Filling up reference models with present-day data enables simulation. Benchmarks of business processes indicates the peformance of internal and external key elements. It offers a starting point for integration of systems between suppliers and their clients. Reference models focussing on inter-organizational systems may address interest groups of the first dimension and focussing on some aspects of the second dimension. This requires an adjustment of the semantic and pragmatic concepts, which are applied by the involved busineses.
Constraints complete models at the right aspect and perspective.
For a single business the rules in force may be defined more precise and strict respectively in the business, information and system architecture. For example, for the naming of enities several synonyms or homonyms may exist in common parlance, and have to be detected in the information systems. Identification of articles in the supply chain requires unique identification codes. The resulting benchmark indicates the threats and opportunities. Automatic identification and data collection systems are important in many areas of the food supply chain.