Mass production of automobiles disappointed the buggy manufacturers and their employees. Hand-held calculators disappointed the producers of slide rules. My marriage to Mrs. Williams produced a disappointing outcome for other women. In each instance, and millions more, the actions taken by one person or group produced undesirable outcomes for others. But questions about justice cannot be fully settled simply by asking whether people conducted themselves according to rules.
All societies have rules.
In the United States before the Civil War, the rules held that blacks could be owned as slaves. In Nazi Germany, the rules held that Jews could be relocated to concentration camps. In the former Soviet Union, the rules held that a citizen could not emigrate freely. Conduct in accordance with rules or laws alone can never be the sole criterion for establishing fairness. We must think about the nature of just rules and laws.