Shaping is a procedure for changing behavior in small steps that successively approximate the desired end performance. The Limits of Operant Conditioning Biological constraints on learning are limitations on learning imposed by a species' genetic endowment. Keller Breland and Marion Breland used operant techniques to train thousands of animals and believed that these principles could be directly applied to the control of any animal behavior. Instinctual Drift is the tendency over time for learned behavior to relapse and resemble instinctual behavior. Check Your Recall Cognitive Views of Learning.
Cognition is any mental activity involved in the representation and processing of knowledge.
Comparative psychology is an area of psychology that studies similarities in the behavior and mental processes of humans and nonhumans. An internal cognitive map is an inner representation of the learning situation as a whole. Observational Learning is the type of learning that occurs when someone uses observations of another person's actions and their consequences to guide his or her own future actions. The Lessons of Research Check Your Recall Remembering Implicit memory is the ability to remember things that were not consciously processed. Explicit memory applies conscious effort to the storing and recalling of information.