Incidence and mortality decreased in Minnesota males between 1988 and 1996, while they increased in females. Nationally, incidence in females began decreasing around 1991. Males have twice the risk of females.
Black males have significantly higher incidence and mortality compared to white males.
Although black females also have higher incidence and mortality than white females, the differences are not as large as for males. Secondary exposure to others' cigarette smoke also increases the risk. Higher risk in workers exposed to asbestos, arsenic, chloromethyl ethers, chromium, Polycyclic hydrocarbons, and radon in mines especially in smokers. Eating fresh fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of lung cancer. Genetic factors that affect the risk of lung cancer represent an active field of research.