Here are a few basic ones to get you started. Each hole, as well as each course, is given a standard score that a first-class player can be expected to make. On most courses, there are a few par 3s, a few par 5s, but mostly par 4s. Beginners don't need to worry about making par very often, if at all. A birdie is a score of one under par on a hole.
Birdies are good.
A bogey is a score of one over par on a hole. The pros don't like them, but they're fine for most amateurs. Two over par. That's still a decent score for a beginner. After double bogey, of course, comes triple, quadruple and things start to get ugly.