The false muzzle was attached to the barrel, then the rifling was cut in both. The bore hole was reamed smooth at the other end to provide a funnel for the bullet being loaded. All of this insured that the bullet would go into the rifle as straight as possible and protected the all-important rifling at the true muzzle. By this time, paper patches were being used for accuracy, in place of the linen patches. Paper patches are either cross or strip patches.
Cross style is cut with a special cross-shaped cutter, giving an X shaped piece of paper.
The base of the straight starter generally had slots cut into it to place the patches in the proper orientation, with the bullet placed on the patch strips. The paper strips were found to be more accurate than the linen, as the bullet could be made to fit the bore more closely. The first documented telescopic rifle sight was invented between 1835 and 1840. A bit later, in 1855, William Malcolm, of Syracuse, NY began producing his own sight. He did not steal the Chapman-James design.