This is ridiculous. A completely different biomorph could and would evolve if different criteria were entered into the model. Paradoxes result from false assumptions about a system leading to inconsistencies between what we expect the model to show and what it actually tells us. Instability refers to the fact that even apparently stable systems can be sensitive to small disruptions. Uncomputability occurs when the processes under investigation are not rule-based.
Connectivity refers to findings of unexpected interconnectedness between elements of the system.
Emergence implies interactions among elements that are unexpected when the individual elements are considered individually. Also of interest to social scientists in chapter three are the discussions of Arrow's Impossibility Theorem and Arthur's assessment of rational expectations using computer simulation. The main concern of Chapter four is how learning mechanisms can be incorporated into computer simulation models. The chapter's discussion of Sugarscape , which models the evolution of cultural phenomena, is also interesting but less believable. Casti is once again too evangelistic when discussing Tierra , a program that emulates the development of a living organism.