This is an example of where fast digital filtering capability can be used to reduce external hardware. Sampling of Voltage and Current signals with separate ADCs Figure 2. I sinj , where j represents the angular phase shift between current and voltage. And again, reactive energy is simply the integral of power over time. Implementing this calculation in the digital domain requires introducing a 90 degree lag between the sampled current and voltage signals before their multiplication.
All measurements are multiplication-intensive.
Meters run on power provided by power lines they are connected to. Unless all information is saved before the power supply is depleted, critical billing information will be lost. Low consumption of all components on board is essential for allowing maximum time during this critical period. A deep stack level will ease constraints on the software architecture. Fraud detection Fraud is a big issue for utilities who, as a result, see significant annual revenue loss.