The balance between phosphorus and calcium is essential for the normal formation of bones and teeth. Because much of the calcification of these tissues occurs during the last 2 months in the uterus and during the first few months of life, it is important that the mother consume adequate amounts of both phosphorus and calcium during these periods. Otherwise, the developing infant will drain the mother's stores of these minerals. Sulfur is a component of bones and teeth. A deficiency of this mineral is rare and usually is secondary to a protein deficiency.
Copper works with vitamin C in the formation of connective tissue.
A deficiency of this trace mineral could result in faulty development of gums, teeth, and the jaw and alveolar bones. The incidence of tooth decay is high in areas of the United States where the water is not fluoridated and fluoride intake is low. Fluoride is effective possibly because it discourages plaque accumulation on the tooth surface, discourages the activity of decay-causing bacteria, and encourages calcium deposition while discouraging calcium loss from teeth. The inclusion of fluoride into the calcium structure of teeth makes the teeth more resistant to decay caused by bacterial acids. Excessive intake of fluoride causes mottling and discoloration of teeth.