The President is also given power of appointment for positions within the Federal government, upon approval of the majority of the Senate. Article III puts judicial power in the hands of the courts. The Supreme Court of the United States is mandated as the final court of appeal from the lower state and federal courts. Although this power was not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, the principle was definitively established by Chief Justice John Marshall in the 1803 Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison. Article IV of the Constitution treats relations among the states and the rights of citizens of the states.
Article V deals with the procedures to amend the Constitution.
Article VI deals with public debt and final and ultimate authority of the Constitution. Article VII sets forth terms of ratification of amendments. Amendments to the Constitution Twenty-seven amendments have been added to the Constitution since 1789. The first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were adopted as a unit in 1791. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the rights of peaceful assembly and petition.