Non kinesigenic paroxysmal dyskinesias, however, especially those without a family history are often psychogenic in etiology. One must be very careful before diagnosing a psychogenic movement disorder though. Points in favor are continual rather than of an intermittent nature, frequent distractability, suggestibility, inconsistency of signs and abrupt stroke-like onset. Various drugs can cause movement disorders, apart from the dopamine receptor antagonists the most celebrated ones being the dopamine receptor blocking agents, which can cause acute dystonic reactions, acute akathisia, drug-induced Parkinsonism, neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Certain drugs and thyroxine can exaggerate physiological tremors.
Anticonvulsants can induce chorea.
Although movement disorders are primary motor conditions a number of sensory phenomena can occur. Painful muscle cramps can occur with severe rigidity, dystonia or dystonic spasms of the foot in early Parkinsonism. Those suffering from Parkinsonism may have oral and genital buring pain or numbness and itching. In patients with akathisia, a movement disorder associated with a primary subjective restlessness, patients frequently describe a vague but intense discomfort in their bodies that is relieved by movement. In addition to these historical elements a careful medical and family history is important in evaluating hypokinesia and hyperkinesia.