Excessive or uncontrolled shifts can lead to other imbalances. Sodium is also involved in maintaining acid-base balance, nerve and muscle cell activation, and influences water distribution along with chloride. Potassium is involved in both ICF osmotic control and energy metabolism. Hypokalemia has also been implicated in various intestinal disorders. Calcium Calcium is the major mineral found in teeth and bones.
Calcium metabolism affects nearly every other system in the body including nerve and muscle.
Calcium is also found in the cell membrane where it is involved in cell adhesion, and cell structural integrity. Within cells, calcium acts as an enzyme activator. Muscle cells require calcium to generate contraction. Calcium aids blood coagulation, and affects membrane permeability and nerve firing level. Hypocalcemia is known to cause anxiety, irritability, twitching around mouth, spasms of the larynx, seizures, Chevostek's sign, Trousseau's sign, paresthesia of fingers, tetany or painful muscle spasms, facial spasms, muscle cramps, and spasmodic contractions, arrhythmias and hypotension.