Step, swim, and scratch motor patterns in the turtle. Glutamate antagonists applied to midbody spinal cord segments reduce the excitability of the fictive rostral scratch reflex in the turtle.
Cutaneous stimulation evokes long-lasting excitation of spinal interneurons in the turtle.
Spinal cord segments containing key elements of the central pattern generators for three forms of scratch reflex in the turtle. Electrical activation of the pocket scratch central pattern generator in the turtle. Synaptic control of hindlimb motoneurones during three forms of the fictive scratch reflex in the turtle. Blends of rostral and caudal scratch reflex motor patterns elicited by simultaneous stimulation of two sites in the spinal turtle.