Life Sciences - Vertebrates Vertebrates are animals which have backbones. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are the groups of vertebrates. This chapter surveys and reviews these five categories of vertebrates. Vascular plants contain tubes which carry water and nutrients throughout the plant. Non-vascular plants do not have these tubes.
All plants grow and adapt to their environment.
This chapter reviews how both kinds of plants grow and adapt to their environment. Life Sciences - Plant Reproduction Vascular plants may reproduce by seeds or spores. Non-vascular plants such as moss reproduce by spores. This chapter reviews plant reproduction by seeds and spores, as well as by other means. Life Sciences - Photosynthesis Plants differ from all other living things in that they are able to produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis.