The major approach, however, is to seek out target features. Add medication usually as adjunct to neuroleptic to treat these target elements. Carbamazepine may be useful in hostility, lability, temporal lobe pathology and previous hallucinogens. Other anticonvulsants may at times have roles. Lithium and antidepressants have applications in affectively linked conditions.
Anticholinergics have special roles in possible akathisia and extrapyramidal side-effects.
Propranolol and other beta 2 active drugs such as nadolol have roles in significant anxiety. Benzodiazepines can be used in mania, catatonia, for nonspecific sedation and in epileptics. Nutrition elements are important as is the special role of caffeine, cigarettes and drugs of abuse. Levodopa is particularly interesting in the catatonic patient and has special implications for dopamine research. Buspirone may have a special role in tardive dyskinesia, tardive psychosis, possible tardive prophylaxis, irritability and obsessionality.