In contrast, tolerant or habituated whales have not been reported by whale watch operators who focus on female groups. If in doubt, assume a female group is present. Recognition of female groups is also important because these groups may be especially vulnerable to disturbance by whale-watch activities. The vulnerability of calves in female groups is of particular concern. The rearing of calves in large groups of related females is likely to be an adaptation that promotes calf survival, social development, and learning.
Calves are dependent upon their mothers tor extended periods.
Other members of the matrilineal group may also play important roles in the care and protection of calves during the lengthy maturation period. Neonates , which are unable to dive with other group members and thus remain visible at the surface, are particularly accessible to whale-watch operations. These young calves are also particularly curious and may approach and investigate vessels. There is also concern that mating activity, which takes place when mature males visit female groups, may be disrupted by whale-watch activity. Whale-watch activities in these areas may be directly disruptive to mating or may indirectly reduce the rate at which mature males encounter receptive females.