Zinc phosphide has been the toxicant most frequently used. It is a single-dose toxicant available in pelleted and grain bait formulations. These are usually broadcast at rates of 6-10 pounds per acre, or placed by hand in burrow openings. Strychnine grain baits have also been used in vole control. They are applied by hand in burrow openings or broadcast at rates of 6-10 pounds per acre.
Anticoagulant baits are also effective in controlling voles.
Multiple feedings are needed for anticoagulants to be effective. Fumigants Fumigants usually are not effective due to the complexity and shallowness of vole burrow systems. They may work in new, small burrow systems with only one or two entrances. Trapping Trapping is not effective in controlling large populations because time and labor costs are prohibitive. Mouse snap traps can be used to control a small population by placing the trap perpendicular to the burrow opening with the trigger end in the opening.