In Situ Measurement and Speciation Modeling of Copper in Marine Environments Copper toxicity as a function of pCu.
Copper paints from marine vessels impact bays and harbors.
A chemical form of copper, the free ion, correlates directly with the toxicity of unicellular algae. Use of the copper ISE in conjunction with voltammetry allows researchers to distinguish among various forms of copper. Idealized buoy system for autonomous harbor monitoring. NRaD is developing speciation criteria using the ISE and voltammetric techniques for on-site instrumentation. This work is sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.