The phosphorus application clearly improved yields of both cowpea and millet. Estimates of productive capacity showed that in most years, the new systems use resources more efficiently than the traditional system. The highest yields were obtained when sole millet was rotated with sole cowpea. Follow-up studies will determine the sustainability of the new cropping systems. Pheromones can be used to reduce millet stem borer populations.
Borers find potential mates by tracking the odor of pheromones to their source.
Mass trapping using pheromones was tried in farmers' fields in Niger last year. These traps, scientists said, were particularly effective along fences and granaries, areas that harbor borers.