Journal Executive Summary - Vol. Many appear able to meet the proposed Stage 2 requirements as well, provided they're implemented in their current form.
Chloramines come in a distant second, followed by chlorine dioxide and ozone.
The filtration process, because of SWTR requirements, is increasingly being viewed as a disinfection treatment. All utilities carry a chlorine residual in the distribution system but report problems with maintaining that residual. Data tabulation, analysis, and review provided by Charles Haas, Drexel University. The committee acknowledges and thanks the Chlorine Chemistry Council of the Chemical Manufacturer's Association, and AWWA's Water Utility and Technical and Education Councils for financial support and direction.