Procedural knowing Techniques and procedures for acquiring, validating and evaluating knowledge claims are developed through procedural knowing. Separate knowing and connected knowing are both types of procedural knowing. Separate knower's procedures for making meaning are strictly impersonal. As learners, separate knowers tend to favour a critical, adversarial stance. Connected knowers attempt to see the world through the eyes of the other.
Connected knowers come to understand other people's knowledge through empathy.
They try to share the experience that led to that knowledge. In relation to empathy, it is important to realise that empathy is about reception, not projection. Thus, connected knowers do not project their own values and beliefs onto the other and reflect on how they would feel or behave. Rather, they are receptive to the other and they try to imagine why the other believes or behaves as they do. Connected knowing should not be confused with subjectivism or intuition.