These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer. The primary purpose was to assess whether scores on anxiety among professional soccer players differed when playing a match at home or away. Analyses showed no significant differences between scores on anxiety measured before matches at home or away. The implications of these findings are discussed. Perception of anxiety and expectations of performance.
Directionality refers to the facilitative or debilitative aspects of anxiety.
Subjects were 91 athletes competing in soccer, swimming, and track and field. Analysis showed that athletes with lower scores on cognitive and somatic anxiety, and higher scores on self-confidence perceived their anxiety as more facilitative of performance. These athletes also had significantly higher scores on the Expectation of Performance scale. Competition stress in soccer coaches increases salivary. Immunoglobin A and salivary cortisol concentrations.