Page 30 . . . The last stage employs the same four steps but in reversed order. There is a gap between the first two stages of translation and the third, namely, between the source language and the target language. It serves as a hinge between the study of the deep structure of the source language and the appropriate restructuring of meaning within the target language. Transfer requires a complete grasp of the linguistic structures of the two languages.
Basic problems lie in the different semantic, syntactic, and rhetorical systems of the languages.
Therefore, in our rendering, it is necessary to make some changes in these structures of the target language. Since the difference in syntactic structures is self-evident, let us consider the semantic and rhetorical elements in translation. For instance, in English, the word orange refers to a kind of fruit. In Chinese, there are three different varieties of oranges indicated by three distinct noun forms. Three policemen arrived at the crime scene immediately.