Geometric shapes dominate the constructed environment of bridges, buildings and machines, and frequently occur in the patterns developed by pre-technological societies. Organic shapes are generally found in the natural world. Texture refers to the visual or tactile surface of a shape or field. Texture can add visual weight and volume to shapes, creating the illusion of three-dimensionality. It can also help distinguish shapes within a monochromatic composition.
Color is the most complex and emotionally charged of the formal elements.