Basic scientific research uncovers the interactive mechanism of salt and sugar in the intestine. Clinicians raise possibility that this physiologic principle could be applied to fluid loss in cholera. 1971 First mass use of ORT in crowded refugee camps during epidemic cholera outbreaks yields significantly lower mortality than in other camps using only limited supplies of intravenous fluids. ORT studies in the White Mountain Apache Nation, the first on United States soil, show ORT can be used for infants as young as one month, and that feeding early in the course of diarrhea treatment is not harmful. Evidence that feeding plus fluids enhances nutritional outcome is solidified in field trials in the Philippines, Turkey, and Iran in the mid-70s.
Cholera hits west coast of Africa and spreads throughout the continent after decades-long absence.
Researchers work to improve ORS formulation for better nutritional outcome of rehydration. 1980 Controlled study in Egypt is first to demonstrate a reduction in mortality when ORT is used at the clinic and community levels. In Egypt, strong national political and financial commitment combine for a substantial impact on childhood diarrhea mortality. Results in Honduras and The Gambia attest to the potential of mass media and communication to increase home ORT use. However, the difficulty sustaining gains demonstrates the need for long-term commitments.