Appeals to tradition or to convenience are not acceptable. Research procedures should cause as little animal pain and suffering as possible and curtail it when it arises. Whether animals are experiencing pain can vary with circumstances and needs to be monitored. When in doubt, researchers should assume that the animal is in pain and take steps to alleviate it. Researchers must explain the benefit of these experiments more rigorously and explain why anesthetics are inappropriate.
Aseptic technique reduces the likelihood of infection.
Physical restraints should restrain to the minimum extent necessary. They should cause as little discomfort as possible and allow the animal to assume normal positions as much as possible. Investigators should also train or condition the animals to accept the restraint. Freund's adjuvant should be replaced with another type of adjuvant if possible. If Freund's adjuvant is scientifically preferable, it should be administered in the least painful manner.