Examples include, press conferences, notes to the financial statements, signaling intent through actions instead of words, management discussion and analysis, promotions, etc.
Different cultures place different values on disclosure, from embracing it to discouraging it.
Generally, companies want to disclose information where the benefits of such disclosure exceed the cost. This could lead to a situation where a company tells you the good stuff, but not the bad. Hence, standards are needed. Countries will pass standards based on the influential financers of companies. If financing is primarily private, company info will be kept fairly private.