Describe the structure of the joints of the lower limb and the functional capabilities and limitations of each based on their bony structure and ligaments. Describe the blood and nerve supply of the joints and in particular the effect of interruption of blood to the head and neck of the femur Identify and describe the structure and function of the knee joint and in particular the effects of injury to the ligaments and menisci. Identify the structure of the ankle and foot joints and describe how the joints and ligaments provide firm footing but flexibility of movement. Describe the arches of the foot and how the bony structure and ligaments form and support them. Plastinated specimens are available for this dissection.
Dissection is carried out on one limb only, review as dissecting.
The bones, articular surfaces, capsule, capsular and accessory ligaments and cartilages are examined in each joint. The hip joint is dissected by removing the overlying muscles, opening its capsule posteriorly and medially rotating the femur. The knee joint is dissected by removing surrounding muscles, opening the capsule posteriorly and reflecting the quadriceps downward. Open the ankle by removing the anterior and posterior capsules. Remove the overlying tissue and clean the ligaments of the plantar surface of the foot.