If numerous, grubs reduce efficiency and rate of gain. At slaughter, losses include holes in hides and carcass trim to remove grubs and injured tissue around warble sites. Still quite small, common cattle grubs spend their fifth, sixth, and seventh months in submucosal tissue of the esophagus and the northern species spend the corresponding time in tissues surrounding the spinal cord. Heel flies can fly several miles but are most successful if cattle are near where they emerge from puparia.
Dispersal also occurs through host mobility and shipping grub-infested cattle.
Support for this page will be unavailable until his position is refilled. We hope you enjoy visiting our WWW site.