The risk of lung cancer associated with cigarette smoking is substantially increased in conjunction with high-dose exposures to radon daughters or asbestos. The relationships of risk with duration and intensity of smoking are similar to those for lung cancer, although the risks are lower. Tobacco smoking is an important cause of oral, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, laryngeal and oesophageal cancers. The risks of these cancers associated with cigarette smoking are substantially increased in conjunction with high-dose exposure to alcohol. Tobacco smokers also appear to have increased risks for cancer of the lip.
Cigarette smoking is an important cause of pancreatic cancer and perhaps of renal adenocarcinoma.
The proportion of these diseases that is attributable to smoking is not possible to quantify with the same accuracy as for lung cancer. The data now available on tobacco smoking and stomach and liver cancers do not permit a conclusion that the associations noted in some studies are causal. Although the risk of cancer of the cervix is increased in tobacco smokers, it is not possible to conclude that the association is causal. Further, although in some studies a reduction in risk of endometrial cancer has been found in smokers as compared to nonsmokers it cannot be concluded that smoking protects against cancer at this site. The cigarettes that are currently sold differ, in many countries, from those that were sold prior to the general recognition of the hazards associated with their use.