxide does not provide for residual disinfection in the distribution system. It is highly reactive and therefore must be made on site making it more expensive. Ozone does not provide for residual disinfection in the distribution system. It is also highly reactive and therefore must be made on site making it more expensive. The ligand will complex with the metal thus reducing the sorption of metal sorbed to the soil surface.