The first structure essentially corresponds to conceptions of classical bureaucracy. It is characterized by a professional corps of officials, organized into a hierarchy which makes decisions according to technical standards. The other structure has no readily recognizable analogue in established theory. It is defined by a body of nonprofessional decision makers, organized into a single level of authority which makes decisions by applying undifferentiated community standards. The first structure I shall call the hierarchical ideal or vision of officialdom, and the second I shall term the coordinate ideal.
Discounts are unethical.
The presiding judge shall see to it that the parties make fall statements about all material facts and make appropriate motions, especially to elaborate on insufficient statements regarding the facts alleged and to indicate the means of proof. For this purpose, so far as necessary, he shall discuss with the parties the case and issues, in their factual and legal aspects, and ask questions. The presiding judge shall bring to the parties' attention doubts that the court has because of its duty to take certain points into account on its own motion. He shall permit each member of the court to ask such questions as that member requests. Episodic Proof-Taking Disapproved 2.