Chronic effects are emphysema and kidney damage. Potential exposure to cadmium fumes warrants stringent preventative measures. Chromium is used as an alloying agent in stainless steel. Prolonged excessive exposure to chromium may result in skin irritation and a greater risk of lung cancer. Welders may also become sensitised to chromium, and develop skin eczema when exposed to small amounts.
Copper is found in many alloys, such as brass and bronze, as well as in welding electrodes.
Copper can cause respiratory irritation, nausea and metal fume fever. Fluorides are present in some electrodes and in flux. Long - term exposure to very high concentrations may cause bone changes and joint deterioration. Milder excessive exposure may have chronic effects such as pulmonary oedema and skin rashes. Iron is a very common constituent of welding fumes.