There has been much speculation about the exact population at the time of British arrival. The First Australians collectively spoke some 600-700 different dialects from at least 250 language groupings. They called themselves by specific Aboriginal names and were associated with particular territories in the land. Throughout the continent there was a characteristically Aboriginal way of life conducted within a common cultural framework but with much diversity. People in one region generally stayed within their own country and identified themselves as a particular group by name, such as Walpiri, Tiwi, Gamilaroi.
Aboriginal people regard the land as a spiritual phenomenon.
It is believed that the earth was formed by the world's creative powers which appeared mysteriously moving over the surface thus shaping the landscape. Each phase in life was marked by ritual and ceremony to highlight the occasion. Initiation ceremonies were complex, with many stages and rituals, and in some areas circumcision forming part of the ritual. At Encounter Bay in South Australia it was observed that Aboriginal women due to give birth were moved away from the main camp accompanied by other women to assist the impending confinement. As soon as the child was born the father was called to see his daughter or son, bringing with him wood, water and food.