1862 United Sons of Vulcan, an ironworkers union, organizes. 1863 Locomotive engineers organize a national union. 1864 Cigarmakers, ship carpenters, and plasterers organize unions. Gompers joins Cigar Makers' National Union Local 15. German socialist Karl Marx writes the party platform and emerges as the leading theoretician of the organization, which is later known as the First International.
Bricklayers organize a national union.
1866 Craft workers and political reformers organize the National Labor Union in Baltimore. Between 1868 and 1885 they produce at least nine children, six of whom live past infancy. The Knights of St. Crispin, a national organization for shoemakers, organizes in Milwaukee. 1868 Anthracite miners in Pennsylvania organize the Workingmen's Benevolent Association. Glass bottle blowers and railway conductors and brakemen organize national unions.