A process in which a small group controls access to a good or service by agreeing on a single price or by restricting access to these commodities. A means of shifting the cost of pollution from the community to the polluter, usually in the form of a tax. A price applied to a commodity that has no established market value. The cost of replacing a resource that is used. A tax on production based on the amount of waste produced.
Air pollution is an example of residuals from manufacturing.
The degree to which one material can be substituted for another in end uses. A fee paid by a producer on materials that go into the production of polluting products. The fee reflects the social cost of the pollution. Costs of production that vary with the rate of output.