These symptoms can be caused by cancer or by other conditions. It is important to see a doctor to determine the cause of any symptoms. To help find the cause of symptoms, the doctor evaluates a man's general health. The doctor also performs a physical exam and may order laboratory and diagnostic tests. If a tumor is suspected, the doctor will probably suggest a biopsy, which involves surgery to remove the testicle.
Blood tests measure the levels of tumor markers.
Ultrasound is a diagnostic test in which high-frequency sound waves are bounced off tissues and internal organs. Their echoes produce a picture called a sonogram. Ultrasound of the scrotum can show the presence and size of a mass in the testicle. It is also helpful in ruling out other conditions, such as swelling due to infection. Microscopic examination of testicular tissue by a pathologist is the only sure way to know whether cancer is present.