Adaptive costs are those associated with protection, reduction of vulnerability or risk, education and research. These costs are difficult to estimate and little research has been devoted to increasing our understanding of these costs. Impacts, response and recovery costs are those incurred when protection fails or no adaptive response is taken. The annual area burnt suggests an upward trend with 1995 being by far the worst year with over 7 million hectares burned, followed by 1989. This statistic is related to climate, but is also related to decisions made regarding fire management.
All provinces incur costs related to fire management.
In addition more than 400 km of conductor had to be replaced. Provincial Costs Provinces incur costs due to crop damage from hail, flood, drought and a variety of other hazards. There appear to have been 9 events in 1995 which include significant damage from flood, hail, thunderstorms, wind and Hurricane Hortense. In 1996, Canadians suffered through some of the most extreme and destructive weather ever to have hit the country. For most of the year, the weather either froze, buried, soaked, buffeted or frightened Canadians.