Formulas on your Key Formulas sheet that use only lower case roman letters deal with sample statistics. The answers to these questions tell us something about the nature of data and the values of variables in statistics. The answers to the first two questions are what we call qualitative or categorical variable. Chocolate, maple walnut or vanilla are all different but they are not values which have numbers naturally associated with them. The same may be said gender.
Data is categorical if it consists of two or more nonnumrical, exclusive catagories or groups.
The answers to the last four questions all involve numbers. Broadly speaking data which is inherentlly numerical in for is called quantitative . There are ways of describing quantitative data. One broad catagorization of numerical data is as continuous or descrete . Continuous data like height can take on any value over an interval or group of intervals.