A number of armies, armed gangs and units, each with a different objective, enter the conflict.
All groups take part in anti-Jewish attacks, looting and murder.
Only the Red Army Command prohibits anti-Semitic violence and even punishes some of the attackers. No such policy is introduced in the Ukrainian Army. During 1919, when the Ukrainians have to retreat, anti-Jewish violence on an unprecedented scale claims tens of thousands of lives. None of the perpetrators is prosecuted. The majority of Jews in the Ukraine, fearful of Ukrainian independence, come to regard the Red Army more and more as the only force capable to stop the violence.