Of the dose response model put forth by various national and international bodies at low doses the linear nonthreshold model predicts the greatest incidence while the quadratic or threshold models predict least. Study of Great Britain patient population. German patients with bone tuberculosis and ankylosing spondylitis. Hereditary effects are also stochastic. A deterministic effect has a threshold of dose, and the severity of the effect is dose related.
Cataracts are an example of a deterministic effect.
For solid tumors, the latency may extend for 45 years or more. Regardless of the age at exposure, radiation-induced malignancies tend to appear at the same age as spontaneous malignancies of the same type. There are two principal models. The relative risk model assumes that radiation increases the spontaneous incidence by a factor. Since the natural cancer incidence increases with age, this model predicts a large number of excess cancers appearing late in life after irradiation.