Drivers must pay a premium to enter the central business district during peak hours of demand for roadspace, i.e. at rushhour. Singapore's ALS makes the true cost of energy more apparent to users and in theory increases incentives for users to seek other modes of transport or limit or shift their demand for mobility during rushhour. In the 1920s, motor vehicle manufactures in the U.S. made vehicles with wooden frames. But for most of this century, motor vehicles frames have been made of steel. One example of a moldable composite is carbon fiber.
Carbon fiber can achieve the same strength as steel and is half to a third of the weight.
Lighterweight vehicles are more energy-efficient. Aside from the energy savings, a moldable composite's greatest advantage is in the vehicle manufacturing process itself. In contrast, composites emerge from the mold already in the required shape and finish. Many countries are privatizing formerly state-owned public bus fleets, roads and highways. Privatization in theory leads to improved efficiency in all aspects of operation, including energy use.