For each of the three following scenarios, please succinctly define the counterfactual. However, critics have argued that carpool lanes typically are underutilized, increasing congestion in the remaining lanes, thereby actually increasing pollution.
Critics think that congestion is up, and argue for the elimination of the carpool lane.
The nonprofit claims that their program has been highly effective, and is requesting additional funds. The community of Lake Wobegon, responding to the demands from parents for better education through more educational choice, established a school voucher program in 1996. 700 people live on the remote island of Sodor. Show your work.