Periodic apnea may be characterized by absence of airflow, absence of chest wall movement, or airway obstruction that may result from poor control of tongue movements, impaired coordination of upper airway muscles or other abnormalities.
Apraxia is thought to result from damage to the cerebral cortex.
It may also occur as a result of impaired development of the cortex as in certain neurodevelopmental disorders, including Rett syndrome. Apraxia may affect almost any voluntary movements, including those required for proper eye gaze, walking, speaking or writing. Athetosis is often associated with chorea, a related condition characterized by involuntary, rapid, irregular, jerky movements. Although athetosis may be most prominent in the face, neck, tongue and hands, the condition can affect any muscle group. Athetosis may occur in association with certain diseases or cerebral palsy and may also result from infections affecting the brain or the use of particular medications.