It takes time Theory to practice Guidelines A-Z Resources 10 key ideas about participation Behind the detailed suggestions in the guide about how to manage participation effectively are 10 key ideas. Each of these is also dealt with in the A-Z and in other sections. Level of participation Sherry Arnstein, writing in 1969 about citizen involvement in planning processes in the United States, described a ladder of participation with eight steps.
Different levels are appropriate at different times to meet the expectations of different interests.
Here's the original Arnstein model. 1 Manipulation and 2 Therapy. Both are non participative. The aim is to cure or educate the participants. The proposed plan is best and the job of participation is to achieve public support by public relations.