After cytokine treatment, the enhancement of ICAM-1 expression began within 1 hour and reached a plateau at 4 hours. The HLA-DR antigen could not be detected without cytokine stimulation. LFA and DD44 were detected without stimulation of any cytokine. With the stimulation of cytokine there was no difference. After the cytokine stimulation was withdrawn, the ICAM levels dropped and the HLA-DR expression was maintained.
Cytokine regulates the expression of adhesion molecules.
There is still no evidence that gingival fibroblasts are directly involved in the antigen presentation and lymphocyte homing.