Two extremes are K and r selection strategies. Examples are primates and fruit flies, respectively. 5 phylogeny the evolutionary history of a lineage, conventionally depicted as a sequence of adult stages. 6 allometry change of shape correlated with increase or decrease in size 7 convergence or analogy a similarity between organisms due to independent evolution of the similar feature by each, e.g. fins, wings in various unrelated species Compare homology and parallel evolution. A similarity between organisms due to recent developments in parallel lines of descent due to continued similiarity of evolutionary factors operating on similar individuals, e.g. larger size of apes.
Correlations are no more immutable than species themselves.
Upright posture freed the hand for tool use and set selection pressures for an expanded brain. New functions and behaviors typically arise in a species through the recruitment of components previously evolved for some other purpose. That subsequent generations of humans were primarily red-haired should not imply red hair is adaptive and was selected for. The mystery of humanity's missing mutations. Ontogeny and phylogeny .