Nouns which are feminine, masucline, and neuter are declined in four declensions, and adjectives in one. The seven inflectional cases are nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative, and vocative. Another distinciton in the case system is between masculine personal and nonmasculine personal nouns and adjectives. There are, however, honorific second person pronouns which are used with third person forms of the verb. In syntax, main verbs agree in person and number with their subjects.
Adjectives agree in person, gender and case with the noun they modify.
Word order is grammatically free with no particular fixed order for constituents marking subject, object, possessor, etc. The inflectional system takes care of keeping clear grammatical relations and roles. Topics precede constituents that are in focus. Modern Polish has seven vowel phonemes, two of which are nasalized, and a rich cosonantal system of thirty-five phonemes. Characteristic is the three sets of affricates and double consonants.