Palm Beach County also does not belong to a cluster of exceptionally pro-Buchanan counties. Therefore, the explanation for Palm Beach County's large positive residual is most likely at the geographic resolution of county or lower. It is possible that Palm Beach County is an outlier because of only a few anomalous precincts. We engage this issue in Section 3 . Among counties with negative studentized residuals, the one with the largest residual is Cook County, Illinois, which is traditionally a heavily Democratic county.
Cook County is surrounded by other Illinois counties that contributed very few votes to Buchanan.
In other words, while Cook County was unusual insofar as its extreme lack of Buchanan votes, it is not unusual in the larger sense of being located in an area that is generally pro-Buchanan. Post-election news stories documented serious balloting problems in Cook County, although not focusing on the aberration in the vote recorded for Buchanan. 18 Tables 3 and 4 show that there is a large cluster of negative outliers in Colorado. The Colorado cluster reflects a huge rift in the Reform Party there, which in addition abetted an extreme kind of ballot problem. Buchanan appeared as the Colorado Freedom Party nominee.