The major breeds show distinctive characteristics that may be used for identification. It is followed in size by the Brown Swiss, Ayrshire, and Guernsey. The Jersey is the smallest, with mature cows weighing 1000 lb. Breeds also differ in color. The Guernsey is fawn, with white markings and a yellow skin, and the Jersey may vary from a light gray to a very dark fawn, usually solid in color but sometimes with white spots.
Breeds also differ with respect to volume of milk produced and milk composition.
Holstein-Friesians produce the largest volume, averaging 17,400 lb, followed by the Brown Swiss, Ayrshire, Guernsey, and Jersey. Beef cattle have been bred and selected primarily for the production of meat, and many breeds have been developed or adapted for special conditions. The major breeds of registered beef cattle in North America, listed in order of numbers, are Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Santa Gertrudis, Brahman, Brangus, and Red Angus. These later arrivals have been used primarily for crossing with the major American breeds to increase the size and milking ability of the crossbred offspring for commercial production. Herefords are characterized by a red coat color and a white face.