The first efforts for improving quality are usually on improving the process since that is usually less costly than re-designing the product. Multi-functional process improvement teams are particularly effective in eliminating defects, resolving repetitive quality and productivity issues, and meeting the process CTQs. Focusing on a broad process perspective works well in job shop operations as well as in high volume operations. Simple statistical testing can be used to determine CTQs. When process improvement is not practical or is very expensive, product re-design is necessary.
Creativity is needed to identify alternative methods of providing the desired product functions.
This can be different hardware or software concepts, different materials, different processes, etc. VA brainstorming is an excellent tool to refine creative solutions and to develop consensus on the best alternative approaches. Concurrent engineering teams work especially well. The printed circuit board industry is a prime example. High productivity depends on the high quality of materials.