Someone trained in educational studies would ask, at the very least, for pretest data. There is no baseline data to document whether the Lecture and DED students had on average, the same ability going in to the classes. There are also no standard deviations shown with the scores, so it is unclear whether the differences in the scores are statistically significant. Some of these items are more completely addressed in the second model. This intriguing idea was created by Laura E. Pence from the University of Hartford, and published in J. Chem.
Computer literacy is enhanced by regular email communications.
The email communications are about chemistry and so give some practice to the students in explaining problems and solutions about chemistry. Several types of email communications and assignments were sent. First, Pence assigned her students the task of sending her an email from each student s personal email account. This assignment, which counted as much as a quiz, created both incentive for the students, and a way for the instructor to create a class email list. The second type of communication was sent by the instructor.