The patient usually has a long history of chronic renal failure , which has progressed. The person may have required dialysis to control chronic renal failure. The urine volume may decrease or urine production may stop totally. Signs of complications commonly are present. Creatinine and BUN levels are chronically high.
Creatinine clearance is very low.
The physical condition of the person and other factors determines which of these is used for treatment. Other treatments of chronic renal failure may continue but are ineffective without dialysis or transplantation. Associated diseases that cause or result from chronic renal failure must be controlled. Hypertension , congestive heart failure , urinary tract infections , kidney stones , obstructions of the urinary tract, glomerulonephritis , and other disorders should be treated as appropriate. Blood transfusions and medications such as iron and erythropoietin may be needed to control anemia .Fluids may be restricted to an amount nearly equal to the volume of urine produced.