Wind resistance can be reduced significantly by clever design of clothing, which can improve sprint times by as much as 1.5 percent. Energy is lost also from the heat that is generated because of the metabolic reactions associated with muscle control. Air moving around an object creates drag. To counteract drag, turbulence must be created. For this reason, for example, golf balls are dimpled to increase turbulence at the ball surface and reduce drag that slows down the ball's speed.
Clothing has a similar effect.
A runner can reduce drag by wearing very smooth, well-fitting clothing with small ribs running down each side of the chest and thighs, to reduce drag. This enables a sprinter to run about 1.5 percent faster. Distance runners, however, dislike tight-fitting clothing because it interferes with elimination of heat. A clever choice of materials could be helpful. Generation of sugar from ATP depends on availability of oxygen.