They are the most completely trained of all the counseling prepared professions in terms of research design, test development and assessment. There is much emphasis on the development of theories of human functioning and the scientific study of persons and their interpersonal interactions. Clinical psychologists often work with people who have mental illness while counseling psychologists often work with people who have personal, social, or career problems. There is a lot of overlap between these two specialties. An advanced degree is essential and training is extensive and demanding.
All states have such licensing requirements.
Admission to Ph.D. programs is extremely competitive and students seeking this degree should have an exceptional grade point average and high scores on the Graduate Record Examination as well as demonstrated competence in research and an interest in the scientific method and some course work in the physical sciences. Social workers counsel and give aid to people who need help such as those who are poor or ill, and also those who have housing, family or behavioral problems. They talk with people to understand their problems and to plan ways to help them by planning activities and services for children, teenagers, adults and old persons. They are able to provide information and referral services, but also advise on child care and place children in foster homes and help patients and families cope with illnesses. In casework services, social workers assist families or individuals in such areas as child welfare casework or family casework.