Both cigars and cigarettes contain nicotine which speeds heart rates, raises blood pressure and constricts blood vessels. Due to the higher levels of carbon monoxide in cigar smoke, these risks are greater for cigar smokers than for cigarette smokers. Compared to nonsmokers both cigar and cigarette smokers have higher death rates from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The following organizations have additional reference materials. The course is designed for dietitians, nutritionists, nurses and others who work with pregnant and breastfeeding women.
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Pamuk E, Byers T, Coates R, Vann J, Sowell A, Gunter E, Glass D. Effect of smoking on serum nutrient concentrations in African-American women. Mueller M. Smoking any substance raises risk of lung infections. Report outlines the results of smoking to the lungs, especially in persons with compromised immune systems. This study confirms the increased risk of SIDS associated with maternal smoking and shows evidence that household exposure to tobacco smoke has an independent additive effect. Hankinson S. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration in women.