Compaction Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing the pore space between them. This increases the bulk density of the soil. Soil compaction is caused by tilling, harvesting, or grazing when the soils are wet. Compaction reduces the uptake of water and nutrients by plants by restricting their root depth. It affects the activity of soil organisms.
Compaction decreases infiltration and thus increases runoff and the hazard of water erosion.
Salinization Salinization is the process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil. It may occur naturally or because of conditions resulting from management practices. Salinization is a concern because excess salts hinder the growth of crops by limiting their ability to take up water. Soil Biodiversity Soil biodiversity reflects the mix of living organisms in the soil. These organisms interact with one another and with plants and animals forming a web of biological activity.