Cross-cultural comparisons in the affective response to music. Hargreaves, David J., Kate C. Castell, and Robert D. Crowther. Hatta, Takeshi, and Stuart J. Dimond. Differences in face touching by Japanese and British people. One of the three conditions was listening to music.
Authors interpret findings as evidence of cross-cultural differences in cerebral functioning.
Hinde, R. A. 1975. Hinde uses ethological data to illuminate issues in human communication. He suggests that investigating animal behavior allows us to study non-verbal communication without the added complexity of verbal language. First, communication affects the behavior of others, but expression does not. Second, communication is intentional and directed towards affecting the behavior of others, whereas expression is not.