Later measurements may be written on the individual animal's chart. Many devices are available but they may not be practical or applicable for all species. Body temperature can be measured via rectal or esophageal thermometers. Every effort should be made to combat hypothermia by use of circulating warm water blankets, warm water bottles, heat lamps, or application of insulating materials such as drapes. Support for the respiratory system can be as simple as appropriate positioning of the animal to ensure an unobstructed airway, endotracheal intubation, or providing supplemental oxygen.
Cardiovascular support includes fluid therapy and use of defibrillators and cardioactive drugs.
Monitoring rate and amount of urine production, as well as subjective assessment of blood loss, and capillary refill time of the oral mucus membranes can indicate adequacy of fluid volume. Warming fluids may be helpful. Expeditious performance of the surgical procedure implies that the surgical team will have sufficient training and competence to perform the surgical procedure in the least required amount of time. A rapid response to unplanned or emergency situations is the result of good organization and coordination of team members. Adequate postoperative care enhances the animal's recovery by improving it's physiologic status and minimizing pain and distress.