The exhaust step. Membrane filters- Nitrocellulose, polycarbonate, etc. Lysol is common example. May cause skin irritation. Destroy some bacteria, fungi, and lipid containing viruses.
Chlorine is used in water and swimming pools.
Sliver nitrate in infants eyes to prevent Chlamydia and Neisseria infections. React with sulfur groups on proteins. Detergents in general dissolve membranes. Quaternary ammonium compounds are more penetrating. But still do not kill mycobacteria or bacterial spores.