The crisis can last from a day or two to several weeks. In another type of crisis, production of new red blood cells drops sharply. Infants may have still another type of crisis in which massive amounts of red blood cells are suddenly trapped in the liver and spleen. Long-term effects include heart problems, lung damage, chronic fatigue, and liver disorders. Swollen joints, aching bones, and ulcers around the ankles may develop.
Affected persons are also more likely to have infections.
Treatment begins in infancy with antibiotics to prevent infections. If the condition worsens rapidly, the person receives transfusions of packed red blood cells. A sever crisis requires a hospital stay. During a painful crisis, the person should get bed rest in a sitting position and use warm compresses and blankets. Water loss can be avoided by drinking extra fluids.