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Damage can occur within minutes.
Once brain damage occurs, it is irreversible. Very often the injury occurs during birth, due to birth accidents such as uterine rupture, knot in the umbilical cord, cord wrapped around the baby's neck, breech birth or other difficult births. However, HIE can also be a result of stroke, drowning, hanging , or any other event which would cut off oxygen and blood flow to the brain. The damage can also occur in utero . In some instances of babies born with HIE, the cause is never determined.