Complete specifications of these computational systems cannot be written because of such unpredictability. Expert systems are developed in a more flexible way, but are essentially the same.
Current methods assert that the complete specification can be described.
However, it is impossible to describe when the systems include or are interfaced to autonomous and nondeterministic systems. The reductionistic programming paradigm has failed to develop real-world systems. Thus, we must find another paradigm. A most promising solution is the self-organization paradigm . Thus, they work autonomously and nondeterministically.