B is out because this is a private tort suit among US parties. C is too territorial and contradicted by the Court's comments in some of the personal jurisdiction cases we've looked at that a state's law might be applied against a Defendant even if there would be no personal jurisdiction in the state over the Defendant. The truth of A is supported by Burger King . The truth of B is supported by, e.g., Szukhent , The Bremen and Carnival Cruise . B is supported by Ins Corp of Ireland .
B is out because sometimes publication is the best notice under the circumstances.
It was approved for some of the defendants in Mullane itself. All that is required is that the method chosen be reasonably calculated under the facts and circumstances to inform, etc. Piper v Reyno . The truth of B is supported by, e.g., Baldwin and Ins. Corp of Ireland .