N. A. used seed for meals, leaves and new shoots for greens and yellow dye. Small mammals eat seeds. Browsed by livestock. N. A. eat fruit. Seeds smaller than J .
Birds eat seeds.
N. A. used roots for Kachina dolls, wood for fuel. Small owls and other birds nest in hollows of old branches. Laurie Lippitt, M. Fidelibus, D. Bainbridge. Restoration Ecology Vol. Seed Harvesting Seed quality should be assessed before collection.