Much of this time should be spent in preparation within organisations promoting initiatives, before contact is made with the wider community. Techniques from operational research, management education and development and conflict resolution can be applied to community participation processes. The guide provides signposts from common questions and problems to relevant techniques. The Guide to Effective Participation identifies 10 key ideas which aid thinking about community involvement. The guide proposes a five-rung ladder of participation which relate to the stance an organisation promoting participation may take.
Different levels are appropriate at different times to meet the expectations of different interests.
Here's the original Arnstein model. 1 Manipulation and 2 Therapy. Both are non participative. The aim is to cure or educate the participants. The proposed plan is best and the job of participation is to achieve public support by public relations.